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法律英语unit-3翻译

法律英语unit-3翻译

1 The principal legal systems that exist in various forms throughout the world are the Romano-Germanic[1 Romano-Germanic: “Romano” is the combining form (构词成分) of “Roman”, which takes this form when it is part of a word, eg Romano-British. “Germanic” is th e adjective form of “German”. ]1 (civil law), common law, socialist law, and Islamic law. The Romano-Germanic systems predominate in Europe, in most of the former colonies of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Belgium, and in countries that have westernized their legal systems in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Common-law systems are predominant in English-speaking countries. Islamic systems are found in the Middle East and some other parts of the world to which Islamic religion has spread. Socialist legal systems prevail in the People’s Republic of China, Vietnam, Cuba, and North Korea. Remnants of socialist systems are still found in the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries.1的主要法律制度中存在的各种形式在世界各地是Romano-Germanic[1 Romano-Ger manic:“罗马”是组合形式(构词成分)的“罗马”,以这种形式时,它是一个词的一部分,比如罗马时期。

法律英语翻译(2)

法律英语翻译(2)

法律英语翻译技巧(二)法学语言与法学语言翻译例1:The law holds that the individual is responsible for his acts. The law also indicates what is good and right, and what may and should be done. It also indicates what is evil and wrong, and should not and may not be done. The law further holds that what is evil and wrong is a crime and may not be done, and if done, renders the doer liable to punishment. The law also recognizes the principle that man has free will and that, with certain exceptions, he exercises free will in commission of any crime that he may commit.译文1:法律认为公民应对自己的行为负责。

法律还规定什么是美好的和正确的,规范了哪些事是允许做或应该做的。

同样,法律规范了什么是邪恶的和错误的。

法律还进一步明确规定哪些邪恶的错误的事是不能做的犯罪行为看,如果某人做了这样的事,那么该行为就要受到惩罚。

同样,法律还承认这样一个原则,每个公民除犯罪自由外都具有自由意志,如果某人在各种违法活动中实施其自由意志,那么他就可能触犯法律。

译文2:法律规定人人应对自己的行为承担责任,分清善良和正义,规范了人们的行为准则;法律还认为,作孽枉法即是犯罪,法不可恕,谁要以身试法,必将受到严惩。

法律所主张的原则是:人人享有自由意志的权利;同时也认为,除特殊情况外,人们的自由往往表现在因泛滥自由意志而受到惩罚的行为上。

法律英语全文翻译

法律英语全文翻译

法律英语全文翻译(一)米兰达规则你有权保持沉默——米兰达规则在犯罪嫌疑人的权利方面,没有比米兰达诉亚利桑那州案更著名的了。

许多人视米兰达案为沃伦法庭正当程序判决中最为核心的一个案件。

这个案子牵涉到了在亚里桑那非尼克斯被捕的米兰达,他被控告绑架和强奸了一名年轻女子。

在警局总部被受害者指认他犯了罪。

经过两小时的讯问,米兰达承认被指控罪,并签了一份供诉状,法院据此给他定了罪。

在最终向美国最高法院的上诉中,法院作出一个对最近几十年的刑事审判都有极大深远影响的判决。

法院认定米兰达的罪名是不成立的,因为在警察局的整个审讯过程中并没有告知他权利以及提供法律顾问,用以征服审判者的个人判断。

法庭还说被提任何问题之前有权保持沉默,他所说的每一句话都可能在法庭上作为对他的不利证据,他有权请辩护律师出场,并且如果他请不起律师,如果他愿意,将在提问前为他指定一位律师。

在讯问过程中,必须告知他有机会去行使这些权利。

在警告做出和这些机会提供给他以后,他个人可以有意识地放弃这些权利并且同意回答问题或者做出供述。

但是除非这些告知和放弃的权利在审判中原告可以举证,否则任何讯问结果都不能用来对抗他。

为了确保当犯罪嫌疑人被捕时被及时告知了这些合理的建议,现在著名的米兰达权利应当在任何问题提出前宣读。

这些权利通常会出现在警察局的米兰达警告的卡片上。

18岁或18岁以上被拘留的人,在审问之前会被告知这些权利。

这些权利如下:1、你有权利保持沉默,你所说的一切都将可能成为法庭对你的不利证据。

2、你有权利和你的律师交谈,并且在被讯问时有权请你的律师在场。

3、如果你想在讯问前或讯问过程中请一位律师,但是你请不起一位律师,讯问前将会为你免费指派一位律师作为你的代理人。

4、如果你愿意在没有律师的情况下回答问题,你仍有权利随时停止回答提问。

(二)美国宪法序言我们美利坚合众国的人民,为了组织一个更完善的联邦,树立正义,保障国内的安宁,建立共同的国防,增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福,乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。

法律英语的词语英语翻译

法律英语的词语英语翻译

about大概absolutely unique单独abuse of discretion滥用财量权acknowledge and confess供认有罪Action 诉讼action(诉讼)action诉讼,起诉权;Actus Reus犯罪行为affidavit宣誓书;aforesaid如上所述的;after or change改变agency代理(权),机构;agree and declare同意agreement合约;agrees and consents同意aid and abet同谋aid and comfort安慰alias summons(第一次发出的传票无效后)再次发出的传票; alias别名;alibi不在场证据;alibi不在场证据;alibi不在犯罪现场的证据alien(转让,让渡(所有权))alien让渡,转让财产;all and singular一律alleged有嫌疑的,指控的,宣称的,主张的alter and change变更alter ego至交,知己;第二个我amount due or owing到期应付的金额and/o及;或rany matter, fact or things事件any matter, fact or thing事件apparently显然Appeal 上诉appeal上诉;appeal上诉;approach the bench 过来approximately近似argumentative来自推论的;可争议的arrest warrant 逮捕证arrested in flagrante delicto当场被捕,arrest逮捕;arson纵火罪;as soon as possible尽快ascend up上升assault殴打,侵犯他人身体罪;at issue在审议中的,讨论的;待解决的,待裁决的attorney general检察长/首席检察官/司法部长; attorneys律师,检察官;authorise and empower授权available可获得的average平均数;中等水平;海损avoid (撤销)Award 裁决,判决bail exonerated 保证人责任的免除bail保释(金);battery殴打;be cumulative and in addition另外be declared or adjudged判决bill, note票据bill议案,起诉书;Blackacr黑亩(与whiteacre 白亩相对)blend together混合bona fide真正的;breaking and entering破门窗闯入burden of proof)举证责任(bureau of public security公安局();by this act and deed有约束力契约by virtue of or in connection with由于came on for hearing聆讯came on for hearing听讼cancel, annul and set aside取消,废止care注意;监护case案件,诉讼;判例Causation 因果关系cause of action诉因;诉权cease and desist终止cease and desist终止chose in action诉讼上的财产(权);claim债权,民事诉讼请求;clean and neat condition清洁情况clear and convincing清楚且令人确信coming into your possession or control占有common counts(请求偿还欠款的)多种诉讼形式,起诉书; comparable参照物;对比compromise, arrangement or settlement协议Concurrence两者并存condense down 压缩condition条款,要件;confessed and acknowledged承认congress/senate)议会consideration(对价)constables巡警,警官;constitution or partners合伙continue on继续contract合同;convenient合宜的convey, transfer and set over 移交cooperate together合作counsel律师,法律顾问;count(控告的一条)罪状;counterpart(副件)court法庭;covenant(契约)covenants and agrees立约covenant合同,盟约;credit or facilities信贷crime犯罪;criminal detention刑事拘留damages损害赔偿金damage赔偿金;debt债务;declaration原告的申诉,供诉;decree法令;裁决deed or covenant, guarantee, indemnity, assurance, pledge保证物Deed 契约deem and consider视为defect, or insufficiency or want缺陷或不足或短缺defendant被告;defendant被告;delinquency—失职行为;demand要求,召唤;demise(出租)demur(抗辩)demurrer抗辩书;demurrer抗诉; estoppel禁止翻供;descent依法转交;desire希望;请求;要求;授权detain/ take into custody实施拘留Deterrence 威慑目的devise遗赠;do and perform 履行Dock 被告席DOJ=Department of Justice律政司(doubtless无争议的dry trust被动/消极信托;due care应有的注意each and all每人都each and every每个each and every所有easement地役权;esquire用于写信时称呼律师、治安法官等;estoppel in pais(衡平法上的)不容推翻的事实;evidence证词,证据;ex parte单方的;ex post facto事后的,追溯的;excessive过分的;过度的executed(已签字的,已生效的)execution(经签名盖章等)法律文件的生效;executive detention行政拘留(existing现行的expenses花费;费用;代价extreme cruelty极度虐待fair and equitable公正的fair division合理分割false and untrue虚假的fectitious defendant虚拟被告;fee simple and fee tail无条件继承的不动产和指定继承人继承的保有土地; fee simple继承者有全权的地产;fee tail有限制的继承地产;felony—重刑罪felony—重刑罪/重罪;felony重罪;few极少的final and conclusive最后的,决定性的fit and proper合适的fixtures or fittings固定设备fixture不动产的附着物force and effect生效forgive and pardon赦免forthwith立即;forward planning打算four corners of the instrument文件的完整内容fraud and deceit欺诈free and clear没有债务牵累的,(不动产)无任何负担的free and complete完全full and complete完全full and complete完全的,完整的full, true and correct完全正确的give, devise and bequeath 遗产give, devise and bequeath赠与goals(jails)监狱;good and effectual有效good and sufficient充足good and valid有效goods and chattels动产goods and chattels全部动产grant准予,授与;gross (如gross profit),reasonable (如reasonable care/ man/ speed/ time等等),serious (如serious illness/ misconduct, crime, circumstances等等) ,undue (如undue influence/ interference/ restraint 等等),due (如due care/ process)guarantee保证书,保单;guarantee担保品,保单;guarantor(统)保证人;guardian ad litem(为某一特殊诉讼)指定的监护人;guardian监护人;habeas corpus人身保护令;habeas corpus人身保护令;habitual惯常的had and received收到had and received收到hand(签字)Hand签字have and hold持有heir继承人,后嗣;here words:hereafter从此以后,随后;hereby有鉴于此;hereinafter下文;hereinbefore上述;herein在此,据此看来;hereof对此;heretofore此前;hereto至此为止;hereunder(书、文件等中)在下面;herewith据此;hold and keep拥有,依法占有hue and cry追捕时的叫喊illegal, invalid or unenforceable无效illegality, invalidity or unenforceability无效Immunity 豁免权important essentialsimproper不良;不正当in connection with与有联系in flagrante delicto在犯罪现场;in full force and effect有完全效力的in locum parentis替代父母;in regard to关于in rem对物诉讼;in the funds and currency资金in your sole and absolute discretion您有绝对处置权inadequate不充分;不恰当Incapacitation 剥夺犯罪能力的目的incurred or arising out or in connection therewith incurred, created, assumed招致indictment控告,起诉;indulgence or concession让步infant幼儿,未成年人;inferior court初级法院;低级法院instrument(法律文据)intensive supervision probation 加强监督型缓刑intention目的;蓄意inter alia在其他事之间;inter partes在当事人之间;intoxicated喝醉的;陶醉的invalid or unenforceable无效或不可执行的irregular or improper不适当issue of fact事实上的争点issue of law法律上的争点judges审判员;judgment, award and/ or order判决judgment审判,裁决;judicial detention) 民事司法拘留(judicial notice法院公告;judicial proceeding司法[程序] [审判程序];jurors陪审员;justices高等法院的法官;justice正义;keep and maintain保有laches(对行使权利的)疏忽、懈怠;laches(对行使权利的)疏忽、懈怠;landlord/lessor出租方;larceny偷盗;large大的last will and testament遗嘱lately不久前law enforcement department) 执法部门(Leave 休庭legislator/lawmaker立法机构():let (如在"without let or hindrance"这个短语中)妨碍; let or hindrance阻碍letters patent专利特权许可证;letters(证书)Letters授权令lien留置权,扣押权;loans or advances made or to be made借款与预付made and entered into订立合同make payment, performance履行malice恶意;蓄意marriage婚姻,商业合并;master and servant雇主和雇员;master(雇主)means and includes手段Mens Rea主观过错/犯罪意图mere仅仅metes and bounds地界(土地转让中的用语); mind and memory心意与记忆Minor 未成年人misdemeanor轻罪;misdemeanour—非重刑罪/轻罪; misdemeanour—非重刑罪/轻罪; misfeasance—失当行为;moneys, obligations and liabilities债务、责任与义务money货币;month-to-month tenancy按月付租金;more or less或多或少mortgage, charge按揭,押记motion(动议,法院令)mutually agree相互同意near近似negotiable instrument可转让的票据/可流通票据;net profit净利new and novel新的nominate, constitute and appoint任命nota bene留心,注意;note笔录;null and void无效nulla poena sine lege法无明文者不罚(罪刑法定主义原则); obligation义务;obvious明显的order and direct命令oyez(法庭用语)肃静,静听;paid, discharged and satisfied支付、解除或清偿pardon and executive clemency 赦免和减刑pardon赦免;parliament/国会()/parties当事人;partner合伙人,股东;party(当事人)past history历史payment付款;perform and discharge履行义务physical evidence;物证pierce the corporate veil揭穿公司面纱plaintiff原告;plaintiff原告;plead guilty);承认遭检控的罪名(plead(递诉状)pleadings(原告的)诉状,(被告的)答辩状;pledge抵押(权);police n.警察(当局),v.管理,整顿;police station) 派出所(possession所有权,所有物;possible可能的prayer(诉讼请求)presents(本文件)presumption of innocence); 无罪推定(prima facie evidence 表面证据prima facie表面的;principal and surety主债务人和保证人;prior to先前的prisons监狱,拘留所;probation缓刑procuratorate organ)/检察院()procuratorial personnel)/检察人员(promptly即期的property财产(指一切合法的不动产和动产);proper准确的;体面的Prosecutions Division)/刑事检控科(prosecution检控(provided that 只要,但;provisions or enactment成文法proviso但书;public prosecutor(检控官);purchase(置得(不动产))purchase购置;purported声称,宣称pursuant to stipulation遵照条款pursuant to根据,与……相符;quash撤销(一项传唤令或控告状),宣布(判决等)无效; quorum法定人数;record记录,档案;法院的卷宗,诉讼记录regular依法的;有规律的Rehabilitation 改造目的release, discharge or settlement免除、解除或和解remain in full force, validity and effect有充分效力remain silent in court) 保持缄默(remise, release and quitclaim放弃权利repair and make good补偿reprieve缓刑;request and require要求res ipsa loquitur事情不言自明;rest, residue and remainder 遗产rest, residue and remainder遗产Retribution 报应目的reversed and remanded撤销原判并发回重审right, interest and title权益right, power or remedy权利、权力和补偿robbery抢劫;roll案卷,档案;said (作形容词使用时)上述的;said(上文所说的)sat down for hearing聆讯satisfaction义务的履行;债务的清偿satisfy清偿债务;履行义务save and except除save and except除……以外save(除了)save除了;search warrant 搜查证sentence宣判,判决(专指刑事判决); seriously and gravely严重servant受雇人;serve(送达)settle and compromise处理signed, sealed and delivered签署生效similar类似slander言词诽谤;sole and exclusive唯一的sound mind心智健全specialty(盖印合同)specialty盖印合同或契据;strangers to the blood无血缘关系的人style样式;subject to依据,以……为条件,受……规限; subsequent继之后such如此;suffer or permit容许sufficient足够的;充足suitable恰当的suit诉讼,控告;superior court高级法院surrender归还(土地权),自首;taking or raising any point提出temporarily临时tenant/lessee承租方;tenement(不动产)terms and conditions条款terms or conditions条款the deceased / the decedent 已故者the People’s Congress各级人大()thenceforth从那时开始,此后thence由此,从那种情况或缘由,从此;thenwords:there words:thereabout大约,左右;thereafter以后,据此;thereat因此;thereby因此,从而;therefore因此;therefor为此;therein在那里,在那时;thereon 在其上,随即;theretofore直到那时,在那时之前; thereto到那里,此外;thereunder遵照,在其下;thereunto到那里;thereupon因此;therewith与此,与之;things所有物to do or cause to be done履行toll the statute中止诉讼时效tort侵权;tort侵权;totally null and void无效totally unanimous一致同意的,全体一致的transaction交易treason叛国罪;treason—叛国罪;trespass非法侵入(他人土地或住宅);tried and tested可靠的true and correct正确的try审判;解决争端under or pursuant to依照under the influence of 受的影响understand理解;认识unless and until直到unless and until直到unreasonable无理性的;过度的unsafe危险的unsound不卫生的;不健全的unusual不寻常的usual寻常的valid or effective有效的valid or enforceable有效或可执行的valuable有价值的;贵重的verdict(由陪审团一致通过而为法院所接受的)裁决; versus对;violation—犯规/违反行为;voir dire(挑选陪审团成员过程中的)预先审核. voire dire(挑选陪审团成员过程中的)预先审核; voluntary法律上未要求的而自愿作的Warrant 拘捕令well and sufficiently充分well settled合理解决where words:whereas (相当于"given the fact that"), 鉴于; whereas有鉴于此whereat对那个,由于;whereby因此;whereof关于那事(人);will and testament 遗嘱withholding, deduction扣除without prejudice不影响实体权利的without prejudice不影响实体权利的witness / human evidence人证witnesseth 意为提供某事的正式证据witness作证,表明; worthless空头writ of fieri facias强制执行令;。

法律英语翻译-3

法律英语翻译-3

Criminal LawCriminal Law, branch of law that defines crimes, establishes punishments, and regulates the investigation and prosecution of people accused of committing crimes. Criminal Law includes both substantive law, and criminal procedure, which regulates the implementation and enforcement of substantive criminal law.Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.•司法权•writ of certiorari•开庭•Circuit court•求偿法院•petition•仲裁者•felony•上诉法院•conviction•轻罪•legal consequence •严格责任•mistake of fact •未成年人•crime of negligence •民事损害赔偿•material matter •动机•specific intent •犯意•Put the following terms into Chinese:•grading systems•first degree murder•retributive sentence•aggravated assault•peremptory challenges•presumption of innocence•case at bar•case of first impression•verdict of acquittal•verdict of guilty•Translate the following sentences into Chinese• 1. Under Model Penal Code, intent has the meaning as follows: a person acts with intent with respect to a material element when (1)if the element involves the nature of his conduc or a result thereof, it is his conscious object to engage in conduct of that nature or to cause such a result; and (2) if the element involves the attendant circumstances, he is aware of the existence of such circumstances or he believes or hopes that they exist.•根据《标准刑法典》的规定,故意的意思是:当(1)若一个要件含有行为人行为的性质或结果,他的主观目的则是从事该性质的行为或造成该结果;以及(2)若一个要件含有若干伴随情形,他则意识到该等情形的存在并且相信或希望该等情形存在时,一个人的行为构成针对一重要要件的行为意图。

法律英语常用短句双语翻译

法律英语常用短句双语翻译

法律英语常用短句双语翻译1.divine‘s punishments,though slow,are always sure.天网恢恢,疏而不漏。

2.an act is not a crime unless the law says it is one.法无明文规定者不为罪。

3.this contract is made of one original and two duplicate originals,all of which are of the same effect.本合同一式三份,具有同等效力。

4. the law does not concern itself about family trifles.法律难断家务事。

5.this document is legally binding.该文件具有法律约束力。

6. this law is in abeyance.此法暂缓执行。

7. this law has become a dead letter.此法已成为一纸空文。

8. this law will go into effect on the day of itspromulgation.本法自公布之日起施行。

9 the court dismissed the action.法院驳回诉讼。

10. the court ordered the case to be retried.法院命令重审此案……11.giving the killer what he deserves.予杀人者以应得之罪。

12. hate the sin but not the sinner.可恨的是罪行而非罪人。

13.everyone has the right to freedom of expression.每个人都享有言论自由。

14. everyone is equal before the law.法律面前人人平等。

法律英语翻译

法律英语翻译

若本协议签署之后,中国国家、省、市或地 方政府通过任何新的法律、法规、法令或条例,修 改或废除任何法律、法规、法令或条例的任何条款, 或对任何法律、法规、法令或条例给予不同的解释 或采取不同的实施方法,导致与本协议相冲突,或 对一方在本协议项下的经济利益造成实质性的不利 影响,受到影响的一方经书面通知另一方后,对方 应立即协商并决定是否
1.结构复杂的长句
If, after the signing of this Agreement, the Chinese government either at the State, provincial, municipal or local level adopts any new law, regulation, decree or rule, amends or repeals any provision of any law, regulation, decree or rule, or adopts any different interpretation or method or implementation of any law, regulation, decree or rule,
8. 大量使用累赘词以表达单一的 法律概念


assign or transfer 转让 Remise, release, and forever discharge 让渡; 放弃 acknowledge and confess 承认 terms and conditions 条款 null and void 无效;失效
or (ii) to effectuate necessary adjustments in order to preserve each Party‟s economic benefit under this Agreement on a basis no less favorable than the economic benefit it would have received if such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted, amended, repealed or so interpreted or implemented.

法律英语的翻译

法律英语的翻译

2. 法律英语典型句型的翻译 2.1 otherwise

1.
2. 3.
Otherwise 在法律英语中的用法: 跟unless引导的句子(让步状语从句)连 用; 置放在连词or之后使用; 与than一起,通常用来否定句子的主语。

例1 In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, "state" means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap.30, Wills Ordinance, Art. 2) 在本条例中﹐除文意另有所指外, “国家” 指拥有本身国籍法的领域或一组领域。
这些词用来确指法律文本中的某一方或合同双方,使行文准确,从而 提高法律文书的正式性。
法律英语典型句型的翻译
1. 引言



改革开放以后,尤其是中国加入世贸组织 后,法律翻译成为热点。 一方面是为了让世界了解中国的法律制度 和具体法律法规,需要将大量的中国的法 律文本译成外文。 另一方面,为了学习借鉴国外的先进法制 建设成果,需要将大量的国外的法律法规 法学著作等译成外文。

例 10 Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid, the magistrate may order the defendant to be searched.


凡被告人被判处罚款﹐但没有随即缴付 罚款﹐裁判官可命令搜查被告人。

法律英语精读翻译

法律英语精读翻译

1. This Agreement is executed in Chinese. If necessary, it may be translated into other languages. However, if there is any conflict, ambiguity or discrepancy between the Chinese version and a version in any other language, the Chinese version shall prevail.该协议是在中国执行。

如果需要的话,它可以被翻译成其他语言,但是,如果中国版本与其它版本有冲突,歧义和不一致的,以中国版本为准。

2. The rights and obligations of the Joint Venture under this Agreement may not be assigned or sub-contracted in whole or in part without the prior written consent of Party A.未经甲方的事先书面同意,合资公司在本协议项下的权利与义务不得全部或者部分转让或分包。

3. Any dispute arising from or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation. In case no settlement is reached, the dispute shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Shenzhen Commission, for arbitration in accordance with its rules of procedure.因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议,如果协商不能解决的,应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会深圳分会。

法律英语 词汇翻译

法律英语 词汇翻译

法律英语词汇翻译案件受理费court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂important and complicated case案由cause of action案子case包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件)被上诉人appellee被诉人respondent; defendant本案律师councel pro hac vice本地律师local counsel毕业证diploma; graduation certificate辩护词defense; pleadings辩护律师defense lawyer辩护要点point of defense辩护意见submission财产租赁property tenancy裁定书order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定)裁决书award(用于仲裁)裁决书verdict(用于陪审团)采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests查阅法条source legal provisions产权转让conveyancing出差go on errand; go on a business trip出国深造further study abroad出具律师意见书providing legal opinion出示的证据exhibit出庭appear in court传票summons; subpoena答辩状answer; reply代理词representation代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations代理仲裁agency for arbitration代写文书drafting of legal instruments待决案件pending case当事人陈述statement of the parties第三人third party吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license调查笔录investigative record调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence调解mediation调解书mediation二审案件case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件send e-mail法律顾问legal consultants法律意见书legal opinions法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal counseling法庭division; tribunal法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law; department of law 法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws) J.D ( juris doctor缩写,美国法学学士)法学院law school法院公告court announcement反诉状counterclaim二审案件case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件send e-mail法律顾问legal consultants法律意见书legal opinions法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal counseling法庭division; tribunal法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)J.D ( juris doctor缩写,美国法学学士)法学院law school法院公告court announcement反诉状counterclaim合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision 会见当事人interview a client会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminal suspect兼职律师part-time lawyer监狱prison; jail鉴定结论expert conclusion缴纳会费membership dues举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision勘验笔录record of request看守所detention house抗诉书protest控告人accuser; complainant跨国诉讼transnational litigation劳动争议labor disputes劳动争议仲裁委员会arbitration committee for labor disputes 劳改场reform-through-labor farm; prison farm利害关系人interested party; party in interest律管处处长director of lawyer control department律师lawyer attorney; attorney at law律师惩戒lawyer discipline律师法Lawyer Law律师费lawyer fee律师函lawyer’s letter律师见证lawyer attestation/authentication律师见证书lawyer certification/authentication/witness律师卷宗lawyer’s docile; file律师刊物lawyer’s journal律师联系电话contact phone number of a lawyer律师事务所law office; law firm律师收费billing by lawyer律师网站lawyer website律师协会National Bar (Lawyer) Association律师协会会员member of Lawyer Association律师协会秘书长secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会章程Articles of Lawyer Assocition律师业务室lawyer’s office律师执业证lawyer license律师助理assistant lawyer律师资格考试bar exam; lawyer qualification exam律师资格证lawyer qualification certificate民事案件civil case民事调解civil mediation民事诉讼civil litigation派出所local police station; police substation判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证circumstantial evidence企业章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 企业重组corporate restructure起诉状information; indictment取消律师资格disbar全国律师代表大会National Lawyer Congress缺席宣判pronounce judgement or determination by default人民法院People’s Court人民检察院People’s Procuratorate认定事实determine facts上诉案件case of trial of second instance; appellate case上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal涉外律师lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters申请复议administrative reconsideration petition申请加入律师协会application for admission to Law Association 申请人petitioner; claimant申诉案件appeal case申诉人(仲裁)claimant; plaintiff申诉书appeal for revision, petition for revision实习律师apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period实习律师证certificate of apprentice lawyer视听证据audio-visual reference material适用法律apply law to facts受害人victim书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法建议书judicial advise司法局Judicial Bureau司法局副局长deputy director of Judicial Bureau司法局局长director of Judicial Bureau司法统一考试uniform judicial exam送达service of process诉讼litigation; action; lawsuit诉讼当事人litigation party; litigious party诉讼业务litigation practice诉状complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim 推销法律服务promote/market legal service外国律师事务所foreign law office委托代理合同authorized representation contract委托代理人agent ad litem; entrusted agent委托授权书power of attorney物证material evidence嫌疑人criminal suspect项目融资project financing项目谈判project negotiating刑事案件criminal case刑事诉讼criminal litigation行政诉讼administrative litigation休庭adjourn the court; recess宣判pronounce judgement; determination宣誓书affidavit业务进修attendance in advanced studies一审案件case of trial of first instance与国外律师事务所交流communicate with foreign law firms 原告plaintiff证券律师securities lawyer证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit执行笔录execution record执业登记registration for practice执业范围scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area 执业申请practice application执业证年检annual inspection of lawyer license仲裁arbitration仲裁案件arbitration case仲裁机构arbitration agency专门律师specialized lawyer专职律师professional lawyer; full-time lawyer撰写法律文章write legal thesis资信调查credit standing investigation 自诉案件private prosecuting case。

法律英语的词语英语翻译

法律英语的词语英语翻译

about大概absolutely unique单独abuse of discretion滥用财量权acknowledge and confess供认有罪Action 诉讼action(诉讼)action诉讼,起诉权;Actus Reus犯罪行为affidavit宣誓书;aforesaid如上所述的;after or change改变agency代理(权),机构;agree and declare同意agreement合约;agrees and consents同意aid and abet同谋aid and comfort安慰alias summons(第一次发出的传票无效后)再次发出的传票; alias别名;alibi不在场证据;alibi不在场证据;alibi不在犯罪现场的证据alien(转让,让渡(所有权))alien让渡,转让财产;all and singular一律alleged有嫌疑的,指控的,宣称的,主张的alter and change变更alter ego至交,知己;第二个我amount due or owing到期应付的金额and/o及;或rany matter, fact or things事件any matter, fact or thing事件apparently显然Appeal 上诉appeal上诉;appeal上诉;approach the bench 过来approximately近似argumentative来自推论的;可争议的arrest warrant 逮捕证arrested in flagrante delicto当场被捕,arrest逮捕;arson纵火罪;as soon as possible尽快ascend up上升assault殴打,侵犯他人身体罪;at issue在审议中的,讨论的;待解决的,待裁决的attorney general检察长/首席检察官/司法部长; attorneys律师,检察官;authorise and empower授权available可获得的average平均数;中等水平;海损avoid (撤销)Award 裁决,判决bail exonerated 保证人责任的免除bail保释(金);battery殴打;be cumulative and in addition另外be declared or adjudged判决bill, note票据bill议案,起诉书;Blackacr黑亩(与whiteacre 白亩相对)blend together混合bona fide真正的;breaking and entering破门窗闯入burden of proof)举证责任(bureau of public security公安局();by this act and deed有约束力契约by virtue of or in connection with由于came on for hearing聆讯came on for hearing听讼cancel, annul and set aside取消,废止care注意;监护case案件,诉讼;判例Causation 因果关系cause of action诉因;诉权cease and desist终止cease and desist终止chose in action诉讼上的财产(权);claim债权,民事诉讼请求;clean and neat condition清洁情况clear and convincing清楚且令人确信coming into your possession or control占有common counts(请求偿还欠款的)多种诉讼形式,起诉书; comparable参照物;对比compromise, arrangement or settlement协议Concurrence两者并存condense down 压缩condition条款,要件;confessed and acknowledged承认congress/senate)议会consideration(对价)constables巡警,警官;constitution or partners合伙continue on继续contract合同;convenient合宜的convey, transfer and set over 移交cooperate together合作counsel律师,法律顾问;count(控告的一条)罪状;counterpart(副件)court法庭;covenant(契约)covenants and agrees立约covenant合同,盟约;credit or facilities信贷crime犯罪;criminal detention刑事拘留damages损害赔偿金damage赔偿金;debt债务;declaration原告的申诉,供诉;decree法令;裁决deed or covenant, guarantee, indemnity, assurance, pledge保证物Deed 契约deem and consider视为defect, or insufficiency or want缺陷或不足或短缺defendant被告;defendant被告;delinquency—失职行为;demand要求,召唤;demise(出租)demur(抗辩)demurrer抗辩书;demurrer抗诉; estoppel禁止翻供;descent依法转交;desire希望;请求;要求;授权detain/ take into custody实施拘留Deterrence 威慑目的devise遗赠;do and perform 履行Dock 被告席DOJ=Department of Justice律政司(doubtless无争议的dry trust被动/消极信托;due care应有的注意each and all每人都each and every每个each and every所有easement地役权;esquire用于写信时称呼律师、治安法官等;estoppel in pais(衡平法上的)不容推翻的事实;evidence证词,证据;ex parte单方的;ex post facto事后的,追溯的;excessive过分的;过度的executed(已签字的,已生效的)execution(经签名盖章等)法律文件的生效;executive detention行政拘留(existing现行的expenses花费;费用;代价extreme cruelty极度虐待fair and equitable公正的fair division合理分割false and untrue虚假的fectitious defendant虚拟被告;fee simple and fee tail无条件继承的不动产和指定继承人继承的保有土地; fee simple继承者有全权的地产;fee tail有限制的继承地产;felony—重刑罪felony—重刑罪/重罪;felony重罪;few极少的final and conclusive最后的,决定性的fit and proper合适的fixtures or fittings固定设备fixture不动产的附着物force and effect生效forgive and pardon赦免forthwith立即;forward planning打算four corners of the instrument文件的完整内容fraud and deceit欺诈free and clear没有债务牵累的,(不动产)无任何负担的free and complete完全full and complete完全full and complete完全的,完整的full, true and correct完全正确的give, devise and bequeath 遗产give, devise and bequeath赠与goals(jails)监狱;good and effectual有效good and sufficient充足good and valid有效goods and chattels动产goods and chattels全部动产grant准予,授与;gross (如gross profit),reasonable (如reasonable care/ man/ speed/ time等等),serious (如serious illness/ misconduct, crime, circumstances等等) ,undue (如undue influence/ interference/ restraint 等等),due (如due care/ process)guarantee保证书,保单;guarantee担保品,保单;guarantor(统)保证人;guardian ad litem(为某一特殊诉讼)指定的监护人;guardian监护人;habeas corpus人身保护令;habeas corpus人身保护令;habitual惯常的had and received收到had and received收到hand(签字)Hand签字have and hold持有heir继承人,后嗣;here words:hereafter从此以后,随后;hereby有鉴于此;hereinafter下文;hereinbefore上述;herein在此,据此看来;hereof对此;heretofore此前;hereto至此为止;hereunder(书、文件等中)在下面;herewith据此;hold and keep拥有,依法占有hue and cry追捕时的叫喊illegal, invalid or unenforceable无效illegality, invalidity or unenforceability无效Immunity 豁免权important essentialsimproper不良;不正当in connection with与有联系in flagrante delicto在犯罪现场;in full force and effect有完全效力的in locum parentis替代父母;in regard to关于in rem对物诉讼;in the funds and currency资金in your sole and absolute discretion您有绝对处置权inadequate不充分;不恰当Incapacitation 剥夺犯罪能力的目的incurred or arising out or in connection therewith incurred, created, assumed招致indictment控告,起诉;indulgence or concession让步infant幼儿,未成年人;inferior court初级法院;低级法院instrument(法律文据)intensive supervision probation 加强监督型缓刑intention目的;蓄意inter alia在其他事之间;inter partes在当事人之间;intoxicated喝醉的;陶醉的invalid or unenforceable无效或不可执行的irregular or improper不适当issue of fact事实上的争点issue of law法律上的争点judges审判员;judgment, award and/ or order判决judgment审判,裁决;judicial detention) 民事司法拘留(judicial notice法院公告;judicial proceeding司法[程序] [审判程序];jurors陪审员;justices高等法院的法官;justice正义;keep and maintain保有laches(对行使权利的)疏忽、懈怠;laches(对行使权利的)疏忽、懈怠;landlord/lessor出租方;larceny偷盗;large大的last will and testament遗嘱lately不久前law enforcement department) 执法部门(Leave 休庭legislator/lawmaker立法机构():let (如在"without let or hindrance"这个短语中)妨碍; let or hindrance阻碍letters patent专利特权许可证;letters(证书)Letters授权令lien留置权,扣押权;loans or advances made or to be made借款与预付made and entered into订立合同make payment, performance履行malice恶意;蓄意marriage婚姻,商业合并;master and servant雇主和雇员;master(雇主)means and includes手段Mens Rea主观过错/犯罪意图mere仅仅metes and bounds地界(土地转让中的用语); mind and memory心意与记忆Minor 未成年人misdemeanor轻罪;misdemeanour—非重刑罪/轻罪; misdemeanour—非重刑罪/轻罪; misfeasance—失当行为;moneys, obligations and liabilities债务、责任与义务money货币;month-to-month tenancy按月付租金;more or less或多或少mortgage, charge按揭,押记motion(动议,法院令)mutually agree相互同意near近似negotiable instrument可转让的票据/可流通票据;net profit净利new and novel新的nominate, constitute and appoint任命nota bene留心,注意;note笔录;null and void无效nulla poena sine lege法无明文者不罚(罪刑法定主义原则); obligation义务;obvious明显的order and direct命令oyez(法庭用语)肃静,静听;paid, discharged and satisfied支付、解除或清偿pardon and executive clemency 赦免和减刑pardon赦免;parliament/国会()/parties当事人;partner合伙人,股东;party(当事人)past history历史payment付款;perform and discharge履行义务physical evidence;物证pierce the corporate veil揭穿公司面纱plaintiff原告;plaintiff原告;plead guilty);承认遭检控的罪名(plead(递诉状)pleadings(原告的)诉状,(被告的)答辩状;pledge抵押(权);police n.警察(当局),v.管理,整顿;police station) 派出所(possession所有权,所有物;possible可能的prayer(诉讼请求)presents(本文件)presumption of innocence); 无罪推定(prima facie evidence 表面证据prima facie表面的;principal and surety主债务人和保证人;prior to先前的prisons监狱,拘留所;probation缓刑procuratorate organ)/检察院()procuratorial personnel)/检察人员(promptly即期的property财产(指一切合法的不动产和动产);proper准确的;体面的Prosecutions Division)/刑事检控科(prosecution检控(provided that 只要,但;provisions or enactment成文法proviso但书;public prosecutor(检控官);purchase(置得(不动产))purchase购置;purported声称,宣称pursuant to stipulation遵照条款pursuant to根据,与……相符;quash撤销(一项传唤令或控告状),宣布(判决等)无效; quorum法定人数;record记录,档案;法院的卷宗,诉讼记录regular依法的;有规律的Rehabilitation 改造目的release, discharge or settlement免除、解除或和解remain in full force, validity and effect有充分效力remain silent in court) 保持缄默(remise, release and quitclaim放弃权利repair and make good补偿reprieve缓刑;request and require要求res ipsa loquitur事情不言自明;rest, residue and remainder 遗产rest, residue and remainder遗产Retribution 报应目的reversed and remanded撤销原判并发回重审right, interest and title权益right, power or remedy权利、权力和补偿robbery抢劫;roll案卷,档案;said (作形容词使用时)上述的;said(上文所说的)sat down for hearing聆讯satisfaction义务的履行;债务的清偿satisfy清偿债务;履行义务save and except除save and except除……以外save(除了)save除了;search warrant 搜查证sentence宣判,判决(专指刑事判决); seriously and gravely严重servant受雇人;serve(送达)settle and compromise处理signed, sealed and delivered签署生效similar类似slander言词诽谤;sole and exclusive唯一的sound mind心智健全specialty(盖印合同)specialty盖印合同或契据;strangers to the blood无血缘关系的人style样式;subject to依据,以……为条件,受……规限; subsequent继之后such如此;suffer or permit容许sufficient足够的;充足suitable恰当的suit诉讼,控告;superior court高级法院surrender归还(土地权),自首;taking or raising any point提出temporarily临时tenant/lessee承租方;tenement(不动产)terms and conditions条款terms or conditions条款the deceased / the decedent 已故者the People’s Congress各级人大()thenceforth从那时开始,此后thence由此,从那种情况或缘由,从此;thenwords:there words:thereabout大约,左右;thereafter以后,据此;thereat因此;thereby因此,从而;therefore因此;therefor为此;therein在那里,在那时;thereon 在其上,随即;theretofore直到那时,在那时之前; thereto到那里,此外;thereunder遵照,在其下;thereunto到那里;thereupon因此;therewith与此,与之;things所有物to do or cause to be done履行toll the statute中止诉讼时效tort侵权;tort侵权;totally null and void无效totally unanimous一致同意的,全体一致的transaction交易treason叛国罪;treason—叛国罪;trespass非法侵入(他人土地或住宅);tried and tested可靠的true and correct正确的try审判;解决争端under or pursuant to依照under the influence of 受的影响understand理解;认识unless and until直到unless and until直到unreasonable无理性的;过度的unsafe危险的unsound不卫生的;不健全的unusual不寻常的usual寻常的valid or effective有效的valid or enforceable有效或可执行的valuable有价值的;贵重的verdict(由陪审团一致通过而为法院所接受的)裁决; versus对;violation—犯规/违反行为;voir dire(挑选陪审团成员过程中的)预先审核. voire dire(挑选陪审团成员过程中的)预先审核; voluntary法律上未要求的而自愿作的Warrant 拘捕令well and sufficiently充分well settled合理解决where words:whereas (相当于"given the fact that"), 鉴于; whereas有鉴于此whereat对那个,由于;whereby因此;whereof关于那事(人);will and testament 遗嘱withholding, deduction扣除without prejudice不影响实体权利的without prejudice不影响实体权利的witness / human evidence人证witnesseth 意为提供某事的正式证据witness作证,表明; worthless空头writ of fieri facias强制执行令;。

法律英语参考译文 完整版Lesson1-16

法律英语参考译文 完整版Lesson1-16

咦它包括了大量不成文法而著称,反映了几个世纪以来,来源于法律工作者的判 决的判例。
(普通法)这一术语有三个重要的涵义。第一层涵义用以区别颁布具体法律 的权力:例如在美国,“法”通常由立法机关制定,“规章”由行政机关根据立法 机关规定的立法授权来颁布,而“普通法”的判决则是由讨论和判定法和规章间 细微差异的法院(或行政机构内的准司法法庭)作出。
因此,罗马法并没有控制整个欧洲,它是一种只有在当地习俗和法律于特定 问题缺乏恰当规定的时候才被适用的辅助性资源。然而,当地规则主要是一句罗 马法来诠释的,这导致罗马法仍然是主导法律。
超出罗马法这一基础的范围的第二大特征就是对已被采纳的罗马法的延伸 编纂,即把它纳入市民法典。作为对自然法和启蒙思想两者的表达,法典编纂的 观念在 17 到 18 世纪发展尤为迅速。那个世纪的政治思想被表达为民族观念。对 财产的保护和法治。那种理想需要通过法律的记录、法律的统一来形成法律的确 定行,因此,上述的罗马法和习惯的当地的法律的融合不存在了,而法律编纂的 前景可观,这对达成上述的政治理想的目的有促进作用。
法律是一个动态的过程。它是流动的、不断变化的并且持续扩展的。在一定 程度上,法律与语言近似。它包含规则并有一种模式,但是法律随着其使用超过 一段时间而改变。理解法律最好的方法是将法律体系视为一种过程——汇集社会 的需要和目标、并将其转化为行为公平和合理的一种方式。法庭通过司法判例来 反映控制力和重要的社会、经济、政治目标以及它们在运行过程中社会的需求。
2
不要生气,要争气!
☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ 参考译文 免费共享 ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆
Lesson 1 law(法律)
每个政府都是它的人民的代表。法律也一样。一个社会的法律和法律体系反 映了人们的价值观。一个国家法律的公正以及它法律制度恰当地规定的法律范围 的正当,是人民开明、仁爱(人性)和文明程度的衡量标准。

法律英语翻译(一)

法律英语翻译(一)

法律英语翻译:法律翻译常用词汇注释(D-K)翻译法律文件时,有些专用词不知道怎么翻,或者不确定最准确、最专业的译法是什么,确实让人苦恼。

这里有法律翻译中常见词的中文注释,按字母排序,方便查找。

DDamagesdamages在法律英语中表示损害赔偿金,要注意用的是复数形式,如果用单数,则表示损害。

如incidental damages 附带损害consequential damages 间接损害claim damages for the breach of contract.因违约要损害赔偿金等。

Debenturedebenture的意思是债券,通常指的是无担保债券。

如bank debenture 金融债券bearer debenture 不记名债券coupon bank debenture 附息票金融债券customs debenture 海关退税凭单等。

Declarationdeclaration在法律英语中常用作申报,如customs declaration报关,export declaration出口申报,income tax declaration个税申报等。

Decree法庭判令。

法庭聆讯后所作出的判令,可以分成暂时性判令“decree nisi” 和永久性判令“decree absolute”,常见于离婚呈请的程序。

一般而言,法庭颁出decree nisi后,在指定的期限过后,除非收到反对,否则都会颁出永久判令。

Deed契约。

是一种特别的合约,须要经过当事人签署、盖章并送交对方才算有效,契约上的盖章在法律上被视为一种有效的约因。

Defamation诽谤。

非法破坏他人名誉的行为,口头的毁谤和以书面的永久形式诽谤都可以构成民事索偿的理据或者刑事罪行。

Defence抗辩。

刑事或民事案件中的被告,否认有关的指控或申索,同时提出反对的支持事实。

Delegatedelegate在法律英语中的意思是转让,通常指义务的转让,如:In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter “China”), the consent of the creditors shall be obtained for the delegation of obligations to become effective.根据中华人民共和国(以下称“中国”)法律,义务的转让须取得债权人的同意方可生效。

法律英语第一课翻译。

法律英语第一课翻译。
美国废奴运动领袖 菲力普斯 W
2021/7/17
法律英语
Background
Two periods of legal history:
On May 14, 1607, the Virginia Company explorers landed on Jamestown Island to
establish the Virginia English colony
form of action, a writ, with the result
that the original common law represented a system of ‘action’
similar to that of classical Roman law.
某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状 这种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的,而 这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古 罗马法的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。
Record of the Nation since 1776 国家从1776年开始的记载
Record of the present fifty States 当前50个州的记载
The intricate network of relationships between States and Nation 各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载
2021/7/17
法律英语
No one document, no handful of documents, can properly b e said to reveal the character of a people or of their governmen t.
没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以 准确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征。

法律英语翻译(1)

法律英语翻译(1)
assign or transfer 转让 Remise, release, and forever discharge 让渡; 放弃 acknowledge and confess 承认 terms and conditions 条款 null and void 无效;失效
法律英语翻译(1)
法律英语句子的特点
shall not constitute a waiver; shall not be deemed a consent; including but not limited to… nothing contained herein shall…
法律英语翻译(1)
法律英语词汇的特点
8. 大量使用累赘词以表达单一的 法律概念
法律英语翻译(1)
法律英语词汇的特点
解释:
Ex 1. He was awarded (判给)$500 damages(损 害赔偿)for the injury he suffered in the accident.
法律英语翻译(1)
法律英语词汇的特点
Ex. 2. 1) The testator died without issue(子女). 2) Parties must wait for process(传票)to
provisions of the Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China;
法律英语翻译(1)
法律英语句子的特点
or (ii) to effectuate necessary adjustments in order to preserve each Party’s economic benefit under this Agreement on a basis no less favorable than the economic benefit it would have received if such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted, amended, repealed or so interpreted or implemented.

法律英语词汇大全(完美版)

法律英语词汇大全(完美版)

法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precedent普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system普通法common law大陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system衡平法equity; law of equity日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law 民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law平等原则principle of equality自愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange诚实信用原则principle of good faith行为act作为ac不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right 同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusive right人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right 亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence 防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为act of self-help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus 完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household 合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment 个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individual business establishment 国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise 中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人legal body of mass organization财团法人legal body of financial group联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act 双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act 法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act 要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act 要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act 不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term 生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death 死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death 准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent 再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency 律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission; broker house信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation 时效中断interruption oflimitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation取得时效acquisitive prescription时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription期日date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrative liability/responsibility 刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’s fault 推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness 过失negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material for production生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物limited merchantable thing禁止流通物res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus; indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things 主物res capitalis; a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing 孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership 所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings; right to yields处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有possession in good faith恶意占有malicious possession按份共有several possession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena用益物权real right for usufruct使用权right to use; right of use土地使用权right to the use of land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority; power of management承包经营权right to contracted management相邻权neighboring right; relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权servitude; easement人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude 担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage 抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage 抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage 抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right to mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage 抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage 留置权lien一般留置权general lien特别留置权special lien质权hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge佃权tenant right债权jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right债权人creditor债务人debtor相对人counterpart; offeree给付give; pay债务debt; liability; obligation债务的偿还payment of debt债务的偿清discharge of debt债务的担保guarantee of debt债务的合并consolidation of debt债务的给付日期debt maturity债务的免除exemption of debt债的分类obligatio; obligation法定之债legal obligation任意之债voluntary obligation简单之债simple obligation选择之债alternative obligation主债prime/principal obligation从债accessory obligation单一之债single obligation按份之债several obligation连带之债joint obligation特定之债certain obligation种类之债indefinite obligation合同之债contractual obligation侵权行为之债tort obligation损害赔偿之债obligation of compensation for injury; obligation of damages人身损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage医药费hospital treatment expense医疗费medical charge抚恤金pension慰问金consolation money产品瑕疵defect of product不当得利unjust enrichment无因管理voluntary service债的担保guarantee of obligation财产担保property guarantee信用担保credit guarantee让与担保alienation guarantee保证guaranty明示保证express guaranty默示保证implied guaranty保证人guarantor保证合同contract of guaranty/suretyship保证金guaranty bond; security deposit押金deposit; foregift预付款advanced payment定金earnest money; deposit违约金liquidated damages法定违约金liquidated damages by law约定违约金liquidated damages by agreement 债的履行performance of obligation实际履行原则doctrine of specific performance情事变更原则doctrine of change of circumstances不当履行misfeasance清偿discharge; satisfaction提存debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority抵销setoff知识产权intellectual property知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property国民待遇原则doctrine of national treatment 优先权原则 a right of priority doctrine自动保护原则doctrine of automatic protection 特许权使用费royalties智力成果intellectual property著作权copyright版权copyright著作权人copyright owner创作creation作品opus; product; work著作人格权right of personality of copyright 发表权right of publication署名权right of authorship; right of paternity修改权right of modification; right of revision 完整性保持权right to maintain integrity不可侵犯权inviolability收回权right of recall; right of retrieval自费出版publish a book at the author’s own expense著作财产权property right in work使用收益分享权right to share usufruct利用权right to make use of获得报酬权right to get payment重播权right of rebroadcasting录制权right of fixation机械复制权right of mechanograph; right of mechanical reproduction著作邻接权neighboring right of copyright 剽窃plagiary; plagiarism盗版pirate盗版VCD pirated VCD伪造forge工业产权industrial property专利权patent right优先权日priority date申请在先原则prior application rule使用在先priority of use新颖性novelty创造性creativity实用性practicability发明创造invention and creation实用新型utility model外观设计design; industrial design发明权right of invention发现权right of discovery专利申请patent application专利异议objection to a patent专利公告patent gazette专利续展费renewal fee of patent专利许可协议patent licensing agreement 技术诀窍know-how专有技术know-how专利证书certificate of patent专利事务所patent office专利代理patent agency中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of the People’s Republic of China商标权trademark right商标国际注册international registration of trademark商品商标commodity trademark服务商标service trademark驰名商标reputed trademark广告商标advertisement trademark近似商标similar trademark商标评审委员会trade review and appraisal board商标审查trademark examination商标侵权trademark infringement商标注册registered trademark商标公告trademark gazette注册商标使用许可licensing of registered trademark注册商标转让assignment of registered trademark商标使用许可协议trademark licensing agreement商标事务所trademark office商标代理trademark agency婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family,inheritance, adoption婚姻法marital law; marriage law包办婚姻arranged marriage财产分割partition; dismemberment of property重婚bigamy独生子女only child法律婚legal marriage非婚生子女illegitimate child夫妻共同财产community property夫妻关系conjugal relationship夫妻分居divorce a mensa et thoro; divorce from bed and board复婚resumption of marriage感情破裂incompatibility婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptial properties婚姻登记marriage registration婚生子女ligitimate child计划生育birth control结婚marry离婚divorce买卖婚姻mercenary marriage拟制血亲blood relations in fiction of law 旁系血亲collateral relation blood relation 涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements 配偶spouse事实婚de facto marriage诉讼离婚divorce by litigation探视权visitation right同居cohabitation 晚婚late marriage无效婚姻void marriage协议离婚divorce by agreement一夫一妻制monogamy早婚early marriage直系血亲lineal descent自然血亲natural blood relation收养法adoption law收养协议adoption agreement收养人adoptive parent送养人person or institution placing out a child for adoption涉外收养adoption with foreign elements继承法inheritance law; law of succession法定继承legal seccession遗嘱继承intestate succession遗赠继承succession by devise自然继承natural succession代位继承representation; succession by subrogation世袭继承hereditary succession间接继承indirect succession转继承subsuccession共同继承joint succession单独继承single succession继承人heir; successor第二顺序继承人successor second in order第一顺序继承人successor first in order继承参与人succession participant遗产inheritance; heritage遗产继承人heir to property; inheritor遗言last will and testament遗书last words遗赠bequest; legacy; devise遗赠抚养协议legacy-support agreement会计法accounting law税法tax law; taxation law反不正当竞争法anti-unfair competition law 消费者权益保护法consumer’s interest protection law产品责任法production liability law消费者权益法consumer rights and interests law公司法company law; corporate law公司company; corporation有限责任公司limited liability company股份有限公司company limited by shares无限公司unlimited company股份两合公司joint stock limited liability partnership两合公司joint liability company控股公司holding company集团公司group company合资公司joint venture company联营公司associated company; affiliated company国营公司state-own company国有公司state-owned company民营公司civilian-run company本国公司national/domestic company外国公司foreign company 上市公司listed company母公司parent company子公司subsidiary皮包公司briefcase company; fundless company募集设立incorporation by stock floatation发起人floater; initiator公司名称name of company公司住址domicile of company出资contribution; capital subscription现金出资investment in cash实物出资investment in kind工业产权出资investment in industrial property right非专有技术出资investment in non-patent technology劳务出资investment in labor高新技术成果出资investment in hi-tech achievements注册资本registered capital实缴资本paid-in capital验资报告capital verification report会计师事务所certified public accountants注册会计师certified public accountant资本三原则three doctrine of capital资本确定原则doctrine of capital determination资本维持原则doctrine of capital maintenance 资本不变原则doctrine of unchanging capital 最低资本额制度minimum capital system公司章程articles of association; articles ofincorporation; bylaw公司登记incorporation; corporate registration 公司存续existence of company公司合并分立merger and split of company 公司并购corporate merger and acquisition公司管理corporate governance; company management公司法律顾问corporate counsel公司整顿company rectification公司歇业closure of business公司和解company composition公司解散company dissolution公司清算company liquidation公司清理company winding-up竞业禁止non-commpete; competition prohibition招股章程prospectus股本stock capital股东shareholder股东大会shareholders’meeting股东大会决议resolution of shareholders’meeting股东大会议事规则rule of procedure of shareholders’meeting表决权voting right; right to vote董事director董事长president/chairman of the board首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)首席运营官chief operation officer(COO)执行董事executive director常务董事managing director 董事会board of directors董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors经理独立负责制manager independent responsibility system监事supervisor监事会board of supervisors股share; stock普通股common stock特别股special stock资格股qualification stock优先股preferred stock劣后股inferior stock表决权股stock with voting power溢价股premium stock折价股converting stock国家股state-owned share集体股collective share法人股corporate share企业股enterprise share个人股individual share股息dividend红股bonus stock; dividend stock法定公积金legal accumulation fund资本公积金capital accumulation fund盈余公积金surplus accumulation fund任意公积金optional accumulation fund公司犯罪corporate crime证券法securities law证券发行issuance of securities证券上市list securities; float an issue证券交易所stock exchange证券商securities dealer证券公司securities company证券承销商consortium of underwriters证券承销合同underwriting contract证券经纪人securities broker披露制度disclosing system交割日closing date风险投资基金venture capital fund上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange 深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange 证券监督委员会securities supervision committee票据法law of negotiable instrument票据notes; bills; commercial instruments商业票据bill; commercial instrument远期票据time bill;; long-dated bill到期票据matured bill即期票据sight bill记名票据bill payable to order; note to order 不记名票据bearer instrument本票promissory note支票cheque汇票bill of exchange发票日ticket day出票日date of draft/issue发票地place of draft/issue票据到期日bill to mature票据金额sum of bill 票面价额face value票据出票人drawer票据持票人bill holder票据承兑人bill acceptor票据行为act on commercial paper承兑票据honor a bill票据议付negotiation拒付票据protest a bill票据付款人drawee票据支付人payer on commercial instrument 票据收款人bill collector票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill被背书人endorsee票据保证人bill guarantor票据被保证人bill pledgee/warrantee再追索人renewed recourser前手remote holder后手subsequent endorser票据权利right of bill票据期限term of bill; tenor票据债务人debtor of commercial instrument 追索权right of recourse票据抗辩exception to bill票据丧失loss of bill票据时效prescription of exchanges票据贴现discount of bill再贴现rediscount of bill恩惠期间term of benevolence票据代理agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments海商法maritime law船舶国籍证书certificate of registry; certificate of ship’s nationality船棋国flag country船舶所有权证书certificate of ship ownership 船舶检验register of ship船舶保险insurance on hull船舶保险单hull insurance policy船舶登记证书certificate of registry船舶丈量tonnage measurement of ships船舶进港费groundage船舶抵押ship mortgage船舶租赁ship chartering船舶转租ship subchartering船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities of ship owners船舶碰撞ship collision船舶遇难maritime distress海上灾难perils of the sea海上拖航marine towage船舶扣押detention of ship船舶债权ship’s credit船级社classification society船级证书certificate of class海上留置权maritime lien船舶留置权maritime lien船舶抵押权maritime mortgage海上优先请求权priority claim to seagoing ships救助优先权priority claim to salvage共同海损优先权priority claim to general average服务优先权priority claim to service货物损害优先权priority claim to cargo damage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to ship credit and goods credit海运合同shipping contract提单bill of lading(B/L)空舱费dead freight租船费charterage租船合同charter-party contract of affreightment期租船合同time charter-party; time CP航次租船合同voyage charter-party定期租船合同time charter-party光船租船合同bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP包租运输合同shipping charter-party海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage of passengers by sea远洋拖带合同contract of ocean towage港内拖带合同contract of port towage海难救助合同salvage contract海事报告master’s protest;; sea protest海事声明书sea protest海事争议maritime dispute海事法院maritime court;; admiralty court海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminaljurisdiction of sea collision海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritime disputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritime attachment海事优先请求权preferential right top maritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petition for maritime attachment海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instruments in maritime action/proceedings涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization of the distrained ship海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritime arbitration procedure保险法insurance law自愿保险voluntary insurance强制保险compulsory insurance商业保险commercial insurance财产保险property insurance人身保险personal insurance人寿保险life insurance健康保险health insurance意外保险accident insurance社会保险social insurance养老保险endowment insurance医疗保险medical insurance失业保险unemployment insurance 信用保险credit insurance保证保险guaranty insurance保险合同insurance contract保险人insurer; underwriter被保险人the insured受益人benificiary投保人applicant for insurance;; policy holder 保险单insurance policy保险标的insurance object保险费premium保险期限time limit of insurance保险利益insurable interest保险金额insurance; insurance compensation 保险事故insurance accident保险赔偿insurance indemnity保险代理人insurance agent保险经纪人insurance broker索赔claim代位索赔claim by subrogation理赔settlement of claim代位求偿权right of subrogation委付abandonment退保cancellation/discharging of insurance。

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Unit 1 Section A1.在法学家的眼中,合同只是包含双方当事人意思一致的条款。

合同经常被用于达成许诺的表示,法律会予以执行或至少会以某种方式加以确认。

英国法将合同定义为随着要约和承诺出现的一种协议。

一方当事人做出要约,另一方当事人接受要约。

当这些发生的时候(提供其他必要的因素,即约因和订立合同的意向存在),合同也就形成了。

2.在对合同定义的探讨中一些法学家认为承诺或者协议都不能完整的描述合同的定义。

法学家们声称《美国合同法重述》忽略了契约的本质,即等价交换是合同的本质。

没有迹象表明合同应该是双方的事务,一方承诺为某些事情,另一方承诺给予相应的报酬。

因此说合同是一个承诺就忽略了一个事实,即在承诺成为一个合同之前,通常有一些行为或承诺是为了其他承诺做出的。

甚至说,合同是由没有迹象表明它们是作为对其他承诺回报的一系列承诺构成的。

但是如果认为所有的合同都是一方提供商品,一方给予对等的价值交换的真诚契约,这种想法是错误的。

3.每一个承诺都是一种协议,由多个承诺构成的每个人的对价也是一种协议。

协议意味着两个或两个以上的人对同样的事情上达成一致的意思表示。

它可能会产生法律义务,也可能不会产生法律义务,在这个层面上,并不是所有的协议在法律上都是可执行的。

4.这些学者还是对这些定义持不同观点,他们认为依据合同承诺或契约所作解释的先决条件是当事人业已达成协议或承诺之后构成了合同关系。

事实上,情况并非总是如此。

人们有时候进行交易并不是基于先前的承诺或协议。

典型例子就是同时发生的买卖交易。

在商场里买东西然后为所买物品支付相应对价。

5.毫无疑问这些都是合法的合同,但是却被人看作是由协议或承诺产生的合同。

在这种情况下坚持认为在交换金钱和物品前要有先协议或一系列承诺存在意味着双方当事人有时间受法律约束去履行他们的承诺或协议。

但情况不一定就是这样。

还必须认识到这也可能是很好的主张,即就法律意图而言,在买卖进行之前就有隐含的协议存在。

6.承诺和协议无疑接近于合同概念的中心,但是至少有两种其他的想法也很接近中心。

一种观点是诱导他人依赖于他,并促使其改变立场的人,不应该让人失望。

另一种观点是帮他人的忙,致使其获得利益的人,一般都应该为其所造成的困境而获得赔偿。

合同义务经常被强加到一些对谁都没有承诺或同意承担责任的人身上。

为了使结果与传统上对合同的定义相协调,可以采用两种方式。

一种是依赖于隐含的协议或承诺,另一种是责任被强加的并不属于真正的合同,但实质上却是一种不同类型的法律责任,比如说,侵权行为责任。

7.实际上,我们可以从1973年柏林农场诉美国棉花运输联盟案中得出合同的定义。

那一年美国农场棉花的价格以惊人的速度增长。

原因有:中国的大量需求,棉花种植地区多雨的天气,因大雨而推迟种植以及美元的贬值。

当年在棉花的种植前,棉花种植者就会与棉花购买者先订立期货交易合同,在不保证棉花的质量和重量的前提下等到棉花收获时每磅以固定的价格卖给棉花的需求者。

然后农场会利用这个合同负担培育棉花。

8.在1973年初,棉花种植者以每磅30美分与同时期棉花市场差不多的价格制定了合同。

但是等到棉花成熟将要运输的时候,市场价格增至每磅80美分。

许多人都拒绝去履行以较低价格制定的期货交易合同,最终导致在产棉带出现了大量的诉讼案件。

不仅大量农民败诉,同时也引起了关注。

9.法律到底会履行什么样的承诺?有什么补救措施可以使失望的棉花购买者对农民实施强制执行承诺?这个案件揭露了法院在履行承诺时做出的三个基本假设。

一个是“法律主要关注的是为了纠正允诺人违约的行为而对受允诺人所给予的司法救济,而不是强制承诺人履约而实施的处罚。

”第二个是司法救济认为遭受侵害的受允诺人可以通过尝试着把自己放在一个承诺已经履行的位置上来保护自己的期望。

第三个假设是司法救济合适的形式是置换,法院判令可以要求立约人赔偿遭受侵害的受允诺人损失,而不是以命令的形式要求他按约履行承诺。

10.经过以上的讨论我们可以看出合同可能会被定义为协议、承诺,它所产生的是法律义务而非道德义务,可由两个或两个以上的人之间的法律或祖先做一些行为;他们的意图是创设法律关系,而不仅仅交换彼此的承诺,或者承诺给予一些有价值的东西,考虑任何利益的协议或承诺契约交易协议的除外。

虽然交易行为具有法律约束力,但他们却不是真正的合同。

某项以契约形式的成功交易源于其本身具有法律约束力的特许交易特征,而不是合同法的操作。

11.中国的合同法强调的是合同的功能,指出合同所要表现的形式是确立、改变或终止合同双方或多方的民事关系。

合法确立的合同应该受法律保护。

根据这个定义可以得出合同有三个特征:(1)合同的订立是双方当事人所为的合法行为。

至少应该有两个当事人应该参与并表达他们的真实意图。

否则合同就不能确立。

(2)订立合同的目的是达成某种法律后果,包括确定、改变或终止双方当事人的民事关系。

(3)订立合同是合法行为而不是非法行为。

非法确立的合同是无效的。

12.在大陆法系国家,例如德国,BGB(德国民法典)利用了法律行为的抽象概念,将合同看做是包含合同双方和其他人为某种合法行为的意图的一种法律行为。

这个意图被看作是订立合同的必备要素,因此,如果双方当事人不能证明是双方意图的话就不能订立合同。

在法国民法典中,使用的是比法律行为更为具体的合意的概念。

合意意味着双方当事人真诚的意思表示。

在不能证明是双方合意的情况下合同关系是不能成立的。

Unit 1 Section B1.一般的,一个有效的合同必须基于双方真实同意,一个有效的合同必须通过协商达成一致的协议。

由于存在欺诈、胁迫、趁人之危等原因可能使合同变得无效。

2.错误是指缔约一方或双方关于合同标的物测定的误解,它的存在,它的质量,合同的性质,缔约方的身份,或条款,等等。

例如,S向T公司发出要约传送给B公司中写道“将出售800000木材,送货上门,210现金净额。

”通过T公司的错误,信息被传送为“两个现金净额”的要约。

B不知道也没有知道的理由的接受了。

常理上,S和B之间可能没有可强制执行的合同。

但是,通过更好的观点,B有一个可执行的合同在“两个现金净额”。

这个例子表明要约人要承担自己选择的传输方式的风险。

(S根据这些缔约方和适用的法律法规的制定之间的合同可能会对T提起损害赔偿的诉讼。

)3.错误必须是事实错误而不是法律错误,这一概念具有技术意义不包含错误的价值判断,因此,假如A购买了一篇文章认为它值100事实上它只值50,合同是好的。

如果卖方没有歪曲事实,那么A就要承担损失。

这就是最大限度的买方自慎。

(让买者小心)4.Solle 诉Bucher 提供了一个有趣的例子:法官如何将一些人认为的法律上的错误解释为是事实上的错误的。

在这件案子中,Butcher同意把位于贝肯汉姆的公寓以每年£250的价格出租给Solle,租期为七年,缔约双方需要按照假定方式行事,公寓被大规模重建后事实上作为一个新公寓不受之后生效的租金限制立法的影响。

如果受到影响,则每年最多支付£140。

但是Butcher已经被授权通过收取8%的维修和改进费用增加租金,如果他在租约实际被执行前向Solle发出法定通知,会让实际收取的租金上升到每年£250。

事实上没有这样的通知,实际上他们都一段时间错误地认为公寓不会受到(租金限制立法的)影响,而事实上并非如此,Solle在大约两年之后意识到了这个错误,并寻求返还他已经超付的租金,并且要求作为法定租户七年中每年都只支付£140。

Butcher,提出反诉,要求公正地解除租约。

5.这种错误是事实错误而非法律错误。

事实上在普通法中房屋并不在租赁法的条款之中,关于质量问题的双方错误并不会使合同无效。

然而,关于撤销反诉,最后证明是可以被撤销的,为了使租约继续有效,法庭给Solle提供了两种选择,要么完全放弃租约,要么在Butcher作出法定的告知义务后签订一份新的租约作为房屋的唯一所有权人继续对房屋行使所有权,这样就可以使修理费增加到140英镑,并使法定租金增加到每年250英镑。

6.在实践中,这些错误可以分为三种不同的类型:共同错误、普通错误和单方错误。

7.例如X要卖一辆车,A和Y承诺购买,但他们错误的以为X是B,换句话说,即签订合同的双方并没有相同的意思表示,这就是所说的共同错误。

在这个案例中,合同双方并不受合同约束。

1864年Raffles诉Wichelhaus案中,S和B签订棉花买卖合同,S同意用无敌号货轮托运给B,碰巧有两艘货轮命名为无敌号,其中一艘十月起航,另一艘十二月起航,卖方的意思表示是十二月将货物托运,而买方却以为是十月,因此证明双方之间并不存在有效的合同。

在普通法中,合同中若出现这样的错误,合同并不必然无效,因为法庭会努力寻求双方一致的意思表示,在司法实践中,尽管合同双方是站在相反的对立面,但最终双方还是能达成一致的意思表示。

另一方面,衡平法也努力寻求合同所确立的一致的意思表示,然而,衡平法上的救济具有任意性,当合同最终达成的一致的意思表示会给被告带来困难时,这种意思表示不一定会被实际执行。

8.普通错误是指双方都有错误并且所犯的错误一致。

在实践中,只有普通错误中包含合同标的物的存续或归属致使合同无效的情形。

S和B签订了一份买卖玉米的船货运输合同,双方都以为玉米还在船上,但实际上,由于玉米开始腐烂,船长已经行使权力将玉米卖出。

这一案例中因为标的物已经不存在,故双方并不受合同约束,这一点在Galloway 诉Galloway案中也能得到论证。

一男一女分居后,仍可以认定双方存在夫妻关系,但事实并不是这样,因为男方的前妻最后证明仍然活着,这时分居行为就是无效的,因为作为分居行为基础的婚姻关系并不存在。

9.单方面错误,如果合同一方不应该知道或者不知道质量,主要部分或者合同的性质但是合同的对方知道,根据前者的误解就产生了一个合同。

在这种情况下前者不能否定合同除非他有证据证明他被故意欺骗并且诱导进入他并不打算签订的合同。

考虑这个情况,如果要约人向一个人错误的发出了要约,那么后者如果知道或者有理由知道自己不是受要约人,那么他就不能接受此要约。

然而,如果受要约人不知道也不应当知道这是一个对象错误的要约,那么这个错误的受要约人就可以接受并订立一个可以有效的合同(可强制执行)。

10.合同的有效性通常不受错误的影响,除非这个错误在合同中是根本的和有害的。

实践中,合同中有以下错误,这个合同任然为一个有效的合同,a一方的动机错误,比如,在计算价格时的错误,b一个错误的判断,例如,错误的估计一个人执行合同的能力。

c 错误的将一个商品的描述理解成为在打折销售。

11.根据民法有两种情况将使合同无效:a标的物的质量错误,这种错误买方看重,只要没有这种质量保障买方就不会买了。

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