过去分词与现在分词的区别

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过去分词与现在分词的区别

一、现在分词

现在分词由动词加ing构成。

非谓语动词中的现在分词主要起形容词和副词的作用,在句中作定语、表语、补语或状语。(一)、现在分词的两个基本特点。

1. 在时间上表示动作正在进行。例如:a developing country. 一个发展中的国家,boiling water 沸水,rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳。(试比较:a developed country 一个发达国家,boiled water 白开水,risen sun 升起的太阳)

2. 在语态上表示主动。例如:the ruling class 统治阶级,the exploiting class 剥削阶级。(试比较:the ruled class 被统治阶级,the exploited class 被剥削阶级)

(二)、掌握现在分词的基本功能。

1. 现在分词作定语,表示正在进行的或主动的动作。也可以说明被修饰词的性质和特征,此时可换成相应的定语从句。例如:

①There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.

②He saw a flying bird and raised his bow.

③I was satisfied with the exciting speech.

2. 现在分词作状语时,可作时间、条件、结果、原因和伴随状语,表示正在进行的或主动的动作。此时分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语,因此要注意人称、时态和语态的一致性。如:①The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.

②European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.

③Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.

3. 现在分词作补足语,表示正在进行的或主动的动作。例如:

①Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.

②The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.

4. 现在分词的独立主格结构作状语。例如:

①With his lips still trembling, he couldn't say a word.

②“Mama! ”he cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. “妈妈!”他突然哭着喊,泪水从他的脸上流下来。(这里需要用现在分词的独立主格结构tears rolling down his cheeks 作状语。)

③Weather permitting, we'll go to the Great wall. 如果天气允许的话,我们就去长城。(这里需要用现在分词的独立主格结构Weather permitting 作状语。)

二、过去分词

(一)、基本概念

1. 分词的定义

动词的-ed分词即过去分词,是由动词的过去分词构成,一般只有一种形式。

2. 过去分词的语法作用:

过去分词一方面具有动词的性质,另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词,在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。过去分词一般有“被动”和“已经完成”两种含义。如spoken English 中的spoken ,表示被动的动作;boiled water 中的boiled ,表示完成的动作。1) 过去分词作表语,主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如:

Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子,它是坏的。

She is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。

2) 过去分词做定语:

单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面,相当于一个定语从句。如:

The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。

We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。

过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面,相当于一个定语从句。如:

Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗?

The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。

过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语,前后用逗号隔开。如:

The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.这些书是鲁迅写的,受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。

The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功,共有一千个学生出席了。

3) 过去分词做状语:

过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样,也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。

①表时间,相当于一个时间状语从句,有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如:

Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 从山顶上看,这个城市就像一个大花园。

Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.

入党以后,他决定献身于党的事业。

②表原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。如:

Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.

激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了,停止了争吵。

Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.

受到了讲演的鼓舞,年轻人决定起来从事斗争。

③表条件,相当于一个条件状语从句,有时过去分词前可用if等词。如:

Given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会,他会做得更好。

Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.

和你哥哥相比,你应该更加努力学习英语。

If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热,会变成水蒸气。

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