glossary

At the text level foregrounding refers to the theme of the whole text, usually found in the introductory paragraph, which foregrounds what the rest of the text will be about.
GLOSSARY
active voice:
refers to the organisation of a clause so the “do-er” of the action comes first, eg “The children washedthe windows”as opposed to “The windows were washed by the children”which is in the passive voice. Refer to passive voice.
antonym:
words having the opposite or contrasting meaning to a given word.
circumstance:
the element of a clause (expressed by adverbial phrase/group or prepositional phrase) which gives information about the process in a clause. This information is about when, where, how, why, with what, or with whom the process occurred, eg
(independent - always finite)I finished my work.
(independent - 2 finite clauses)I had something to eat // and then I finished my work.
(dependent and finite) I finished my workeven though I was tired.
(dependent and non-finite) I finished my workafter having something to eat.
(dependent, finite and included) My boss,who's moving to another department soon, ishaving
agreement:
describes the relationship between two elements of the language where the form of one determines the form of another. One type of agreement is subject-verb agreement where, for example, a plural subject requires a plural verb (“Chairs weresmashed”) and a singular subject requires a singular verb (“A chair wassmashed”). Note that in clauses of the type “There is …”, agreement occurs with the first element in the participant immediately following the verb, eg “Thereis a tableand two chairs in that room”, “Thereare two chairsand a table in that room”
- additive:and
- comparative:though
- temporal:after
- consequential:since
They also function to join clauses at different levels:
- to join clauses to make a sentence:linking and binding conjunctions
Binding conjunction join two clauses forming a relationship of dependence (hence the notion of ‘binding’), eg “We went and bought the carafterwe’d asked the bank for a loan”. The bound clause can be moved to the front of the sentence, eg “After we’d asked the bank for a loan, we went and bought the car”.
foreground:
make the focus or the orientation by placing at the beginning of a sentence, paragraph or text, eg
- foregrounding the time: “After five minutes, place the mixture in the oven”
- a nominal group in a Circumstance: " Because ofwhat he did,he was forced to resign.
An embedded clause is rank shifted and functions at the rank of group.
a farewell party.
(dependent, finite and included) I had something to eat and then,even though I was tired,
finished my work.
(dependent, non-finite and included) I had something to eat and,being tired, went to bed.
embedded clause:
a clause that is embedded in another, acting either as:
- a qualifier in a noun group: “The womanwho won the raceis my mother” or as
- a participant itself: “Winning the racehas been a life-long goal”, “Being goodisn’t easy” "What I needis a massage"
conjunctions that join sentences:Therefore, However
pronouns that link to other parts of the text:The housewas incredible. You should’ve seenit”
synonyms and antonyms: “The tenantswere not happy at all. Sothe landlordandall of the residents of the buildinggathered in the office below”.
(how - quality) She opened itcarefully.
(why) The man diedof heart failure.
clause:
a unit of meaning grouped around a verb/process: often referred to as the basic building block of language.
A dependent clause is in a relationship of dependency with either another dependent clause or an independent clause. A sentence must have at least one independent clause. “Because we ran out of petrol, (dependent) we had to walk to the town” (independent) We had to walk to the town (independent)because we ran out of petrol(dependent)after the fuel line got a leak” (dependent)
conjunction:
a word whose primary function is to join two parts of the language together and indicate the relationship between them. Conjunctions can relate bits of language in different ways:
(place) She knocked the clockoff the shelf
(time) She knocked offearly.
(with whom) He lΒιβλιοθήκη ftwith his friend
(how - means) She leftby car.