大学研究生基础英语试卷及答案

07-1 PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points)

Section A (0.5 point each)

21. If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive forpath-breaking innovation will eventually dry up.

A. investment

B. resource

C. inspiration

D. stimulus

22. These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despitethe appalling workingconditions.

A. bewildering

B. exasperating

C. dismaying

D. upsetting

23. Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting andphotography.

A. all at once

B. by and by

C. to some extent

D. on the whole

24. The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about theconsequences.

A. optimistic

B. anxious

C. uncertain

D. scared

25. There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents' wishes.

A. enhanced

B. revised

C. alternated

D. modified

26. The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery.

A. arisen from

B. contributed to

C. patched up

D. participated in

27. Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurorsprevailed.

A. resigned

B. compromised

C. persisted

D. dominated

28. Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jeffersoncontended that the countryshould remain chiefly agricultural.

A. inclined

B. struggled

C. argued

D. competed

29. There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.

A. on occasion

B. at present

C. by now

D. for sure

30. TWA was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifyingvictims' families.

A. briefly

B. quickly

C. accurately

D. earnestly

Section B (0.5 point each)

31. New York probably has the largest number of different language _________ in the world.

A. neighborhoods

B. communities

C. clusters

D. assemblies

32. Nuclear wastes are considered to _____ a threat to human health and marine life.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/1f12186593.html,pose

B. impose

C. expose

D. pose

33. Some states in the US have set _____ standards concerning math and science tests.

A. energetic

B.vigorous

C. rigorous

D. grave

34. This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more individualized ___________.

A. presentation

B. instruction

C. conviction

D.obligation

35. Because of ______ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting along witheach other.

A. incomprehensible

B. incomparable

C. inconceivable

D. incompatible

36. As __________China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthenanti-corruption activities are gaining momentum.

A. in the light of

B. in the event of

C. in the case of

D. in the course of

37. According to an Australian research, moderate drinkers ________ better thinkers thanheavy drinkers or those who never drink.

A. end up

B. take up

C. put up

D. turn up

38. Strangely enough, an old man ______ me and introduced himself, who turned out tobe a friend of my father’s.

A. stood up to

B. walked up to

C. lived up to

D. added up to

39. Many children often _____ why airplanes can fly like birds while we humanscannot.

A. assume

B. anticipate

C. assure

D. wonder

40. The FDA was created to _______ the safety of products, review applications and grantapprovals.

A. manipulate

B. adjust

C. regulate

D. manage

PART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)

Tall people earn considerably more money throughout their lives than their shorterco-workers, with each inch adding about US$789 a year in pay, according to a new study."Height 41 career success," says Timothy Judge, a University of Floridaprofessor of management, who led the study. "These findings are troubling since, with afew 42 , such as professional basketball, no one could argue that height issomething essential required for job 43 ," Judge points out.

Judge analyzed results of four large-scale studies in the US and Britain that followedthousands of people from childhood to adulthood, examining details of their work andpersonal lives. "If you take this 44 the course of a 30-year career, we're talkingabout literally hundreds of thousands of dollars of earnings 45 that a tall personenjoys," Judge said.

Greater height boosted both subjective ratings of work performance--a supervisor's 46 of how effective someone is-- and 47 measures of performance--such assales volume. Being tall may boost self-confidence, improving performance. Otherpeople may also give higher 48 and greater respect to a tall person, giving them

an edge in negotiating states, he says.

The commanding influence of height may be a remainder of our evolutionary49 . Maybe from a time when humans lived among animals and size was 50 power and strength used when making "fight or run" decisions.

41. A. makes out B. works in C. takes on D. matters for

42.A. cases B. exceptions C. examples D. problems

43. A. performance B. operation C. condition D. environment

44.A. on B. with C. over D. to

45. A. deficiency B. advantage C. lossD. necessity

46. A. imagination B. decision C. judge D. evaluation

47. A. relative B. absolute C. objective D.initiative

48. A. state B. status C. situation D. statue

49. A. origins B. sources C. courses D. organizations

50.A. a time in B. a hold on C. a work at D. a sign of PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) Passage One

At the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), a student loaded his classnotes into a handheld device and tried to read them during an exam: a classmateturned him in. At the University of Nevada at Las Vegas (UNLV) students photographedtest questions with their cellphone cameras and transmitted them to classmates. Theuniversity put in place a new examination-supervision system. "If they'd spend as muchtime studying, they'd all be A students," says Ron Yasbin, dean of the College ofSciences of UNLV.

With a variety of electronic devices, American students find it easier to cheat. Andcollege officials find themselves in a new game of cat and mouse. They are trying to fightwould-be cheats in the exam season by cutting off Internet access from laptops, demanding the surrender of cellphones before tests or simply requiring that exams betaken with pens and paper.

"It is annoying. My hand-writing is so bad," said Ryan Dapremont, 21 who justfinished his third year at PepperdineUniversity in California. He had to take his examson paper. Dapremont said technology has made cheating easier, but plagiarism(剽窃) inwriting papers was probably the biggest problem. Students can lift other people's writingsoff the Internet without attributing them.

Still, some students said they thought cheating these days was more a product of themindset, not the tools at hand. "Some people put too much emphasis on where they'regoing to go in the future, and all they're thinking about is graduate school and the nextstep," said Lindsay Nicholas, a third-year student at UCLA. She added that pressure tosucceed "sometimes clouds everything and makes people do things that they shouldn'tdo."

Some professors said they tried to write exams for which it was hard to cheat,posing questions that outside resources would not help answer. Many officials said thatthey rely on campus honor codes. They said the most important thing was to teachstudents not to cheat in the first place.

51. One student at UCLA was found cheating ________________.

A. when he was loading his class notes into a handheld device

B. when he was trying to tell the answers to his classmates

C. after the university put in place a new examination-supervision system

D. after his classmate reported his cheating to the authority

52. According to Ron Yasbin, all the cheating students _____________.

A. should be severely punished for their dishonesty

B. didn't have much time to study before the exam

C. could get the highest grades if they had studied hard enough

D. could be excused because they were not familiar with the new system

53. To win the new game of cat and mouse in examinations, the college officials have to______________.

A. use many high-tech devices

B. cut off Internet access on campus

C. turn to the oral exanimation forms

D. cut off the use of high-tech devices

54. According to Ryan Dapremont, ______________.

A. examinations taken with pens and paper were useless in fighting cheating

B. his examination paper was under-graded because of his bad hand-writing

C. cheating was more serious in writing papers than in examinations

D. it was more difficult for him to lift other people's writings off the Internet

55. Which of the following is probably the most Significant measure to fight cheating?

A. Putting less emphasis on where the students are going to go in the future.

B. Letting students know that honesty is more important.

C. Writing examinations for which it is hard to cheat.

D. Setting up more strict campus honor codes.

56. The best title of the passage might be_____________.

A. Cheating Has Gone High-tech

B. Game of Cat and Mouse

C. A New Examination-supervision System

D. Measures to Fight Against Dishonesty

Passage Two

Top marathon runners tend to be lean and light, star swimmers are long thighs withhuge feet and gold medal weightlifters are solid blocks of muscle with short arms andlegs. So, does your physical shape--and the way your body

works--fit you for aparticular sport? Or does your body develop a certain way because of your chosen sport?

"It's about 55:45, genes to the environment," says Mike Rennie, professor of clinicalphysiology at Britain's University of Nottingham Medical School. Rennie cites the caseof identical twins from Germany, one of whom was a long-distance athlete, the other apowerful sportsman, so, "They look quite different, despite being identical twins."

Someone who's 1.5-meters tall has little chance of becoming an elite basketballplayer. Still, being over two meters tall won't automatically push you to Olympic gold."Unless you have tactical sense where needed, unless you have access to good equipment,medical care and the psychological conditions, and unless you are able to drive yourself through pain, all the physical strength will be in vain," said Craig Sharp, professor ofsports science at Britain's Brunel University.

Jonathan Robinson, an applied sports scientist at the University of Bath's sportsdevelopment department, in southwest England, points to the importance of technique."In swimming only 5-10 per cent of the propelling force comes from the legs, sotechnique is vital."

Having the right physique for the right sport is a good starting point. Seventeenyears ago, the Australian Institute of Sport started a national Talent Search Program,which searched schools for 14-16-year-olds with the potential to be elite athletes. One oftheir first finds was Megan Still, world champion rower. In 1987, Still had never pickedup an oar in her life. But she had almost the perfect physique for a rower. After intensivetraining, she won gold in women's rowing in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.

Other countries have followed the Australian example. Now the explosion of geneticknowledge has meant that there is now a search, not just for appropriate physique but alsofor "performance genes."

57. It can be concluded from the passage that__________.

A. physical strength is more important for sportspersons' success

B. training conditions are more important for sportspersons' success

C. genes are more important for sportspersons' success

D. psychological conditions are more important for sportspersons' success

58. The case of identical twins from Germany shows that_________.

A. environment can help determine people's body shape

B. genes are the decisive factors for people's body shape

C. identical twins are likely to enjoy different sports

D. identical twins may have different genes for different sports

59. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Craig Sharp as a required quality for asportsperson to win an Olympic gold medal?

A. The physical strength.

B. The right training conditions.

C. The talent for the sports.

D. The endurance for pains.

60. Seventeen years ago Megan Still was chosen for rowing because____________.

A. she had the talent for rowing

B. her body shape was right for a rower

C. she had the performance genes

D. she was a skillful rower

61. The word "elite" in Paragraph 5 means ________ .

A. the most wealthy

B. the most skilled

C. the most industrious

D. the most intelligent

62. The elite athletes of the future may come from people who naturally possess___________.

A. the best body shapes and an iron purpose

B. the extremes of the right physique and strong wills

C. the right psychological conditions and sports talents

D. the right physique and genes for sports

Passage Three

For years, a network of citizens' groups and scientific bodies has been claiming thatscience of global warming is inconclusive. But who funded them?

Exxon's involvement is well known. ExxonMobil is the world's most profitablecorporation. It makes most of its money from oil, and has more to lose than any othercompany from efforts to tackle climate change. To safeguard its profits, ExxonMobilneeds to sow doubt about whether serious action needs to be taken on climate change.But there are difficulties: it must confront a scientific consensus as strong as that whichmaintains that smoking causes lung cancer or that HIV causes Aids. So what's itsstrategy?

The website https://www.360docs.net/doc/1f12186593.html,, using data found in the company's official documents,lists 124 organizations that have taken money from the company or work closely withthose that have. These organizations take a consistent line on climate change: that thescience is contradictory, the scientists are split, environmentalists are liars or lunatics, andif governments took action to prevent global warming, they would be endangering theglobal economy for no good reason. The findings these organizations dislike are labeled"junk science". The findings they welcome are labeled "sound science".

This is not to claim that all the science these groups champion is bogus. On thewhole, they use selection, not invention. They will find one contradictory study - such asthe discovery of tropospheric (对流层的) cooling - and promote it relentlessly. They willcontinue to do so long after it has been disproved by further work. So, for example, JohnChristy, the author of the troposphere paper, admitted in August 2005 that his figureswere incorrect, yet his initial findings are still being circulated and championed by manyof these groups, as a quick internet search will show you.

While they have been most effective in the United States, the impacts of theclimate-change deniers sponsored by Exxon have been felt all over the world.

Bydominating the media debate on climate change during seven or eight critical years inwhich urgent international talks should have been taking place, by constantly seedingdoubt about the science just as it should have been most persuasive, they have justifiedthe money their sponsors have spent on them many times over.

63. Which of the following has NOT been done by the organizations to establish theirposition on climate change'?

A. Damaging the reputation of environmentalists.

B. Emphasizing the lack of consensus among scientists.

C. Stressing the unnecessary harm to tile global economy.

D. Protecting the scientific discoveries from being misused.

64. Which of the following is closest in meaning to "bogus' (in Paragraph 4)?

A. Reasonable.

B. Fake.

C. Limitless.

D. Inconsistent.

65. John Christy is mentioned to show_______________.

A. how closely these organizations work with scientists

B. how these organizations select scientific findings for theirownpurpose

C. how important correct data are for scientists to make sound discoveries

D. how one man's mistake may set back the progress of science

66. The organizations sponsored by Exxon ___________.

A. have lived up to their promises

B. have almost caused worldwide chaos

C. have failed to achieve their original goal

D. have misunderstood the request of the sponsor

67. The passage is mainly focused on____________.

A. Exxon's involvement in scientific scandals

B. Exxon's contributions to the issue of climate change

C. Exxon's role in delaying solutions to global warming

D. Exxon's efforts to promote more scientific discoveries

68. What is the author's tone in presenting the passage?

A. Factual.

B. Praiseful.

C. Biased.

D. Encouraging.

Passage Four

Where anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to be near death's door at theturn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 21stcentury. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageingtreatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue thatliving longer is an attractive idea, the rapid increase in the number of years begs aquestion: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?

Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. Inthe 1980s, life expectancy was increasing but the best data suggested that for everyincreased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. Whatwe would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medicalscience couldn't prevent.

But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1990s with the publication of astudy by researchers at DukeUniversity, who had been following the health of 20,000people for almost a decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not onlydropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.

Arian Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevityresearch, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and othergenetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give peopleseveral extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and itwill live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to bephysiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases."From the models that have been looked at, the increase in lifespan is usually in the rangeof 15-30% maximum," says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch inan animal's behaviour from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing aretemporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animal's behaviourswitches back.

Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a "little bit silly" at themoment but doesn't dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related toageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating yourgreens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep itgoing for longer with high quality maintenance. "It'll be like the difference between aRolls-Royce and a cheap car."

69. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether _____________.

A. is possible to live a longer healthyandlife

B. humans can live as long as scientists predict

C. living longer is still considered a good idea

D. new anti-ageing treatments are safe for humans

70. In the 1980s, the data on people's health expectancy_______________.

A. gave an optimistic prediction

B. showed an unclear future

C. led to a pessimistic perception

D. turned out to be a mixed blessing

71. In the lab experiment on rats,_____________.

A. food restriction is not the only factor proved to have worked

B. responses to food restriction vary from animal to animal

C. the animals' lifespan increases with the amount of food eaten

D.different amounts of food cause a change in the animals' behavior

72. Richardson believes that_________.

A. it is impossible for humans to stop ageing

B. it is worthless to talk about stopping ageing

C. stopping ageing is a dream that may come true

D. illness is the biggest obstacle to stopping ageing