讲解全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试完整

全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试英语写作试题课程代码：00603（以下括弧中的内容均为补充说明）Ⅰ.Supply the missing paragraph(20 points)The following passage isincomplete with the concluding paragraph(the ending paragraph, the conclusion) missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph of about 100 words. Make sure that the tone and vocabulary (diction) you use are in unity with the passage provided.Manners Are Important As one looks about (around), it becomes very easy to conclude thatgood manners seem to be a thing of the past. More and more people seem （appear）to be discourteous (rude, impolite) to one another, more indicative of a “survival of the fittest” attitude than (indicative) of living in a civilized society. Although much of what was considered good manners at the turn of the last century may no longer be appropriate, common courtesy and acceptable behavior are still necessary to make life pleasant, especially as our cities become more and more (are getting increasingly) crowded. Although common courtesy is the underlying (basic, fundamental) framework, good manners are manifested (shown, presented) in two distinct (obvious, apparent, evident) areas (fields, respects, dimensions), business and social (cf. sociable: infavor of making friends or keeping company with other people) relationships.The world of business (The commercial world,The commercial circles, The business circles) has become increasingly impersonal (indifferent, inhospitable) over the years. The fast development of computers has removed the personal touch (personal affection) from many business dealings. It is not uncommon, when phoning a company, to get a recorded message telling us which number to press. When we finally do get a live person on the other end, he often seems uncaring. Good business sense, though, would dictate (control) the importance of getting back to the personal touch. The speaker should identify himself by name (should tellhis name) to the caller and make every effort (try his best) to be courteous and helpful. Above all, he should take great pains (try his best) to assure the call is not disconnected (connected). In addition, he should make certain (sure) that the caller is connected to his party and not kept waiting long while listening to canned music (recorded music). Good manners will assure happy, loyal customers.Good manners are, perhaps, most frequently associated with social relationships. Unfortunately, here again they seem to be in decline. Giving up one's seat on a crowded bus to an elderly person, a pregnant woman, or an obviously tired person seems to be a thing of the past. People also seem to have forgotten how to behave as an audience. It is not uncommon to see (Itcan be easily seen anywhere) people putting their feet up on the seats in front of them or talking loudly during a movie or play. Even restaurants are not immune from (are troubled with) the lack of good manners. Young parents do not seem to care that their children are roaming throughout the restaurant or are crying and disturbing the other guests. These examples touch upon (talk about, come down to) only the surface of the rapid decline of good manners.分析：本篇文章是说明文，其层次分为三大部分。

第一部分也即第一段是概说，其中又分为三点。

第一点：良好的礼貌似乎已消失。

第二点：愉快的生活仍需要一般的礼貌和得体的行为。

第三点：良好的礼貌主要体现在公务（或商务）和社交两方面。

第二部分是分说，含第二段和第三段。

第二段涉及商界的冷漠、机械死板；第三段说的是人们的言行举止放纵、粗鲁。

缺失第四段，即结论。

Supply the missing paragraph (20 points)Sample：(Hint: Explain why good manners and behavior are so important at the present times)(1) Good manners and acceptable (appropriate) behavior in the modern (at the present) times are essential (imperative, necessary) for people to live comfortably, peacefully andharmoniously with each other in every aspect of their lives. (2) As the population is growing, it is good manners that will help people learn to self-regulate their behavior and wording (choice of words) so as to make themselves acceptable and welcome in the society. (3) Moreover, it is good manners that make a difference between the civilized society and the animal world (between a human being and a brute or beast). (4) We must learn to be humans of good manners and moral integrity, or the quality of our lives is likely to deteriorate (worsen, become worst, be getting worse and worse).Ⅱ.Write an outline (20 points)Read the following passage carefully and compose a “topic outline” for it.A child needs love. The child needs love. Children need love.The Effects of Televisionon Children's Social Relations TV presents the child with a distorted definition of reality. The child in the affluent suburb or the small mid-western town exists within his own limited reality. His experience with social problems or people of different races, religions, or nationalities is probably somewhat limited. As television exposes him to (enables him to have access to) a diversity (differenttypes) of people and ideas, it surely expands the boundaries of his reality (broadens his horizon). It is precisely (really, definitely) because he now relies heavily on TV to define (explain) other realities for him that we must examine carefully what those images are. If they are inaccurate or distorted, then television's reality is potentially harmful.TV distorts reality by selecting certain kinds of images and omitting others and by portraying people in a stereotyped (old-fashioned, hidebound, groovelike) way. It portrays some categories of people with beauty, power and importance and renders (present) others weak, helpless or invisible. So serious is the relative invisibility of some groups on TV that Dr. George Gerbner of the Annenberg School of Communications contends (claims), “Ifyou're not on TV, you don't exist.”The TV camera selects certain images to be examples, sometimes functioning like a magnifying glass held up to the worst in civilization instead of the best .When TV producers focus on violent ugliness, they lift it out (choose it) and hold it up for all to see, making it impressively (unforgettably) larger than life. A fist fight that occurs outside my window and is witnessed by only five people may be videotaped, broadcast and “witnessed” vi cariously (felt in the indirect way to produce the same sense) by millions of people, thus multiplying the example set by the fist fighters. In the United States, most people have not witnessed murder, yet because of television most children have seen hundreds of thousands of violent deaths and therefore believe that the world is more violent than itactually is.TV says, in effect (in fact): This is the way the world works. There are the rules. The images presented on TV tend to be exaggerated or glorified, and so believed and accepted as models to be copied. After TV heavily promoted Evel Knievel's attempt to “fly” his motorcycle over the Snake River, many children imitated his stunts with their bicycles on homemade ramps. And many landed in hospitals.TV affects human relationships as well as behavior by influencing our feelings about ourselves and our expectations for ourselves and others. Too frequent stereotypes provide us with instant definitions. The stereotype assigns to an individual characteristics associated with a group that may or may not be accurate. We tend to note (make a comment on) a single featureof a person and fill in the details from a storehouse of stereotypes. Via TV's stereotypes we see men as strong and active, women pretty and at home. All too frequently, minorities are cast in exaggerated portrayals and stereotyped roles, more as white male producers perceive them than the way minority persons perceive themselves.Exposure to stereotyped presentations can easily influence viewers' behavior toward unfamiliar people. TV images, in fact, teach values and behaviors, especially to children who have little firsthand knowledge of the real world. To the extent that children are exposed to certain characters' portrayals and behaviors on TV, they may acquire or learn those behaviors and roles and eventually accept them as models for their own attitudes and actions.Perhaps most serious are the effects of information distortions on the child's self-image. At some level we begin to judge our own meaning, dignity and worth in comparison with the TV characters who portray people like us. We should be fully aware that the inaccurate or distorted portrayal may be harmful to children's growth.参考答案：Ⅰ.Introduction: The presentation of distorted reality on TVA. Children's limited experienceB. Children's heavy (excessive)reliance (relying, dependence, counting) on TVC. TV's distorted realityD. Thesis: The reality as presentedby TV is potentially harmful. Ⅱ.Different ways of distorting realityA. Portrayal of stereotypesB. Incomplete or improper selectionof people or thingsⅢ.TV' strong effectsA. Children's imitation of stars' (stuntmen’s) actionsB. Inaccurate portrayal of unfamiliarpeopleC. Children's acceptance of TVimages as modelsD. Harmful effects on the child'sself-imageⅢ.Composition (60 points)Teachers pay little attention to those school failures, assuming (taking it for granted) that academic failure means failure in everything. What do you think of this attitude? Write a short argumentative essay (about 300 words) explaining your view.I. A failure in one term does not meananother failure in the next term.1.S eize more time to review (brush up) and preview your lessons.2.K eep asking your fellow students or teachers for help when coming across difficulty.3.T ake someone (Li Yang) for example to prove your standpoint4.E nforce your arguments by producing some facts and figures. Or cite some well-known sayings to prove your arguments. e.g. Success usually comes after many failures. / All good things are hard to acquire before they become easy. / All things are difficult before they are easy.II.A failure in school does not mean a failure in society. / A failure now does not necessarily spell (lead to,bring about, result in, cause, mean)a failure in the future.1.Y ou may take self-taught courses and exams2.Y ou may teach yourself to be something3.Y ou may be successful in commercial world though unsuccessful in academic worldIII.Conclusion: Failures in school should not be held in contempt. / We should not hold in contempt failures in school. / We should not be contemptuous of failures in school. / We must not look down upon failures in school.1.T eachers should encourage, coach, help and care for them2.T eachers should also call upon the classmates to help them.3.W ith the concern from their teachers, helps from their classmates, and theirown self-confidence, they are sure to go somewhere (make some progress).。