跨文化交际第七章
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2) In M-time system, social and business life is commonly schedule-dominated. By scheduling, we compartmentalize; this makes it possible to concentrate on one thing at a time, but it also reduces the context. M-time is also tangible. M-time scheduling is used as a classification system that orders life.
2) Time is cyclical. Life on earth evolved in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow of the tides.
Chronemics
➢ Monochronic and Polychronic Time (p256-257) 1. What is M-Time and P-Time? Which do you think is
Chronemics
2. What is the philosophy underlying each of the time system?
1) P-time stresses involvement of people and completion of transactions rather than adherence to present schedules. Appointments are not taken as seriously and, as a consequence, are frequently broken. P-time is treated as less tangible than M-time.
2) Time is cyclical. Life on earth evolved in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow of the tides.
Chronemics
➢ Monochronic and Polychronic Time (p256-257) 1. What is M-Time and P-Time? Which do you think is
Chronemics
2. What is the philosophy underlying each of the time system?
1) P-time stresses involvement of people and completion of transactions rather than adherence to present schedules. Appointments are not taken as seriously and, as a consequence, are frequently broken. P-time is treated as less tangible than M-time.
跨文化交际第七章
关心外国生病好友，而外国朋友觉得自己受到干扰。 在土耳其，如果陌生人突然造访，主人会将其看成“安拉的客人”而热情招待。 集体主义文化比较严格区分圈内圈外，中国人把精力放在家人朋友熟人上，美国人习惯与陌生人 打交道，一方面源于基督教的影响，因为基督教宣扬博爱，而且美国是移民国家 ，常换工作或搬 家。 见面寒暄 在日本人看来，接过名片后得先认真阅读一下，然后整齐地摆放在自己的桌子上。 西方人喜欢谈论的话题：体育运动、旅游、职业、爱好、新闻、天气； 西方人禁忌的话题：年龄；婚姻状况；收入；家庭财产 汉语志愿者遇到敏感提问时的策略：不做过多解释，放在课下处理；用事实说话，不要使用武断 过激和情绪化的语言；在原则问题上表明立场，但是不强迫对方接受自己说的。
7）交流沟通 西方人倾向于使用电子邮件（正式，且为以后查询提供证据），因为打电话易受打扰。工作上更是如此。 西方问询都要排队。 付小费 泰国要付；日本韩国新加坡不需要； 澳大利亚、新西兰：付小费仅限于餐厅、饭馆； 法国、德国、英国：有公开付小费的传统； 意大利：付小费不是公开的，但人们还是接受小费； 中东地区和南非：付小费是理所当然。 付小费的对象：出租车司机、导游、餐馆服务员、旅馆清洁工、送外卖的人员、理发师、美容师等。 不付小费的人员：公务员、邮递员、柜台售货员等。 小费数额：通常：15%,特别满意：20%。西欧：10% 南欧：5% 提行李，一件1至2美元。 付小费的方式：低调 在餐馆，将小费放在茶盘、酒杯下，也可放在服务人员手里；一定要低调。悄悄地，避免给人以施舍的感觉。
9）交通规则与礼仪 在公共场所注意个人形象，避免挖鼻孔，剪指甲，掏耳朵，挠头发等不雅行为。 不在车上吃、喝。
饮食文化 1）西餐餐具摆放规则：BMW 左边面包 中间是主菜 右边是酒 左边是叉 右边是刀和勺子 横在前面的是吃甜食的叉和勺 2）中餐的上菜顺序：凉菜 ；热菜 ；汤 ；水果 西餐上菜的顺序： 开胃菜；沙拉；主菜；甜点 3）中国人是吃完菜再喝汤；西方人是一开始就喝汤 4）中餐规则：茶壶嘴不能对着客人；双手递茶酒 西餐规则：1.吃饭时声音要小，嘴里有东西莫说话 2.咀嚼不出声 3.不能把盘子端起来吃 4.胳膊肘不能放在桌上 5.餐巾放在膝盖上，临时出去放在椅子上，用餐完毕把餐巾放在桌子上 6.刀叉并排放在盘子上表示用餐完毕，刀叉交叉放在盘子上表还没吃完
7）交流沟通 西方人倾向于使用电子邮件（正式，且为以后查询提供证据），因为打电话易受打扰。工作上更是如此。 西方问询都要排队。 付小费 泰国要付；日本韩国新加坡不需要； 澳大利亚、新西兰：付小费仅限于餐厅、饭馆； 法国、德国、英国：有公开付小费的传统； 意大利：付小费不是公开的，但人们还是接受小费； 中东地区和南非：付小费是理所当然。 付小费的对象：出租车司机、导游、餐馆服务员、旅馆清洁工、送外卖的人员、理发师、美容师等。 不付小费的人员：公务员、邮递员、柜台售货员等。 小费数额：通常：15%,特别满意：20%。西欧：10% 南欧：5% 提行李，一件1至2美元。 付小费的方式：低调 在餐馆，将小费放在茶盘、酒杯下，也可放在服务人员手里；一定要低调。悄悄地，避免给人以施舍的感觉。
9）交通规则与礼仪 在公共场所注意个人形象，避免挖鼻孔，剪指甲，掏耳朵，挠头发等不雅行为。 不在车上吃、喝。
饮食文化 1）西餐餐具摆放规则：BMW 左边面包 中间是主菜 右边是酒 左边是叉 右边是刀和勺子 横在前面的是吃甜食的叉和勺 2）中餐的上菜顺序：凉菜 ；热菜 ；汤 ；水果 西餐上菜的顺序： 开胃菜；沙拉；主菜；甜点 3）中国人是吃完菜再喝汤；西方人是一开始就喝汤 4）中餐规则：茶壶嘴不能对着客人；双手递茶酒 西餐规则：1.吃饭时声音要小，嘴里有东西莫说话 2.咀嚼不出声 3.不能把盘子端起来吃 4.胳膊肘不能放在桌上 5.餐巾放在膝盖上，临时出去放在椅子上，用餐完毕把餐巾放在桌子上 6.刀叉并排放在盘子上表示用餐完毕，刀叉交叉放在盘子上表还没吃完
跨文化交际-Unit 7PPT教学课件
2020/12/09
7
Culture notes
Obligation in Western culture: Westerners tend to see a fairly clear line between “official” responsibilities and personal favors, and feel relatively little obligation to repay people who help them in the course of some type of official duty.
How do you think Hal nd his friends felt when the teacher refused?
Why do you think the teacher refused to help with the English club?
Personal explanations Situational explanations Cultural explanations
5. The teacher doesn’t feel she has any obligation to help out Hal and his friends. She thinks that in helping her they were only doing their duty, so she doesn’t owe them anything. (Cultural)
6. The teacher is willing to help some, but afraid that she will end up doing most of the work in running the club, so she is trying to minimize expectations. (Situational/personal)
跨文化交际导论课件 第7章
Components of nonverbal communication
Body language: gestures, postures, eye contact, direction of gaze, nod, head movements, facial expression, general appearance and dress/ clothes, bodily, adornment orientation Spatial language/Proximity: body distance , body touch, personal space, seating, furniture arrangement Temporal language: monochromic time and polychronic time Paralanguage: voice modulation, silence
Mini-case
In class a British professor leaned back in his chair, put his feet up on the desk, and went on with the explanation. The class was furious. Before the end of the day, a demonstration by the University’s full student body had taken place. Petitions were submitted to the deans of the various facilities. They denounced British arrogance and demanded that the professor be sent home. The next day, the situation even made the newspaper headlines. Yet, to the native, the students’ behavior was logical and in context. The students and their supporters were outraged because of the implications of the breach of the native behavioral pattern. In the Middle East, it is extremely insulting to have to sit facing two soles of the shoes of somebody.
跨文化交际第七章
respect the race and ethnic groups
Thank You!
1.2 Value Conflicts in the Workplace
Cultures differ in people's value orientations, and these differences sometimes cause conflict in the workplace. Religious practices Human rights
1.1 The Importance of Diversity in Advertising
Example: Nordstrom (诺德斯特龙百货公司) At the beginning, it presents persons of color as models in their catalogs. Now, over one-third of the models display diverse characteristics. It also features persons with disabilities in their advetisements. It pays particular attention to its multicultural market and creats a special boutique of women's clothing in petite sizes .
Value conflicts
Language problems The rapid increase of women Racial and ethnic discrimination
1.2 Value Conflicts in the Workplace
Thank You!
1.2 Value Conflicts in the Workplace
Cultures differ in people's value orientations, and these differences sometimes cause conflict in the workplace. Religious practices Human rights
1.1 The Importance of Diversity in Advertising
Example: Nordstrom (诺德斯特龙百货公司) At the beginning, it presents persons of color as models in their catalogs. Now, over one-third of the models display diverse characteristics. It also features persons with disabilities in their advetisements. It pays particular attention to its multicultural market and creats a special boutique of women's clothing in petite sizes .
Value conflicts
Language problems The rapid increase of women Racial and ethnic discrimination
1.2 Value Conflicts in the Workplace
胡文仲《跨文化交际学概论》课后习题详解(第7章 社会交往)【圣才出品】
第7章社会交往1．为什么在汉语的见面语中有许多是与当时情景相联系的提问？答：在汉语见面语中有许多是与当时情景相联系的提问的原因有：（1）受历史传统的影响。
在汉语中，见面语多是与当时情景相关的提问，这一习惯有深刻的历史渊源，并对当下有显著影响。
在古代，中国是一个以农业经济为主的社会，强调合作性、集体主义价值取向，形成宗法为基础的社会，重亲缘关系，自己的邻里朋友都与自己有密切关系，朋友间也往往接近于亲属关系，所以中国是一个熟人社会，因此对隐私的价值观不强，所以，在见面打招呼时，往往直接联系当时情景，以示关心，而没有探听他人隐私的考虑。
（2）表示关心。
在打招呼时常常问对方在干什么，例如：“上学去？”“回家了？”“做饭呢？”。
中国人认为这样的问候语拉近双方关系，对对方表示关心，也是一种礼貌，认为越与交际有关，越亲近。
（3）这种问候方式也因人而异，同时随社会发展变化。
对待熟人常采取这种方式。
对待陌生人往往点到为止，不会用这一的见面语。
文化程度高的人，注重对自己的保护，也较少采用这种方式，文化程度不高的人往往用这种方式。
随着中国社会的发展，人们越来越重视对文化的保护，这种方式也在很多情况下被其他方式取代。
2．为什么在我国文化中如此重视谦虚？在改革开放的二十年中在这方面有无变化？答：古代讲“礼”，实际上是维护统治秩序，在言行举止方面讲求礼制，在交往中也是将自己置身于等级差别中。
礼的核心是天地人伦的上尊下卑。
这与较强的群体观念有关，之所以谦虚，是为了不显露自己，为了和大家搞好关系。
改革开放后发生了一些变化，主要因素是：经济地位；女子地位；国际影响。
3．为什么我国在许多地方有送重礼的习俗？近年来有无变化？答：“礼尚往来”是我国文化习俗中的一个重要方面。
在送礼时十分重视礼物的价值，一般说来，礼品越贵重，就越说明对于对方的尊重。
对方的社会地位越高，礼品就越要贵重，否则“拿不出手”。
中国人之所以看重送礼是因为人们希望通过送礼加深与亲戚朋友的关系，扩大自己的关系网。
试用阶级英语跨文化交际Unit-7课件.ppt
11
精心整理
Gary: If you want to know the truth, I’m pretty angry at you. John: What did I do? Gary: Well, I heard that you went out with Jennifer two nights
ago. You know I’ve had my eye on her for a long time.
What do you think John’s reaction will be? a. John will apologize and will promise not to go out with Jennifer again. b. John will say something like, “Wait a minute. You don’t own her. You’ve never been out with her before.” c. John will get angry with Gary because Gary got angry with him.
8
精心整理
Even if the questions like the ones your friend’s father asked are based on ignorance, there are different ways you can look at it. One option is to view such questions as stupid and insulting. In this approach you assume the worst that he thinks China is still the same way it was 100 years ago, that his questions betray inexcusable ignorance and prejudice, and that it hardly deserves an answer. But you can also look at the same question in a more generous light. Perhaps his impressions of China were formed by old movies, and he simply doesn’t know how much China has changed over the last few decades. In this case, you view his questions not as an insult to China, but as an opportunity to help him learn more—so that next time his questions will be a little better informed.
跨文化交际实用教程Unit7课件
倾听与尊重
积极倾听对方观点，尊重对方的
文化背景和价值观，避免偏见和
03
歧视。
适应与灵活变通
04 在交际过程中，灵活适应对方的 交际方式和文化背景，寻找共同 点与合作的可能性。
03
跨文化交际策略与技巧
文化适应策略
文化包容策略
在跨文化交际中，首先要采取文 化包容策略，尊重并接纳不同文 化背景的交际对象，以开放、宽
跨文化交际实用教程unit7课件
CONTENTS
• 引言 • 文化差异与交际障碍 • 跨文化交际策略与技巧 • 跨文化交际实践案例分析 • 跨文化交际自我提升计划
01
引言
跨文化交际定义与重要性
定义
跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的 人在交际过程中，通过语言、符 号等交流工具来传递信息、沟通 思想的过程。
调整
根据评估结果，对自我提升计划进行调整和优化。例如，如果发现某方面的能力 提升较慢，可以增加相关学习资源和实践机会；如果发现目标设定过高或过低， 可以适当调整目标。
谢谢您的聆听
THANKS
01
倾听技巧
在跨文化交际中，倾听是至关重要的技巧之一。交际者需要耐心倾听对
方表达，理解其观点和需求，从而做出恰准确传达，交际者需要掌握清晰、简洁、生动的表达技巧，
避免使用模糊、晦涩的措辞，降低误解的可能性。
03
非语言交际技巧
除了言语表达外，非语言交际如肢体语言、面部表情、声音语调等也在
旅游场合中的语言交流障碍
旅游时，语言交流障碍可能会给游客带来诸多不便，需要掌握基本的当地语言或英语等通用语言，并借助翻译工具等 解决交流问题。
跨文化交际在旅游服务中的重要性 旅游服务提供者需要掌握跨文化交际技巧，以提供更好的服务和体验，如酒店前台、导游等需要具备良 好的跨文化沟通和理解能力。
跨文化交际教程Unit7
The conditions that will affect a conflict are:
a.
The individuals’ values, motivations, aspirations, objectives, physical, intellectual and social resources and individual beliefs about conflict.
b.
Their prior relationship to one another their attitudes, beliefs, and expectations about each other, and degree of trust. The nature of the conflict, including its extent, severity, and its significance to both parties.
Conditions that will affect a conflict
According to what we have learnt, what kind of conditions do you think that will affect a conflict ?
According to Morton Deutsch…
The strategy and tactics in use by the parties including their legitimacy or illegitimacy, the use of positive and negative incentives, use of force or the freedom of choice, sincerity of communication and the sharing of information, the degree of creditability, and of commitment.
a.
The individuals’ values, motivations, aspirations, objectives, physical, intellectual and social resources and individual beliefs about conflict.
b.
Their prior relationship to one another their attitudes, beliefs, and expectations about each other, and degree of trust. The nature of the conflict, including its extent, severity, and its significance to both parties.
Conditions that will affect a conflict
According to what we have learnt, what kind of conditions do you think that will affect a conflict ?
According to Morton Deutsch…
The strategy and tactics in use by the parties including their legitimacy or illegitimacy, the use of positive and negative incentives, use of force or the freedom of choice, sincerity of communication and the sharing of information, the degree of creditability, and of commitment.
跨文化交际 business attitude unit 7
广告的风格
广告的作用
• 1.广告是一种传播工具，是将某一项商品的 信息，由这项商品的生产或经营机构（广 告主）传送给一群用户和消费者； • 2.做广告需要付费； • 3.广告进行的传播活动是带有说服性的； • 4.广告是有目的、有计划，是连续的； • 5.广告不仅对广告主有利，而且对目标对象 也有好处，它可使用户和消费者得到有用 的信息。
广告的特点
• • • • • 1.以营利为目的 2.传播商业信息 3.需要支付广告费用 4. 通过一定的媒介和形式 5.商品面向的对象不同形势上有很大的区别
万宝路（Marlboro） Man Always Remember Love, Because Of Romance Only
美国谈判者
知道何时妥协 谈判前确立一个强硬的立场 事先拒绝让步 以诚信为本 尊重对手 了解如何掌控谈判的进程
善于控制时间并保持稳定 论点简明扼要 尽可能清楚地表达立场
印度谈判者
寻找并说出真理 无所畏惧 训练自我控制能力
寻求能使各参与方满意的解决方案 既不使用暴力也不进行侮辱 以长远的眼光看待事物 做事留有余地，善于沉默和学习 依赖于自身的资源和力量 谦逊并信任对手
1.毕业后，你打算从商吗？你有过从 商的经历吗？ 2.你认为一个成功的商人应该具备怎 样的品质？
• 不同的文化背景不同的生意人 • 谈判风格比较 • 成功的谈判者 • 广告风格与作用
广义上讲 生意 就是以获取利润为目的的商业活动， 例如工厂生产产品、贸易流通物资、批发分流商品、 零售出售商品、服务行业提供服务等。一个生意是否 真正成熟的命门在于其运行起来的“赚钱通道”是否 真的无懈可击。生意之“意”由立，曰和心三个字组 成，解为作为一个生意人，在招待客人时应当以立势同 客人商谈，同时应从客人的角度来思考，体会之心态 来洽谈生意买卖
跨文化交际教程Unit7
In fact, the report needed thirty days of regular work. So the Greek worked day and night, but at the end of the fifteenth day, he will needed one more day’s work. AB: Where is the report ? (I am making sure he fulfills his contract.) G: It will be ready to tomorrow.
Unfortunately, both sides claim the same land; they simply call the land by different names. For religious Jewish Israelis and religious Muslim Palestinians, the belief is deeper still, for both sides believe that God (called Jehovah by the Jews and Allah by the muslims), gave them the land, and that to give it away or to give it up to another people is an insult to God and a sin.
Curing Culture Shock
Warm-up case 1: Participation or Ordertaking (AB: American Boss; G: Greek)
AB: How long will it take you to finish this report ? (I asked him to participate) G: (His behavior makes no sense. He is the boss. Why doesn’t he tell me ?) I don’t know. How long should it take ? (I asked him for an order) AB:(He refused to take responsibility.)You are in the best position to analyze time requirement. (I press him to take responsibility for his own actions) G: (What nonsense! I’d better give him an answer.) Ten days.
跨文化交际学-7
People usually use the first of the given names, unless they dislike it and prefer the middle one to the first one. e.g. Arthur Alexandar War Arthur War Alexander War
跨文化交际学
第七章 英美姓名及称谓之文化含义
7.1 英美姓名的构成 / Naming Names 7.2 英美姓名的起源 / Origins 7.3 称谓 / Title 7.4 亲属称谓 / Kin Terms
7.1 Naming Names
Given names Surname Christian names Family name First names Last name e.g. Anthony John Ward Note: most English people have 3 names, among which people have two given names.
Inherited Titles (Noble titles) Lord + surname / My lord E.g. ‘My lords, ladies and gentlemen’ Sir (knighthood given by the Queen) + 1st name e.g. Paul McCartney Sir Paul (or Sir Paul McCartney) Being indicated by adding the initials of the award e.g. the “Order of the British Empire” Mr. Arthur Scott, OBE
《跨文化交际学》第7章
《跨文化交际学》第7章跨文化交际学第7章(第1节)是关于跨文化沟通的重要概念和理论的介绍。
本章主要讨论了跨文化交际的定义、特点以及对跨文化交际的理解和引导的重要性。
以下是对本章内容的较为详细的总结。
跨文化交际即在不同文化背景下进行的交际活动。
在全球化的今天，跨文化交际已经成为人们日常生活中不可避免的一部分。
了解和应用跨文化交际学的理论和方法，对于促进文化间的相互理解和沟通有着重要的意义。
首先，本节明确了跨文化交际的特点。
跨文化交际存在着文化差异、语言障碍、非语言行为等问题，这些问题会影响到交际双方的理解和沟通效果。
而且，跨文化交际是一个动态的过程，受到社会、历史和政治等因素的影响。
其次，本节介绍了跨文化交际学的定义和研究内容。
跨文化交际学是研究人类不同文化间交际行为和交际现象的学科。
它关注文化差异对交际的影响，以及如何理解和适应跨文化环境中的交际情境。
跨文化交际学的研究内容包括文化差异的认知、非语言交际、语言和语境的关系等。
接着，本节介绍了跨文化交际学的重要性。
了解跨文化交际学的理论和方法可以帮助人们更好地理解并处理跨文化交际中的问题。
通过学习跨文化交际，人们可以提高自身的文化意识和文化敏感性，增进与他人的交流理解，促进世界各地不同文化的和谐与发展。
最后，本节介绍了跨文化交际学的研究方法。
跨文化交际学采用综合性和跨学科的研究方法，如实地调查、实验、对比分析等。
研究者通常需要了解不同文化间的差异和相似之处，并根据具体交际情境进行有效的分析和解释。
综上所述，跨文化交际学是一个重要的学科，它能够帮助人们更好地理解和应对跨文化交际中的问题。
通过学习跨文化交际学的理论和方法，人们可以提高自身的文化意识和认知水平，增进与他人的交流理解，促进文化之间的和谐与发展。
因此，掌握跨文化交际学的知识对于现代人们来说具有重要的意义。
跨文化交际案例分析(共7个)
《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132Case One：Setting Rules for a Guest – American Hospitality案例：When Zhang Tao traveled in America，he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill。
Once after he had traveled back，he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was，Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future，and have a fast shower to save water。
Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest!Question：Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy？分析：1）In China, when people host someone，they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest，and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease.2）In America，people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually，naturally and truthfully。
跨文化交际实用教程Unit7PPT课件
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Understanding Negotiation Styles
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Understanding Negotiation Styles
• For North Americans, negotiations are businesslike; their factual appeals are based on what they believe is objective information, presented with the assumption that it is understood by the other side on a logical basis.
• Role reversal: showing an understanding of the other party’s viewpoint and needs
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The Negotiation Process
• Persuasion – during this stage both parties try to persuade the other to accept more of their position while giving up some of their own; there are recognizable tactics for this stage
negotiations
• Exchanging task related information – during this stage each side makes a presentation and states its position, normally followed by a question-and-answer session
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4.胡壮麟 （1994:182）
5.王德春 (1960s)
语境就是、时间、地点、场合、对象等客观因素和使用语言的人的身 份、思想、性格、职业、修养、处境、心情等主观因素所构成的使用语言 的环境。 《使用语言的环境》
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7.1.2 Context and Communication
Three assumptions about human communication: Communication is rule governed. Context specify the appropriate rules.
区别 中国 美国
1.价值体系
集体观念较重，只顾自己，吃 独食与中国主流文化违背。
社会关系建立在个人独立上， 追求平等，不能不劳而获。
2.饮食的文化 地位
饮食比较重要，是联络感情或 表达目的的方式之一。
吃饭无非是给身体增加营养， 保持健康。
3.聚餐目的
鸿门宴 杯酒释兵权
目的比较单纯
张严秋，2013：112
7.4 The Domestic Bussiness Context
7.1.1 Definition of the Context
7.3.1 Cultural Views Toward Mangement and managers
7.4.1 The importance of Diversity in Advertising
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7.1.3 The influence of context on communication
• 1. communication content • 2. communication behavior • 3. communication interpretation
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7.1.3 The influence of context on communication
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7.1.2 Context and Communication
munication is rule governed.
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2
respectful words power suit shake hands
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less formal words T-shirts high-five gesture
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7.1.2 Context and Communication
3. Rules are Culturally Diverse.
去哪啊？吃了没？
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Hi，morning.
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7.1.2 Context and Communication
3. Rules are Culturally Diverse.
1. I never had much in seeing you. There was no love lost between us at any time. 我向来不大想看到你，咱们两人之间大概什么时候都不曾有 过好感。(没有爱可失去）
2. We grumble a little now and then , to be sure ,there's no love lost between us. 我们有时也免不了争吵几句，但是我们还是相亲相爱。（没 有失去爱）
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Chapter7 The Bussiness Setting
7. The Bussiness Setting
7.1 Context and Communication
7.2 CuBiblioteka ture and the Bussiness Context
7.3 The International Bussiness Context
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7.1.2 Context and Communication
2. Context specify the appropriate rules.
Extrem deviation can lead to such social sanctions as being ignored , or even being cited for contempt of court.
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7.1.1 Definition of Context
胡壮麟先生（1994）把语境分为三类：（1）语言语境，即上下文 （context），指语篇内部环境；（2）情景语境（situational context），指语篇产生时的环境，事件的特征、性质和谈话的主题、时 间、地点、方式等；（3）文化语境，指作者所在的语言社会团体的历史 文化和风俗人情。
7.1.2 Context and communicatoon
7.3.2 Culture-specific Bussiness Practices
7.4.2 Value Conflicts in the Workforce
7.1.3 The influence of context on 5/16/2014 communication
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Rules are culturally diverse.
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7.1.2 Context and Communication
munication is rule governed.
The rules cover both nonverbal and verbal behaviors and determine not only what should be said and how it should be said.
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7.1.2 Context and Communication
2. Context specify the appropriate rules.
1.收到邀请函要说“恭喜”。 2.礼金袋上要写上祝贺的话。 3.礼金金额视情况而定。 4.避免穿白色服装，休闲味不要太重。 5.常用祝福语：天地之合 心心相印 永结同心 百年好合等。 6.出席喜宴要提前半小时到达. 7.在接待柜前，要先说祝福的话。递 上礼袋正面朝上。 8.认真聆听致辞。 9.致辞结束要记得拍手。
Chapter Outline
Cultural Influences on Context
Chapter7: The Bussiness Setting
Chapet8: The Educational Setting
Chapter9: The Health Care Setting
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7.3 Culture and Bussiness Context
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7.3 Culture and Bussiness Context
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7.3 Culture and Bussiness Context
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7.3 Culture and Bussiness Context
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7.1.1 Definition of Context
Context is first defined by Malinowski (1923) as the while-doing 1.Malinowski activities and cultural customs in communication. He maintains that in order to get an adequate understanding of utterances we should not only (1923) consider the particular context of utterances but also take into account the broader context of situation and context of culture.
In China
I n America
Chinese will insist on paying for all The cost of the meal or the entertainment. entertainment can be shared.
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7.1.2 Context and Communication
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7.1.2 Context and Communication
2. Context specify the appropriate rules.
Think about how such contexts as a classroom, bank, church, hospital, courtroom, wedding, or funeral determine which communication rules apply.
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2. Firth (1957)
For Firth (1957), context is the entire cultural setting of speech and personal history of the participants. 1)participants in the situation. 2)action of participants. 3)relevant features of the situation. 4) effects of the action.
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