定语从句的翻译

There was another man who seemed to have answers, and that was Robert McNamara. 另外一个人似乎胸有成竹，那就是麦 克纳马拉。
有些带定语从句的复合句，译成汉 语时可将英语主句压缩成汉语词组 作主语，而把定语从句译成谓语， 溶合成一个句子。
There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month. 在那群人里，有些人每天站在那里，站 了一个月。 There are many people who want to see the film. 许多人要看这部电影。
“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist. 一位外国经济学家说道，“我们这个国 家不讨饭就活不下去。”
We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity. 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国 籍的某些标志。
译成独立句
One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective. 有一次是暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实为我平 生所仅见。这陈暴风雨遮住了我的目标。
兼有状语职能的定语从句
英语中有些定语从句，兼有状语从 句的职能，在意义上与主句有状语 关系，说明原因、结果、目的、让 步、假设等关系。翻译时应善于从 原文的字里行间发现这些逻辑上的 关系，然后译成汉语各种相应的偏 正复句。
译成表“因”的分句
The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from. 大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特地想和这 些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。
We know that a cat , whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. 我们知道由于猫的眼睛比我们人 的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以 猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。
英语非限定性定语从句对先行词不 起限制作用，只对它加以描写，叙 述或解释。
前置法
一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限 定性定语从句，也可以译成带的的 前置定语，但这种处理方法不如用 在英语限定性定语从句那样普遍。
He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant. 他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲 的哥哥。 But Miggle’s laugh, which was very infectiousΒιβλιοθήκη Baidu broke the silence. 但密格尔的富有感染力的笑声打破了静默。
His wife, Betty, is a Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight, and whose book, “Eight Moon”, tells of her sister Sansan’s life in China. 他的妻子贝蒂是一位出生在上海的华人， 八岁时离开中国，写过一本名为《八月》 的书，讲述了她妹妹姗姗在中国的生活。
Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问 题。
后置法
前置法大都是用于限定性定语从 句，但一般用于翻译比较简单的 英语定语从句，如果从句结构复 杂，翻译成汉语前置定语显得太 长而不符合汉语的表达习惯时， 往往可以译成后置的并列分句。
They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased. 他们制定出一种新方法，采用之后产 量已迅速提高。
溶合法
溶合法是指把原句中的主语和定语从 句溶合在一起译成一个独立的句子的 一种翻译方法。由于限定性定语从句 与主语关系紧密，所以溶合法比较适 合翻译限定性定语从句。
这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的 猫。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里 的蛋糕。屋子是杰克盖的。
定语从句的译法
限定性定语从句
前置法
把英语限定性定语从句译成带 “的”的 定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将 复合句译成汉语单句。
The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。 July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月份是天气很热的月份。
第四章
定语从句
对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认 识英语和汉语的差别。 吕叔湘
英汉差别： 汉语是综合性的，描写性的，而英语是分析 性的，逻辑性的。
在句法方面：比喻一：雄狮和孔雀
英语习惯于把最着重的事物放在句首先说出来， 开门见山，一语破的，然后再把各种标志一条 条补述，一步步交待，慢条斯理，从容不迫， 形成一条头短为长的先性链，像头小尾大的雄 孔雀。 汉语则相反，其线性序列的展开好比画龙点睛， 先把外围的环境与衬托一一交待周到，最后点 出话语的信息中心信，水到渠成，给人以豁然 开朗之感，形成雄狮型头大尾小的句式。
后置法
在译文中把原文从句后置，重 复英语关系词所代表的含义。
I told the story to John, who(= and he ) told it to his brother. 他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。 The cook turned pale, and asked the housemaid to shut the door, who asked Brittles, who asked the tinker, who pretended not to hear. 厨子的脸色变得苍白，要女仆把门关上，女仆叫 布里特尔关，布里特尔又叫补锅匠关，而补锅匠 装着没听见。
译成并列分句，省略英语先行词。
He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each. 他种出了200个大得惊人的西红柿，每个重达两 磅。 A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能够燃烧并释放 出热量。
这是英汉两个民族认识客观现实的思维 习惯，也是英汉两种语言反映客观现实 的不同表达方式。
比喻二：葡萄和竹竿
有些语言学家形象地将英语句子称为 “葡萄型”结构，葡萄主干很短，其上 附结着丰硕的果实。而汉语句子则较短， 一个短句接着一个短句地往下叙述，逐 步展开，内容象竹竿一样一节一节展开， 而常被称为“竹竿型”结构。
This is the cat. 这就是那只猫。 This is the cat that killed the rat. 这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫 This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake. 这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的猫。 This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that lay in the house. 这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。 This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that lay in the house that Jack built. 这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克盖的屋子里的蛋糕的 老鼠的猫。
He was led into a large room where he found an aged medical officer sitting behind a large writing-desk, busy looking through the sheets of Paper carefully. 他被带进了一个大房间，在那里他看到一 位老军医坐在写字台后，忙着审核一份份 材料。
译成并列分句，重复英语先行词。
They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个 理想是每一个中国人所珍爱的，在过去， 许多中国人为了这个理想而牺牲了自己 的生命。
英语是一种弥漫着男子气（virile Qualities） 的语言。逻辑性、组织性和理性凸现英语 的“阳刚之美”（Masculinity）。而汉语 不注重对客观现实作符合逻辑的形式的描 摹，不执着于形式结构的规范，这是它具 有一种 “阴柔之美”（Femininity）。汉语 的魅力恰恰在于它的流散和疏放，系于它 超凡的暗示力和意境性。
在译文中从句前置，重复英语关系词 所代表的意义。
The men had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles, (flower) which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet. 这些花以前一直被这些人漫不经心地踩在 脚下，现在他们突然意识到这些小玩意儿 的美丽和意义了。
Newton invented a paper lantern illuminated by a candle which he carried with him to light his way to school on dark winter mornings. 牛顿发明了一只点蜡烛的纸灯笼，在昏暗 朦胧的冬天早晨上学时带着灯笼照路。
在译文中从句后置，省略英语关系词 所代表的含义。
He saw in front that haggard whitehaired old man, whose eyes flashed red with fury. 他看见前面那个憔悴的白发老人，眼睛 里闪耀着愤怒的红光。
When she was lost to his view, he pursued his homeward way, glancing up sometimes at the sky, where the clouds were sailing fast and wildly. 直到看不见她了，他才走回家，不 时抬头望望天空，只见乌云滚滚而 来.
The most expensive rents in the U.S were in New York, where you had to pay at least $700 a month to rent a one-bedroom apartment in most parts of the city. 美国房租最贵的地方是纽约，在那里的大部 分地区，租用一套单卧室公寓的月租至少是 700美元。