(完整版)高中语法之常用时态语态详解

第四章时态和语态
一．动词的时态
英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有8种，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。

一. 一般现在时.
1.构成. be动词：am is are ; 其他动词用动词原形，当主语是第三人称单数时要在谓语动词后加“s”，其变化规则与名词变复数一致。

2.用法. 1). 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。

如usually, always, often, seldom, never, every...,
eg. I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
I don’t leave home for school at 7 every morning.
Do I leave home for school at 7 every morning?
He usually gets up early.
He doesn’t usually get up early.
Does he usually get up early?
2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。

eg. The earth moves around the sun.
The earth doesn’t move around the sun 否定句
Does the earth move around the sun? 疑问句
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
Shanghai doesn’t lie in the east of China 否定句
Does Shanghai lie in the east of China? 疑问句
Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees.
3) 表示格言或警句中
eg. Pride goes before a fall.
注意. 此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

eg. Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。

既用于某些不用于进行时态的静态动词表示现在的行为和状态。

eg. She is shy. We love our country. Tom writes good English.
5) 某些动词如come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, finish, continue, start 等，在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。

按时刻表发生
eg. The train comes at 3 o'clock.
6) 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。

eg. I'll help you as soon as you have problem.
Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.
7) 用于文章标题、故事介绍、实况解说等。

eg. There is a piece of meat in the crow's mouth and the fox wants to eat it.
He puts the sugar in the cup.
二．一般过去时
1. 构成：be动词用was were ;其他动词用动词的过去式。

2. 用法：1). 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。

eg. I worked in that factory last year.
I didn’t work in the factory last year 否定句
Did I work in the factory last year? 疑问句
He was born on May 1,1999.
He wasn’t born on May 1.1999
Was he born on May 1. 1999？
2). 表示过去发生的经常、反复的动作或状态。

He was always the first to come.
注意. 1) 过去经常反复发生的动作，也可用used to或would加动词原形来表达，
eg. I used to go fishing on Sundays.
2) used to也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态.
eg. This river used to be clean.
3)陈述过去的事实。

eg. He came to borrow a book.
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
4)用一般过去时表现在，以使语气更加委婉，常用于情态动词could, would, might及行为动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend等。

eg. Could you tell me the way to the bus station?
I wondered if you could help me.
三．一般将来时
1. 构成：will + do 当主语是第一人称时还可以用shall
2. 用法
1）表示将来的动作或状态。

eg. I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.
I shall not attend the meeting tomorrow否定句
Shall I attend the meeting tomorrow? 疑问句
2）表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态。

eg. He will go to see his mother every Saturday.
He will not go to see his mother every Saturday否定句
Will he go to see his mother every Saturday? 疑问句
3)表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。

eg. Crops will die without water.
4）表示将来的意愿，决心，许诺，命令等时常用will，征求对方意见，主语是第一人称时，常用shall。

eg. I will do my best to catch up with them.
Shall I open the door?
3其他表示将来的形式
1）be + going + 动词不定式。

也是一种将来时句型，表示打算，计划，最近或将来要做的某事。

Eg. I am going to Beijing next week.
2）be + 动词不定式。

表示有职责，义务，可能，约定，意图等。

eg. There is to be a meeting this afternoon.
We are to meet the guests at the station.
3）be about + 动词不定式，表示马上，很快做某事,不与表示将来的时间状语连用, 但是可以与when 引导的时间状语从句连用
eg. They are about to leave.
I am about to leave when the telephone rings
4. 一般现在时表示将来的用法
a). 表示按时间表规定将要发生的事情（有时间状语），而且是周而复始发生的。

eg. The train starts at 6:35 tomorrow morning.
Next Teachers’ Day falls on a Saturday.
b). 用在时间、条件、让步状语从句中。

eg. Post the letter when you go to the post office.
c). 在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。

eg. I hope that they have a good time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
四. 现在进行时
1. 构成：am ，is，are + doing
2. 用法：
1）现在进行时表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作，它注重现在正在进行的动作，而不管动作从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束。

eg. --What are you doing now? --I am looking for my key.
2）现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作（但说话时这个动作不一定在进行）。

eg. The students are preparing for the examination.
The students are not preparing for the examination否定句
Are the students preparing for the examination?疑问句
3）某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作，这些动词有arrive, come, leave, start，go, set out等。

eg. They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.
When are you leaving?
4)瞬间动词的进行时可表示：
即将：The wounded soldier is dying.
反复：Someone is knocking at the door.
逐渐：The house is falling down.
5)与always, constantly, frequently, continually, forever, all the time等连用，表示赞叹、厌恶、不满等情感。

eg. He is always thinking of others.
You are always asking such silly questions.
注意. 进行时强调动作的过程，常与持续性动词连用，不和accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等瞬间动词连用。

下面的动词一般不可以用于进行时态
a). 表示状态的动词，尤其是静态动词，如：be, seem, appear, cost, owe, exist, include, measure 等。

b). 表示认识、知觉和情感的静止性动词，这些词不注重过程而是强调结果。

如：know, think （认为）, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer等。

如果强调过程，也可以用进行时
eg. What are you thinking(思考，想) about?
c). 有关所属关系的动词，如：belong to, consist of, contain, have, hold, possess, own等。

五. 过去进行时
1. 构成：was，were + doing
2. 用法：
1）表示过去某一时刻或某一动作发生时正在发生的动作。

eg. -- Why did you forget the time? --Oh, sorry. I was watering the flowers.
I was doing my homework when mother came in
I was not doing my homework when mother came in否定句
Was I doing my homework when mother came in? 疑问句
2). 过去进行时还可以用来表示过去的某个动作发生的背景情况。

eg. They were walking in the street when suddenly a bomb exploded.
3) 有些动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来
eg. He told her he was leaving soon.
Ten of them were coming for the meeting.
注意. 过去进行时和一般过去时的区别
过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情，但过去进行时侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或所处的状态，强调动作的连续进行，而一般过去时则表示单纯的过去事实，eg. They were building a house last month.（上个月正在建造，建造好与否不知）They built a new house last month. （上个月建造好了，动作已经完成）
六. 将来进行时
1. 构成: will be doing
2. 用法
1）将来进行时表示在将来某个时间正在发生的动作。

如：
eg. At this time tomorrow, I’ll be taking a test. 明天这时我会在考试。

This time next week I’ll be lying on the beach. 下星期这个时候我就会躺在沙滩上了。

Don’t phone me between 7 and 8 p. m. We’ll be having dinner then. 七八点钟之间别来电话，那时我们会在吃晚饭。

2）将来进行时表示安排将要做的事，与现在进行时有时可互换。

如：
eg. We’ll be spending the winter in Australia. 我们将在澳大利亚过冬。

We’re spending the winter in Australia.
注意. 为避免will给人误以为是表示“意愿”的情态动词，口语中表示单纯的将来时常用将来进行时。

如：
eg. Mary won’t pay this bill. 玛丽不肯付这笔钱。

(表示意愿)
Mary won’t be paying this bill. 不会由玛丽来付钱。

(单纯谈未来情况)
七. 现在完成时
1. 构成：have （has）+ done
2. 用法
1) 现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作,通常对现在产生影响或结果。

谓语动词可以由非延续性动词充当。

这种用法也被称为现在完成时的“完成用法”
eg. I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.
I have not bought a ten-speed bicycle 否定句
Have I bought a ten-speed bicycle? 疑问句
They have cleaned the classroom.
--Have you seen my glasses? --Yes, I saw them on your bed.
2) 现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。

现在完成时常与for +一段时间和since 引导的短语或从句连用。

谓语动词为持续性动词。

这种用法也被称为现在完成时的“未完成用法”
eg. We have lived here since 1976.
They have waited for more than two hours.
3）与现在完成时连用的时间状语
already, yet, before, recently, ever, for, since, in the last/past/recent few years, up to now, so far, by now等。

4）现在完成时不可与表示过去的时间状语连用。

如不可说：I have seen the film yesterday.
5)瞬间动词join, die, go, come, leave, marry, begin等的完成时态不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。

如不可说：He has joined the army for three years.
而应该说：He has been in the army for three years.或
He joined the army three tears ago.
6)瞬间动词的否定式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。

I haven’t written to you f or a long time.
注意. 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响；一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用。

eg. I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了，不涉及现在）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。

）
八. 过去完成时
1. 构成：had + done
1）过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态，过去完成时常和by , before 等词组成的短语或从句连用。

或者表示一个动作在另一个动作之前已经完成。

eg. We had already learned two thousand words by the end of last year.
We had not yet learned two thousand words by the end of last year否定句
Had we yet learned two thousand words by the end of last year? 疑问句
When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes.
2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。

eg. I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
注意. intended (expected, hoped, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth. 也表示“过去想做而没有做的事”。

I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
3）过去完成时常用的句型。

a). hardly, scarcely, barely +过去完成时+ when + 过去时
eg. Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
b). no sooner +过去完成时+ than + 过去时
eg. No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
c). by (the end of) + 过去时间，主句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。

eg. The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
d). It/This/That was the first (second, third…) time that 从句中用过去完成时。

eg. It was the first time that I had seen such a beautiful woman.
九．将来完成时
1. 构成：will have done
2. 用法：表示将来某个时刻已经完成的动作或状态。

eg. We will have finished our task by this time of next year.
We will not have finished our task by this time of next year 否定句
Will we have finished our task by this time of next year? 疑问句
Next month I will have worked here for five years.
I shall have finished the job by next Friday.
十. 过去将来时
1. 构成：would + do
2. 用法：过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在地状态，过去将来时较多地被运用在宾语从句中。

eg. They were going to have a meeting.
They were not going to have a meeting 否定句
Were they going to have a meeting? 疑问句
I would see him off at the station.
I would not see him off at the station 否定句
Would I see him off at the station? 疑问句
二. 动词的语态
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。

主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。

注意1．被动语态最基本的句型结构是：be +及物动词过去分词。

2．被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词
eg. I teach English English is taught
I reached the park The park was reached by me
He is donign his homework His homework is being done by him
They were building the bridge The bridge were being buil by them
He will publish the works The works will be published by him
They would win the match The match would be won by them
We have finished the task The task have been finished by us
He had leart 1000 words 1000 words had been learnt by him
He can work out the problem The problem can be worked out by him
We will have finished the project by the end of next month
The project will have been finished by the end of next month by us
因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被动语态。

The children were taken good care of by her.
【注意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。

3 主动语态变为被动语态要加to的情况
若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加to。

此类动词多为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。

例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
4．主动形式表示被动意义
（1）wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等动词在不表示动作，而表示主语的潜能、性状、特征等非动作意义时，用主动表示被动。

The book sells well.？)
The bus won’t move a bit.
(2)连系动词用主动形式表被动含义。

The food tastes good.
His theory sounded reasonable.
(3)在want, need, require, deserve, be worth, stand等表示“需要、值得、忍受”意义的词后作宾语的动名词，用主动形式表示被动含义。

The song is well worth listening to.
The house needs repairing.
(4)主语+ be + adj. +(for sb.) + to do句型中不定式用主动形式。

The rock is hard to break.
Morning air is fresh to breathe.。