Motivational theories,动机理论

Contents of this page include:

∙Maslow

∙Hertzberg

∙Elton Mayo

∙Handy

∙Mcgregor theory X and Y

∙Ouchi theory Z

∙Lean and mass production

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:

Maslow showed how an individual’s emphasis on needs moved from basic to the higher needs. The needs at the bottom must be satisfied to move at the higher ones. Needs do not have to be completely satisfied before higher needs emerge, a sufficient level of satisfaction is acceptable as opposed to the maximum or optimum level.

Maslow’s theory may be summarized and simplified by saying that everyone wants certain things throughout life, and these things can be placed in five ascending categories namely:

Basic or physiological needs: the things needed to stay alive: food, shelter and clothing. Such needs can be satisfied by money.

Safety or security needs: people want protection against, unemployment, retirement as well as being safeguarded against unfair treatment. These needs can be satisfied by the rules of employment i.e pension scheme, sick fund, employment legislation.

Social needs: the vast majority of people want to be part of a group and it is only through group activity that this need can be satisfied. Thus it is up to the organization to make the employee feel part of a group.

Ego or Esteem needs: e.g. can include employee being asked to lead a group in a project. This enables the employee to think well of himself and in his abilities. This can be satisfied if the say or suggestion of the employee is taken into account and/or he is asked to lead or be part of an important task. Self-actualization or self-fulfillment needs: this is quite the need to achieve something worthwhile in life. It is a need that is satisfied only by continuing success, for example opening and running a new office. EVALUATION OF MASLOW:

The significance of maslow’s hierarchy of needs is that if underlines the relative importance of money. Status gives little satisfaction to a person desperate for food and shelter.

On the other hand it demonstrates that money alone is not enough, and indeed as basic needs are satisfied people are likely to concentrate their attentions on social and ego needs.

Herzberg’s theory of motivation:

Herzberg attempted to find out what motivated people at work. He developed the two-factor theory that was based on the idea that motivation is based on two needs, namely hygiene factors and motivational factors. Hygiene factors: are those that have to do with non-job related features such as the working environment.