中国药科大学药剂学 Controlled Sustained-Release Drug Delivery Systems知识课件
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Controlled release 种类、品种较少 处方工艺较复杂 质量标准要求高
Chapter 2 Basic Concept
2、Classification
Types of Drug Delivery Systems
1)骨架型( Matrix):Hydro gels、Wax、Insoluble matrixes etc. 释药过程flash
6 12h (24h) 50% >70%
2)In vivo bioavailability
参比制剂:同类公认高质量制剂 试验方案:随机交叉(双盲)、单剂量和多剂量
3)in vitro-in vivo correlations
C、Dosage(0.5~1.0g) D、pKa、degree of dissociation E、Oil-Water Coefficient of Distribution →1(较佳) F、Stability(注意胃肠道破坏)
2)Biological Factor
A、Biological half-life(评估消除速度) 1h < t1/2<24h B、Absorption 全胃肠道吸收药物 主动吸收药物 C、Metabolism 胃肠道首过效应→生物利用度↓(增加剂量)
1、 Dissolution Controlled
Noyes-Whitney Equation
• Developed by Noyes Whitney in 1897
•
• If c << cs (i.e.,sink conditions)
→Methods to get extending
According Noyes-Whitney Equation
Controlled-release preparation
控释制剂——以恒定速度药(狭义)。 广义:速度、时间、方向(部位)
Controlled Release vs. Sustained Release
Sustained release 种类、品种多(约 80%) 处方工艺简单 易于工业化大生产
Controlled & Sustained-Release Drug Delivery Systems
Pharmaceutics Department China Pharmaceutical University
Learning Objectives
To master the principle of drug release from DDS
3)Physiologic Factor
A、Gastric emptying 对被动吸收药物:胃蠕动↑→胃排空↑→吸收↑(一般); 对主动吸收药物:胃蠕动↑→胃排空↑→吸收↓ B、Breakdown in the GIT C、Food influence
Michel MC ,Korstanje C ,Krauwinkel W, et al . The pharmacokinetic profile of tamsulosin oral controlled absorption system(OCAS) [J ] . Eur Urol Suppl ,2005 ,4 (2) :15 – 241
N-甲基阿托品鞣酸盐(难溶性)等。
Reducing the Cs
2)Esterification
1)醇类药物的酯化,如:雌二醇的苯甲酸酯等。 2)核黄素月桂酸酯,60~90Day。
Reducing the Cs
3)Amidation or other chemical modification
药总剂量; 3)Convenience:延长给药间隔,减Baidu Nhomakorabea服药频率,提高
服药依从性(Compliance)。
Quality control:成本较高,制造过程复杂,大生产易出 现质量问题(特别是膜控型)。
Chapter 3 Mechanism
5 Types of System Rate-controlled mechanism
1)Physico-chemical property of drugs
B、Particle size(indissolvable drug )
S=W/D×6/d
W、D分别为药物质量、密度,d为粒径
故:极微溶解的固体药物常微粉化(1~10μm) 其他因素:多晶型、溶剂化药物等
1)Physico-chemical property of drugs
国内部分上市品种
Nimodipine、Nifedipine、Nitrendipine、 Felodipine;
Diclofenac、Naproxen、Tramadol、Morphine; Nitroglycerol、Clonidine、Isosorbide
Mononitrate; Ticlopidine Hydrochloridc、Aspirin; Acopolamine (patch)、Norgestrel (implants)
Chapter 2 Basic Concept
1、Definition
Sustained-release preparation
缓释制剂——较长时间内持续释药 sustained-release ~, extended-release ~,
prolonged action ~, repeat-action ~, retarded preparations
Fick‘s Diffusion Law : dM/dt=ADK△C/L
Higuchi Equation: Q=[DCs(P/λ)(2A-CsP)t]1/2
Diffusion controlled
释药受扩散速率控制
1、水不溶性包衣膜: 2、含水性孔道的包衣膜 3、骨架型药物扩散
Chirico S., Dalmoro A., Lamberti G., et al. Analysis and modeling of swelling and
Chapter 4 Drug & Formula Design 1、Common Choice
1)药物一般选择原则: 1)给药剂量 2)水溶性、pKa、分配系数 3)稳定性
2)药物的剂量设计: 一般情况: 缓控释制剂总剂量=普通剂量×缓释间隔/普通间隔
3)剂型选择: 根据临床评价,血浓波动、个体差异、治疗效果等: 1)骨架型>包衣型(渗透泵除外); 2)高聚物骨架>脂肪骨架; 3)贴剂时滞长,植入“突释”严重。 4)处方和工艺设计 药物特性→剂型→处方→制备工艺→质量控制
1)Reducing the Cs 2) Reducing the dissolution rate
(1)Reducing the Cs
1)Salification
红霉素 红霉素乳糖酸盐(水溶性)
6h(0.2~0.5g/次) 8~12h(0.1~0.2g /次)
青霉素-普鲁卡因盐(5h→24h~48h)
2)膜控型(Membrane) :macro-porous 、microporous 、semi-permeable membrane etc. 基本结构picture
3)其它(Others):Osmotic pumps、Implanted 、 Impulsive preparations、 Transdermal therapeutic system(TTS)、Self-regulated DDS etc.
basic concept, classification, advantage
Mechanism
5 types
Formula design
Common principle influencing factors formula design
examples
Chapter 1
History of DDS Development
3、Corrosion/Diffusion/ Dissolution Combine Controlled
混合型 生物溶蚀系统
亲水凝胶骨架系统
膨胀控释骨架系统
Conti S. , Maggi L., Segale L., et al., Matrices containing NaCMC and HPMC 2. Swelling and release mechanism study[J] .In J Pharm,2007,333, 143–151
膜控型微丸基本结构
基丸
聚合物缓释 包衣层
药物层 色衣层
骨架型片剂释药示意图
Chapter 2 Basic Concept
3、Characteristics
Theory of DDS
Characteristics
1)Safe:血浓平稳,避免峰谷现象,降低毒副作用; 2)Effect:降低胃肠道刺激,提高生物利用度,减少给
To master usual methods to achieve controlled release and their formula design
To understand the evaluation of the in-vitro & in-vivo of DDS
Outline
DDS development Introduction to DDS
4、Osmotic Pressure Controlled
(1)渗透压动力释药 (2)恒速释药
促渗剂:乳糖、果糖、 葡萄糖、甘露糖等
推进剂:聚羟甲基丙 烯酸烷基酯、PVP等
Elementary osmotic pump
Verma RK,Krishna DM,Garg S. Formulation aspects in the development of osmotically controlled oral drug delivery systems[J ]J Control Release ,2002 ,79 (1 - 3) :7 - 27
头孢菌素——头孢三嗪
属于药物化学研究范畴
(2)Reducing the dissolution rate
减少溶出速度
1.控制粒子大小(胰岛素等) 2.将药物包埋在溶蚀性骨架中(脂肪、蜡类物质
等) 3.将药物包埋在亲水凝胶骨架中(HPMC、MC
等亲水性高分子材料)
2、Diffusion controlled
multichamber osmotic pump
Two-chamber OP with expanding compartment
Two-compartment OP with two drug chambers
5、ion exchange Controlled
树脂+--药物- + X- →树脂+--X- + 药物 树脂---药物++ Y+→树脂---Y+ +药物+
erosion behavior for pure HPMC tablet. J Control Release, 2007,122(2): 181-188.
Methods with Diffusion controlled
coating microcapsule、microparticle等 Insoluble matrixes * Increasing viscosity implant emulsions
2、 Influencing Factors
1)Physico-chemical property of drugs A、Solubility(common>0.01mg/ml)
• 一般:溶解度愈小,溶出、吸收愈慢,起效愈慢,疗 效愈差(生物利用度愈低)。
• 若溶解度太小,应首先增加其溶出速度(微粉 化、固体分散体、包合物等)
Chapter 3 Quality Evaluation
in vitro and in vivo
1) in-vitro release test
a.试验测定方法
b.释放介质及pH
水性缓冲液→0.5%SLS水溶液→混合溶剂(慎用)
c.取样点和释放标准
>3点: 2
4
8h(12h)
2 释放度: 30%