【课件】生物英文文献的讲解PPT
生物文献汇报ppt课件
content
Experimental investigation of the gene of interest §Overexpression § Antisense inhibition § Germline knockout or gene replacement § Heterokaryon analysis § Somatic knockout or gene replacement (phenotypic assortment) § Gene ‘knock-in’ § Inducible promoter
Ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ
The purpose of this article is to showcase the tools that are available for functional genomic analysis in Tetrahymena, and to illustrate how different approaches can be harnessed to address a wide range of biological problems. At the heart of these approaches is a variety of methods for efficient DNA mediated cell transformation. An appreciation of the spectrum of possibilities requires a brief review of the unusual genetic organization of this orgathis complexity, the presence of features that are characteristic of metazoans but that are absent or less easily studied in other simple eukaryotic systems, that makes Tetrahymena so well suited for a wide range of fundamental problems including germline or somatic differentiation, programmed DNA rearrangements, distribution of mitotic chromosomes, histone modifications, microtubule diversity and tubulin modifications, basal body duplication, phagocytosis, function of rRNA, and regulated polypeptide secretion. These biological features and the functional genomics tools described in this article will greatly enhance the value of the genome sequencing project, currently under
生物专业英语(共62张PPT)
光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。
第一步，称光反应，水分子裂解 (被氧化)，释放氧气，并形成ATP和 NADPH（还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸）。
此反应必须在存在光能的条件下进行。
2022/9/25
9
Introduction
光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞、藻类、某些原生生 物和细菌之中。
总体来说，这是一个将光能转化成化学能的过程，其能量以分子 键形式贮存。
从化学和能量学角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用的逆反应。
但是细胞呼吸作用是高度放能，释放能量的过程，而光合作用需 要能量, 并且是高度吸能的过程。
在光合作用的光反应中，当捕光分子回到基态时，额外的激发能 被转移到其它分子中并且以化学能的形式贮存。
•All photosynthetic organisms contain various classes of
chlorophylls and one or more carotenoid pigments that also contribute to photosynthesis.
captured by biological molecules to do constructive work.
生物分子能捕获可见光谱中光子的能量。
The pigment chlorophyll in plant cells absorbs photons within a particular absorption spectrum—a statement of the amount of light absorbed by chlorophyll at different wavelengths.
生物文献汇报ppt课件
Ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ
The purpose of this article is to showcase the tools that are available for functional genomic analysis in Tetrahymena, and to illustrate how different approaches can be harnessed to address a wide range of biological problems. At the heart of these approaches is a variety of methods for efficient DNA mediated cell transformation. An appreciation of the spectrum of possibilities requires a brief review of the unusual genetic organization of this organism.
当不同的rDNA等位基因进行比较时，序列的差 异会显示出来，这些重复的保守序列主要位于5’-非转 录区（5’-NTS）的复制原点，因此，这些序列被推测 是复制的阳性调控因子。
过表达（Overexpression ）：本来 基因表达是受到各种内外信号的精 确调控的，一旦这种调控机制的任 何一个环节出现问题就会失控。基 因的表达过程就可能进入失控状态， 就有可能表现为表达过度，即该基 因被过度的转录、翻译，最终基因 表达产物超过正常水平。
?基因敲入geneknockin是利用基因同源重组将外源有功能基因基因组原先不存在或已失活的基因转入细胞与基因组中的同源序列进行同源重组插入到基因组中在细胞内获得表达的技术
生物专业英语上传PPT精选文档
Professional Words and Phrases
(Continued)
classification [klæsifi'keiʃən] n. 分类，类别
biochemistry ['baiəu'kemistri] n. 生物化学
molecular biology 分子生物学
molecular level 分子水平
Chapter 1 Biology
1.1 What is Biology? 1.2 The Origin of Life 1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your Life 1.4 The History of Biology– Additional Reading
microorganism [maikrəu'ɔ:gənizəm] n. 微生物
well-being ['wel'bi:iŋ] n. 健康，福利
agriculture ['ægrikʌltʃə] n. 农业
livestock ['laivstɔk] n. 家畜，牲畜
ecology [i:‘kɔlədʒi] n. 生态学
1
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
1.1 What is Biology?
Biology is the study of life. Alongside physics and chemistry, biology is one of the largest and most important branches of science. At the highest level, biology is broken down based on the type of organism being studied: zoology, the study of animals; botany, of plants; and microbiology, of microorganisms. Each field has contributed to mankind or the Earth’s wellbeing in numerous ways. Most prominently: botany, to agriculture; zoology, to livestock and protection of ecologies; and microbiology, to the study of disease and ecosystems in general.
生物专业英语ppt讲解材料
Review Articles
These articles synthesize and evaluate research on a particular topic, providing an overview of the current state of knowledge.
Technical Reports
01
introduction
Purpose and background
Purpose
To provide a comprehensive overview of the field of biology, focusing on key concepts, principles, and applications.
Sentence structure and expression
Active Voice
Using active voice, especially in scientific writing, makes sentences more direct and easier to understand.
The study of heredity and the variation of traits within and between species.
Evolutionary Biology
Ecology
Biotechnology
The study of the origin and development of species through natural selection and other mechanisms.
These are written to communicate technical information in a clear and concise manner, often including tables, figures, and appendices.
生物学-英文ppt
• In 1922 the name 'CreutzfeldtJakob disease' (CJD) was first used to describe a number of degenerative central nervous system diseases
• The growth hormone had been taken from the pituitary gland in the brain of dead people
6
CJD
• The growth hormone was contaminated with an infectious AGENT
10
Kuru
• No longer affects the peoples of New Guinea
• Tribes have been educated about the risks and no longer practice ritual canablism
11
Scrapie
• In 1973
• Patients died within two years of onset of symptoms
9
KURU and CJD
• The brains of individuals that had died from KURU were examined
• They were found to resemble those of individuals that had died from CJD
生物专业英语文稿.推荐精选PPT
英文科技论文的写作
② 作者署名(Signature） 作者署名一般应列于标题之下。
③ 作者单位（Department）
④ 摘要（ Abstract） 三部分组成： (1）研究目的简要陈述研究目的、内容及需要解决的问题。 (2）研究方法简要介绍研究所采用的实验方法和基本步骤。 (3）结果简要描述实验主要发现和主要结论及论文的价值。 英文稿以1 000印刷符号为宜，原则上不超过全文的3％。
English for Biology 生物学专业英语
目的
(一) 培养科技文献的阅读能力和初步的科技论文 写作能力。
(二)掌握基本的专业英语词汇。 (三)为专业英语学习提供相关文献资料，进一步扩
大阅读范围和提高阅读能力。
专业英语的特点
专业英语语法特点：
① 体现科技英语的特点-语言精练，逻辑性强，描述 客观，其中语言精练是其风格，描述客观是其本质。
十克
11.hecto,
百
hectometer
百米
hectoliter
百升
hectowatt
百瓦
12. kilo,
千
kilodalton (KD) 千道尔顿
kilobase
千碱基
13. deci,
十分之一,分
decimeter
分米
decigram
十分之一克
14. centi,
百分之一
15. milli,
如： • photosynthesis (光合作用) • microtubule (微管) • microfilament (微丝) • Electrophoresis (电泳) • DNA （deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸） • CoA （Coenzyme A） • UV （Ultra-violet） • AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
英文文献汇报PPT课件
DNA vaccines have been shown to induce strong humoral and cellular responses to malarial antigens in immunized. However, clinical trials of these candidate vaccines when used alone or in repeated homologous boosting regimens have been disappointing, with short lived low levels of induced specific T-cells responses. Sequential immunization with different plasmids/vectors known as heterologous prime-boosting appears to be a better approach and has been shown to induce enhanced and persistent levels of antibody and cell mediated immune responses against malaria. In heterologous prime-boosting strategy the priming was done with DNA followed by the booster immunization with a recombinant protein, a recombinant viral vaccine, or exposure to the live organism.
DNA vaccines have emerged as a promising approach for a variety of infectious agents including malaria parasites. DNA based vaccines are particularly important for developing multistage/multiantigen vaccines for complex parasites like malaria thereby inducing specific and protective immunity against different life cycle stages (pre- erythrocytic, erythrocytic and sexual stages) of malaria. The advantages of DNA vaccines are the ease of their production and their abilitany exogenous adjuvant, which is an
生物专业英语上传PPT
organisms at the level of tissues and organs; ecology,
which studies the interactions between organisms
themselves; ethology, which studies the behavior of
Chapter 1 Biology
1.1 What is Biology? 1.2 The Origin of Life 1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your Life 1.4 The History of Biology– Additional Reading
2021/10/10
8
1.1 What is Biology? (Continued)
• In recent years, much excitement in biology has centered on the sequencing of genomes and their comparison, called genomics, and the creation of life with custom-written DNA programming, called synthetic biology. These fields are sure to continue grabbing the headlines in the near future.
2021/10/10
10
Notes to the Difficult Sentences
• Besides classifications based on the category of organism being studied, biology contains many other specialized sub-disciplines, which may focus on just one category of organism or address organisms from different categories.
生物英文文献
2002 by International and Japanese Gastric Case reportAn oral anticancer drug, TS-1, enabled a patient with advanced gastric cancer with Virchow’s metastasis to receive curative resectionT akashi I wazawa 1, M asakatsu K inuta 1, H iroshi Y ano 1, S higeo M atsui 1, S hinji T amagaki 1, A tsushi Y asue 1,K azuyuki O kada 1, T oshiyuki K anoh 1, T akeshi T ono 1, Y oshiaki N akano 1, S higeru O kamoto 2,and T akushi M onden 11Department of Surgery, NTT West Osaka Hospital, 2-6-40 Karasugatsuji, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-8922, Japan 2Department of Pathology, NTT West Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japanconsidered to be stage IV, with distant metastasis (M1),according to the Japanese classification of gastric cancer [1], and is usually not an indication for surgery. The prognosis of unresectable stage IV gastric cancer is ex-tremely poor, and several chemotherapy regimens have been introduced to attempt to prolong survival [2,3] or to achieve downstaging, followed by curative resection [4,5]. However, to the best of our knowledge, few pre-vious reports have documented chemotherapy that enables the curative resection of gastric cancer with metastasis to Virchow’s lymph node, even though the response rate of recent combined chemotherapeutic modalities is 30% to 50%. We encountered a patient with gastric cancer with Virchow’s lymph node meta-stasis, who subsequently received curative resection following treatment with the newly developed oral anti-cancer drug, TS-1. There were no significant adverse reactions to the chemotherapy.Case reportA 67-year old woman, who had complained of upper abdominal discomfort for 3 months, presented on June 6, 2000, with advanced gastric cancer, with swelling of Virchow’s lymph nodes. Gastrointestinal fiberscopy (GIF) and upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) showed a type 2 tumor, i.e., ulcerated carcinomas with sharply demarcated and raised margins, on the greater curva-ture in the middle third of the stomach (Fig. 1A,C). A biopsy specimen showed poorly-to-moderately differ-entiated adenocarcinoma. Four swollen lymph nodes,up to 1.5cm diameter, in the left supraclavicular area were considered to be metastasis to Virchow’s lymph node, based on fine-needle aspiration cytology (Fig. 2).Abdominal computed tomography (CT) and ultra-sound sonography (USG) showed swelling of several paraaortic lymph nodes (Fig. 3A; USG is not shown).Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showedGastric Cancer (2002) 5: 96–101AbstractWe encountered a patient with advanced gastric cancer, with V irchow’s lymph node metastasis, who subsequently under-went curative resection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with the newly developed oral anticancer drug, TS-1. The patient was a 67-year-old woman who had a type 2 tumor in the middle third of the stomach, and Virchow’s lymph node me-tastasis, which was diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytol-ogy; she also had swollen paraaortic lymph nodes. Curative resection was considered impossible, and TS-1 (100mg/day)was administered for 28 days in one course, mainly in the outpatient clinic. Although grade 2 stomatitis interrupted the therapy on day 21 of the second course and on day 7 of the third course, the type 2 tumor showed marked remission (par-tial response; PR) and the metastasis in the V irchow’s and paraaortic lymph nodes had completely disappeared after the third course (complete response; CR). Eleven weeks after the completion of the TS-1 treatment, total gastric resection with D3 lymph node dissection was performed. Histopatho-logical examination revealed tumor involvement only in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach and the no. 4d lymph node. Most of the tumor was replaced with fibrosis with granulomatous change in the muscularis propria of the stom-ach and in the no. 3, no. 6, and no. 7 lymph nodes. This may be the first report of a patient with advanced gastric cancer with V irchow’s lymph node metastasis who successfully received curative resection following neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a single oral anticancer drug.Key words TS-1 · Virchow’s lymph node metastasis · Gastric cancer · Gastrectomy · Neoadjuvant chemotherapyIntroductionGastric cancer with involvement of lymph nodes in the left supraclavicular fossa (Virchow’s lymph node) isOffprint requests to: T. IwazawaReceived: August 7, 2001 / Accepted: January 28, 2002thickening of the gastric wall and tumor invasion to the gastric serosa (Fig. 1E). The patient was given a diagno-sis of stage IV (cT3, cN3, cP0, cH0, cM1) advanced gastric cancer with extensive lymph node metastasis,even though no distant metastasis to the liver, lung,bone, or peritoneum was diagnosed by CT, USG, or bone scintigraphy. The performance status of this pa-tient was grade 0, and laboratory examination results were within the normal ranges, except for a high level of carbohydrate antigen (CA)19-9 (283U/ml). Because curative resection was impossible for this patient, che-motherapy, using TS-1, was started, on 22 June, 2000.TS-1, 100mg, was administered orally every day for 28 days, followed by a 14-day cessation as one course;the drug was administered mainly in the outpatient clinic. One course resulted in the complete disappear-ance of the swollen Virchow ’s lymph nodes, but slightly swollen paraaortic lymph nodes still remained on USG.GIF showed marked reduction of the gastric tumor, but the presence of malignant cells was demonstrated by biopsy. During the second course of TS-1 administra-tion, the patient had grade 2 stomatitis, so that the administration of TS-1 was interrupted on day 21. Al-though the third course of the treatment started after 35days of rest, grade 2 stomatitis interrupted the adminis-tration again, on day 7. After this treatment, effective-ness was evaluated with UGI, GIF, CT, USG, and MRI.UGI and GIF revealed that the type 2 tumor had changed to an ulcer scar with fold convergence and a small elevated lesion (Figs. 1B,D; 4A), in which adeno-carcinoma was proven by histological examination of the biopsy specimen. Dynamic abdominal MRI showed marked reduction of wall thickness after TS-1 adminis-tration and, finally, no serosal tumor invasion was dem-onstrated (Fig. 1F). Abdominal CT did not show anyregional or paraaortic lymph node swelling (Fig. 3B),Fig. 1.A,B Upper gastrointestinal series shows a protruding lesion with a crater on the greater cur-vature of the middle third of the stomach before treatment (A ); the crater and margin of the tumor were flattened after treatment (B ). Evaluation of the response was partial response (PR). C,D Endo-scopic findings show an irregularly shaped tumor with a crater before treatment (C ); the lesion had markedly regressed and flattened after treatment (D ). E,F Abdominal dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows the thickness of gastric wall with high intensity (arrow ) before treatment (E );the gastric wall became thinner (arrow ) and the serosal surface became smooth after treatment (F )abdominal USG showed a marked reduction of para-aortic lymph nodes (data not shown), and Virchow ’s lymph node was not palpable. The serum level of CA19-9 decreased to within the normal range, at 18U/ml.Therefore, we concluded that curative resection could be achieved.Total gastrectomy with splenectomy and D3 lymph node dissection was performed on November 8, 2000,and no invasion to neighboring organs, no peritoneal dissemination, and no hepatic metastasis was recog-nized, and peritoneal cytology was negative. Histo-pathological examination showed submucosal invasion of a predominantly mucinous adenocarcinoma in a small elevated gastric lesion. Only xanthoma cells in fil-trated the ulcer scar (Fig. 4A,B,C,D,E). Metastasis was found in only one lymph node, along the right gastroepi-ploic vessels (no. 4d), and no cancer cells were found in any other lymph nodes, including the paraaortic lymph nodes (no. 16a2 and 16b1). Necrosis and disappearance of the tumor, with granulomatous change, were ob-served in lymph nodes along the lesser curvature (no.3), infrapyloric lymph nodes (no. 6), and lymph nodes along the left gastric artery (no. 7) (Fig. 4F). Eventually,the final stage was determined to be T1, N1, P0, CY0,H0, Mx, and the curability of the surgical procedure was B (no residual tumors, but not evaluable as “curability A ”). No signs of recurrence have been revealed by any examination 1 year after the surgery.DiscussionUnresected gastric cancer has been treated by several regimens of combined chemotherapy. Some random-ized control reports have documented that chemo-therapy for gastric cancer patients with grade 0–2performance status improved survival compared with best supportive care [6–8]. FAMTX (5-fluorouracil [5-FU] combined with Adriamycin [ADM] and Meth-otrexate [MTX]) is considered to be standard chemo-therapy in Western countries [9,10]; however, it has not been accepted in Japan because of its severe toxicity.Fig. 2.Fine-needle aspiration cytology of Virchow ’s lymph node revealed a large number of adenocarcinoma cells with clear nuclei, a high nuclear/cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, and mitosis. Papanicolaou stain, ϫ1000Fig. 3A,B.Enhanced abdominal com-puted tomography (CT) showed that lymph nodes around the abdominal aorta (no. 16a2) were swollen (arrow ) before treatment (A ); the swollen lymph nodes disappeared after treatment (B )According to a J apanese Clinical Oncology Group (J COG) study, FP (5-FU combined with cisplatin [CDDP]) therapy has better response rates than UFTM (UFT [tegafur, uracil] combined with mitomycin C [MMC]) and 5-FU alone [11], and continuous low-dose FP is used widely in Japan because of its high response rate, which is equal to that of the original FP protocol, with less toxicity [12]. The response rates of these che-motherapy regimens have improved to 30%–50%, but no regimen yields better survival than continuous injec-tion of 5-FU alone. Most patients suffer side effects, and often need long hospitalization for systemic chemo-therapy, and thus, more effective anticancer drugs with milder toxicity are needed.TS-1 is a newly developed oral anticancer drug, which consists of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil potassium at a molecular ratio of 1:0.4:1, based on the biochemical modulation of 5-FU [13]. Gimeracil competitively in-hibits dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, is produced in various organs, including tumor tissues, and rapidly degrades 5-FU [14]. Oteracil potassium is an inhibitor of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase that catalyzes theFig. 4.A Macroscopic findings show anulcer scar with fold convergence andneighboring small elevated lesion on thegreater curvature in the middle third ofthe stomach B–F Histological findingsshowed that the gastric tumor was re-placed by fibrosis with granulomatouschanges and xanthoma cell infiltration inthe ulcer scar (B, C, D) and regionallymph nodes (F). Dominantly mucinousadenocarcinoma with tubular adenocarci-noma invaded the submucosal layer of theelevated lesion (B, F). B H&E, ϫ4; CH&E, ϫ40; D H&E, ϫ100; E H&E, ϫ40;F H&E, ϫ100phosphorylation of 5-FU, a process that is considered to be responsible for the toxic effects of 5-FU. Oteracil potassium is mainly distributed in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration to rats, and induces ame-lioration of the gastrointestinal toxicity induced by 5-FU [15]. TS-1 induced a 53.6% response rate for gastric cancer in an early phase II study [16] and a response rate of 49% in a late phase II study [17], with a 35.7% adverse reaction rate in the early phase II study and a 20% adverse reaction rate in the late phase II study. Not only is the response rate the highest for a single agent but also this oral anticancer drug does not require patient hospitalization, because of its mild toxicity. TS-1 was more effective for lymph node metastasis (re-sponse rate of cervical lymph nodes, 68.4%; abdominal lymph nodes, 49.2%) than for the primary lesion (32.6%), lung metastasis (22.2%), or liver metastasis (35.1%) in a phase II study. The present patient had lymph node metastasis at a distant site (Virchow’s and paraaortic lymph nodes), but no metastasis to other organs, and no invasion to surrounding organs. Also,the performance status of the patient was grade 0, andshe had no problems ingesting food. Therefore, this patient was a good candidate for neoadjuvant chemo-therapy with the oral anticancer drug, TS-1. In fact, the metastasis in Virchow’s lymph node completely disap-peared (CR) and the gastric tumor was reduced by more than 50% by TS-1; consequently, curative surgical resection could be performed. Histopathological exami-nations showed viable cancer cells to exist only in the mucosal and submucosal layer of stomach and in a group 1 lymph node, but not in any group 2 and group 3 lymph nodes, including paraaortic lymph nodes. More than two-thirds of the gastric tumor was replaced by fibrosis with granulomatous changes, in particular in the submucosal lesion and some regional lymph nodes. The response was classified as category grade 2, moderate change, according to Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma. The final stage was T1 N1 P0 CY0 H0 Mx, and the level of curability of the surgery was B.A few reports in Japan have documented the success-ful treatment of gastric cancer with Virchow’s lymph node metastasis by chemotherapy. Ohyama et al. [18] reported a patient with advanced gastric cancer with Virchow’s and paraaortic lymph node metastasis who completely responded to a four-drug combination che-motherapy. Pathological examination revealed no tu-mor cells in the primary lesion or in any dissected nodes, including Virchow’s nodes, although recurrence devel-oped 18 months after surgery [18]. Three reports have documented that Virchow’s lymph node metastasis disappeared after low-dose FP chemotherapy, and that, consequently, gastrectomy could be performed, al-though paraaortic lymph node metastasis was histologi-cally proven in all three patients [19–21]. Nakaguchi et al. [22] reported that Virchow’s lymph node metastasis disappeared after treatment with an oral anticancer drug, 5Ј-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5Ј-DFUR), and, con-sequently, distal gastrectomy was performed, but it was not curative surgery because of paraaortic lymph node metastasis. Therefore, the present report appears to be the first report of curative resection of advanced gastric cancer after the disappearance of Virchow’s lymph node metastasis induced by neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a single oral anticancer drug. Complete response should be confirmed by longer observation. Although it is not yet known whether the overall survival of this patient has been improved, this case suggests that TS-1 is an effective anticancer drug for advanced gastric cancer with extended lymph node metastasis. More-over, this oral agent has the advantage of not requiring hospitalization for patients with good performance sta-tus, because of its mild toxicity.Acknowledgment The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Ogura, who provided UGI films before the treatment.References1.J apanese Gastric Cancer Association. J apanese classification ofgastric carcinoma. 2nd English ed. Gastric Cancer 1998;1:10–24.2.Preusser P, Wilke H, Achterrath W, Fink U, Lenaz L, HeinickeA, et al. Phase II study with the combination etoposide, doxoru-bicin, and cisplatin in advanced measurable gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:1310–7.3.Boku N, Ohtsu A, Shimada Y, Shirao K, Seki S, Saito H, et al.Phase II study of a combination of irinotecan and cisplatin against metastatic gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:319–23.4.Nakajima T, Ota K, Ishihara S, Oyama S, Nishi M, Ohashi Y, et al.Combined intensive chemotherapy and radical surgery for incur-able gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 1997;4:203–8.5.Yonemura Y, Sawa T, Kinoshita K, Matsuki N, Fushida S,Tanaka S, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-grade advanced gastric cancer. World J Surg 1993;17:256–62.6.Murad AM, Santiago FF, Petroianu A, Rocha PRS, RodriguesMAG, Rausch M. Modified therapy with 5-fluorouracil, doxoru-bicin, and methotrexate in advanced gastric cancer. Cancer 1993;72:37–41.7.Glimelius B, Hoffman K, Haglund U, Nyren O, Sjoden PO. Initialor delayed chemotherapy with best supportive care in advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 1994;5:189–90.8.Pyrhonen S, Kuitunen T, Nyandoto P, Kouri M. Randomizedcomparison of fluorouracil, epidoxorubicin and methotrexate (FEMTX) plus supportive care with supportive care alone in patients with non-resectable gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 1995;71: 587–91.9.Wils JA, Klein HO, Wagener DJT, Bleiberg H, Reis H, KorstenF, et al. Sequential high-dose methotrexate and fluorouracil com-bined with doxorubicin – a step ahead in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer: a trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 1991;9:827–31.10.Kelsen D, Atiq OT, Saltz L, Niedzwiecki D, Ginn D, Chapman D,et al. FAMTX versus etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin: a random assignment trial in gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992;10: 541–8.11.Shimada Y, Shirao K, Ohtsu A, Hyodo I, Saito H, Yamamichi N,et al. Phase III study of UFT ϩ MMC versus 5-FU ϩ CDDP versus 5-FU alone in patients with advanced gastric cancer: JCOG study 9205. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1999;18:1043.12.Chung YS, Yamashita Y, Nakata B, Nitta A, Inoue T, HirayamaK, et al. Combination therapy of 5-FU and low dose CDDP for advanced and recurrent gastric cancer. Jpn J Cancer Chemother 1995;22:149–51.13.Shirasaka T, Nakano K, Takechi T, Satake H, Uchida J, FujiokaA, et al. Antitumor activity of 1M tegafur-0.4M 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine-1M potassium oxonate (S-1) against human colon carcinoma orthotopically implanted into nude rats. Cancer Res 1996;56:2602–6.14.Shirasaka T, Shimamoto Y, Ohshimo H, Yamaguchi M, Kato T,Yonekura K, et al. Development of a novel form of an oral 5-fluorouracil derivative (S-1) directed to the potentiation of the tumor selective cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil by two biochemical modulators. Anticancer Drugs 1996;7:548–57.15.Takechi T, Nakano K, Uchida J, Mita A, Toko K, Takeda S, et al.Antitumor activity and low intestinal toxicity of S-1, a new formu-lation of oral tegafur, in experimental tumor models in rats.Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1997;39:205–11.16.Sugimachi K, Maehara Y, Horikoshi N, Shimada Y, Sakata Y,Mitachi Y, et al. An early phase II study of oral S-1, a newly developed 5-fluorouracil derivative for treating patients with advanced and recurrent gastrointestinal cancers. Oncology 1999;57:202–10.17.Sakata Y, Ohtsu A, Horikoshi N, Sugimachi K, Mitachi Y,Taguchi T. Late phase II study of novel oral fluoropyrimidineanticancer drug S-1 (1M Tegafur-0.4M gimestat-1M otastat potassium) in advanced gastric cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 1998;34:1715–20.18.Ohyama S, Komatsu O, Nakajima T, Ohta K, Takahashi T,Yanagisawa A. Case report of pathological complete remission with FLEP therapy. In: Nakajima T, Yamaguchi T, editors.Multimodality therapy for gastric cancer. Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo: Springer-Verlag; 1999. pp. 104–7.19.Umehara Y, Okubo T, Sano Y, Sakamoto R, Nakamura T,Tsuchiya Y, et al. A case of advanced gastric remnant carcinoma with Virchow’s metastasis treated with neoadjuvant chemo-therapy (low dose CDDP ϩ 5-FU) followed by surgical resection.Jpn J Cancer Chemother 1995;22:277–9.20.Kajihara K, Ishikawa H, Akama, F, Ninomiya H, Shigeta K, SanoI, et al. A case of advanced gastric cancer with Virchow’s metasta-sis responding remarkably to combination chemotherapy of low-dose CDDP and 5-FU. Jpn J Cancer Chemother 1998;25:585–8.21.Wada Y, Kamiya N, Asano S, Shinya F. A case of advancedgastric cancer with Virchow’s and paraaortic lymph node me-tastases successfully resected after combined chemotherapy of low-dose CDDP and 5-FU. Jpn J Cancer Chemother 2001;28:79–82.22.Nakaguchi K, Nakano Y, Kitahara T, Onoe K, Nagamine H,Fukuda H. A resected case of gastric carcinoma with complete remission of Virchow’s node metastasis by 5Ј-DFUR administra-tion. Jpn J Cancer Chemother 1990;17:2101–4.。
英文文献讲解最终版PPT课件
学习总结
经常不断地学习,你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量 Study Constantly, And You Will Know Everything. The More
You Know, The More Powerful You Will Be
However, apart from weight loss, there isn't effective treatment for NAFLD. Anti-NAFLD drugs (such as statin and fibrate, etc.) have a high risk and side effects of cardiovascular events and nervous system, and and are unsuited for long supplementation[13].Phytochemicals are attracting increasing attention because of their health benefits and relatively lower toxicity, and are thought to be suitable for long supplementation
Materials and methods
Animals and animal treatments
实验方法
实验结果
新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠体重、摄食量和能量摄入量的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠器官和脂肪组织的相对重量的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠血清生化检测的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠肝脏和粪便脂质的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠肝脏中氧化指标的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠肝脏脂肪、全身脂肪以及棕色脂肪的
LiteratureReport生物专业原全英文文献汇报PPT教案
3. Results
3.3. Screening for single-copy transformants
(1)In this study single insertion transformants, generated by gene replacement of the AOX1 gene, was preferred, as this type of transformants is relatively easily screened for, and multiple insertion events rarely take place.
(2) YPD medium (1% (w/v) yeast extract, 2% (w/v) peptone, 2% (w/v) dextrose) YNB (Yeaum sulphate without amino acids) BMSY media
2. Materials and methods
2.3. Preparation of competent cells
(1) Conduct the step of this experiment according to the procedure of this paper.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
（3）合成可降解高分子材料。常用的可降解合成高分子材料 有聚乙二醇（PEG），聚甘油癸二酸酯(PGS)，聚乳酸（PLA ）,聚乙醇酸（PGA）,PLGA，聚己内酯（PCL）等。这类材 料的降解产物可在体内代谢排除，对机体无害，可塑性较好 。
高的基底硬度不影响hMSCs的多能性
未分化的细胞hMSCs为例，对基底硬度有显著的敏感 性
培养在硬ECM后的干细胞的分化能力支持当前的模型
THANK YOU!
欢迎各位老师、同学批评和指正！
人工基底膜实验
细胞粘附分析实验 分化实验 免疫荧光染色和显微镜观察
hMSCs
STRUCTURE OF MATURE FO实C验A结L 果 ADHESIONS CELL ADHESION RATES OF (A) HMSCS AND (B) NHDFS ASSESSED BY ALAMARBLUE® ASSAY
生物材料表面的蛋白吸附能力：生理液体中含大量 白蛋白和少量ECMs蛋白质（纤连蛋白FN、玻连蛋白VN 和层连蛋白LN等）。
生物材料表面电荷：在正电荷生物材料表面，细胞 的黏附呈现连续性。
生物材料表面的亲水－疏水平衡：疏水性表面对 蛋白质的吸附能力较强。
生物材料表面的拓扑（图案）结构：细胞根据材 料表面的拓扑形貌而取向生长。
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS
Volume 13 (6) nov 23，2012 IF=3.752
汇报人：田洁
目录
2
研究背景-组织工程支架材料
文献讲解
组织工程支架材料
概念： 能与组织活体细胞结合并能植入生物体的材料
NHDFs
在PCL和TCPs上生长hMSCs和 NHDFs，在3和8h时用AlamarBlue® 检测粘附的细胞 结果表明：hMSCs比NHDFs对基底硬度有更
高的敏感性。 分析原因：可能归因与两种细胞弹性的不
同,hMSCs是未分化的细胞， 表现出多能性；NHDFs是分化 的细胞,已经失去了弹性。
HUMAN MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS DO NOT EXPRESS VINCULIN PROTEIN WHEN GROWN ON A VERY COMPLIANT SUBSTRATE
hMSCs在MATRIGELTM上生长8h和24h后染色
结论：FA的蛋白（黏着斑蛋白、桩蛋白、踝蛋白）更易在较硬的基质上形成。
Localization and maturation of focal adhesions, actin cytoskeleton
in hMSCs and NHDFs cultured on PCL
Mesenchymal stem cell adhesion but not plasticity is affected by high substrate stiffness
BY JANICE KAL VAN TAM, KOICHIRO UTO, MITSUHIRO EBARA, STEFANIA PAGLIARI,GIANCARLO FORTE AND TAKAO AOYAGI
（4）合成可降解无机材料。常用的主要有磷酸钙水泥(CPC) ，羟基磷灰石(HA),磷酸三钙(TCP),生物活性陶瓷如生物活性 玻璃陶瓷(BCG),细胞外基质陶瓷类材料等。
（5）复合材料。常用的有聚乳酸－羟基磷灰石
生物材料表面对细胞的影响：
生物材料表面能：表面能较高（较亲水）的表面更 有利于细胞的黏附和铺展。
生物材料表面的生物活性：生物材料表面具有整 连蛋白认同的配体是细胞识别并接受生物材料为“ 自体”ECM的关键。
细胞对物理环境的响应归根结底还是对力学刺激 的响应，细胞对基底硬度的影响过程涉及到细胞内部 的integrin和RPTP-α( 受体型酪氨酸磷酸酶-α)等聚 集构成,并与细胞骨架和胞外配基相连,因此它可以随 细胞骨架移动。
基质硬度可以调节细胞骨架张力,并藉此通过整合 素调节胞内信号分子的活性。跨膜受体整合素及粘附 复合物使细胞、细胞骨架和胞外基质形成一个相互连 结的大骨架系统。
黏着斑（FOCAL ADHESION）的结构和 功能
感受细胞张力
黏着斑是肌动蛋白纤维与细胞外基质之间的连接方式
SCHEMATIC OF CELL ADHESION(FA桥连ECM和肌动蛋白细胞骨架)
功能： 为细胞提供获取营养、气体交换、排泄废物和
生长发育的场所，也是形成新的具有形态和功 能的组织、器官的物质基础。
组织工程支架材料的基本要求
• 良好的生物相容性 • 良好的生物机械性能 • 合适的生物降解性 • 良好的可塑性 • 可行的灭菌、消毒方法
组织工程支架材料主要包括：
（1）天然可降解高分子材料。如胶原（collagen），其本身就 是天然骨的组织成分。壳聚糖（chitosan），是甲壳素的衍生 物。还有明胶、琼脂、葡聚糖、透明质酸。降解产物易被机体 吸收，但强度和加工性能较差，降解速度无法调节。
1、在细胞与基质连接的早期，悬浮的细胞物理接触基底 2、细胞被动接触基底，开始感受基底的硬度 3、黏着斑的不成熟形式 4、细胞外基质连接细胞骨架的高分子聚合物
很多锚定蛋白和穿梭蛋白参与这个过程
材料ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ方法
不同硬度的PCL薄膜的制备
0.9、1.5、 50、133MPa
hMSCs和NHDFs两种细胞的培养
hMSCs
hMSCs
NHDFs
HUMAN MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL MULTIPOTENCY ON PCL FILMS WITH DIFFERENT STIFFNESSES
成脂分化
生骨分化
软骨分化
结论
软的生物材料增强hMSCs和NHDFs的粘附
在不同的基底硬度上两种细胞的黏着斑成熟的调节不同