讲座：医学英语构词

医学英语构词

Medical English Word Building

一、引言

观察(observation)、想象(imagination)、记忆(memory)：

re-cover → recovery / dis-cover → discovery

↑

overcome, overdue... (>100)←over→cover →cover-age

↓↓

overt covert

refer-ee reverence (敬畏) → revere → severe → sever→ severance

↑↑

refer（参考、查询）→ reference → referable/referential →referral (转诊、会诊)

↓

pre-fer → preference → preferable / preferential (优惠的)

二、基本构词法

1．复合(compounding):

●tetra (四) + cycle (环) + in (素) → tetracycline 四环素

●cycle + spore (孢子) + in → cyclosporine 环孢菌素

●psychosocioeconomic

2．前后缀(prefix & suffix )

●tension → hypo(低)-tension /hyper (高)-tension / anti (抗)-hypertensive

●plate + let (小) = platelet / drop+let = droplet / leaf + let = leaflet / island + let =

islet (小岛细胞)

●pest+cide =pesticide / insect + cide = insecticide / virus + cide = virocide

3. 缩略语(abbreviation)

●首写缩略(initials)：OCT (over-the-counter) / AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency

syndrome) / SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)

●压缩(reduction)：acupuncture (acupte + puncture) / silastic (silicon + eleastic) (硅

胶的) / medicare (medical + care) (美) 老年医疗保险/ medicaid (medical + aid) (美)

穷人/残疾人医疗保险

4. 专用名词(special terms)

●人名 : Parkinson’s disease / Alzheimer’s disease / Doppler

●地名 : Mediteranian anemia (地中海贫血)

●商品名 : dextrose (葡萄糖盐水)

5. 拉丁/希腊语

●医学术语的三源性：

英语拉丁语希腊语

血管：vessel vaso- angio-

脉搏：pulse pulsus sphygm-

From 400 to 40,000

1）构词三要素：前缀+ 词根+ 后缀

osteo (骨) + pore (小孔) + sis (病态) → osteoporosis ( ? )

2）医学常用前后缀示例

Table 1 Examples of organs and systems （部分器官与系统术语）

Table2 Examples of diseased states (部分病态术语)

Table 3 Examples of surgical terminology （部分外科术语）

三、拉丁/希腊源单词发音与重音基本规则

1．发音：

●元音a e i o u 在重读开音节中一般发字母音;在重读闭音节中读强短音

开/闭音节：rate , gag / ‘renal, red / ‘bicycle, bit / joke, jog / nude, nut

●元音a e i o u 在非重音节中发“弱音”

2．重音

●一般在倒数第二音节(两个元音重合算一个音节)：ne’phritis / strepto’coccus (链球菌) /

macro’somia (巨体) / schistoso’miasis (吸血虫病) / transu’rethral (经尿道的) /

splenocera’tosis (脾硬化)

●下列情况一般在倒数第三个音节：

✧-ate: per’manganate (高锰酸盐) / re’ticulate (成网状)

✧-y: bron’chography (支气管造影) / physi’ology / lapa’roscopy (腹腔镜) /

im’munity / disa’bility

✧-oid: al’buminoid (白蛋白样的) / ca’rotinoid (类胡萝卜素)

✧-meter: spi’rometer (肺量计) / sphygmoma’nometer (血压计)

Pronunciation practice: Rhinorrhagia