语法讲义

英语句子成分与词性

句子构成的成分共分为八种：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，补语，状语和同位语。

1.主语：是全句述说的对象。一般位于句首，除了there be结构，疑问句和倒

装句中。

Walls have ears.

To see is to believe.

Smoking is not allowed in public places.

Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.

2.谓语：说明主语的情况，永远只能由动词（实义动词或系动词）组成。助动

词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。

Actions speak louder than words.

The chance may never come again.

Tom was very sick at heart.

Mary has been working at the dress store since 1994.

3.表语：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的身份，特征和状态。

常见的系动词有：be, appear, become, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, sound, smell, stay, taste, turn等。

My father is a professor.

Who’s that? It’s me.

The match became very exciting.

The story of my life may be of help to others.

His plan is to seek work in the city.

My first idea was that you should hide your feelings.

4.宾语：表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。跟在及物动词或不及物动词+介词

之后。

She covered her face with her hands.

We haven’t seen her for a long time.

Do you mind opening the window?

Give me four please!

He wants to dream a nice dream.

We need to know what others are doing.

5.定语：修饰名词的成分。

They are woman worker.

Tom’s father didn’t write home until yesterday.

Equal pay for equal work should be introduced.

You haven’t kept your promise to write us often.

Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.

6.补语：补充说明宾语或主语的性质和状态。

宾语补足语

They elected me captain of the team.

We found everything there in good order.

I should advise you not to miss the chance.

主语补足语

The price is expected to rise in the near future.

Some goods are left unsold.

She was elected director of public relations.

7.状语：可以修饰动词，形容词，副词或者全句。

表示地点，时间，原因，目的，结果，条件，让步，程度，方式，伴随情况等。These products are selling quickly.

She sat there doing nothing.

We’ll send a car over to fetch you.

8.同位语：用来补充说明另一个名词（短语）或代词的具体内容或情况。

We should make full use of today, the hope of tomorrow.

People, old and young, came out to greet the distinguished guests.

We two like the saying: money talks.

9.插入语：对一句话的附加说明，常用逗号或破折号与其他成分隔开，在语法

上不影响其他成分。

True, it would be too bad.

To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you.

Judging by his clothes, he may be an artist.

That, in my opinion, is only one of the minor issue.

关于比较等级

1.原级比较

表示双方程度相等用as+原级+as (和…一样)

He is as busy as before.

We should send you the data as soon as possible.

表示双方程度不相等用not so (as) +原级+as (和…不一样，不如…那样)

It is not so (as) cold today as yesterday.

He didn’t make as much progress as he had expected.

2.比较级

比较级可用much, far, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit等词与词组修饰

The new method is much more efficient than the old one.

She ran a little (bit) faster than her younger brother.

关于倍数的表达

Kids are twice as troublesome as pets.

Americans eat more than twice as many vegetable today as they did in 1950.

We have produced three times as much grain as compared with last year. Practice:改错

1.School violence is most serious problem, especial in public school.

-----School violence is the most serious problem, especially in public school s. 2. Students are not enough mature so they are vulnerable to social evils.

基本时态

1.一般现在时

表示现在，目前存在的状态，性质或经常发生的动作。

谓语动词：am, is, are或do,does

常用时间词：always, usually, sometimes, seldom, everyday等。

2.一般过去时

表示过去的动作和状态。

谓语动词：was, were, did

常用时间词：yesterday, two days ago, last week, in 1996, during the night, in ancient times等。