14年 语言学

1.Suprasegemental phoneme:suprasegemental phonemeisa kind of suprasegemental features, which means the features that occur above the level of the segments and can distinguish meaning from the point of view of phonology.Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.2.Conversion:Conversion is a kind of semantic change; it refers to the change of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation, or class shift. For example: the word engineer as a noun means “a person trained in a branch o f engineering. But it means to plan to maneuver or to act as an engineer when used as a verb. (同类型的词还有fast快—禁食，找一个例子解释合理即可)3.Polysemy:It is a kind of sense relations. Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning. A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemy word. For example: “foot”. Foot in “He hurt his foot and she stood at the foot of the stairs has different meanings.4.The maxim of quality:This is the principle of cooperative principle suggested by Grice about the regularity in conversation. There are four categories of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxims, quality maxims, relation maxims and manner maxims.The maxim of quality:Try to make your contribution one that is true.A: Do not say what you believe to be false.B: Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.pound:Compound belongs to derivational morphology (refers to the process of word variation signaling lexical relationships and it contains two types: one is compound, the other is derivation).Compound: refers to those words that consists of more than one lexical morphemes, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form. And it can be divided into two kinds: the endocentric compound and the exocentric compound.Endocentric compound: it has a center or head. E.g. green house, pain killer.Exocentric compound: it has no center or head. E.g. playboy, take home.如果时间富裕则可以把合成词的特点写一下，目的是突出你知识结构的系统性，题目答到这里已经是完整了。

特征可以从以下四个方面：(1)Orthographically:a compound can be written as one word with or without ahyphen.(2)Syntactically: the part of speech of the compound is generally determined bythe part of speech of the second element, e.g., icy-cold is adjective.(3)Semantically:the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always beingthe sum total of the meaning of its components, e.g., greenhouse is not the house with the green color.(4)Phonetically: the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, whilethe second element receives secondary stress.1.Word form and lexeme:(1) In the first sense, a word is an assemblage of syllables and phonemes(or syllables and letters). Therefore, in this sense, dies, died, die are three different words, as they differ in one or more elements. An alternative to refer to the word in this sense is word-form.(2) At the same time, we can say that dies and died (two different wordsin sense (1)) are nevertheless varying forms of the same word “die”. It should be obvious that the word in this sense is not composed of any kind of smaller elements. It is instead an abstract unit. It belongs to the grammatical or primary articulation of language, and when we talk about its properties they are most usually characteristics of syntactic classification (for instance, the word “die” is a verb) or of meaning (for example, “die” is in one sense opposite in meaning to “live”). It is a lexical unit and is entered in dictionaries as the fundamental element in the lexicon of language. We call the word in this sense the lexeme. To put it precisely, a lexeme is the abstraction of both the phonological (or orthographic) and grammatical forms of a word. So we will say that dies, died, dying and die are forms of the lexeme DIE, that man and men are the singular and plural of MAN.2.Phoneme and allophone:/p/ is a phoneme, and in speak is its phone [ph].Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or a minimal sound segment that human speech organ can produce. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.By convention, phonemic transcription are placed between slant lines //, like /p/, /d/.Allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. For example, [p, ph] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/, so [p] and [ph] are called the allophones of the phoneme /p/.3.Syntactic relations:The syntactic relation refers to the relation between words in a sentence, which can be studied from both vertical and latitudinal perspectives. Generally speaking, the syntactic relations include three basic types: positional relations, relation of substitutability and relations of co-occurrence. The first type belongs to overt relations, while the rest two belong to covert relations.(1)Positional relationIt refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. So it is alsocalled word order. It is the basic syntactic relation, and also therequirement of grammatical acceptability and semantic intelligibility ofhuman language.e.g. The cat is dead.Dead is cat the. (X)Cat the is dead. (X)(2)Relationof substitutabilityIt refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each othergrammatically in the same sentence.e.g. The _____________ liesmanwomanboygirl(3)Relation of co-occurrenceIt refers to that words of different sets or classes may permit, or require,the occurrence of a word of another set or class to for a sentence or aparticular part of a sentence.(Preceded by) (followed by)(a pretty) girl (smiles)(the tallest) boy (sings)(the handsome) man (lies)1.(1)这句话其实就是强调大脑与语言之间的关系。