英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
英美文学讲义Chapter 4
Chapter 4 The Victorian Period一．学习目的和要求通过本章的学习，对19世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治，经济，历史，文化背景，对维多利亚时代的诗歌，散文，小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，以及对该时代主要作家的生平，观点，创作旨意，艺术品特点及其代表作的主题，结构，语言，人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。
并通过作品选读加深体会感受，增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。
二．考核要求（一）维多利亚时期概述1．识记:（1）维多利亚时期的界定（2）社会政治，经济，文化背景2．领会:（1）维多利亚时期的文学特点（2）批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响3．应用：宪章运动，功利主义，批判现实主义，戏剧独自等名词的解释（二）该时期的重要作家1．一般识记：重要作家的生平与创作生涯2．识记: 重要作品及主要内容3．领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等4．应用:（1）狄更斯和萨克雷作品的批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法，艺术特色（2）小说《简·爱》，《呼啸山庄》的主题思想与人物塑造（3）"我逝去的公爵夫人”中的戏剧独白（4）乔泊·艾略特和哈代小说中环境，氛围描述与人物内世界的展示The Victorian Period （P233）Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.Its Political, Economical & Cultural Background（P233）The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soon geared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reached its highest point of development as a world power. And yet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement宪章运动(1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science & technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people's religious convictions. Darwin's The Origin of Species《物种起源》(1859) & The Descent of Man《人类的起源》(1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism功利主义was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. （P235）Features of the Victorian LiteratureVictorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life & thought. Greatwriters & great works abounded. （P235）Features of Victorian novels（P236）In this period, the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people's life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.（P236）Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest. （P237）名词解释（Definitions of several terms）The Chartist Movement (1836-1848) (P233)The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppress-ed people.Utilitarianism (P235)Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrument of human progress.Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In “listening” to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his "My Last Duchess"《我的已故公爵夫人》is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.Victorian WritersI. Charles Dickens (P238)His Life & Literary CareerCharles Dickens (1812-1870) was born at Portsmouth. His father, a poor clerk in the Navy Pay office, was put into the Marsalsea Prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old. The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground cellar at a blacking factory - a position he considered most humiliating. We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens's novels. In 1827, Charles entered a lawyer's office, & two years later he became a Parliamentaryreporter for newspapers.From 1833 Dickens began to write occasional sketches of London life, which were later collected & published under the title Sketches by Boz《博兹札记》(1836). Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club《匹克威克外传》(1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. And since then, his life became one of endless hard work. In his later years, he gave himself to public readings of his works, which brought plaudits & comfort but also exhausted him. In 1870, this man of great heart & vitality died of overwork, leaving his last novel unfinished. (P238)His Major WorksUpon his death, Dickens left to the world a rich legacy of 15 novels & a number of short stories. They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. In nearly all his novels, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery, is his gentleness, his genial mirth, his simple faith in mankind.The following is a list of his novels & other collections in three periods:(1) Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》(1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》(1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》(1840-1841); 《巴纳比·拉奇》Barnaby Rudge(1841)(2) Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Note s《美国札记》(1842); Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁·翟述伟》(1843-1845); A Christmas Carol《圣诞颂歌》(1843); Dombey & Son《董贝父子》(1846-1848); David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》(1849-1850)(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House《荒凉山庄》(1852-1853); Hard Times《艰难时世》(1854); Little Dorrit 《小杜丽》(1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(1859); Great Expectations 《远大前程》(1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend《我们共同的朋友》(1864-1865); EdwinDrood《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》(unfinished)(1870)Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such " typical characters under typical circumstances," that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.(3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.(4) The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.His Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist,DavidCopperfield & so on. (P239)His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare's. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens's works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos. (P241)Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter III of Oliver Twist(P238)The novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the 19th-century London. The author's intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order & of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure. (P243)This section, Chapter III of the novel, is a detailed account of how he is punished for that " impious & profane offence of asking for more" & how he is to be sold. At three pound ten, to Mr. Gamfield, the notorious chimneysweeper. Though we can afford a smile now & then, we feel more the pitiable state of the orphan boy & the cruelty & hypocrisy of the workhouse board.It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, itwas the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.A Tale of Two Cities这是最好的时代，也是最坏的时代；这是智慧的年代，也是愚蠢的年代；这是信仰的时期，也是怀疑的时期；这是光明的季节，也是黑暗的季节；这是希望的春天，也是失望的冬天；大伙儿面前应有尽有，大伙儿面前一无所有；大伙儿正在直登天堂；大伙儿正在直落地狱。
维多利亚时期讲解
维多利亚时期从时间上讲,维多利亚文学时期恰好与维多利亚女王1836年至1901年执政期相吻合,这一时段是英国历史上最光辉灿烂的时段。
维多利亚执行初期,英国面临着飞速的经济发展及严重的社会问题。
1832年改革法案通过后,国家政权从腐朽没落的贵族手中移向新兴的中产阶级工业资本家,不久,大工业革命高潮迭起,各种科技发明与技术创新为国家经济带来新生力量,如火车、蒸汽船、纺织机器、印刷机器等。
英国一度成为"世界工厂",通过向海外发展市场与剥削殖民地的各种资源积累了大量财富。
19世纪中期英国成为全世界的经济第一强国。
但在这繁荣与财富下掩盖的是工人阶级的贫困与不幸,为了谋生连妇女和儿童都要受雇到艰险肮脏的工厂矿山去卖苦力。
日趋尖锐的阶级矛盾终于引发了1836至1848年著名的英国宪章运动。
工人阶级团结一致推出《人民宪章》,要求政府保障人权,改善生活与工作环境。
运动席卷了几乎所有城市。
这次运动尽管在1848年衰落下去,但却取得了一定成就,同时也标志着工人阶级的觉醒。
接下来的20年,英国相对繁荣稳定。
中产阶级的生活显示出有前途、受尊敬、很富有的特点。
人民整体也追求一种热情、自尊、谦逊、爱国的民族精神,而维多利亚女王也正是这些品格的榜样。
这时道德与常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题,又回到了文学主流中来。
但19世纪最后三十年中,大英帝国与维多利亚价值观都逐渐走向衰落。
在海外英国虽然还是最大的殖民者,有着不可敌胜的经济、军事实力,但它的领袖地位已经开始面临正在崛起的德国的挑战,与美国的竞争也伤害了英国的经贸垄断地位。
国内的爱尔兰民族问题悬而未决,日益壮大的无产阶级打破了辉格党与托利党之间的政治制衡。
维多利亚价值观在世纪末失去了光彩,原先谦和、体面的生活方式也被放纵与挥霍所取代。
这种世纪末伤感在唯美主义者奥斯卡·王尔德(1854-1900)与沃尔特·培特(1839-1894)的作品中有很好的体现。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点 ppt课件
PPT课件
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• Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588. During the long reign of Queen Victoria, England grew the workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.
PPT课件
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the first fourteen years were filled with unrest, alarm and misery, and they contrasted with the growing prosperity and general good feeling of the succeeding twenty-two years when England, having committed herself to industrialism and free trade, because for a theme 'the workshop of the world'
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
PPT课件
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Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period.
英国维多利亚时期的文化与艺术
英国维多利亚时期的文化与艺术19世纪末，维多利亚时期成为英国历史上一个重要的时代。
在这个时期，英国从农业社会转型为工业化社会，科技进步和全球化的推动将英国带入了繁荣昌盛的阶段。
在这个时代的文化和艺术方面，也出现了非常有特色的表现形式。
文化维多利亚时期，文化表现出了和以往完全不同的特点。
这个时代的文化不再是对知识和学问的简单追求，而是更加注重人们的生活和日常行为。
英国的出版业呈现爆发式发展，新的作品和新的文学形式不断涌现。
在此期间，英国文学还形成了初步的美学体系和社会评论体系。
在这个时期，出现了许多文化名人，例如狄更斯、乔治·艾略特等一批出色的文学家。
除此之外，在维多利亚时期，绘画和音乐也取得了巨大进展。
英国画家在这个时期创作了大量优秀的艺术作品，例如浪漫派的普雷拉夫和威廉·特纳。
而音乐和剧场表演同样蓬勃发展，剧场经历了文艺复兴以来最激动人心的阶段，歌剧和爱尔兰音乐也开始成为主导流派。
因此，英国也产生了一批在文学、艺术和音乐领域都有着巨大影响力的人物。
艺术在维多利亚时期的艺术领域，英国的画家们开始尝试着脱离传统，创作新的绘画形式，从而对绘画艺术进行改革。
浪漫主义在英国的艺术中有着非常重要的地位，代表作品有约翰·克莱姆的《雾中的水车》和特纳的《地中海上的尼欧》等。
这些著名的作品制造了浪漫意识，并呈现出欧洲艺术在这个时代的主流趋势。
此外，维多利亚时期的英国开创了一种新的艺术形式——临时展览。
临时展示的艺术品不仅代表了艺术家的水平，而且在视觉上也是一种新颖的体验。
艺术品的展示和现场的氛围相互融合，在这个过程中，观众可以感受到强烈的视觉触动和大师们的艺术思想。
总结英国维多利亚时期的文化和艺术代表了一个新时代的兴起，这个时期的艺术家和文人们不再追求纯粹的知识和学问，而是开始更加注重人们的日常生活。
英国艺术在这个时期也经历了巨大的发展和变革，浪漫主义为维多利亚时期的英国艺术留下了浓郁的色彩和深远的影响。
维多利亚时代历史
维多利亚时代历史1.关于19世纪英国维多利亚时期的历史从时间上讲，维多利亚文学时期恰好与维多利亚女王1836年至1901年执政期相吻合，这一时段是英国历史上最光辉灿烂的时段。
维多利亚执行初期，英国面临着飞速的经济发展及严重的社会问题。
1832年改革法案通过后，国家政权从腐朽没落的贵族手中移向新兴的中产阶级工业资本家，不久，大工业革命*** 迭起，各种科技发明与技术创新为国家经济带来新生力量，如火车、蒸汽船、纺织机器、印刷机器等。
英国一度成为"世界工厂"，通过向海外发展市场与剥削殖民地的各种资源积累了大量财富。
19世纪中期英国成为全世界的经济第一强国。
但在这繁荣与财富下掩盖的是工人阶级的贫困与不幸，为了谋生连妇女和儿童都要受雇到艰险肮脏的工厂矿山去卖苦力。
日趋尖锐的阶级矛盾终于引发了1836至1848年著名的英国 *** 运动。
工人阶级团结一致推出《人民 *** 》，要求 *** 保障人权，改善生活与工作环境。
运动席卷了几乎所有城市。
这次运动尽管在1848年衰落下去，但却取得了一定成就，同时也标志着工人阶级的觉醒。
在意识形态方面，维多利亚时代经历了巨大的变革。
科学技术的大发展与各个领域的新发现打破了人们过去坚定的宗教信仰，宗教大厦开始坍塌。
达尔文的《物种起源》（1859〉与《人类的进化》（1871）都是动摇了传统信仰的理论基。
诗人丁尼生在长诗《悼念》中就明确表述了自己对宗教与上帝的怀疑。
另一方面，实用主义大行其道，任何事物都要经过实用的检验方可定其价值，由于物质进一步战胜精神。
《圣经》与《福音书》等宗教经典都被认为是过时的迷信，或干脆也要接受实用主义的检验。
这些观念都使得资本家进一步残酷剥削劳动人民，不再有精神道德上的顾虑。
狄更斯、卡利尔、拉斯金及许许多多有社会责任感的作家们都极力批驳实用拜金主义，尤其是它对文化道德的贬低及对人类情感的漠然。
维多利亚文学作为一个时代的产物，自然带有宏大与多样性的特点。
维多利亚时代的小说
维多利亚时代的英国小说以现实主义为特征。
作为整个欧洲现实主义文艺思潮的一部分维多利亚时代的现实主义小说表现的是普世意义上的生活经验。
道德和常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题，又回到了文学主流中来。
此时期文学，真实地反映了时代的现实与精神，其中体现出的高度的活力，脚踏实地的精神，善意的幽默与无羁无绊的丰富联想都是空前的。
特别的是艾米莉’勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》，是那个时代的变徵之音。
《呼啸山庄》是一部有丰富象征意义的小说，在艺术手法上，结合了现实主义，浪漫主义，象征主义的边县手法。
一方面通过曲折生动的故事情节，典型的任务形象塑造，表象了英国乡村庄园的日常生活，爱情婚姻，反映19世纪特殊的历背景下，远离都市的庄园生活所受到的外来影响。
同时，小说通过一系列的象征手法，曲折地表达了一种隐蔽的“反家庭”倾向，如画眉山庄的排外与封闭，呼啸山庄的混乱无序。
另一方面，小说采用了大量的象征手法，梦境的运用，超自然力的表现等等。
在小说中，对大自然的描绘占有重要地位，作者通过人物的性格特征，人内心的风暴与大自然的风暴对应描写，表现了人与自然的密切联系。
小说中对于自然充满浪漫主义的激情描写，传达了鲜明的地方色彩。
寂寞的沼泽峡谷，荒凉的山顶上，被风雨摧残的荒野，寒冷的空气，坚硬的土地，形象地传达了苍凉荒凉所特有的那种惊心动魄的狂野。
在小说中，大自然作为男女主人公逃避家庭带来的痛苦的避难所，与家庭封闭，压抑的空间形成了鲜明的对照。
读完了艾米莉·勃朗特的呼啸山庄，有一种难以言表的复杂感受，或许出自于对艾米莉的深佩、或许也就是如同小说本身的主题，思想和艺术结构一般多元而耐人寻味，由此的一些感慨。
应该是在大约1847年左右，至今家喻户晓，世界文坛著名的勃朗特三姐妹中，年长的夏洛蒂·勃朗特和二姐艾米莉·勃朗特同时推出了各自不同寻常的小说。
当时谁也没有想到，亲姐妹的杰作问世之后，命运却大相径庭。
《简·爱》立刻受到热情地欢呼，是作者在一夜间留名于发展迅速的英国文坛，而《呼啸山庄》一开始就遭到评论界猛烈谴责。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点概要
Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901).
• The English people were proud of two queens in their history: Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901). There are similarities between the two queens. First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the throne for over forty years (1558-1603) and Queen Victoria more than 60 years (1837-1901).
accession in 1837 and her death in 1901. She ruled for 63 years, the longest in English history. The period has been
generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period. 2. To know something about the critical realist 3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing styles and major contribution to English literature.
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
• Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588. During the long reign of Queen Victoria, England grew the workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.
• With the introduction of the steam engine, it was possible for the capitalists to hire unskilled workers, such as women and children. Many skilled workers were unemployed, and what made the situations worse was the enforcement of the Corn Laws, which forbade importing any grain from foreign countries when the price of wheat dropped to a certain price; this measure kept wheat at a high price in the interests of the landed class. In 1845 serious crop failures in England and the potato blight in Ireland kept the price of bread still higher.
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点(课堂PPT)
英国文学史维多利亚时期 文学背景及特点
Victoria age:
-- began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer War in 1902.
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
the first fourteen years were filled with unrest, alarm and misery, and they contrasted with the growing prosperity and general good feeling of the succeeding twenty-two years when England, having committed herself to industrialism and free trade, because for a theme 'the workshop of the world'
• the last period 1880-ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ901, a period of decay of Victorian values.
• It can be divided into 2 periods:
– - Early Victoria Period （1832-1868）
– - Late Victoria Period （1869-1902）
英国文学史维多利 亚时期文学背景及
维多利亚时期文学的特点
维多利亚时期文学的特点维多利亚文学作为一个时代的产物，自然带有宏大与多样性的特点。
它是多侧面而且复杂的从各个角度，包括浪漫的与现实的反映了人民生活中的各种巨大变化，这个时代也诞生了一大批顶天立地的文学巨人。
1、小说这个时期，小说广泛流行，繁荣发展。
著名小说家有批判现实主义的狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗蒂姐妹、哥斯凯尔夫人（1810-1865〉与特罗洛普（1815-1882）等人。
这些批判现实主义小说家一方面重新倡导18世纪的现实主义，一方面又肩负起批判社会，保卫人民利益的责任。
尽管他们的创作角度与风格各不相同，但共同特点是关心广大百姓的生活与命运，他们为不人道的社会机构、堕落的社会道德、拜金主义的盛行及大面积的贫困与不公深感愤慨。
他们作品中对人民生活的真实写照和对社会制度的无情批判唤醒了公众对社会问题与社会发展的意识。
在19世纪末还出现了一位勇敢的女性小说家乔治·埃略特与一个不仅揭露批判社会丑恶现象，还大胆向维多利亚传统道德观发起攻击的文学家哈代。
2、散文维多利亚时代还产生了许多伟大的散文家。
其中许多人与批判现实主义小说家一道揭露抨击社会阴暗面，并在意识形态领域具有举足轻重的影响。
他们创作了大量重要的历史事件评述、宗教论文、散文及各种主题的演讲稿，同时他们将英国的散文与文学评论发展到一个新高点。
当时最有名的散文作品有卡利尔的《法国革命》（1837）与《*** 主义》（1840），麦考利的《英国历史》（1849-1861）拉斯金的五卷《现代画家》（1843一1860）及哈克斯雷的部分演讲稿。
3、诗歌维多利亚时期的诗歌具有风格标新、表达立异的特点，尝试这种改革的诗人有罗伯特·布朗宁，他创造了一种诗体小说，即把小说中对人物的塑造方式引用到诗歌中。
这使得诗体小说重点，从单纯对故事的叙述向人物内心世界的探究转变，使得维多利亚时期的诗歌带有心理分析的因素。
维多利亚时期文学，真实地反映了时代的现实与精神。
维多利亚时代文学：社会变革与个人命运
维多利亚时代文学：社会变革与个人命运引言维多利亚时代是19世纪中期到20世纪初英国历史上的一个重要时期，也是英国文学发展的黄金时代之一。
在这个时代里，英国社会经历了许多重大的变革和转型，这些变革不仅影响了整个社会结构，也对个体命运产生了深远的影响。
维多利亚时代文学正是通过描写社会变革与个人命运的关系，展现了那个独特而复杂的时代。
社会背景在维多利亚时代，随着工业革命的推进和科技进步，英国经济得到了极大发展。
城市化进程加速，工厂劳动者阶级开始崛起，并与传统贵族、地主阶级形成鲜明对比。
同时，教育改革、劳动法律等各项政策逐渐完善，为社会带来新的机遇和挑战。
文学风格及主题1.环境描写：维多利亚时代文学作品常常以详细而准确的环境描写为特点，通过对细节的刻画，反映了工业化带来的社会变革和环境状况。
2.阶级观念：文学作品中经常表现出阶级之间的冲突与矛盾，展现了不同社会阶层个体命运的差异和挣扎。
3.伦理道德：维多利亚时代强调伦理道德观念的重要性，文学作品中经常探索人性、品德与良知等问题，并呼吁人们遵守传统价值观。
文学家与作品1.查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）《雾都孤儿》：该小说以工厂劳动者为出发点，揭示了工业化进程中贫富悬殊与社会不公问题，同时展现了一个孤儿找到家庭和爱的故事。
2.爱米丽·布朗特（Emily Brontë）《呼啸山庄》：这部小说通过描述家族内部纷争与个体命运的联系，讲述了一段激情而又命运多舛的爱情故事。
3.托马斯·哈代（Thomas Hardy）《无名小卒》：该小说以一个出身贫寒的小郎中追求真爱的故事为主线，描绘了农村生活的残酷和个人命运的无奈。
维多利亚时代文学的影响维多利亚时代文学反映了当时社会变革与个人命运之间的关系，对后世文学产生了深远影响。
它不仅帮助人们更好地理解了那段重要历史时期，也启发了后来作家创作，并对英国社会产生了积极推动作用。
维多利亚时期的英国文学（考研资料）
维多利亚时期的英国文学（考研资料）English literature in the 20th century20世纪的英国文学1. Historical BackgroundHistorically：Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The First World War and the Second World War had greatly influenced the English literature.Economically:The Second World War marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire. Britain suffered heavy losses in the war: thousands of people were killed; the economy was ruined; and almost all its former colonies were lost. People were in economic, cultural, and belief crisis. Frequent economic depressions and mass unemployment sharpened the contradictions between the rich and the poor.Ideologically:The rise of the irrational philosophy and new science greatly incited modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships. (Scientific Socialism, Social Darwinism)2. Artistic features of modern periodRealismRealism was, to a certain extent, eclipsed by the rapid rise of modernism in the 1920s.In the 1930s, novelists began to turn their attention to the urgent social problems. They also enriched the traditional ways of creation by adopting some modernist techniques. However, the realist novels of this period were more or less touched by apessimistic mood, preoccupied with the theme of man’s loneliness, and shaped in different forms: social satires by Aldous Huxley and George Orwell, comic satires on the English upper class by Evelyn Waugh; and Catholic novels by Graham Greene.The Angry Young Man: A group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background in the mid-1950s and early 1960s.They demonstrated a particular disillusion幻灭over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded过时的social and political values in their society. Kingsley Amis was the first to start the attack on the middle-class privileges and power in his novel Lucky Jim (1954). The term “The Angry Young Man” came to be widely used. Having been merged and interpenetrated with modernism in the past several decades, the realistic novels of the 1960s and 1970s appeared in a new face with a richer, more vigorous and more diversified style.二十世纪英国现实主义文学改变了维多利亚时代那种高雅温和的倾向，加强了对英国社会的保守性和虚伪性的批判，具有一种冷峻地直面人生的特点。
维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学研究
综上所述，英国维多利亚时期女性小说文学伦理学批评具有重要的历史意义 和现实价值。通过对这一时期女性小说家及其作品的深入探讨，我们可以更好地 理解那个时代的伦理观念和社会价值观念，同时也能对我们的现代社会产生积极 的影响和启示。
感谢观看
3、民族文化的传承
维多利亚时期的英国儿童幻想文学还具有民族文化的传承性。许多作品都将 英国的历史、文化和传统融入其中，使得孩子们在享受奇幻世界的同时，能够更 好地了解和传承本民族的优秀文化。
二、维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想 文学的发展历程
1、起步阶段
维多利亚时期的英国儿童幻想文学起步于19世纪初期，此时的作品主要以传 统的寓言和神话为主。这一阶段的代表作家包括约翰·班扬和乔治·麦克唐纳等。
3、弗朗西斯·霍奇森·伯内特
弗朗西斯·霍奇森·伯内特是维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学的代表作家之 一，她的作品《秘密花园》是一部描绘了奇幻花园世界的经典之作。这部作品以 其浓厚的情感色彩和深刻的哲理，成为了孩子们的挚爱。
四、总结与启示
维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学作为世界文学宝库中的一朵瑰宝，具有独特 的艺术魅力和教育价值。这一时期的作品充满了奇幻色彩，将孩子们带入了神秘 的幻想世界，同时又承载了深厚的教育意义。通过对于这些作品的研究与赏析， 我们可以从中汲取灵感，为当代文学创作提供借鉴与启示。
首先，维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学强调奇幻色彩和神秘感，这使得孩子 们在阅读过程中能够充分发挥想象力，激发创造力。当代文学创作中可以借鉴这 一特点，通过描绘奇妙的幻想世界和生动的角色形象，为孩子们提供更加丰富多 样的阅读体验。
其次，维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学具有深厚的教育意义，通过寓言和隐 喻来传递道德、价值观和哲理。当代文学创作中可以学习这种表现手法，将教育 元素与文学作品相结合，为孩子们提供既有娱乐性又有教育性的阅读材料。
英美文学选读复习资料 4. 维多利亚时期
一．学习目的和要求通过本章的学习，对19世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治，经济，历史，文化背景，对维多利亚时代的诗歌，散文，小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，以及对该时代主要作家的生平，观点，创作旨意，艺术品特点及其代表作的主题，结构，语言，人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。
并通过作品选读加深体会感受，增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。
二．考核要求（一）维多利亚时期概述1．识记:（1）维多利亚时期的界定（2）社会政治，经济，文化背景。
2．领会:（1）维多利亚时期的文学特点（2）批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响。
3．应用：宪章运动，功利主义，批判现实主义，戏剧独自等名词的解释（二）该时期的重要作家1．一般识记：重要作家的生平与创作生涯2．识记: 重要作品及主要内容3．领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。
4．应用:（1）狄更斯和萨克雷作品的批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法，艺术特色。
（2）小说《简·爱》，《呼啸山庄》的主题思想与人物塑造。
（3）"我逝去的公爵夫?quot;中的戏剧独白。
（4）乔泊·艾略特和哈代小说中环境，氛围描述与人物内世界的展示。
A. Introduction to the Victorian Period1. 识记(1) Definition: the Victorian PeriodChronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.(2) Political, Economical & Cultural BackgroundThe early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soon geared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reached its highest point of development as a world power. And yet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science& technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people's religious convictions. Darwin's The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.2. 领会(1) Features of the Victorian LiteratureVictorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded.(2) Features of Victorian novelsIn this period, the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people's life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.3. 应用 Definitions of several terms1) The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.2) UtilitarianismAlmost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.3) Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrumentof human progress.4) Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In " listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his "My Last Duchess" is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.>> 点击下载资料/index.php?action-viewnews-itemid-83743-php-1B. Victorian WritersI. Charles Dickens1．一般识记 His Life & Literary CareerCharles Dickens (1812-1870) was born at Portsmouth. His father, a poor clerk in the Navy Pay office, was put into the Marsalsea Prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old. The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground cellar at a shoe-blacking factory - a position he considered most humiliating. We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens's novels. In 1827, Charles entered a lawyer's office, & two years later he became a Parliamentary reporter for newspapers. From 1833 Dickens began to write occasional sketches of London life, which were later collected & published under the title Sketches by Boz (1836). Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. And since then, his life became one of endless hard work. In his later years, he gave himself to public readings of his works, which brought plaudits & comfort but also exhausted him. In 1870, this man of great heart & vitality died of overwork, leaving his last novel unfinished.2. 识记His Major WorksUpon his death, Dickens left to the world a rich legacy of 15 novels & a number of short stories. They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. In nearly all his novels, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery, is his gentleness, his genial mirth, & his simple faith in mankind.The following is a list of his novels & other collections in three periods:(1) Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist (1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge(1841)(2) Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Notes (1842); Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845); A Christmas Carol (1843); Dombey & Son (1846-1848); David Copperfield (1849-1850)(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House (1852-1853); Hard Times (1854); Little Dorrit (1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities (1859); Great Expectations (1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865); Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1870)3. 领会 Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such " typical characters under typical circumstances," that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.(3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.(4) The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.4. 领会 His Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield & so on.His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare's. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens's works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos.5. 应用 Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter III of Oliver TwistThe novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the 19th-century London. The author's intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order & of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure.This section, Chapter III of the novel, is a detailed account of how he is punished for that "impious & profane offence of asking for more" & how he is to be sold. At three pound ten, to Mr. Gamfield, the notorious chimneysweeper. Though we can afford a smile now & then, we feel more the pitiable state of the orphan boy & the cruelty & hypocrisy of the workhouse board.II. The Bronte Sisters1. 一般识记 Their lives & literary CareerCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855), Emily Bronte (1818-1848), & their gifted sister Anne Bronte (1820-1849), came from a large family of Irish origin. Their father was a clergyman at Haworth, Yorkshire. When they were young, the Bronte sisters were sent to a school for clergymen's daughters. The oldest two died there due to the poor & unhealthy conditions. This experience inspired the later portrayal of Lowood School in the novel Jane Eyre (1847). After the death of the elder sisters, Charlotte & Emily were brought home to be educated by their father. For some time, they worked in a boarding school & were subsequently governesses in rich families.Charlotte & her two younger sisters had a great fondness for literature. In 1845 appeared a volume of poetry entitled Poems by Carrer, Ellis & Acton Bell (the pseudonyms of Charlotte, Emily & Anne), but received little attention. Then the three sisters turned to novel writing. Charlotte's first novel The Professor was rejected by the publisher. But her second one, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in 1847. In the same year, Emily's single & unique work Wuthering Heights & Anne's Agnes Grey were also published. Soon they were followed by Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848).After the death of Emily & Anne, Charlotte continued writing. Her next important novel Shirley, a work about the industrial troubles between the mill-owners & machine-breakers in Yorkshire in 1811-1812 came out in 1849. Another novel Villette appeared in 1853. This is her most autobiographical work, largely based on her experience in Brussels. In 1854, charlotte married her father's curate. She died a few months later in pregnancy. The Professor, her first written work, was published posthumously in 1857.2. 识记 Charlotte's Literary CreationCharlotte Bronte's works are all about the struggle of an individual towards self-realization, about some lonely & neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, & understanding & a full, happy life. All her heroines' highest joy comes from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome. Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On the one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy & other evils of the upper classes & by showing the misery & suffering of the poor. Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class workingwomen, particularly governesses. On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by intensity of vision & of passion. By writing from an individual point of view, by creating characters who are possessed of strong feelings, fiery passions & some extraordinary personalities, by using some elements of horror, mystery & prophesy, she is able to recreate life in a very romantic way. The vividness of her subjective narration, the intensely achieved characterization, especially those heroines who are totally contrary to the public expectations & the most truthful presentation of the economical, moral, social life of the time -all this earns her works a never dying popularity.3. 应用 Selected ReadingsExcerpt One: from Chapter XXIII of Jane Eyre by charlotte BronteThe work is one of the most popular & important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions, the social discrimination & the false social convention as concerning love & marriage. At the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical & moral tests to grow up & achieve her final happiness. The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine. Jane Eyre is a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Jane Eyre's character:Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit & a longing to love & be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, & even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive, kind-hearted, noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love. Jane Eyre represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience. The selected part is taken from Chapter XXIII, not long after Jane is back from her aunt's funeral. Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester but she is aware that her love is out of the question. So, when forced to confront Mr. Rochester, she desperately & openly declared her equality with him & her love for him. The passion described here is intense & genuine. Excerpt Two: from Chapter XV of Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte1) Emily's subject matterAs far as Emily's literary creation is concerned, she is, first of all, a poet Her 193 poems, mostly devoted to the matter of nature with its mysterious workings & its unaccountable influence upon people's life, are works of strange sublimity & beauty. They are ample proof for the poetic genius of this young, reclusive woman. But, to the common readers, she is better known today as the author of that most fascinating novel, Wuthering Heights.2) The theme of the novelThe novel is a riddle which means different things to different people. From the social point of view, it is a story about a poor man abused, betrayed & distorted by his social betters because he is a poor nobody. As a love story, this is one of the most moving: the passion between Heathcliff & Catherine proves the most intense, the most beautiful & at the same time the most horrible passion ever to be found possible in human beings.3) The structure of the novelThe novel has a unique structure: the story is told through independent narrators unidentical with the author, whose personality is therefore completely absent from the book. The story is told mainly by Nelly, Catherine's old nurse, to Mr. Lockwood, a temporary tenant at Grange. The latter too gives an account of what he sees at Wuthering Heights. And part of the story is told through Isabella's letters to Nelly. While the central interest is maintained, the sequence of its development is constantly disordered by flashbacks. This makes the story all the more enticing & genuine.The excerpt taken here is from ChapterXV, the death scene of Catherine, narrated by Nelly to Mr. Lockwood. When Edgar is away at church, Heathcliff seizes the chance to see the dying Catherine. The intense love between the two is fully shown in this agonizing scene.III. Alfred Tennyson1.一般识记 His Life & Literary CareerAlfred Tennyson (1809-1892) is certainly the most representative Victorian poet. His poetry voices the doubt & the faith, the grief & the joy of the English people in an age of fast social changes. He was born at Somersby, Linconshire, the fourth son of a rather learned clergyman. In 1827, he & his elder brother published Poems by Two Brothers. In this juvenile work the influence of Byron & an attraction to oriental themes were shown. He was educated at the Trinity College, Cambridge & published his first signed work Poems, Chiefly Lyrical (1830) there. In 1832, one year after he left Cambridge, he published Poems, which contained a variety of poems, beautiful in melody & rich in imagery. In 1842, his next issue of Poems came out, collected in the book are the dramatic monologue "Ulysses", the epic narrative " Morte d'Arthur," the exquisite idylls "Dora" & " The Gardener's Daughter," etc. In 1847, The Princess was published. Written in blank verse, it deals with the theme of women's rights & position. In 1850, Tennyson was appointed the Poet Laureate & he published his greatest work In Memoriam. The rest years of Tennyson's life was comfortable & peaceful, but he never stopped writing. In 1855, Tennyson published a monodrama Maud, a collection of short lyrics. Among the other works of his later period, "Rizpah," "Enoch Arden," " Merlin & the Gleam" & " Crossing the Bar" are worthy of note.2.识记 His major poetic works & their theme1) In MemoriamPresumably it is an elegy on the death of Hallam, yet less than half of its l00 pieces are directly connected with him. The poet here does not merely dwell on the personal bereavement. As a poetic diary, the poem is also an elaborate & powerful expression of the poet's philosophical & religious thoughts - his doubts about the meaning of life, the existence of the soul & the afterlife, & his faith in the power of love & the soul's instinct & immortality. Such doubts & beliefs were shared by most people in an age when the old Christian belief was challenged by new scientific discoveries, though to most readers today, the real attraction of the poem lies more in its profound feeling & artistic beauty than in the philosophical & religious reflections. The familiar trance-like experience, mellifluous rhythm & pictorial descriptions make it one of the best elegies in English literature.2) Idylls of the Kin g (1842-1885)It is his most ambitious work which took him over 30 years to complete. It is made up of 12 books of narrative poems, based on the Celtic legends of King Arthur & his Knights of the Round Table. But it is not a mere reproduction of the old legend, though. It is a modern interpretation of the classic myth. For one thing, the moral standards & sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people. For another, the story of the rise & fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization, which , in Tennyson's mind , is going on a spiritual decline & will end in destruction.3.领会Artistic Features of His PoetryTennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressions, & these two with the feelings. He has perfect control of the sound of English, & a sensitive ear, an excellent choice & taste of words. His poetry is rich in poetic images & melodious language, & noted for its lyrical beauty & metrical charm. His works are not only the products of the creative imagination of a poetic genius but also products of a long & rich English heritage. His wonderful works manifest all the qualities of England's great poets. The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake & Coleridge, the melody of Keats & Shelley, & the narrative vigor of Scott & Byron, --- all these striking qualities are evident on successive pages of Tennyson's poetry.4. 应用 Selected Readings(1) Break, Break, Break (1)This short lyric is written in memory of Tennyson's best friend, Arthur Hallam, whose death has a lifelong influence on the poet. Here, the poet's own feelings of sadness are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children & the unfeeling movement of the ship & the sea waves. The beauty of the lyric is to be found in the musical language & in the association of sound & images with feelings & emotions. The poem contains 4 quatrains, with combined iambic & anapaestic feet. Most lines have three feet & some four. The rhyme scheme is a b c b.(2) Crossing the Bar (1)This poem was written in the later years of Tennyson's life. Although not the last poem written by Tennyson in his long creative career, this poem appears, at his request, as the final poem in all collections of his works. The scene is sketched with a few strokes: sunset & the evening star, the twilight and the evening bell, & then the dark. The ship is ready to go out of the harbor. It will cross the bar & reach the vast open sea for the long voyage that it is to make. The allegory of the poem is clear. Tennyson is in the evening of life, & the "clear call" of death will come soon. But when he has crossed the border between life & death to go on that voyage beyond the bound of Time & Place, he hopes then to see his "Pilot," God, face to face. From the moving imagery & the pleasant sound of the poem, we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God & an afterlife.(3) Ulysses(1)In Greek mythology, Ulysses is the king of the Ithaca Island. He is the hero in many literary classics. In Homer's Odessey (the Greek name for Ulysses), Ulysses eventually arrives home after the ten-year Trojan war & another ten-year's adventures at sea. However, according to Dante, Ulysses never returns to his home place Ithaca, but urges his men to go on exploring westward. Tennyson combines these two versions. In this poem, Ulysses is now three years back in his homeland, reunited with his wife Penelope & his son Telemachus, & resumes his rule over the land. But he will not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life. Old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him & to sail again to pursue a new world & new knowledge. Written in the form of dramatic monologue, the poem not only expresses, through the mouth of the heroic Ulysses, Tennyson's own determination & courage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness & aspiration of the age.IV. Robert Browning1.一般识记His life &Literary CareerRobert Browning (1812-1889) was born in a well-off family & received his education mainly from his private tutor, & from his father, who gave him the freedom to follow his own interest. In 1833, he published his first poetic work Pauline, which brought great embarrassment upon him. But in his second attempt Sordello (1840), he went too far in self-correction that the poem became so obscure as to be hardly readable. He even tried play writing but failed. All these frustrating experiences forced the poet to develop a literary form that suited him best & actually give full swing to this genius, i.e. the dramatic monologue.In 1846, Browning married Elizabeth Barrett, a famous poetess whose famous book of love poetry was Sonnets from the Portuguese. In 1869 Browing's masterpiece, The Ring & the Book, came out. In 1889, Browning died & was buried in the Poet's Corner, Westminster Abbey, beside Tennyson.2.识记His major worksDramatic Lyrics (1842), Dramatic Romances & Lyrics (1845), Bells & Pomegranates (1846), Men & Women (1855), Dramatic Personae (1864), The Ring & the Book (1868-1869) & Dramatic Idylls (1880)3.领会Characteristic of The Ring & the Book: Dramatic M onologueIn this poem, Browning chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In "listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened.4.领会Robert Browning's artistic characteristics(1) The name of Browning is often associated with the term "dramatic monologue." Although it is not his invention, it is in his hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity& perfection.(2) Browning's poetry is not easy to read. His rhythms are often too fast, too rough & unmusical(3) The syntax is usually clipped & highly compressed. The similes & illustrations appear too profusely. The allusions & implications are sometimes odd & far-fetched. All this makes up his obscurity.On the whole, Browning's style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets. He is like a weather-beaten pioneer, bravely & vigorously trying to beat a track through the jungle. His poetic style belongs to the 20th-century rather than to the Victorian age.5. 应用 Selected Readings:1) My Last Duchess (1)"My Last Duchess" is Browning's best-known dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16th-century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his "last duchess," the duke reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel & tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse.2) Meeting at Night (1)Meeting at Night, together with Parting at Morning, appeared originally under the single title Night & Morning. Browning made them separate poems in a late edition of his work. The speaker。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
Thirdly, during their reigns, literature flourished. In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare. whereas in the age of Queen Victoria, novel flourished and with it a galaxy of brilliant novelists appeared on the literary scene.
The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods
the early period 1832-1854, a time of social unrest;
the middle period 1855-1879, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy;
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period.
2. To know something about the critical realist 3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing
The second accomplishment of the Reform Bill was to eliminate the “rotten boroughs” and gave the vacant seats to the industrial cities. This Bill broke the monopoly in Parliament of the conservative landowners and ended the long reign of the Tory party which had been in power almost continuously from 1783 to 1830. The Whig party, which represented the interests of the industrial capitalists and businessmen, came into power.
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点 PPT
大家学习辛苦了，还是要坚持
继 续保持 安静
• Thirdly, during their reigns, literature flourished. In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare. whereas in the age of Queen Victoria, novel flourished and with it a galaxy of brilliant novelists appeared on the literary scene.
• Victoria ；
• the queen Victoria’s
accession in 1837 and her death in 1901. She ruled for 63 years, the longest in English
history. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.
3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing styles and major contribution to English literature.
Historical Background
VictoriLeabharlann age:-- began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer War in 1902.
维多利亚女王时期的艺术文学与文化变革
维多利亚女王时期的艺术文学与文化变革维多利亚女王时期的艺术、文学与文化变革在19世纪的英国，维多利亚女王统治下的时期，艺术、文学和文化经历了一场革命性的变革。
这是一个富有创造力和变革力量的时代，对于英国社会和全球范围内的文化发展产生了深远的影响。
本文将重点讨论维多利亚女王时期的艺术、文学与文化变革，以及这些变革对当代世界的影响。
一. 艺术的维多利亚时代：新浪潮与创新维多利亚女王时期的艺术呈现出一种多样性和创新性的特点。
这个时期的艺术家们研究并吸收了来自欧洲大陆的现代主义思潮，同时也受到当时的科技创新和工业发展的影响。
这一时期出现了许多具有创新性和突破性的艺术风格和流派。
1. 印象主义流派：印象主义艺术家们以其对光线、色彩和观察自然的独特创作方式，引领了维多利亚女王时期的艺术变革。
著名画家莫奈、雷诺阿等人以他们的作品展现了对真实的观察和情感的表达，挑战了当时传统艺术的观念。
2. 艺术与工艺品运动：在这一时期，出现了一股倡导艺术与手工艺品结合的运动。
威廉·莫里斯等人成立了艺术与工艺品社团，他们提倡通过手工制作来创造出优美和实用的艺术品。
这场运动对后来英国和国际艺术设计产生了重要的影响。
3. 丧钟神秘主义：维多利亚时代的艺术中，浪漫主义和古典风格相结合的丧钟神秘主义成为一种流行的艺术风格。
这种风格强调了情感、幻想和超自然力量，为维多利亚时代的文学和神秘主义思潮提供了支持。
二. 文学作品的丰富与多样性维多利亚女王时期也是英国文学史上的黄金时期，许多重要的文学作品在这一时期问世，并对当代文学产生了深远的影响。
1. 查尔斯·狄更斯的长篇小说：狄更斯以其揭示社会阶层、关注社会问题的作品而闻名。
《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等作品描绘了维多利亚时代工业革命带来的社会变革与不平等。
2. 罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森的奇幻文学：史蒂文森的作品《金银岛》、《化身博士》等奇幻小说，为维多利亚时代的冒险和想象力开辟了新的道路。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods
• the early period 1832-1854, a time of social unrest;
• the middle period 1855-1879, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy;
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period.
2. To know something about the critical realist
3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing styles and major contribution to English literature.
H
-- began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer War in 1902.
• Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588. During the long reign of Queen Victoria, England grew the workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.
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• It can be divided into 2 periods:
– - Early Victoria Period （1832-1868）
– - Late Victoria Period （1869-1902）
3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing styles and major contribution to English literature.
Historical Background
Victoria age:
-- began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer War in 1902.
一 Political
• 1 Reform • 2 Chartist Movement (1838-48)
The Progress of Reform
• ① great changges in administration • leadership/ financial policy
the first fourteen years were filled with unrest, alarm and misery, and they contrasted with the growing prosperity and general good feeling of the succeeding twenty-two years when England, having committed herself to industrialism and free trade, because for a theme 'the workshop of the world'
• Thirdly, during their reigns, literature flourished. In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare. whereas in the age of Queen Victoria, novel flourished and with it a galaxy of brilliant novelists appeared on the literary scene.
The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods
• the early period 1832-1854, the middle period 1855-1879, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy;
• Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588. During the long reign of Queen Victoria, England grew the workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.
• Victoria ；
• the queen Victoria’s
accession in 1837 and her death in 1901. She ruled for 63 years, the longest in English
history. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.
Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901).
• The English people were proud of two queens in their history: Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901). There are similarities between the two queens. First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the throne for over forty years (1558-1603) and Queen Victoria more than 60 years (1837-1901).
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period.
2. To know something about the critical realist