公共管理学 英语

英语复习资料一、专业术语1、政务公开Opening Administration to the Public2、行政会议Administrative Meeting3、工商联成员Association of Industry and Commerce4、增加透明度Increasing Transparency5、专款专用distribution and use of special funds6、重点建设项目major capital construction projects7、公务员public servants8、世界贸易组织WTO World Trade Organization9、公告栏government bulletin10、香港特别行政区Hong Kong SAR(Special Administrative Region)11、市政建设municipal construction12、责任制responsibility system13、贫困线the poverty line14、社区residential community15、电子政务E-Government （Electronic- Government）16、弱势群体disadvantaged groups17、法律援助legal assistance18、职能部门competent institutions19、在线事务办理handling affairs online20、开放城市规划open urban planning二、完型填空Over the past two years, Beijing, shanghai, and Tianjin have made public their city construction public plan, a change from their former closed-door working style. The procedures and timetable for t he examination and approval of projects, regulations and laws, and technological indexes in relation to the projects are now also out in the open, much to the great enthusiasm of the citizens. Last October, Beijing held an exhibition on the overall city planning. During holidays and weekends, the 3000-spuare-meter hall received about 1500 people each day. ” we have not expected so many citizens to be so interested in city planning, “ said Qiu Y ue , a member of the Beijing Municipal City Planning Committee.Many visitors filled thick suggestion books with feedback, providing constructive ideas, such as building another world trade center in the north; retaining the lay-out of the narrow alleys and the courtyard homes;and informing citizens of city construction projects on time. The exhibition organizers then sorted the suggestions and delivered them to the decision-making departments. “bringing city planning to the public shows the government＇s determination to promote the opening up of administration affairs, and this is a significant development,” said a visitor.Zhou chang, secretary general of the china architectural society, agreed. “the opening up of the urban planning process can improve things greatly, as major decisions will go through the approval of experts, the suggestions of citizens and the supervision of the media,” said zhou. Shan qixiang , director of the Beijing municipal city planning committee, said the opinions of both experts and the masses will be pooled together before a decision on any important plan for urban construction is reached.三、介词填空Public management reform usually thought of as means to an end，not an end in itself. To be more precise we should perhaps say that it potentially a means to multiple ends. These include making saving (economies)in public expenditure, improving the quality of public services, making the operation of government more efficient and increasing the chances that the policies which are chosen and implemented will be effective.On the way to achieving these important objectives, public management reform may also serve a number of intermediate ends, including those of strengthening the control of politicians over the bureaucracy, freeing public officials from bureaucratic constrains which inhibit their opportunities to manage and enhance the government’s accountability to t he legislature and the citizenry for its policies and programs. Last, but not least. One should mention the symbolic and legitimacy benefits of management reform. For politicians these benefits consist partly of being seen to be doing something. Announcing reforms, criticizing bureaucracy, praising new management techniques, promising improved services for t he future, restructuring ministries and agencies-all these activities help to attract favorable attention to the politicians who espouse them. A cynic might observe that, in these days when the power of individual governments to act independently is increasingly called into questions by a complex interplay of local, national and international constrains, the one thing that ministers usually can do-with the appearance of dynamism but at little immediate cost – is to announce changes in their own machinery of governance. There are also legitimacy benefits for those senior officials who, almost invariably, play important parts in shaping and implementing such initiatives. They may gain in reputation by association with “modernizing” and “streamlining” activities.四、英译汉The public sector＇s main economic functions fit into three broad categories: making policy, delivering services, and providing oversight and accountability. As global competition has increased in the past two decades, the governments of many developing countries have shifted their focus from trying to preserve jobs in a stagnant public sector to creating jobs in a vibrant private sector. Governments are now in the business of designing and implementing good policies and strong institutions that enhance the business and investment climate.Government functions and policies affect many areas of social and economic life: health and education, natural resources and environmental protection, fiscal and monetary stability, and flows of trade. Data related to these topics presented in the respective sections. This section provides data on key public sector activities: tax policy, exchange rates, and defense expenditures.Taxes are the main source of revenue for many governments. They are levied mainly on income, profits, capital gains, goods and services, and exports and imports. (Non-tax revenue is also important in some economies) A comparison of taxation levels across countries provides an overview of the fiscal obligations and incentives facing the private sector. Central government tax revenues (excluding state and local taxes) rang from about 3 percent of GDP in Kuwait and 7 percent in Bangladesh to 35 percent in Austria and 36 percent in Slovenia.The level and progressivity of taxes on personal and corporate income influence incentives to work and invest. Marginal tax rates on individual income range from 0 percent (in countries such as Kuwait, Oman, Paraguay, the united Arab emirates, and Uruguay) to 50 percent or more(in such countries as Austria, Belgium, the democratic republic of Congo, Denmark, the Islamic republic of Iran, and Senegal ). Most marginal tax rates on corporate income are in the 20-30 percent range. 公共部门的主要经济职能适于以下广泛的三大类:制定政策,提供服务,履行监督和问责制. 由于在过去二十年中全球竞争日趋白热化,许多发达国家的政府已将工作重点由在停滞不前的公共部门维持工作而转向在富有活力的私营部门提供就业岗位.当今世界,各国政府正致力于制定完善良好的政策和发展强有力的机构,以促进商业发展,创建温和的投资环境.政府职能和其政策影响着社会和经济生活的诸多领域:如教育,健康,自然资源和环境保护,财政和货币稳定,贸易流动等等.本文在相关章节分别提出了以上话题的数据.本节主要提供重要公共部门的活动数据：包括税收政策，汇率和国防支出等.税金是许多国家政府收入的主要来源。