新GRE中Issue分类,合并以及翻译

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ISSUE分类及翻译

GRE作文分类题库---ISSUE一教育类1. A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer." 【5】一个国家应该要求所有的学生在进入大学之前都学习由国家统一制定的课程，而不是允许由国家不同地区的学校去决定课程的安排。

国家统一和地区单独安排课程2．Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use.【9】近些年来，学科已经细化到了相当的程度以至于学者们的理念只影响小范围的人群。

除非学者们能拥有影响等大范围的人群，否则他们的理念将几乎毫无用处。

过分专业化问题3. A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts.【32】不管在校园外不同领域之间薪水的差异有多大，学校对于所有学科老师的待遇应该是一视同仁的。

新GREissue分类提纲-leader篇-原创

1.mental 的需要，才会去欣赏艺术。

科学家的成就，资金也很多来自于人们的taxwelfare更好。

2.反：a。

well-being难以衡量。

所以比拟不公平。

有的人觉得吃饱就是好，有的人还要求精神境界的提高。

B。

还有别的很多方面，比方说城市的建设，比方说各种系统的完善，教育系统等等。

人民对政府的信任程度。

The level to which thecitizens trust the leader.3.合：是一个方面，但是还有别的。

104-107 To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.1.正：1.在很多领域领导是所有人学习的对象model or idol，对人们尤其是孩子有引导作用，因为他们在人们心中是几乎完美的形象，人们选他就是因为他道德的崇高，这种情况下正：比方：校长或者其他教育机构的领导，他们面向的对象很多是孩子，孩子们的价值观很多还没有fully developed，很容易受到影响，尤其是偶像的。

所以。

2.在有些领域好的道德能够促进开展，坏的道德会造成不好。

比方political干好事业，能够为人民着想。

2.反：1.在很多行业并没有要求很高的道德，只要符合法律即可。

看中的是能力。

能力好才能将这个机构带动起来，领导的根本目的不是自己本身的个人精神的喧哗，而是整个集体利益的提升。

比方商业，一个商人的好坏在于他能不能够做大生意，能不能够洞悉市场供求关系的变化及时作出决策，而不在于道德。

只要不违法即可。

2.过度强调道德会使得办事死板，不会随机应变。

道德在一定程度上是对人能力的束缚，highest的束缚就更大了。

人们本来应该可以发挥出的，结果束缚了发挥不出，本来可以解决的问题不能解决了，本来可以做的更好的只是做的一般。

3.要分行业。

能力也是关键。

新GREissue分类提纲原创(政府)

5,7,19,31,50,55,60,63-67,69,80-88,86-116-139,115,125,86-50-115-139 Some people believe that government officials must carry out the will of the people they serve. Others believe that officials should base their decisions on their own judgement.1.听群众的：a。

人民的利益是政府官员首先要考虑的，官员们是为人民服务的。

他们是人民养的。

他们制定一切法律，行驶责任的目的都是为了更好的服务人民，让人民的生活更好。

B。

人民分布在国家的各个角落，能够更好的反应真实情况。

而officals因为职位的特殊性，没有时间和机会去真正的走进人民的生活，即使走进了，也不一定能够看到真实的一面。

比如一个官员要去一个district视察人民生活的情况，那个地方的负责人person in charge为了留下好印象，就将一些vagrant 赶出这个地方。

那么official就看不到真实情况了。

2.听政府的：a。

他们有专业的知识和技能，他们经过了专业的培训，经过了竞争，有头脑和判断的能力。

能够对整体的情况做好把握，分析利害关系然后坐出租正确的决策。

而群众的专业知识有限，很多时候只能看到表面现象，提议建议不专业，没有可行性。

B。

群众分布广，来自不同的地区和阶层，他们的提议只能反映自身的需求，不具有代表性，同时不同的区域和阶层的利益会有冲突，那么提议也就会有冲突。

所以如果听人民的就会造成混乱，不有助与社会稳定。

3.合：听取意见，再运用自己的知识。

63-67 There is little justification for a society to make extraordinary efforts----especially at a great cost in money and jobs---to save endangered animals or plant species.1.正：a.很多animals和plant是因为自然界的优胜劣汰，natural selection才会面临endanger的，他们由于不能够适应自然环境，不能够有效的being not able to reproduce，不能找到lack of food，或者由于predator而面临endanger，这些都是自然evolution的趋势，人不能够去人为的干涉，人不应该阻挡自然进程。

GRE作文issue中文翻译1-30

8.Claim: In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years.明显因果
Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.
9.In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.事实
声称：政府要确保他们的主要城市得到了为了让主要城市兴旺的金钱支持。
原因：民族传统文化的保护和传承是城市根本目标。
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.
1.As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.事实
随着人们越来越多地应用科技产品去解决问题，人们独立思考的能力一定将会变坏。
6.A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.建议

新GRE ISSUE重题翻译+提纲+例文

ISSUE新题库翻译&重题合并&范文GRE Analytical Writing ISSUE Essay T opic - 003 / 035 / 037Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事不太可能成功的科学研究。

Position:有保留的反对不同意作者的观点，人应该按照自己的理想和兴趣选择自己的学习方向；但是有些时候教师的建议，也是值得考虑的。

1、由于老师不可能对每个人的性格特点都了解清楚，所以对一个学生未来职业的选择的建议也不一定是客观的。

2、就算老师很了解一个人的特点，但是人是会变的。

通过在学习过程，不断改变自己，很有可能把那么自己不是原来不是很擅长但是很喜欢的工作做好。

3、但是，老师毕竟经验比较丰富，做出的判断也往往是合适的。

所以，我们应该多听听老师的意见，然后加上自己的思考，作出自己的选择。

General statement:教育机构对学生的未来负有责任，应该尽可能的去帮助学生取得成功。

Thesis statement:帮助学生取得成功是教育机构的责任。

但是教育机构在帮助学生的过程中，应该更多的考虑学生自己对兴趣和对未来的选择，提出建议而不是力劝学生离开他们认为不可能成功的领域。

Development: 教育机构对学生的未来富有责任。

教育机构很难以区分某些学生在某些领域是不太可能取得成功的。

某些领域，可能目前来看不是成功的领域，但是若干年以后可能成功。

应该更多的考虑学生自己的兴趣。

兴趣才是成功的关键。

Giving a few second on interesting matter is better the spending an hours for boring issue”. It’s human’s tendency to work attentively and alertly on the issue which is of his interest and keeping him self away from annoying topic, even if it has been suggested and advised by many people. Interest and likeness of person matters a lot in his life.Every one likes to work in the field of interest and if we talk about students then they prefer the subject and faculty of their interest. In case of some students, they get confused in deciding that what is of their interest and what they choose for they expertisment. Availability of many option leads to this short of situation.After completing the secondary school education, it become very tough for students to select their main subject as a career option. As in their previous study there may be more then one subjects in which they are interested. So in this stage many influences effects on their thinking. What their colleagues are selecting as their field of further study, advices from parents and other relatives etc. take them to divert from their field of interest and catch up in any regardless field.This is where the Educational institution can come in picture and helps out the future of the country. Teachers and professors in education institutes has better vision to understand the interest of the students and guide them in proper way. And it has been reviewed that students consider their teachers advices more compare to other.Every one knows that “youth is the power of country”. To guide them in proper way is essential requirement for each country. If one intelligent student enters in the filed in which he should not be then he can not bring out from that situation and put him in proper place. In that case he works, but not with heartand interest. And this mistake become mater of repentance for him for whole life. And no gain in the development of the country become possible from him.So it is crucial for Educational institutes to help out student to lead them in appropriate future. There must be separate department in each institute to handle this stuff of guiding the students with highly qualified teachers. They should arrange Vocational guidance session to let the student to understand the filed of their interest and get information about there likeness. They must set arrangement to keep the students from being away from influences and listening words off heart towards their likeness. It also requires to give training to the teachers for this purpose.Without Acquiring the youth of country in proper manner, progress of the country is not possible And Educational institutes are the main source to lead the student in the field of their interest and likeness. So they have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.GRE Analytical Writing ISSUE Essay T opic - 006 / 014 / 096 / 116A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.在进行大学教育以前，国家应该要求所有的学生学习统一的国家课程。

GRE考满分GRE作文系列-Issue题库及翻译

考满分GRE作文系列（1）新GRE Issue题库（2016-06-22更新）写在前面的话新GRE写作题库，在2015年10月份更新之后，目前Issue共152篇，Argument 共177篇。

最好的备考方式，理应是对每道题进行思考、提纲，再精选20-30道题进行全文练习。

写作部分完整的备考时间以1-1.5个月为宜。

当然如果你时间不够，那么请努力搜寻另一份文档《考满分备考GRE作文系列（4）-最新高频题》。

因为不少同学已经懒到不愿意上官网下载题库了，所以我们当了一回搬运工。

从官网上下载全部题目后，又按顺序进行了编号和翻译，翻译仅供参考。

各位在考前无论如何一定要熟读题库！一定要熟读题库！一定要熟读题库！最后，也不能免俗的，祝各位有幸看到这份文档的同学，梦想成真，生活幸福：）ETS官网公布的ISSUE新题库This page contains the Issue topics for the Analytical Writing section of the GRE? revised General Test. When you take the test, you will be presented with one Issue topic from this pool. Each Issue topic consists of an issue statement or statements followed by specific task instructions that tell you how to respond to the issue. The wording of some topics in the test might vary slightly from what is presented here. Also, because there may be multiple versions of some topics with similar or identical wording but with different task instructions, it is very important to read your test topic and its specific task directions carefully and respond to the wording as it appears in the actual test.1 As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.当人们越来越依赖技术去解决问题，人类独立思考能力却退化。

英语考试作文-新GRE写作ISSUE题库中英文对照及分类整理之教育类

英语考试作文新GRE写作ISSUE题库中英文对照及分类整理之教育类虽然新GRE考试的官方机构ETS在官方上公开了写作部分的题库，但由于其数量众多，考生要全部练习一遍相当费时费力。

对于官方题库，如何使用才能最大程度的节约复习时间提高复习效率?为大家整理了其中ISSUE类作文题目，并根据编号进行了中英文对照和分类，希望能对各位考生的作文复习有所帮助。

新GRE考试ISSUE题库中英对照分类整理(教育类题目)题目编号：3/35/37/137题目内容：阻止学生不太可能成功的研究3 Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事不太可能成功的科学研究。

35 Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely tosucceed.教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事不太可能成功的科学研究。

37 Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents.社会应该甄别那些天资聪颖的孩子，并且年幼的时候就开始提供训练培养它们的才能。

137 Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事不太可能成功的科学研究。

GRE+issue+五种题目分析

导人 ★推论中偷换概念：“将一个有效的政治领袖不可能讲真话” 偷换为不诚实的概念。
因果类题目
反：但不能据此推出，完全的诚实不是一种有用的品德
★用个案否定原则的有效性：用部分政治家不讲真话（或者就
是不诚实）来否定一般化的道德原则（凡人都必须诚实）的有效性。而实际上，这两个问题可以是毫不相干的。 ★题目中的推理还有一个以偏概全的错误：用一个有效的政治领袖来推论所有的政治家。
因果类题目
反：但不能据此推出，完全的诚实不是一种有用的品德
★讨论“有用的”这一价值判断的标准。诚实作为一项道德要
求，判断它是否有利于的标准应该是：它是否在伦理上使得政治家相信保护其所代表的组织或者群体利益的合理性。如果是，诚实作为一项道德规范是有用的，不管是否有部分政治家不诚实并背叛了其所代表的组织和群体的利益。
★不符合事实：
（1）大多数政治家认为完全诚实是一种有用的品质。人不能生活在道德交错之中，政治家也不例外。诚实的外表和伪善的内心会让一个人崩溃。（2）选民也认为完全诚实是一种有用的品质。
因果类题目
反：但不能据此推出，完全的诚实不是一种有用的品德
★选民不可能明知道某个政治家是个骗子，但任然选举其做领
★同样的社会环境，因为个人的秉性不同，可以产生完全不同的世界观和价值观。而个人的秉性，在排除每个人彼此不同的生理特质后，多半是与个体较为密切的小环境（比如家庭、朋友、老师等）的产物。 ★相关的个人秉性影响思想和行为的例子。
概念定义类题目
160. "The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little." 对于一位强有力的领导者来说，最关键的能力就是要对一些原则和目标坚定不移。任何领导如果很频繁的、很轻易的为大众意志而转移的话，他将会一事无成。少数和多数之领导与大众

GRE英语作文分类题库—ISSUE

GRE英语作文分类题库—ISSUE简介在GRE考试中，Issue是指议题写作，与Argument类似都是GRE Analytical Writing的一部分，需要候选人对给出的话题进行阐述和分析。

Issue是更具有主观性的考试内容，需要候选人充分表达自己的观点，谈及丰富的经验和事例支持论证，并且要注意措辞合理、思路清晰、结构紧凑。

在本文档中，我们将提供一些Issue题库，这些议题涵盖了社会科学、艺术、哲学等多个领域，通过研究这些经典话题，准备GRE写作中的Issue将变得更加得心应手。

Issue题库社会科学Politic and Government1. A government should invest funds in the arts to ensure that it canflourish and be available to all people.2.Some people claim that political decision-making process indemocracies is too slow to response to climate changes. Do you agree ordisagree?3.The government should provide healthcare to all citizens regardlessof their ability to pay for it.Education4.The purpose of college or university education is to help students tosucceed in future career. Do you agree or disagree?5.The function of education is to teach one to think intensively andcritically. Do you agree or disagree?6.Some people believe that the most important goal of education is tohelp people to learn to be happy on their own. Do you agree or disagree?Culture7.The most important way to preserve ancient historical sites is to makethem available to the public, to have them constantly used and thus alive.8.Museums and art galleries should focus on the works of art that arerepresentative of the cultural history of their own country rather than theworks of art that are from different parts of the world.9.It is important for people to celebrate the ceremonies and festivals oftheir own culture rather than those of other cultures.艺术Music and Film10.Artistic disciplines, such as music, theater, and film, are valuable onlywhen they contribute to the larger society.11.The purpose of music is to make us feel good. Do you agree ordisagree?12.The best way to appreciate music is simply to listen to it.Literature and Writing13. A person should never make an important decision alone.14.The best way to learn about life is through personal experience.15.Argue for and/or against the use of digital devices in literary analysis.哲学Morality and Ethics16.Morality depends on the individual.17.The ultimate goal of human beings is not happiness, but knowledge.18.To be an ethical person, one must take into consideration the contextof the situation.Knowledge and Reasoning19.Innovation should always be welcomed, even if it is leading towardsunethical practices.cation is more than simply acquiring knowledge; it is aboutlearning to think for oneself.21.The ultimate goal of philosophical inquiry is not knowledge, but action.总结以上便是我们为大家提供的GRE英语写作的Issue题库，这些话题涵盖了众多领域，如政治、文化、教育、艺术和哲学等。

新GREissue分类提纲-hero篇-原创

44-75-84Claim：It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.因为经过媒体的审查的人的名声最终都会下降，所以活着的人不会是英雄。

1.正：a。

媒体为了自己的profits，总是尝试寻找一些attractive和unique的东西，英雄的好形象已经大家都知道，那么就去挖掘一些英雄不太好的东西。

也就会破坏英雄的美好形象。

由于大多数人认为英雄应该是完美的，所以i不能接受英雄的negative news，会觉得失望。

英雄的reputation就会be diminished。

B.人们都知道媒体习惯exaggerate好人好事，所以对报道的英雄事迹都会抱有怀疑的态度。

所以看到了英雄事迹i都会怀疑这些事迹是不是真的，是不是英雄的炒作。

导致潜意识里对英雄的反感。

2.反：a。

人们对英雄的定义也许不是那么苛刻，认为英雄不应该有瑕疵，但是实际上英雄很多情况下是指在某一个特殊领域上有特殊贡献的人。

他们也是普通人也会犯错，人们要允许他犯错，接受媒体爆出的他的错误，并且并不妨碍把他看做是英雄。

例子：b。

媒体也可以造就英雄。

人总要通过媒体了解外面的世界，很多英雄事迹也是通过媒体报道的。

媒体的作用就是传播信息，让消息的传播能够不受物理距离的阻碍，人们能够知晓天下事。

很多人正是因为媒体报道了他们的伟大事迹，才为人们所熟知。

如果没有媒体，可能很多英雄即使做出了伟大的举动也不会为人所知。

所以说一定程度上媒体能够造就英雄。

（C，即使媒体监视，他们也有可能去挖掘一些历史上名人的丑闻，没有理由说明他们的监视仅仅止步于对当代英雄的监视，那么如果按照题目的逻辑来说，岂不是所有的英雄都不会存在了。

GRE写作提纲Issue完整版

GRE写作提纲Issue完整版GRE写作提纲Issue完整版1、As people rely on 表态+论述观点：中立偏否定1、科技确实对人有巨大帮助，减轻了人的思维负担：a、电子计算器帮助人们完成复杂计算，推动数学及相关领域发展;b、电脑由于其强大的功能可以被应用在几乎所有领域，成为人们思考和解决问题的重要工具;c、科技使得人们的研究领域大为扩展，同时拓展了人类的思维(intellection)和认知(perception)2、不得不说，很多情况下科技确实造成人类独立思维能力的下降：a、依赖计算器完成简单计算，运算能力下降;b、便利的科技造成人们懒于思考，而习惯于通过技术手段求助;c、通讯技术发展造成交流形式快速化，交流能力减退3、尽管如此，采用科技仍然利大于弊(outweigh)：a、科技确实减退了人类某些方面的思维能力，但主要集中在重复性(accurate)和精确性(precise)的领域，而独立思维寻求解决方法的能力并不受影响，反而被提升;b、部分能力下降相对于获得的实际利益和扩展人类的思维空间是值得的;c、科技本身没有错，很多时候是由于我们过度或不当的运用结论：尽管科技对人类思维的不良影响将持续讨论，我仍然认为只要我们正确运用科技，其弊端是可以削弱的，而优点则会极大地使我们受益。

GRE写作提纲Issue完整版2、To understand the most important characteristic表态+论述观点：偏否定1、不可否认，主要城市某些程度上可以代表一个国家及其社会的特性：a、主要城市往往是一个社会最强大繁华的地区，其特性影响了这个社会的特性，比如伦敦设计师偏爱格子型花纹(plaid)，逐渐成为英国特色;b、由于主要城市往往汇聚了来自全国的人士，则各地特色的融合形成了该城市的特色，进而代表了该国社会的特色2、然而，这种代表性(representativeness)正在逐渐消退a、当今全球化程度日趋提高造成代表性下降，各国社会的主要城市逐渐趋同(skyscrapers)，丧失独特个性;b、另一方面，某一社会各个地区发展程度差异很大，尤其在许多developing country造成主要城市反而成为特例，如中国，北京、上海等城市的繁华不能说明中国的发达，许多乡村地区非常落后3、事实上，由于主要城市代表性的下降，我们很难仅仅通过研究他们理解社会特性，而要针对不同社会的实际情况进行选择。

新GRE作文_issue模板

1.保证：assurance/guarantee一.作文重点题目➢社会与自然：Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities.社会应该努力拯救濒危物种，只要这些物种的灭绝是人类活动的结果。

The speaker claims that society should make efforts to save endangered species only caused by human activities. I agree with the speaker insofar as saving endangered species is the responsibility of human beings. After all, human beings are the ruler of nature. But, in my perspective, merely focusing on saving those endangered species only caused by human activities is unilateral.1.The variety of plant and animal is important to practical utilization.1)Discovering the order of evolution;2)Valuable gene pool and raw material drug: traditional Chinese medicine.3)Technological imitation from the specious: sonar as a result of imitating dolphin.2.Human should do so even from a moral position.1)Plant and animal is the most important components of nature. When all ...die out, the daywill come soon.2)Human beings as the ruler of nature should take the responsibility to help other species.Let alone those endangered species because of human activities.3)Men have the responsibility to rescue: pollution, environments destroy, catching andkilling excessively causing the plant and animal to die out much faster. For example: tiger and whale;3.However, some kinds of1)"Survival of fittest": some animals do have their lethal shortages and would decline evenwithout humans, saving those species which are biological elimination is against the nature and of no help.2)When we save a kind of animal, we may do harm to another kind. Thus the proper way isthat human should try their best to keep the balance of nature as it is rather than change the nature as humans' purpose. Human and Nature should perform their own functions respectively.3)Instead of saving, the restrictions on human ourselves are more important: pollution,environmental destroy, catching and killing excessively.4)The extinction of species is the warning of the deterioration of the environment whichwould early or late threaten human beings.Conclusion:No matter from the position of practical utilization or morality, human both should ... However, it should be noticed that... Therefore, we should find out the real reason of dying out. Furthermore, we should pay more a...to➢教育目的：Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.教育机构应该积极鼓励学生选择那些为将来高收入工作铺路的研究领域。

新GRE写作Issue题库中英文对照及分类整理完全版

新GRE考试Issue题库中英文对照及分类整理完全版一、政治28/113/120/121/127/145 国家伟大的判断28 The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.一个国家的伟大体现在国民的安乐上，而不是体现在统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就上。

113 Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all its people.结论：一个国家的伟大不是体现在统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就上。

原因：一个国家的伟大体现在国民的安乐上。

120 Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.Reason: Great achievements by a nation's rulers, artists, or scientists will ensure a good life for the majority of that nation's people.结论：一个国家的伟大体现在统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就上。

原因：统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就保证了大部分国民的生活安乐。

名师讲解GRE写作ISSUE高分技巧

名师讲解GRE写作ISSUE高分技巧名师讲解GRE写作ISSUE高分技巧,十字定位法让提纲和素材完善结合，今日我给大家带来了名师讲解GRE写作ISSUE高分技巧，盼望能够关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下名师讲解GRE写作ISSUE高分技巧十字定位法让提纲和素材完善结合什么是十字坐标定位法?首先：对于任何一道新GRE写作issue题来说，都可以依据它的出题方式和题材进行分类。

而目前的issue题库，按出题方式分类不外乎五大类(因果类，建议类，比较类，偏激类，复合类);根据题材分为七大类(教育，媒体，科技，主观客观，个体集体，艺术，社会政治)。

其次：这就象在一个坐标轴上，横轴为出题方式分类，纵轴为题材分类，拿到任意一道题，只要我们快速推断这道题属于哪种出题方式和题材，就可以在坐标轴上定位到一点。

只要找到了这一点，该题的写作提纲，以及写作素材便可以立即得到。

也是新GRE写作高分速成的一种方法。

那么，一篇issue作文也就只是把写作提纲和素材结合在一起的过程。

这样，写作也就变得相当简单了。

十字坐标定位法使用实例讲解例如：In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.分析：这道题按出题方式分类属于建议类(关键推断词：In order to…, should …)，根据题材分类属于教育类。

这是依据建议类的破题思路，我们可以快速给出该题的提纲：分论点1：诚然有些专业强调与社会实践紧密联系，对于诸如会计学，新闻学，医学等专业来说，拥有在学术领域之外的相关工作阅历对于教学有着直接的裨益。

GRE Issue整理

教育类13 Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。

University is an important place in a youth's life. To a significant extend this kind of education students receive in university determines what kind of person they will be. Taking the courses outside the student’s fields of study may expand him a wide spectrum of vision. Therefore I fundamentally agree with the speaker that the real “truly educated” should be base d on the learning a wide scope of knowledge. However, close scrutiny reveals that overstate either the importance of the professional knowledge or the information outside will lead into jeopardized situation.1. In the first place, requiring students to take courses only in their major field ofstudy can cause some serious problems. Actually, not every student knows with certainty which professional field they are truly interested in and can do well in at the beginning of their college life. If universities allowed their students to choose related courses freely, it would be a good opportunity for them to find their interests. Exploring subjects outside their own major may help students to find new academic fields in which their real interest and potentials lie. Fortunately, in recent years, many universities have begun to change their education policies, and set up series of minor courses for students to study. Now there are more and more students taking minor courses in what they are truly interested in and this gives them another opportunity to develop their interests where they can make full use of their spare time to expand their knowledge and enhance their capabilities.2. Since various disciplines are r elated, the study of courses outside a student’s own field may benefit the study of their majors. As we know, every subject does not exist independently. They relate to other subjects to one extend or another. For instance, philosophy is the foundation of all subjects, which provides a fundamental approach to thinking about every problem. Whatever your major is, you can benefit from learning it. Math is a useful tool for us in solving problems. If you major is economics or accounting, you will find that the knowledge of mathematics can help you a lot in your research or your work. Therefore we can see that students with varied knowledge would have a great advantage in competing with those who have only limited scope.3. If a person want to be a successful man in the society, the knowledge just from his or her major is not sufficient at all. He or she should learn lots of things because those things are really important for their future success.1) Science: logic, critical thinking, common sense2) Art: the cognition of natural3) Philosophy: critical thinking and better understanding of the world4) Psychology: help to grow mentally healthy5) Sociology: the essence of society and human being.4. Of course, despite all of these advantages of learning various disciplines, the most important disciplines for a student is still those lessons which is related to his or her major. Overemphasizing the various disciplines will adversely influence the student's learning of his or her major.Conclusion:Take a balance. A university should offer various disciplines to students while ensure that the students can learn their major well.社会类28 The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.一个国家的伟大体现在国民的安乐上，而不是体现在统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就上。

【小站教育】GRE考试Issue全部题目的翻译

Issue全部题目的翻译Issue Topics说明：1.我的分类是对在网上流行的分类题库做了一些小修改。

1)尽可能把相近的题目放在一起，所以题号不一样按顺序排列。

2)另外，我删除多次重复的题号。

3)国际类（International）的两道题，我做了移动。

NO.11 大学题，移至Education --> Education & SocietyNO.13 语言题，移至Politics --> Others2.标黑体的题目是孙远推荐的练习题。

3.高频题根据寄托天下最新机经（2006.3.2）整理，包括2005年及2006年3月的题目：2005年频率在20次以上（含20次）或2006年1月至3月频率在3次以上（含3次）。

频率标注分为两部分，前一部分指2005年2月－9月的频率，后一部分表示2006年1－3月的频率。

非高频的孙远题后面也列出频率统计。

4.欢迎指正。

Redhobor 2006/3/5No.1 StudyStudy Methods (2)28 "Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."学生们只有在学习了有助于理解事实的思想、趋势和概念后才可能记住这些事实。

孤立学习事实是学不到东西的。

42 "Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups."学习不是个人行为，而是需要人们的合作，所以各个年级的学生如果经常在一个群体里工作，他们将会在学业上获益非浅。

GRE考试辅导：ISSUE问题方式与思路

注：由于关于claim的问题⽅式有两次，笔者统⼀归纳总结成为⼀种⽅式，故图中展⽰的只有五种。

仔细关注下statement, recommendation, claim这三个单词，他们在某些⽅⾯具有程度递进的关系。

来源：上考试⼤校，考试轻松过关 1. Statement: the expression in spoken or written words of something such as a fact, intention, or policy, or an instance of this.意为陈述某⼀事实，意图，政策。

重点在于陈述。

2. Recommendation: a suggestion as to what is a good or sensible thing to do or use in the circumstances意为合理的建议（⽐陈述事实更近了⼀步） 3. Claim: maintain something is true: to say, without proof or evidence, that something is true 意为声明，即便在没有证据的情况下仍然坚持声称某事为真实的从以上的分析中不难看出这三种问法在操作形式上具有程度类⽐，其中第三种的程度语⽓更强。

让我们仔细分析⼀下例⼦ 1. Statement (以下是事实陈述的例⼦) i. The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals. ii. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions. iii. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious. iv. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves. v. The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries. vi. In order for any work of art-for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song-to have merit, it must be understandable to most people. 2. Recommendation(以下是建议的例⼦) i. Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people. ii. Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed. iii. All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools. iv. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country. v. Educators should base their assessment of students' learning not on students' grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate. vi. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. 3. Claim（以下是因果声明类的例⼦） i. Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.;;; Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty. ii. Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.;;; Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty. iii. Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.;;;Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both. iv. Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts.;;;Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public. v. Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.;;;Reason: College students-like people in general-prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. vi. Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. 除了个别试题中在提问⽤词中有混淆以外，绝⼤部分的提问符合此规律。

新Gre-Issue题库分类和重点题

五大类：（一）成长学习教育（相关题量最多了）C3：3,13,15,20,32,35,39,46,70，98,102，112，129,135,136,137,140；54；73课程或专业选择：领域的成功和失败（3）+就业和兴趣（6）+领域内和领域外（8）+文学类课程（1）+老师拥有相关领域工作经验（1）=（19）领域的成功和失败（3）：3，137：Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.建议类35：Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed. 建议类，可完全借鉴3领域内和领域外（6）:13，46【2】，102【2】：Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. 建议类70：Claim: Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's major field of study. Reason: Acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated. 套叠式多角度分析题，因果类+建议类，参考112但分析的角度还是略有区别的，112：Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major fields of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated. 单纯性是非题，仔细体会，P163,140：Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. 建议类（两个极端）就业和兴趣（8）：15，135：Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers. 建议类，与32、98、136、129非常类似----就业优先32(9)：College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. 建议类，与15、98、136、129非常类似98，136：Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful. 建议类，与15、32、129非常类似129：College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. 建议类，与15、32、98、136非常类似39【3】：College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs. 建议类—--兴趣优先20：Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study. Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. 建议类（两个极端）要求选文学类课程（1）54(1)：In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature. 建议类要求老师有课程相关的工作经验（1）73【2】：Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach. 建议类P18C4：6，14,96,116课程全国统一，4个题目的内容完全一样较简单（4）6，14，96，116：A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. 建议类C10：12,25高等教育免费，2个题目略有不同（2）12(2)【6】：Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition. 建议类，多一个对students的修饰界定，说法就没有那么极端了25：Governments should offer college and university education free of charge to all students. 建议类C11：17,42,48,68,92；24,29,52教育的功能：解放or限制人的思想（2）+对概念的把握（2）+惩恶扬善（3）+质疑而非接受（1）=（8）解放or限制人的思想（2）17【1】：Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free. 套叠式多角度分析，事实类和结合式定义类----对estrain our minds and spirits进行明确定义，P91书中的观点还蛮过激的68【2】：Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. Others believe that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free. 套叠式多角度分析，事实类和结合式定义类----对purpose of education和restrain our minds and spirits的含义进行探讨和界定对概念的把握（2）---有难度48：Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. 建议类92【1】：Educators should base their assessment of students' learning not on students' grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate. 建议类，可以参考48惩恶扬善（3）24(1)，52：The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones. 平行式多角度分析题，可归入建议、是非、事实，从建议好展开，较简单29：The best way to teach — whether as an educator, employer, or parent — is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones. 平行式多角度分析题，可完全借鉴24质疑而非接受（1）42：Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively. 建议类C 14：30,83教师工资的判断标准（2）30【4】：Teachers' salaries should be based on their students' academic performance. 建议类，P10283：Teachers' salaries should be based on the academic performance of their students. 可完全借鉴83C17：37,40,47,58,90,142教育：早教（1）+大学教育（5）=（6）早教（1）37【2】：Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents. 建议类大学教育（5）40(1)：Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students. Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying. 套叠式多角度分析题，整体因果，结果部分是一个建议，P11047：Educators should find out what students want included in the curriculum and then offer it to them. 建议类，参考40 58(3)：Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline; students cannot be motivated by school or college alone. 因果类，P12490：Educators should take students' interests into account when planning the content of the courses they teach. 建议类，参考40142：Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students. Reason: College students—like people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions.套叠式多角度分析题，整体因果，结果部分是一个建议，P186C18: 45,138教育中的竞争（2）45(2)【3】：Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education. 事实类138：Some people believe that competition for high grades motivates students to excel in the classroom. Others believe that such competition seriously limits the quality of real learning.事实类（两个极端），P182C21：81,95家长介入学校教育（2）81(2)【2】,95：All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools. 建议类C22：82,97,100，124在国外学习（4）82（4）【5】,97,100：Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country. 建议类124【1】：All college and university students would benefit from spending at least one semester studying in a foreign country. 事实类P172（二）科技生活时代C1：1,26,64人与现代技术（3）+技术进步带来的社会问题（4）=（7）人与技术的关系（3）1【1】: As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. 思考能力降低，事实类26(3): The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong andindependent individuals. 阻碍独立个体的发展，事实类64: The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds. 人脑占优，是非结合类，可以转事实类技术进步带来的社会问题（4）43【3】：The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves. 事实类—较简单91【2】：The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that they have more leisure time. 定义类--- The primary goal of technological advancement，较简单，P150101(4)【1】：Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.分散实际学习，事实类+结合式定义类，P156132：Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another. 对人交流的影响，事实类P178C7：10,31,63,67,119,125,148保护：自然（3）+濒临灭绝的动物（3）+古建筑（1）=（7）自然（3）---也可以分到（三）中10：Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain. 建议类---过分保护自然，隔绝人类影响125：Some people claim that a nation's government should preserve its wilderness areas in their natural state. Others argue that these areas should be developed for potential economic gain. 建议类（两个极端）148：Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state. 建议类濒临灭绝的动物（3）---也可以分到（三）中31（4）【5】：Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities. 建议类—如何界定是人类造成的63【1】：There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts—especially at a great cost in money and jobs—to save endangered animal or plant species. 单纯是非类P6367：Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animal species, despite the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being. Others believe that society need not make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species. 建议类（两个极端）古建筑（1）---也可以分到（五）中119：When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings. 建议类，城市开发在历史和现代之间C12：18,27，50,86,108,110，115，139权威（精英、专家）和普通人：质疑权威（1）+政府（精英）与普通百姓（4）+专家和普通人（3）=（8）质疑权威（1）18(2)【2】：The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority. 事实类政府（精英）与普通百姓（4）---也可以分到（三）政治法律社会中分析50（4）【3】,115：Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve. 建议类---推出制度最可靠86【1】：Some people believe that government officials must carry out the will of the people they serve. Others believe that officials should base their decisions on their own judgment. 建议类（两个极端）参考50139【2】：Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts.Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public. 套叠式多角度分析题，因果类和建议类，P182专家和普通人（3）27【3】：In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions. 事实类---新手视角，P100108（5）【2】，110：Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field. 事实类---专家视角P160C20：56，59,131科学研究发现（3）56：Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another. 因果类，因是部分情况，因无法推果59(2)：Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people. 建议类，131：Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application. Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty. 套叠式多角度分析题，整体因果，结果部分是一个建议，P177---有难度C25：单题为1类，一共（3/17）对前人科学成就的集成，只有1题（1）9(1)：In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field. 事实类外表与实在（1）93（1）【2】：Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.单纯性是非题P151吸收外来知识促本领域发展（1）143【2】：No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field. 建议类，P16（三）政治法律社会C5：7，80,88 ；23,36,72政府对艺术的投入（3）+政府对科研（3）=（6）政府对艺术的投入（3）7：Some people believe that government funding of the arts is necessary to ensure that the arts can flourish and be availableto all people. Others believe that government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts. 建议类80：Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed. 建议类，取了88的一部分参见P14088：Claim: Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed. Reason: It is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—to use public resources to fund the arts when people's basic needs are not being met. 套叠式多角度分析题，因果类和建议（先分析原因，再分析推导结果——>转到建议的分析中，类88），参见P147政府对科研（3）23：Governments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development. 建议类—较简单36(2)【2】、72：Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.建议类，P107C6：8,16，62，69,94，111，114,123,128,147，149领导人：五年任期（3）+坚持与妥协（2）+时势造英雄（1）+信息公开（1）+从国民福利评判领导人（2）+竞争与合作（2）+道德要求（2）=（13）五年任期（3）8【1】：Claim: In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership. 因果类111【1】,149(3)【2】：In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should be required to step down after five years. 建议类，参考8坚持与妥协（2）16【1】：Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leade r is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. 单纯定义类P24114：Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little. 事实类，类16时势造英雄（1）62(2)【3】：Leaders are created by the demands that are placed on them. 事实类P128信息公开（1）69：Some people believe it is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public. Others believe that the public has a right to be fully informed. 单纯是非类P134从国民福利评判领导人（2）94【2】，147【2】：The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country's citizens. 单纯是非类P152竞争与合作（2）123：The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition. 建议类128：Some people argue that successful leaders in government, industry, or other fields must be highly competitive. Other people claim that in order to be successful, a leader must be willing and able to cooperate with others. 建议类（两个极端）道德要求（2）104(3)【4】,107【1】：To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. 建议类C13：28,85,113,120,121,127,145统治者or全体公民- 伟大国家（7）---政治类，感觉难28【1】、127：The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people. 事实类---全体国民113（7）【2】：Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all its people. 因果类，参考28145【1】：The general welfare of a nation's people is a better indication of that nation's greatness than are the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. 是非类，P189，参考28120【1】：Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Reason: Great achievements by a nation's rulers, artists, or scientists will ensure a good life for the majority of that nation's people. 因果类，和113刚好相反—统治者85：Some people believe that in order to thrive, a society must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens. Others believe that the well-being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people. 建议类（两个极端）P85121：Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation is great by looking at the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Others argue that the surest indicator of a great nation is, in fact, the general welfare of all its people. 事实类（两个极端）C25：单题为1类，一共（7/17）丑闻，只有1题（1）但是有一些出现频次4【2】：Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. 套叠式多角度分析题，因果类和单纯是非类，详解见P80，很有启发政府眼前与未来，只有1题（1）19【1】：Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future. ---建议类，简单法律的灵活性，只有1题（1）21：Laws should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places. ---建议类，P94政治理想与共识（1）60：Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusive ideals.建议类，政治-难，P126遵守正义法律和违背非正义法律的责任（1）65(2)：Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and to disobey and resist unjust laws. 建议类P130法律不能改变道德—许多问题无法通过法律解决（1）89【7】：Claim: Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system. Reason: Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts or minds. 因果类P149企业的责任（1）130：Some people believe that corporations have a responsibility to promote the well-being of the societies and environments in which they operate. Others believe that the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, is to make as much money as possible. 建议类，P176（四）思想方法行为C8：11，99行为受社会环境影响，2个题目的内容完全一样（2）11【2】，99：People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making. 事实类C9：38,78社会or周围定位自己，两题观点刚好反向趋势（2）38【3】：It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves. 事实类，P10878(1)【2】：People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by society as a whole. 事实类，P26C15：33,57,74,109,133,134认知：科学角度，历史角度（6）科学（2）---可以划分到（二）33：As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious. 事实类，P105109：Some people believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world around us. Others believe that science has revealed to us that the world is infinitely more complex than we ever realized. 事实类+结合式定义类-----对a much better understanding 的解释，P160历史（4）--可以放到（五）历史文化传播中分析57(3)【1】：The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times. 单纯性定义类，P12374：Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. 事实类133：Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. Reason: The world today is significantly more complex than it was even in the relatively recent past. 因果类，参考74134：Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today .Reaso n: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both. 因果类，参考74C16：34,49，76,118观点相同与不同（4）+评价argu的标准（2）=（6）观点相同与不同（4）34：In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view. 可以改为To make progress in any situation, one should discuss with those who have contrasting points of view. 所以是建议类，与49观点刚好相反49【2】：Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own. Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning. 因果类，P1476、118：We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own. 事实类，参考49评价argu的标准（2）79（6）：Claim: The best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint. Reason: Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.因果类P139146：The best test of an argument is the argument's ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint. 是非类，参考79C19：51,71长期目标与短期名声（2）51(1)【1】、71：Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition. 建议类P119C24：53,144目标与手段，成功的界定（2）53(3)【2】：If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable. 事实类144：True success can be measured primarily in terms of the goals one sets for oneself.事实类C23：105,106,126经验知识与想象力（3）105：Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes. 因果类+结合式是非类106,126：In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge. 单纯是非类P159C25：单题为1类，一共（5/17）深思熟虑后再做有风险的事（1）61(4)：People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully considered its consequences.建议类P128忠诚导致批判（1）66: People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are also the most critical of it.事实类P131信息的不准确理解（1）87：Claim: Any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted, since it may well be proven false in the future. Reason: Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to be inaccurate.因果类思想从平常事物中来（1）103：The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.事实类，P157信仰妥协比信仰坚持更有害（1）---难141(2)【1】：It is more harmful to compromise one's own beliefs than to adhere to them. -难，单纯性是非类，P184（五）历史文化传播C2：2,5,117；77；22,44,75,84,124 城市和一国文化（3）+年青人潮流和当代文化（1）+理解社会：英雄主义（5）=（9）城市和一国文化（3）2(1)：To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities. 建议类5【5】：Claim: Governments mus t ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive. Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated. 因果类和建议类117：It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are generated and preserved. 事实类年青人潮流和当代文化（1）77(1)【1】：The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.理解社会：英雄主义（5）22(3)【1】：Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models. Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals. 套叠式多角度分析题，因果类和建议，P96---选择英雄122：The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models. 建议类，参考2244(3)【3】：Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished. 因果类+结合定义类—英雄主义不存75：In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. 因果类，可转为4484：It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. 事实类，P143C25：单题为1类，一共（2/17）个人伟大成就的判断，只有1题（1）41（4）【2】：The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries. 事实类艺术及其可理解性（1）55(1)【3】：In order for any work of art—for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people. 建议类附录1：原始未分五大类的题目（按小类别划分）C1：1,26,64人与现代技术（3）+技术进步带来的社会问题（4）=（7）人与技术的关系（3）1: As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. 思考能力降低，事实类26: The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.阻碍独立个体的发展，事实类64: The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds. 人脑占优，是非结合类，可以转事实类技术进步带来的社会问题（4）43：The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves. 事实类—较简单91：The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that they have more leisure time. 定义类--- The primary goal of technological advancement，较简单，P150101：Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning. 分散实际学习，事实类+结合式定义类，P156132：Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.对人交流的影响，事实类P178C2：2,5,117；77；22,44,75,84,124 城市和一国文化（3）+年青人潮流和当代文化（1）+理解社会：英雄主义（5）=（9）城市和一国文化（3）2：To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities. 建议类5：Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive. Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.因果类和建议类117：It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are generated and preserved. 事实类年青人潮流和当代文化（1）77：The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.理解社会：英雄主义（5）22：Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models. Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals. 套叠式多角度分析题，因果类和建议，P9644：Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished. 因果类+结合定义类75：In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. 因果类，可转为4484：It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. 事实类，P143122：The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models. 建议类，参考22C3：3,13,15,20,32,35,39,46,70，98,102，112，129,135,136,137,140；54；73课程或专业选择：领域的成功和失败（3）+就业和兴趣（6）+领域内和领域外（8）+文学类课程（1）+老师拥有相关领域工作经验（1）=（19）领域的成功和失败（3）：3，137：Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed. 建议类35：Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed. 建议类，可完全借鉴3领域内和领域外（6）:13，46，102：Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. 建议类70：Claim: Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's major field of study. Reason: Acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.套叠式多角度分析题，因果类+建议类，参考112但分析的角度还是略有区别的，112：Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major fields of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated. 单纯性是非题，仔细体会，P163,140：Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. 建议类（两个极端）就业和兴趣（8）：15，135：Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers. 建议类，与32、98、136、129非常类似----就业优先32：College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. 建议类，与15、98、136、129非常类似98，136：Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful. 建议类，与15、32、129非常类似129：College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. 建议类，与15、32、98、136非常类似39：College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs. 建议类—--兴趣优先20：Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study. Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. 建议类（两个极端）要求选文学类课程（1）54：In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature. 建议类要求老师有课程相关的工作经验（1）73：Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach. 建议类P18。