专题五 独立主格结构1

专题五独立主格结构、主谓一致、反意疑问句和感叹句

一．独立主格结构

（一）区别分词作状语和独立主格结构

1.分词作状语

⑴分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句子的主语含有逻辑上的主谓和动宾的关系。

①He sent me an e-mail ,hoping to get further information.

⑵Founded in 1636,Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.

⑵分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随等。其中表示时间关系的分词短语有时由while或when引出。

①Be careful when/while crossing the street.

②Not knowing anything about the accident,he went to work as usual.

③Given a chance,I can surprise the world.

④Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.

⑤The teacher came into the lab,followed by some students.

⑥The cup dropped to the ground,breaking into pieces.

⑦Excited and happy,he came running in.

⑶悬垂分词

Generally/Frankly/Seriously speaking...;

Judging from/By...; Considering ...;Talking of...;

Supposing...;Providing...;Given....;Provided...

①Generally speaking,the rule is easy to understand.

②Judging from what he means,he must be a worker in a steel plant.

2.独立主格结构分词（现在分词和过去分词）都有其逻辑主语或宾语，与句子的主语没有任何逻辑关系。

Time permitting ,we'd better have a holiday at weekends.

(二）区别独立主格结构与状语从句

独立主格结构是一个语言结构，相当于一个主谓结构的短语，不是一个句子。而状语从句是一个句子，只是有主谓语。

①If time permits,we'll have a picnic next weekend.

②Time permitting,we'll have a picnic next weekend.

③After the experiment was done,the students were home.

④The experiment done,the students went home.

(三)独立主格常见构成形式

⑴名词或代词+现在分词/过去分词

①The decision having been made,the next problem was how to make a good

plan.

②The job finished,we went home straight away.

⑵名词或代词+形容词

①He entered the room,his nose red with cold.

②He sat in the front row,his mouth half open.

⑶名词或代词+副词

①Dinner over,we decide to play bridge.

②The meal being over,our headmaster soon left the meeting room.

⑷名词或代词+介词短语

①The teacher came into the classroom,book in hand.

②As quickly as they could,the men ran to the steps and up into the open,many of them with their clothes on fire.

⑸名词或代词+不定式

①We shall assemble at 10:45,the procession to start moving at precisely

12.

②The two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle,the details to be worded out later.

（四）with的复合结构 with+独立主格结构，在句中作状语或者定语。

1.He ran into the house,sword in his hand.

He ran into the house,with a sword in his hand.

2.He stared at me with his mouth open.

3.He stood with his hands in his pocket.

4.The boy stood there,with his head down.

5.With no one to talk to,John felt miserable.

6.She died with her son (being) yet a school boy.

7.Troy was a strong city with a great and thick wall around it.

二．主谓一致谓语动词要与主语的人称保持一致

（一)谓语动词为____形式的情况

1.当and不是表示并列意义，而且连接两个意义上表示同一个人，同一个物，同一个概念或者两个部件构成的物品时，谓语动词为___形式。

（1）The professor and writer____(be) speaking at the meeting.

（2）One more knife and fork ____(be) needed.

（3）War and peace___(be)a constant theme in history.

（4）When and where to go _____(have) not been decided.

2.不定代词anyone,anybody,anything,everyone,everybody,everything,someone,somebod y,something,no one,nobody,each the other等作主语时，谓语动词用___形式。（1）___(be) anybody going to tell him the news?

（2）Everybody ___(be) ready.

（3）Someone _____(want) to see you.

(4)Each of the students ____(be) given one chance only.

3.由each,many a,more than one,no等修饰的主语，或者两个并列的名词作主语，谓语动词要用____形式。