ISSUE题目类型分类

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一开头段：第一句话(两厢比较型中则是第一组话)：A.单一观点型(看场合不同选择一个)1.As is well-known and has often been described, ...2.It is traditionally a common practice for...B.两厢比较型There is much debate over the issue that... Some people believe that... Others, however, maintain that...第二句话：A.单一观点（简称单）1.支持：In my point of view, I agree with the speaker and there are many instances supporting my view.2.反对：In my point of view, I do not agree with the opinion stated above for some obvious reasons.B.两厢比较（简称两）In my point of view, whether one has advantages over the other depends on the specific circumstances.第二段：In the first place, the reason why I have such a view is that...A particular example for this is ...Under this circumstance, it is obvious that...第三段：In the second place, much evidence has shown that ...Just imagine what would be like if...Hence, another equally important aspect is that...第四段：Finally, to understand the truth of ..., it is also necessary to see...For example, ...总结段：Consequently, due to the above-mentioned reasons, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that...The issue concerning whether… is quite controversial.Frankly, I share the author’s point that…(外加部分限定条件)But, as I see, without weighing all factors affecting…, the author practically narrows the opinion to an extreme, thereby giving rise to a distortion of the original intention underlying this issue. Accordingly, a fundamental analysis representing my points of agreement and remedy with the opinion is discussed as below.On the one hand, the assertion that… is largely tenable.One important supporting reason is that…Furthermore…Therefore, the author’s assertion, although suffering from a few drawbacks, has its salient merit, that is, the implicit rationale behind the assertion accords not only with the common sense but also with our life experience and an foreseeable trend.On the other hand, this assertion, to some extent, amounts to an overstatement because it fails to take into consideration other essential factors whereas an appropriate choice must incorporate different aspects of the issue.For example…In conclusion, the issue of whether… is a meaningful but complex one. Only by both considering the factors discussed above and dissecting other circumstances that are not detailed or not even mentioned here, can we safely arrive at the conclusion that…ISSUE:Recently there is a debate over whether …..Some people assert that.., while other people believe that…As a matter of fact, the issue of whether ….. is a complex and controversial one. Different people hold different views due to their distinct backgrounds. Therefore, there is not a universal answer to this question, and whether one choice takes precedence over the other may quite depend on the specific situation. The decision, nevertheless, is not an easy one to make. Actually, the final judgment should rely on a case-by-case analysis. As far as I am concerned, however, I agree that …. , and do not agree that….. My view can be greatly substant iated by the following discussions.The first argument that can be presented to develop my position is that… A good example may be found in the case that… Under this circumstance, it is obvious that….In addition, there is another reason for me to choose this statement. The reason is not far to seek…. To illustrate, let us consider that … Hence, another equally important aspect is that….Admittedly, it may be true that …. in some conditions. However, this alone does not constitute a sufficient support to cl aim that ….,Actually, these cases are rare and therefore are too specific and too weak to strengthen the view that…When the advantages and disadvantages of x and y are carefully examined, the most striking conclusion is obvious that…To sum up, due to the above mentioned reasons, which sometimes correlate with each other to generate an integrate whole and thus become more convincing than any single one of them, we may be comfortable to say that …., because….Issue 一(重复题目)？To some extent, I agree with t he author’s general assertion that if(作者的观点，赞同形式). (即在作者的观点上，加上一些条件，有保留地赞同). However, the author unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to an irreversible extreme while overlooks other compelling factors that may affect this issue. On balance, my points of agreement and contentionwith the author involve the fundamental and deep analysis as discussed below.On the one hand, I would like to admit that this statement, although suffers from some obvious drawbacks, has some merit primarily in some special cases in which the implicit rationale behind it accords with common sense and our experience in daily life. Hence, it is partiality indisputable. After all, (举个例子从一方面说明作者观点的正确性). Further more, (举个例子从另一方面说明作者观点的正确性). All these evidence demonstrates beyond and doubt that(作者的结论). （以上两段要找两个理由，来说明作者观点如何对）On the other hand, recognizing that a more applicable choice must incorporate different aspects of the issue as sufficient as possible, I have to point out that the author overstates the (作者结论的原因)’s comparative significance, and fail to take into account other essential factors. In short, this assertion is problematic in two aspects. The first argument----the one that I think the most compelling----is that the arguer overlooked(作者有可能错误的第一个原因), that is to say(总结一下，换个说法). The second argument---it might have noticed by others---is that in some occasion, it is quite difficult to (作者有可能错误的第二个原因). Accordingly, I tend to concede that when it comes to some certain circumstances it is partiality appropriate. (这里找两个理由说明在一些场合下，作者观点还是不成立的，因为不管什么论点，成立还是会有条件的。

Issue 题库话题分类构思

Behaviors
• • • • • Characteristics and attitudes Divergence and conformity 分歧与一致 Individuals and group / society Personal success Belief
Factors causing different behaviors
Society
• • • • Problems Progress Ideality and reality Competition
Culture
• • • • Imaginative works Government and arts Artists and critics Value of arts
media
• Functions of media
Positive effects
• broaden / widen people’s horizons / vision • cultivate children’s intelligence • enhance appropriate relaxation / entertainment / amusement • promote economy development
• Affections of science
Positive effects
• high manufacturing efficiency • improve living conditions • provide life convenience (shopping / financing online, internet, fax, cell phones, e-mails) • more approaches to obtain information (electronic libraries, television etc.)

整理的issue分类

第一类：政治类（一）政府与人民的意见：97，45，79，202，105，142，170，8997 "It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people's lives."97．尽管很不幸，但这是一个事实，政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。

45 "Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve."45．政府官员应该有自己的判断力，而不应该盲目地依从人民的意愿。

79 "Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public."79．重大的政策决定应该留给那些政治家和政府专家们，他们比老百姓拥有更多的信息，因此具有更好的判断力和远见。

202 "Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise."202．和伟大的思想家、艺术家不同，最有效力的政治领导者必须经常向公众舆论让步，有时为了折衷要放弃原则。

GRE ISSUE题目分类

GRE ISSUE题目分类第一类社会类2．"Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."3．"It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."9．"Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."15"The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."16"Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."19"If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."20"National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults."22"Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."23"Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives."29"Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."33"Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image."36"The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries."40"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to thelarger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."41"Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."46"While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation."47"Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect—that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills."58"The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves."61"High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition."65"People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and groups."70"In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."72"One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities."76"Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society."77"People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered, separate goals, people need to understand that satisfaction comes from working for the greater good of the family, the community, or society as a whole."89"Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them."93"The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."113"It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves."120"So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present."126"Society's external rewards are no measure of true success. True success can be measured only inrelation to the goals one sets for oneself."133"The problems of modern society have led many people to complain: 'We live in terrible times.' Yet, given the choice, no one today would prefer to live in any other time."140"What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent."142"The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."149"The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to attract more tourists to these areas through environmentally sensitive projects."152"The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."160"The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."170"The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people."171"People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good."174"Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places."178"It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds."180"Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."185"Scandals—whether in politics, academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could."193"It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social tranformations that have the most lasting significance."198"Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation of individual differences."203"The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men andwomen that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."220"The increase in knowledge is forcing people to specialize. As a result, the distance between fields of specialization has become so vast that specialists in different areas are rarely able to influence each other."242"Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being."244"Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even when they claim to admire them."第二类行为类12"People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."18"Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea."21"Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world."25"Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible."27"No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking."31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."35"No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's beliefs than to adhere to them."37"In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect."62"The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient."64"Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it."68"People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be."71"Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others."74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."75"The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others."81"Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than to encourage progress."84"In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field."86"Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition."87"In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries."91"Most people think that their deeply held values are the result of rational choice, but reason often has little to do with the way people form values."95"People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does."99"In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options."118"In any field of endeavor—the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.—it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal."121"At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."127"Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions."136"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."137"What we call progress is a matter of exchanging one problem for another."139"Every new generation needs to redefine 'right' and 'wrong' in its own terms and according to the conditions of its own time."141"Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic successrequires conformity."145"A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing social conventions without sacrificing one's principles."146"People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it."148"Many people admire idealism, but it usually leads to disappointment or trouble."156"Choice is an illusion. In reality, our lives are controlled by the society in which we live."157"There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires."162"One often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own lives. However, the conditions in which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed."163"Most people live, whether physically or morally, in a very restricted circle. They make use of a very limited portion of the resources available to them until they face a great problem or crisis."165"In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority."168"Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field."175"It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual."182"It is dangerous to trust only intelligence."184"It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data."186"Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world."187"It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice."188"Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and, eventually, to change it."192"Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful andcautious planning."194"The best preparation for life or a career is not learning to be competitive, but learning to be cooperative."199"Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people, but from individuals. When groups try to be creative, the members force each other to compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone."206"People are too quick to take action; instead they should stop to think of the possible consequences of what they might do."208"The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people."209"Progress is best made through discussion among people who have contrasting points of view."210"Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work."211"Any decision-whether made by government, by a corporation, or by an individual person-must take into account future conditions more than present conditions."212"If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."216"Most important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another."225"People often look for similarities, even between very different things, and even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a thing should be considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to something else."226"People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience."231" 'Moderation in all things' is ill-considered advice. Rather, one should say, 'Moderation in most things,' since many areas of human concern require or at least profit from intense focus."234"Most people prefer restrictions and regulations to absolute freedom of choice, although they would probably deny such a preference."235"Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty—whether to one's friends, to one's school orplace of employment, or to any institution—is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force."236"Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful."238"Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy."239"Much of the information that people assume is 'factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future."240"Although it is easy to respond positively to the work of another person or group, it is far more worthwhile to give negative feedback."第三类教育5"A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."32"A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts."34"Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines—that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences—colleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented society."39"The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree."50"In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."51"Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."52"Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony."53"College and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government." 55"Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education."67"Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education."78"Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict."80"All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science."90"College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market."94"Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated."98"Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past."100"The pressure to achieve high grades in school seriously limits the quality of learning. An educational environment without grades would promote more genuine intellectual development."102"For better or worse, education is a process that involves revising the ideas, beliefs, and values people held in the past."104"It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears."106"All students should be required to take at least one course in ethics, even if taking the course means a decreased emphasis on academic subjects."112"Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions."128"It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free."130"How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."132"The university community consists of three different worlds—the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the socialsciences."134"Students should be encouraged to realize that mental agility and rhetorical skill must be accompanied by sincerity and the true conviction of their own beliefs."153"Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."154"Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators."191"Education should be equally devoted to enriching the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers."201"The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas—not to prepare them for a specific job."213"Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others—that is, the ability to achieve social harmony—should be a major goal in every school."214"Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped."222"Learning for learning's sake is an outdated concept. Today, education must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals."223"Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college."228"The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones."230"College students—and people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction."232"The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns."第四类科技7．"The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."30"The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."66"As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate."69"Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."107"Instant communication systems encourage people to form hasty opinions and give quick replies rather than take the time to develop thoughtful, well-reasoned points of view."114"Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity."115"It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated."119"When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful?"124"Instant foods, instant communication, faster transportation-all of these recent developments are designed to save time. Ironically, though, instead of making more leisure time available, these developments have contributed to a pace of human affairs that is more rushed and more frantic than ever before."129"Technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern life."135"While most of the environmental problems we face result from the use of technology, society must depend upon technology to find solutions to these problems."150"Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete."151"High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."155"Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important."159"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human。

新gre_issue_6种introduction_题目分类

每種寫作指示之撰寫要領不同，可針對這六類各挑幾題來練習。

I. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. (54/149)1. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. (1)2. To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities. (1)9. In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field. (1)11. People’s behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making. (1)17. Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free. (1)18. The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.21. Laws should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.24. The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones. (1)26. The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.27. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.28. The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people. (1)33. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.34. In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.38. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.41. The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.42. Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.43. The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves. (1)45. Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education. (1)53. If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable. (1)55. In order for any work of art—for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people. (1)56. Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another. (1)57. The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times. (1)58. Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline; students cannot be motivated by school or college alone. (1)62. Leaders are created by the demands that are placed on them. (1)63. There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts—especially at a great cost in money and jobs—to save endangered animal or plant species. (1)64. The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds. (1)66. People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are also the most critical of it. (1)71. Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition. (1)74. Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. (1)75. In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. (1)76. We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own. (1)77. The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth. (1)78. People’s attitudes are determined more by their immediate situatio n or surroundings than by society as a whole. (1)91. The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people’s efficiency so that they have more leisure time. (1)93. Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image. (1)101. Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too oftendistract from real learning. (1)103. The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things. (1)106. In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge. (1)107. To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. (1)108. Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field. (1)112. Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major fields of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated. (1)114. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little. (1)115. Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people whom they serve. (1)116. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. (1)117. It is primarily in cities that a nation’s cultur al traditions are generated and preserved. 118. We can learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own. (1)119. When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings. (1)124. All college and university students would benefit from spending at least one semester studying in a foreign country. (1)137. Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed. (1)141. It is more harmful to compromise one’s own beliefs than to adhere to them. (1) 143. No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field. (1)144. True success can be measured primarily in terms of the goals one sets for oneself. 146. The best test of an argument is the argument’s ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint. (1)147. The effectiveness of a country’s leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country’s citizens. (1)II. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position. (24/149)3. Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed. (1)4. Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. (1)13. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student’s field of study. (1)15. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers. (1)29. The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones. (1)30. Teachers’ salaries should be based on their students’ academic performance. (1)32. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. (1)65. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and to disobey and resist unjust laws. (1)84. It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. (1) 94. The effectiveness of a country’s leaders is best measured by e xamining the well-being of that country’s citizens. (1)95. All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children’s schools. (1)96. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. (1)97. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country. (1)99. People’s behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making. (1) 104. To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. (1)110. Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field. (1)111. In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. (1)122. The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models. (1)123. The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition. 126. In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge. (1)127. The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general well-being of all its people. (1)136. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful. (1)145. The general welfare of a nation’s people is a better indication of that nation’s greatness than are the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. (1)148. Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state. (1)III. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based. (19/149)5. Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive. Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation’s cultural traditions are preserved and generated. (1)8. Claim: In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership. (1)22. Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models. Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society’s highest ideals. (1)40. Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students. Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying. (1)44. Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished. (1)49. Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own. Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning. (1)70. Claim: Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student’s major field of study. Reason: Acquiring knowledge of various academicdisciplines is the best way to become truly educated. (1)79. Claim: The best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint. Reason: Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea. (1)87. Claim: Any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted, since it may well be proven false in the future. Reason: Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to be inaccurate. (1)88. Claim: Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed. Reason: It is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—to use public resources to fund the arts when people’s basic needs are not being met. (1)89. Claim: Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system. Reason: Laws cannot change what is in people’s hearts or minds. (1)105. Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes. (1)113. Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all its people. (1)120. Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Reason: Great achievements by a nation’s rulers, artists, or scientists will ensure a good life for the majority of that nation’s people. (1)131. Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application. Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty. (1)133. Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. Reason: The world today is significantly more complex than it was even in the relatively recent past. (1)134. Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both. (1)139. Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts. Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public. (1)142. Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students. Reason: Collegestudents—like people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. (1)IV. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position. (24/149)6. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. (1)19. Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future. (1)23. Governments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development. (1)25. Governments should offer college and university education free of charge to all students. (1)36. Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear. (1)37. Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents. (1)39. College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs. (1)46. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student’s field of study. (1)47. Educators should find out what students want included in the curriculum and then offer it to them. (1)48. Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. (1)50. Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve. (1)51. Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition. (1)52. The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones. (1)54. In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types ofimaginative literature. (1)59. Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people. (1)60. Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusive ideals. (1)61. People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully considered its consequences. (1)80. Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed. (1)81. All parents should be required to volunteer time to their chi ldren’s schools. (1)82. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country. (1)83. Teachers’ salaries should be based on the academic performance of their students. (1) 90. Educators shoul d take students’ interests into account when planning the content of the courses they teach. (1)92. Educators should base their assessment of students’ learning not on students’ grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate.(1)129. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. (1)V. Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented. (16/149)7. Some people believe that government funding of the arts is necessary to ensure that the arts can flourish and be available to all people. Others believe that government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts. (1)16. Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. (1)20. Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study. Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. (1)67. Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animal species, despite the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being. Others believe that society need not make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species. (1)68. Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. Others believe that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free. (1)69. Some people believe it is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public. Others believe that the public has a right to be fully informed. (1)85. Some people believe that in order to thrive, a society must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens. Others believe that the well-being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people. (1)86. Some people believe that government officials must carry out the will of the people they serve. Others believe that officials should base their decisions on their own judgment. (1)109. Some people believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world around us. Others believe that science has revealed to us that the world is infinitely more complex than we ever realized. (1)121. Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation is great by looking at the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Others argue that the surest indicator of a great nation is, in fact, the general welfare of all its people. (1)125. Some people claim that a nation’s government should preserve its wilderness areas in their natural state. Others argue that these areas should be developed for potential economic gain. (1)128. Some people argue that successful leaders in government, industry, or other fields must be highly competitive. Other people claim that in order to be successful, a leader must be willing and able to cooperate with others. (1)130. Some people believe that corporations have a responsibility to promote the well-being of the societies and environments in which they operate. Others believe that the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, is to make as much money as possible. (1)132. Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another. (1) 138. Some people believe that competition for high grades motivates students to excel in the classroom. Others believe that such competition seriously limits the quality of reallearning. (1)140. Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outs ide the student’s field of study. Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. (1)VI. Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position. (12/149)10. Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain. (1)12. Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition. (1)14. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. (1)31. Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities. (1)35. Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed. (1)72. Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear. (1)73. Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach. (1)98. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful. (1)100. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country. (1)102. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student’s field of study. (1)135. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers. (1)149. In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should be required to step down after five years. (1)。

!加精啦!ISSUE分类高频提纲

Issue 分类题库作者：孙远来源：新东方第一类：政治类：1.政治本身97. "It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people's lives."195. "The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus."89. "Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them."2.政府与人民(领导与被领导的人直接的关系)：45."Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve."a) Government officials have more insights and are capable to fully evaluate a specific problem in the long run. //the purchase of Alaskab) Government officials have the responsibility to form the judgment according to their evaluation of thesituation. It is just such responsibility which endow them power.c) Public will could be instrumental in forming more precise and comprehensive judgment. Different people arerepresentative of their own interest, public as a whole can have a comprehensive representation of the interest of different groupd) The fundamental of democracy require that the public view should be taken into consideration by thegovernment officials.79."Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public."160."The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to re main consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."202."Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise."a) Public opinion is instrumental for the political leaders to make a better solution.b) For the most effective leader, the public opinion should be evaluated instead of absorbed unconditionally.c) Unconditionally abandoning principle for the sake compromise, will undermine the authority of the politicalleader, thus greatly render them ineffective when carry out governmental actions.d) For the sake of maintaining authority and fulfill their responsibility, the political leader should not bend to thepublic opinion too often. Any public opinion should be thoroughly investigated before absorbed.105."The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from its own citizens."142."The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."【Position】:尽管质疑权威有时候会引起社会不安定，适当的质疑有利于社会健康发展。

ISSUE分类 OK

一、概括性陈述类：1、直接表明立场并给出论据进行阐述：942, 6-9, 11, 13-17, 20-22, 24-28, 30-34, 36, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 54, 55, 59-61, 63-68, 70-72, 74-76, 81, 84-89, 92-94, 96-104, 106-117, 119-127, 130, 132, 134-136,2、对概括性陈述进行解释后，表明立场并给出论据进行阐述：74, 32, 56, 58, 77, 79, 83,3、对概括性陈述的正确性或有效性进行判断，给出论据进行阐述：712, 18, 35, 38, 52, 57, 80,4、特殊问法类型：629: 进行解释后，判断是否值得遵循，同2类50: 判断是否是有效的方法，如果不是应该采取那些其他的方法？53: 从客户角度论述“用户友好”和“用户不友好”73: 判断是否是好的建议，给出论据进行阐述，同1类62, 82：同1类二、两类进行比较类：233, 5, 10, 19, 23, 37, 40, 43, 46, 48, 69, 78, 90, 95, 105, 118, 128, 129, 131, 133, 138-140,三、“是否”做某事类：21, 137***ISSUE题目专题分类***一、Environmental Protection & Energy Protection: 61、responsibility for preserving the natural environment: 13responsibility for preventing environmental damage: 472、the way to preserve environment: 413、the response to suspected environmental hazards:(1) in light of company: 42(2) in light of government: 924、energy protection and international corporation: 2二、Architecture: 41、architecture as the reflections of societal values and attitudes: 16, 83, 97,2、the historic value of older buildings: 78三、Mass media, Information, and Entertainment: 51、whether the growth of mass media is good or not: 1392、how to obtain the information efficiently and wisely: 1083、the restriction:(1) censorship of radio and TV programs: 1(2) regulate children's access to adult material on the internet: 154、whether popular entertainment is overly influenced by commercial interests: 54四、Success: 101、the definition of success: 62、the elements of success:(1) education as the key to success: 12, 103(2) hard work as the key to success: 49(3) focusing on the task rather than the result: 293、how to succeed:(1) in light of person: setting goals: 52(2) in light of business: conformists or non-conformists: 814、the relation of success and personal failure: 115、the relation of professional success and personal sacrifices: 396、children's growth: self-discipline vs. self-esteem: 95五、Advertising: 61、advertisements as reflections of a nation's ideas: 322、advertising as influence art: 853、advertising: appeal to emotion vs. reason: 864、should school teach consumerism because businesses use high-quality advertising tosell low-quality products: 285、whether investment in high-quality advertising can sell almost any product and service: 446、do companies and organizations have right to contact potential customers and donors whenever and however they wish: 135六、Education: 91、what should our schools teach?(1) academic skills vs. ethical & social values: 23(2) science & technology vs. art & humanities: 37(3) specialized information & techniques vs. general approach to learning: 123(4) factual information & skills vs. ethics: 1362、educational method and system:(1) educational method: distance learning vs. traditional way: 99(2) educational system:①competition: 100②unity vs. diversity: 62③highly structured environment vs. relative freedom and spontaneity: 1403、after-school education: 126七、Automation & Technology: 41、the role of automation in our lives: 202、technology and adjusting to job obsolescence: 873、technology: separate people vs. bring people together: 1154、advancements in technology and business lead to better life: 112八、Studying history: 21、the importance of studying history: 432、studying history: a waste of time? : 89九、Advice: 31、giving advice to other people: 72、"following one's instincts." is good advice or not: 733、tell people what to do, never tell people how to do: 55十、Social Problems: 31、crimes(1) business' social duty regarding juvenile crimes: 59(2) how to stop serious crimes: 1272、the problems caused by cars: 102十一、Historical Sites and Archeological Treasures: 21、how to protect archeological treasures- remain in the country vs. export to other country: 1062、how to protect historical sites: restrict vs. free: 138十二、Learning Society & Measuring Nation's Value: 21、learning society: observing people's leisure time vs. observing their work time: 1312、measuring a nation's value: scientific achievement vs. business success: 105十三、About Government: 51、the relationship of company and government:(1) government as a necessary burden on business: 61(2) government should not be responsible for regulating businesses and other organizations: 131 2、government's responsibility for art:(1) government's responsibility regarding the arts: 22(2) government provide funds only for the arts that reflect the values and attitudes of the majority: 1173、what should government increase spending on: 114十四、Bureaucracy: 21、government bureaucracy: 632、bureaucracy's impact in business and government: 46十五、About Human Beings: 151、what makes people impressed(1) restraint in the use of power: 4(2) rule-breaker: 742、what motivate people: self-interest and fear: 753、respecting one another's difference: 574、our saving and borrowing habits: 805、our role as citizens of the world: 40multinational corporations and global homogeneity: 656、accepting blame for hated actions and words: 887、loyalty to political parities and leaders hinders the people's ability to form their won opinion: 1198、people soon tire of the status quo: 1139、accepting or rejecting an idea: presentation vs. merit: 12210、the test for genius: 7711、immediate desires and long-term needs: 10412、man and woman:(1) meeting women's needs in workplace: 82(2) in business, men and women have learned how to share power effectively: 98十六、Relationship of Work and Personnel Life: 31、employee's personnel lives: as separate as possible from workplace: 92、should employees take work home with them: 303、how work affects our personal lives: 67十七、Leaders & Leadership: 51、power and influence: business vs. government: 242、earning respect as a leader: 333、the qualifications as a leader:(1) decision-making: 76(2) maintaining the highest ethical standards: 111(3) solving problems by simple, immediate solutions: 125十八、About Products: 51、process vs. products: 102、products liability: 663、ethical constraints in creating and marketing products: 704、informing customers about products and services: 845、manufacturing products that do not last can reduce costs and stimulate demand: 90十九、Business & Commerce: 41、the final objective of business: 582、the secret of business: 563、imposing limits on commercialism: 71improving practice unethical: refusal to buy vs. legislative action: 101二十、About Management and Business: 361、organization(1) hierarchical vs. flat: 3(2) the importance of a clear hierarchy: 142、company's goal and social duty:(1) making money vs. serving society: 18(2) profit vs. public welfare: 64, 118(3) ethical business conduct and maximizing profits: 453、recruitment:(1) hiring criteria for entry-level jobs: 19(2) accessing personality traits in hiring employees: 48(3) objective information vs. subjective interview: 1304、the factors of business:(1) location: still the key to business success: 26(2) job satisfaction and security: 27(3) short-term thinking as a business disease: 35(4) hiring capable people as a key business strategy: 25(5) is competition good for a business: 51(6) giving employees as much freedom as possible: 94(7) moving job frequently: 1245、how to improve the employee's efficiency:(1) rewarding employees: job performance and tenure: 21(2) responding to employee performance: 50(3) effects of employee incentives: 726、who are important in a company:(1) most valuable employees: efficiency vs. quality: 128(2) managers with strong leadership skills vs. managers with expertise and work experience: 133 7、the factors of efficiency:(1) workplace design and employee input: 68(2) formality in dress and behavior: 1218、the relationship of managers and employees:(1) employee's loyalty: 93(2) employees should not be asked to provide evaluation of their supervisor: 134personnel evaluation: multidirectional: 1109、teamwork and personal ability:(1) sharing decision-making: 5(2) teamwork vs. individual energy and commitment: 3610、the best way to assign work: 10711、advice of outside experts vs. advice of inside highly experienced employees: 12912、children employees: 9613、employees participate in profit-making decision: 11614、the privacy of employees:(1) access to personal information about employee: 60(2) employees should not have full access to their personal files: 10915、employees use email to express their opinions about the company: accept vs. prohibit: 137二十一、Others:1、monetary system: 82、financial gain as a factor in choosing a career: 313、time management and flexibility: 174、potential benefits of mandatory public services: 345、everyday courtesy as an endangered art: 386、user-friendly: 537、social skills as purchasable commodities: 79。

issue写作六大提问方式分析

通过对改革后的立论文分析不难发现，在这149道题目中一共有六种提问方式。

让我们归纳总结一下他们的规律。

注：由于关于claim的问题方式有两次，笔者统一归纳总结成为一种方式，故图中展示的只有五种。

仔细关注下statement, recommendation, claim这三个单词，他们在某些方面具有程度递进的关系。

1. Statement: the expression in spoken or written words of something such as a fact, intention, or policy, or an instance of this.意为陈述某一事实，意图，政策。

重点在于陈述。

2. Recommendation: a suggestion as to what is a good or sensible thing to do or use in the circumstances意为合理的建议（比陈述事实更近了一步）3. Claim: maintain something is true: to say, without proof or evidence, that something is true 意为声明，即便在没有证据的情况下仍然坚持声称某事为真实的从以上的分析中不难看出这三种问法在操作形式上具有程度类比，其中第三种的程度语气更强。

让我们仔细分析一下例子1. Statement (以下是事实陈述的例子)i. The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.ii. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.iii. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.iv. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.v. The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.vi. In order for any work of art-for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song-to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.2. Recommendation(以下是建议的例子)i. Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people.ii. Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.iii. All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.iv. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.v. Educators should base their assessment of students' learning not on students' grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate.vi. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.3. Claim（以下是因果声明类的例子）i. Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.;;; Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.ii. Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.;;; Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.iii. Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.;;;Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both.iv. Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts.;;;Reason: Politicians and other government expertsare more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.v. Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.;;;Reason: College students-like people in general-prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions.vi. Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.除了个别试题中在提问用词中有混淆以外，绝大部分的提问符合此规律。

GRE写作-ISSUE

ISSUE写作“1+5”写作模型：1个写作套路加上5种题目分析类型及各自相应的分析切入点。

从分析切入点着手，找到自己的写作思路，再整理出提纲和写作框架。

（1）1个写作套路指的是在文章的正文部分，分正反两个方面展开写作的行文思路或结构。

对所有题目，都可以有条件的同时支持和反对，从而两面兼顾，从两方面同时展开分析注：对于ISSUE作文，一定要从两方面来写（2）5种题目分析类型.A 因果类题目（通常蕴含或提出某种因果关系）切入点：这个因果关系推理中的原因是否成立；假设这个原因成立，能否推出结果？B 建议类题目（通常提出了某种解决问题的办法或建议）切入点：题目中的建议可行性如何；如果实施题目中的建议，是否会导致同初始目的相矛盾或其他荒谬的结果有无替代或折中方案C 是非类题目（提出或蕴含了某种好坏、是非的价值判断）切入点：这种价值判断的标准是什么？这种价值判断的标准是否值得修正？D 定义类（提出或蕴含了一个或多个定义）切入点：单纯类定义类题目：题目中的定义是否抓住了问题的本质；能否给出自己的、更为恰当的定义结合式定义类题目：能否给出自己的更为恰当的定义？E 事实类题目（指出一个或多个事实（非公认的，可反复证实或证伪的现象））切入点：能否从公认的原则或事实中推出相反的判断？能否举出反例。

注意事项：1、留意题中是否有逻辑陷阱（如偷换、以偏概全、有问题的假设等）2、留意题目中可同时归属不同类别，多角度分析3、文章的中心思想/论点一定是在有了正文的三个意群段之后，自然而然总结出来的。

4、对于套叠式多角度分析题目，学会多层次切入分析（3）运用该模型步骤：先提正，在求反，因人因题合、反、散。

步骤：1、拿到ISSUE题目，归具体题目类型2、可在某种角度/程度上，同意题目中的立场（先提正）3、从各类型题目各自的分析切入点入手，分析得出反对意见，修正题目所陈述的观点和体现的思路（在求反）4、结合具体题目的特点和自己对该题目的分析、驾驭能力，确定是将上面一正、一反两方面综合起来阐述（合：正反一起说），还是再提出一个对题目所持立场的反对意见来进行修正（反），或是从一个相关角度将问题发散开来阐述（散）5、最后，提出文章的中心思想/论点，即最后写。

issue题目分类

谢谢GRE写作题目分类1.按题材分6类:教育学习类,行为类,政治类,科技传媒类,社会类,人文类二选一,弃掉一类题目2.按主题分8类:a.当物之急与百年大计(13)b.个体和整体(少数和多数,局部与整体)(64)c.技术进步对人类的影响(28)d.理性和感性(19)e.不同领域间的交流(23)f.统一与分歧(竞争)(49)g.现实和理想(19)h.新与旧(26)------------------------------a.当物之急与百年大计(13)------------------------------"It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."--比较与其花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究,还不如把钱花在迫在眉睫,已经存在的社会问题上. 当务之急和百年大计的关系------------------------------"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."--比较政府应该把更多的注意力放在解决当务之急,而不是试图解决将来预期的问题上.时间之当务之急和百年大计------------------------------ "National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults."--比较任何一个国家的政府都应该为孩子而不是为成人建设更多的社会项目和服务.孩子和成人之社会建设------------------------------"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."--结论花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资,即使研究的结果是有争议的.现实和理想------------------------------"Government should not fund any scientific research whose consequences, either medical or ethical, are unclear."--因果政府不应该资助任何后果不明的科学研究，无论是医学方面还是伦理方面的。

GRE作文分类题库—ISSUE

GRE作文分类题库—ISSUE前言GRE作文是美国研究生入学考试中重要的组成部分，由于GRE作文在评分中占比较大的比重，因此考生需要在备考之前提前了解GRE作文的题目类型和考察方向，这样才可以有充分的准备和信心面对考试。

本文将为大家介绍GRE作文ISSUE题型，向大家展示常见的考察方向、题目模式以及一些备考建议。

什么是ISSUE题型？ISSUE题型是GRE作文中的一种常见题型，其主要考察考生对于某一主题的立场和看法，并要求考生在文章中提供足够的证据来支撑自己的观点，展示自己的逻辑和论述能力。

ISSUE题型通常包括以下三个要素：•题目陈述：题目会给出一个主观性较强的表述，要求考生就该表述发表自己的看法。

•分析要求：题目会就某一主题提出一系列问题，要求考生就这些问题进行分析。

•思考范围：题目会给出一个主题，要求考生就这一主题从多方面进行思考，并论述自己的观点。

在ISSUE题型中，考生需要将自己的观点和证据清晰表达出来，并表明自己对于该主题的态度和看法，同时，考生需要思考问题全面、立论充分、逻辑合理，并且给出具体和可行的实例。

常见的ISSUE题目类型ISSUE题目的主题比较广泛，测试考生在各种主题下进行思考和立论的能力。

以下列举一些常见的ISSUE题目类型，考生可以在此进行参考和备考，更好地为GRE作文ISSUE题型做好准备。

社会类1.人类生活是否需要个人道德的引导？2.社会上的贫富差距是否应得到重视？3.政府是否应该彻底取消福利制度？4.生育权是否应该在各国间得到保护？5.义务教育是否应该废除？政治类1.民主政治是否是当前的最佳选项？2.政府是否应该介入企业的内部管理？3.政府是否应该对教育进行干预？4.美国还需要维持其全球霸权地位吗？伦理类1.人类是否应该保护和维护环境？2.科技的发展是否应该因为道德原则受到限制？3.是否应该禁止人类克隆？教育类1.各国学生在智力和文化方面是否存在差异？2.在校学生是否应该得到免费的教育？3.考试和考试成绩是否是唯一的衡量学生能力的标准？4.在大学期间能否同时考虑工作和学业？上述问题不仅覆盖了政治、伦理、教育、社会等多个领域，而且这里展示的只是其中的部分，考生在掌握以上基本类型的基础上，需要进一步深入探究题目的推广方向，了解更多的考试内容。

Issue六种题型全归类

Issue 六种题型全归类1 Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developingand supportingyour position, you shouldconsiderways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how those considerations shape your position.1. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of human to think forthemselves will surely deteriorate.2. To understand the most important characteristics of a society , one must study its major cities.9. In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being stronglyinfluenced by past achievements within that field.11. People 's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.17. Formal education tends to restrains our minds and spirits rather than set them free.18. The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.21. Laws should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.24. The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.26. The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into trulystrong and independent individuals.27. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.28. The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, orscientists, but by the general welfare of its people.33. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complexand mysterious.34. In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.38. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.41. The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by theircontemporaries.42. Students should always question what they are taught instead of according it passively.43. The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.45. Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education.53. If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable.55. In order for any work of art —for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song —to have merit, itmust be understandable to most people.56. Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer toone question that we come across the answer to another.57. The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now aresignificantly different from people who lived in earlier times.58. Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline; students cannot be motivated by school orcollege alone.62. Leaders are created by demands that are placed on them.63. There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts —especially at a great cost inmoney and jobs —to save endangered animal or plant species.64. The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.66. People who are the most deeply committed to an ideal or policy are also the most critical of it.71. Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.74. Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.75. In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.76. We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own.77. The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.78. People 's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by society as a whole.91. The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people 's efficiency so that they have more leisure time.93. Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.101. Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from learning.103. The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.106. In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.107. To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. 108. Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.112.Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major field of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated.114. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little. 115. Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people whom they serve.116. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.117. It is primarily in cities that a nation 's cultural traditions are generated and preserved.118. We can learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whoseviews contradict our own.119. When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historical buildings.124. All college and university students would benefit from spending at least one semester studying in a foreign country.137. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.141. It is more harmful to compromise one 'sown beliefs than to adhere to them.143. No fields of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field.144. True success can be measured primarily in terms of the goals one sets for oneself.146. The best test of argument is the argument 's ability to convince someone with an opposingviewpoint.147. The effectiveness of a country 's leader is best measured by examining the well-being of that country 's citizens.2 Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compellingreasonsand/ or examplesthat could be used to challengeyour position.3. Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study inwhich they are unlikely to succeed.4. Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker orreformer ever could.13. Universities should require every students to take a variety of course outside the student 's field ofstudy.15. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that willprepare them for lucrative position.29. The best way to teach —whether as an educator, employer, or parent —is to praise positiveactions and ignore negative ones.30. Teachers'salaries should be based on their students 'academic performance.32. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.65. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and to disobey and resist unjustlaws.84. It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.94. The effectiveness of a country 's leader is best measured by examining the well-being of thatcounty 's citizens.95. All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children 's schools.96. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they entercollege.97. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying ina foreign country.99. People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.104. To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.110. Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.111. In any profession —business, politics, education, government —those in power should step down after five year.122. The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.123. The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, orother fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition.126. In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.127. The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rules, artists, or scientists, but the general well-being of all its people.136. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.145. The general welfare of a nation 's people is a better indication of that nation 's greatness than are the achievement of its rules, artists, or scientists.148. Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state.3. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.5. Claim: Government must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive.Reason: It is primarily in cities that a natio n's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.8. Claim: In any field —business, politics, education, government —those in power should step down after five years.Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.22. Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of menand women that the society choose as its heroes or its role mosels. Reason: Heroes and rolemodels reveal a society 's highest ideals.40. Clam: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students.Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying.44. Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.49. Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own.Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.70. Claim: Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside thestudent 's major field of study.Reason: Acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.79. Claim: The best way of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.Reason: Only by being forced to defend an idea against the double and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.87. Claim: Any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted, since it may well be proven false in the future.Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to be inaccurate.88. Claim: Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.Reason: It is inappropriate —and, perhaps, even cruel —to use public resources to fund the arts when people 's basic needs are not being met.89. Claim: Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system. Reason:Laws cannot change what is in people 's hearts or minds.105. Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitude.113. Claim: The surest indicator a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.Reason: The surest indicator is actually the welfare of its people.120. Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.Reason: Great achievements by a nation 's rulers, artists, or scientists will ensure a good life for the majority of that nation 's people.131. Claim: Research should not limit their investigation to only those areas in which they expert to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainy.133. Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. Reason: The world today is significantly more complex than it was even in the relatively recent past.134. Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both.139. Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts.Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more information and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.142. Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.Reas on： College stude nts —like people in gen eral —prefer to follow directi ons ratherthan make their own decisions.4. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would orwould not be advantageousand explain how those examples shape your position.6. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.19. Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.23. Governments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development.25. Governments should offer college and university education free of charge to all students.36. Governments should not fund any specific research whose consequences are unclear.37. Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents.39. College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.46. Universities should require every student to take variety of courses outside the student 's field of study.47. Educators should find out what students want included in the curriculum and then offer it to them.48. Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.50. Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve.51. Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic, goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.52. The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.54. In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature.59. Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely tobenefit the greatest60. Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusiveideals.61. People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully considered its consequences.80. Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.81. All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children 's schools.82. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying ina foreign country.83. Teachers'salaries should be based on the academic performance of their students.90. Educators should take students 'interests into account when planning the content of the courses they teach.92. Educators should based their assessment of students 'learning not on students 'grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate.129. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.5. Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.7. Some people believe that government funding of the arts is necessary to ensure that the arts can flourish and be available to all people. Others believe that government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.16. Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently to particular principle and objectives.20. Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study. Others believe that college students should base their choice of study on the available of jobs in that field.67. Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animal species, despite the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being. Others believe that society need not make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.68. Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. Othersbelieve that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.69. Some people believe that it is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public. Others believe that the public has a right to be fully informed.85. Some people believe that in order to thrive, a society must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens. Others believe that the well-being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people.86. Some people believe that government officials must carry out the will of the people they serve. Others believe that officials should base their decisions on their own judgment.109. Some people believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world around us. Others believe that science has already revealed to us that the world is infinitely more complex than we ever realized.121. Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation id great by looking at the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Others argue that the surest indicator of a great nation is, in fact, the general welfare of all its people.125. Some people claim that a nation 's government should preserve its wilderness area in their natural state. Others argue that these areas should be developed for potential economic gain.128. Some people argue that successful leader in government, industry, or other fields must be highly competitive. Other people claim that in order to be successful, a leader must be willingand able to cooperate with others.130. Some people believe that corporations have a responsibility to promote the well-being of the societies and environments in which they operate. Others believe that the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, is to make as much money as possible.132. Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.138. Some people believe that competition for high grades motivates students to excel in the classroom. Others believe that such competition seriously limits the quality of real learning.140. Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student 's field of study. Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields.6. Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.10. Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.12. Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.14. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.31. Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities.35. Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.72. Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.73. Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.98. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.100. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.102. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student 's field of study.135. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.149. In any field —business, politics, education, government —those in power should be required to step down after five years.。

GRE写作快速提升issue的论述技巧的几个重点

GRE写作快速提升issue的论述技巧的几个重点GRE写作向来是大家备考的一个纠结点，不看丢分可惜，但是要备考起来就要花费很多时间。

下面就和大家分享快速提升issue的论述技巧的几个重点,希望能够帮助到大家，快来学习一下吧。

快速提升issue的论述技巧的几个重点Issue练习题里的题目，大致可以分为以下四种结构：一、对比型二、问题解决型三、推理型四、观点型熟练掌握这四种结构的论述方法也就掌握了issue的论述技巧。

举个例子：对比型分类：对比型的题目分为显现对比和隐形对比识别：显性对比Some people believe that in order to thrive, a society must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens. Others believe that the well-being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people. 隐形对比More...than less...thanA rather than B Instead of B,A如何展开论述A:找到对比双方，明确作者立场B:分析对比双方的利弊优劣C：对比双方是否可比例题讲解：Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.对比双方：solving the immediate problems of today VS solve the anticipated problems of the future分析对比双方的利弊优劣:solving the immediate problems of today (+): 举例solving the immediate problems of today (-) ：举例solve the anticipated problems of the future (+) ：举例solve the anticipated problems of the future (-) ：举例对比双方是否可比：今天问题和将来问题不是二元对立的存在，两者相互影响相互转化，今天问题处理不善可能会给将来造成风险隐患，而随着时间的推移，将来问题也会不断转化为今天的问题。

Issue题库分类及写作提纲

Issue题库分类及写作提纲GRE写作Issue问题题库分析与提纲第一类社会2. \detrimental to society.\归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。

Generally speaking, competition contributes to progress in society.Generally speaking, competition contributes to progressin society.In democratic countries, when parties and candidatescompete for power, the public benefits.Admittedly, when competition gets out of the control ofmores and laws, society will suffer. 竞争对于社会的优点和缺点 ------------------------------3. \existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations.\与其花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究，还不如把钱花在迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题上。

Humanity should take into account both long-terminterests and short-term interests when making budgets. Naturally, each generation is most concerned aboutsolving problems that immediately confront them. However, what differentiates human beings from otheranimals is that humans have a sense of future and are morally responsible for the well-being of their descendents.Therefore, as beneficiaries of previous generations, eachgeneration should make its own contribution for the well-being of future generations.当务之急和百年大计的关系 ------------------------------9. \recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use.\近些年来，学科已经细化到了相当的程度以至于学者们的理念只影响小范围的人群。

issue写作思路

9、反证法reduction to absurdity
假设一个观点是正确的，却推导出荒谬的结论
10、统计数据论证法statistics
提供数据以资论证
十一个论证角度
1、signs能否列举出观点的典型特征
2、induction能否给出观点的典型例证
3、cause-effect能否给出观点的原因与理由，能否给出反映这种因果关系的例子
9、authority能否引用权威观点支持论点
10、reduction to absurdity可否反证
11、rebuttal and defense可有别的主流、错误观点需要反驳，我的观点还需要哪些解释和辩护
适合的泛读材料-p339
开头：呼应开头段，对全文进行简单概括。
1、signs
2、induction
3、cause-effect
4、deduction
5、analogies
6、definition
7、statistics
8、commonsense
9、authority
10、reduction to absurdity
指出某事物发生或者存在的症候或迹象
6、类比论证法analogy
用一直熟悉事物与未知不熟悉事物对比，
纵向historical、横向literal、比喻metaphorical
7、引用权威法authority
引用公认的权威
8、诉诸常识法common sense
universal values，public motives，widely-accepted ideas and practices in life普遍价值观念，人们普遍动机，生活常识

GRE Issue 主体逻辑归类总结 Issue 题目逻辑公式全集

Issue 题目逻辑公式全集目录一、主题逻辑：N>M (3)二、主题逻辑：N 对 M 有影响 (6)三、主题逻辑：N 应该对 M 做某事 (10)四、主体逻辑：N 应该做 M (12)五、主体逻辑：N 是 M (16)高频题目总结一、主题逻辑：N>M常见拆分方式：领域拆分N 和M 哪个重要，有两种处理方式：1.N 和M 不一样大，N or M 随便选一个进行领域拆分2.N = M很多题目中，都是我们应该做N 还是做M？一旦涉及到了这种两难的选择，就是在论证N 和M 到底谁好，就是变相的比大小1.觉得好写，我们就直接比出N 和M 的大小2.觉得不好写，我们就求证N=M科技类题目64. The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.科技类题目我们一般不拆machine 和technology，所以这道题目我们拆human mind。

我们有情感、能力但是机器没有社会类题目4. Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker orreformer ever could.丑闻和演说家哪个更有用呢？我们需要在不同领域对丑闻和演说家进行比较哦19. Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.眼前的问题和未来的问题哪个重要呢（可以一样重要，也可以其中一个更重要）在不同领域，对眼前和未来的问题进行比较43./89. The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.快节奏的生活到底是解决的问题多，还是处理的问题多（要在不同领域进行比较哦）33./109. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.知识让事情更容易理解，还是复杂呢？在不同的领域比较知识的力量（心理，疾病、历史等都可以）28./85./113./120./121./127./145. The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.A ofB 中，B 是主体，对great nation 下定义（伟大的国家还有国际责任）领导人的成就和福利待遇谁更重要（N=M 比较好写，但是如果大家会，N>M 也可以哦）27. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.领域拆分，在不同领域，将新人和专家进行比较93. Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.不同领域，到底是表象重要，还是本质重要105./106./126. Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.同上152. We learn our most valuable lessons in life from struggling with our limitations rather than from enjoying our successes. （题库新增题目）N>M –我们需要比较到底从困难中还是从成功中学到的东西多重点还是解释learn 的内容是什么Academic study –从困难中能更好的知道自己哪里学的不好，进行更有针对性的学习Non-academic study—克服苦难对我们的意志品质有更好的促进作用让步：但是我们从成功也是可以学到一些东西的，不过不如从困难中学到的深刻教育类题目48./92. Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.这个可以认为是N 应该对M 做某事，也可以理解成N>M,因为涉及到了两个事物的对比领域拆分：在知识习得领域，谁重要；在能力培养领域，谁重要大家看到teach，就和看到learning 一样，教或者学什么如果论述难度大，这个也可以使用程度拆分（适度依赖其中一个）51./71. Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.这个和眼前问题、未来问题的思路很像哦，可以程度也可以直接领域拆分在学习领域，只关注眼前的学习成绩，会导致学习过于功利在经济领域，只追求短期的政绩和经济发展，不考虑长期的影响也不行49./76. Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own.Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.到底从谁身上学的多拆learning – 1. 和谁能学到更多的知识、2. 和谁能学到更多的能力政治类题目5./23.117. Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive.Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated. 这道题目有点特殊，里面只提到了major cities，但是潜在的是和其他城市进行比较N 是大城市、M 是其他城市和地区1.政府的责任是维持平衡– N 和M 一样重要（也可以不一样重要）2.文化保护–可以写大城市保护的好，也可以写小地方保护的好，解释合理就可以3.让步60./151. Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusive ideals.N：common groundM : elusive ideals不同领域的领导人的责任是什么，和N、M 有什么关系二、主题逻辑：N 对M 有影响(一) 科技类1. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to thinkfor themselves will surely deteriorate.由于我们不拆科技，所以我们这道题目拆的是 ability –对能力下定义132. Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.同样的，我们不拆科技，那我们就拆分 human interaction –人们交流需要满足的不同条件，可以当做是对交流的领域拆分（共同话题，沟通的途径等）(二) 社会类2. To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.我们要讨论社会的特点都是什么的，然后再说和大城市有什么关系N 是大城市M 是社会的特点我们拆M22./122 Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals.N 是英雄的特征M 是社会的特点我们拆M在reasoning 的过程可以涉及：英雄确实可以反映社会的最高水平，正是因为如此，英雄的特征很多人都没有，所以他们并不能反映社会的特征152. The best way to solve environmental problems caused by consumer-generated waste is for towns and cities to impose strict limits on the amount of trash they will accept from each household.N 是施加限制M 是环境问题我们可以把M 拆开，讨论环境问题的来源，然后再和N 产生联系–这道题目和human interaction 的思路很像11./99. People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.N 是behavior M 是forces 随便拆一个就好了这个我们上课讲过了哦38. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.N 是社会组织M 是我们对自己的理解41. /144.The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.N 是人们M 是一个人的伟大我们对M 进行领域拆分–讨论不同领域的人的伟大是由哪一部分的人决定的44. Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.N 是media scrutiny M 是英雄我们对M 进行领域拆分，讨论不同领域的英雄和媒体审核之间的关系75./84. In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.这道题和上面的思路如出一辙哦103. The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.N 是interests M 是ideas 我们把M 进行领域拆分，通过对不同领域的想法进行分析，来讨论常见事物对人们想法的影响Interests in commonplace things 是什么呢：可以理解成日常事物的有心人，把台式机变成laptop 就是一个很好的例子—关注身边的例子33./109. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.N 是knowledge，M 是things 我们要对M 进行领域拆分34.In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.N 是contrasting points M 是progressN 对M 有影响，对M 进行领域拆分；讨论不同领域内的进步和相左观点的关系78.People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by society as a whole.N 是immediate situation 或者是society，M 是attitudes对M 进行领域拆分，讨论不同领域中，人们的态度都收到了什么了因素的影响79./146. Claim: The best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.Reason: Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.N 是convince 别人／M 是argument 的价值这道题目和一个人的伟大是被谁决定的逻辑很像；一场争论或辩论的价值肯定不在于说服别人，还有很多其他的意义M１. 在社会领域：争论的意义在于唤醒人们的意识，introduce 新的思想，即使别人不一定认可M２．在政治领域，争论的意义在于彰显民主108./110. Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.N 是expert，M 是workA ofB 中我们拆B 哦B 是主体呢(三) 历史类基本所有历史类题目都是N 对M 有影响论述和拆分的思路都是雷同的，大家可以快速掌握哦9. In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.N 是前人的经验，M 是contribution在科技领域，正是借鉴了前任的经验，才有了突出的贡献–电话在政治领域，前任的经验给后人的政策制定提供了基础–新政。

ISSUE分类及翻译

GRE作文分类题库---ISSUE一教育类1. A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer." 【5】一个国家应该要求所有的学生在进入大学之前都学习由国家统一制定的课程，而不是允许由国家不同地区的学校去决定课程的安排。

国家统一和地区单独安排课程2．Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use.【9】近些年来，学科已经细化到了相当的程度以至于学者们的理念只影响小范围的人群。

除非学者们能拥有影响等大范围的人群，否则他们的理念将几乎毫无用处。

过分专业化问题3. A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts.【32】不管在校园外不同领域之间薪水的差异有多大，学校对于所有学科老师的待遇应该是一视同仁的。

issue分类

说明：红色下划线的推荐写全文，紫色曲线下划线的推荐写提纲。

此分类题目编号+20=通用编号（如>244则减244）一、Politics & government23. To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. 一个公仆如果想成为一位杰出的领导者就必须保持最高的伦理和道德标准。

149. Those who treat politics and morality as though they were separate realms fail to understand either the one or the other. 那些把政治和道德看成是两码事的人是既不懂政治又不懂道德的。

23≈149（政治和伦理道德）62. Government should never censor the artistic works or historical displays that a museum whishes to exhibit. 政府根本就不应该审查一家博物馆计划展出的艺术作品或者历史陈列。

204. Censorship is rarely, if ever, justified. 审查很少能够做到公正。

62=20477. It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people’s lives. 尽管很不幸，但是这却是真实存在的事实，政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。

（政治与生活）88. In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings – trials, debates, meetings, etc- that are televised, the more society will benefit. 在很多国家中，现在通过电视来观看政府的运作已经成为可能。