时态综合

Note1 : • Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.
He‟s been watching television all day.
Tim is still watching television.
We often use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially with how long, for… and since… The activity is still happening (as in this example) or just stopped.
• There are some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) that are normally not used in the continuous: • I’ve known about it for a long time. (not I‟ve been knowing) • Like, love , hate, want, need prefer know, realize, suppose, mean, understand, believe, remember, belong, contain, consist, depend, seem
英语动词就其词汇意义来说，可分为
• 状态动词 • • • • 动作动词 • • • • • 1动词be （是） 和have (有） 2 表示感觉的动词 3 表示心理或情感状态的动词 状态动词不用于进行体 1 持续动词 2 短暂动词 3 表示状态改变或位置转移的 系动词 动作动词既可用于进行体也可用于非 进行体
• 现在完成体和现在完成进行体有时可以 互换使用，含义无甚差别。如： • We‟ve been living here for ten years. • We‟ve lived here for ten years. • 但是由于现在完成进行体还具有进行体 的持续性、暂时性和未完成性的特点， 有时就不可以与现在完成体互换使用。 比较： • Who‟s beห้องสมุดไป่ตู้n eating my dinner? • Who‟s eaten my dinner? • 前一例的含义是“还有些剩下”，后一 例则 表示“全吃光了”。含义不同。
USE 2 Recently, Lately
• You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning. • Examples: • Recently, I have been feeling really tired. • She has been watching too much television lately. • Have you been exercising lately? • Mary has been feeling a little depressed. • Lisa has not been practicing her English. • What have you been doing?
present perfect continuous
现在完成进行时
• Example 1
• A Is it raining? • B No, but the ground is wet. • C It has been raining.
Example 2 It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining or it has just stopped. How long has it been raining? It has been raining for two hours.
USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now
• We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous. • Examples: • They have been talking for the last hour. • She has been working at that company for three years. • What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? • James has been teaching at the university since June. • We have been waiting here for over two hours! • Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with now:
• You are out of breath. Have you been running?
Note 2: P10 （SB）
• It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect. • Examples: • Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct • Sam has had his car for two years. Correct
grammar
tense
一般时 现在 进行时
完成时
完成进行时
study studied will study would study
be studying
be studying will be studying would be studying
have studied had studied will have studied would have studied
(You‟re out of breath now. )
• Paul is very tired. He‟s been working very hard. (he‟s tired now)
Explain the situation
How long have you been learning English? You‟re still learning English.
• “未完成“用法是指动作或状态从过去某 时开始，持续到现在，可能继续下去， 也可能刚刚结束。如： • He‟s lived here since 1960.（含义是：他从 1960年来到这里居住，至今还住在这里， 偶尔也可根据上下文理解为刚刚搬走。） • 这两种用法的主要区别是：“已完成” 用法通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用， 而“未完成”用法通常都要与表示一段 时间的状语连用。
have been studying had been studying will have been studying would have been studying
过去
将来
过去 将来
现在完成时与现在完成进行时
现在完成体和现在完成进行体的用法 • 现在完成体有两个主要用法，即：“已 完成” 用法和“未完成”用法。 • “已完成”用法是指动作或过程发生在 说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间 （常指最近的过去时间），现在已经完 成了，并与现在的情况有联系。如： • He‟s turned off the light.（含义是：灯在一 个过去时间被关掉，说话时仍然关着。）
exercises
• P11
Choose the most appropriate ending
1 I‟ve swum… 2 I‟ve been swimming… 3 They have asked me… 4 They have been asking me… 5 I have visited Vienna… 6 I have been visiting Vienna… 7 We‟ve stayed … 8 We‟ve been staying… A and I feel exhausted. B thirty lengths of the pool A to visit them for ages, but I‟ve never had the time. B to join the company on a number of occasions. A three or four times before. B since 1990 and I‟ve always felt very safe here. A at this hotel a couple of times before. B at a small hotel near the sea.
现在完成进行体 • 现在完成进行体的主要用法与现在完成 未完成 ”用法相仿。如： 体的“________ • I‟ve been writing letters for an hour (and I‟ve still got some more to do). • I‟ve been sitting in the garden ( and have just come indoors). • 上述第一例说明动作还将继续下去，第 二例说明动作在说话时刻之前刚刚结束。