物业管理系统论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
外文翻译---物业管理信息系统
标题：物业管理信息系统资料来源: 《物业管理信息系统》作者：拉斯Basiura, 迈克Batongbacal 物业管理信息系统按照物业管理的类型和范畴主要分为两大类型：住宅小区物业管理信息系统和非住宅物业管理信息系统。
小区物业管理信息系统是围绕物业管理企业的内部管理与小区的功能管理这两方得需求进行设计的。
系统具有人力资源管理、房产管理、财务管理、设备管理、客户服务与业主投诉、数据维护和系统安全等功能模块，提供全方位的数据存储、计算、查询、统计、汇总、输出等日常处理，不但能管理文本数据，还可以管理大量的图片资料，操作简便，业务流程规范，对具有不同特色的物业管理小区有着广泛的适应性。
住宅小区管理房产管理：针对物业管理企业所属的一切房产，对房产信息进行集中管理。
包括：详细描述记录小区、楼盘、业主单元的位置、物业类型、房屋结构、房号、户型等信息。
客户管理：帮助物业管理企业建立起完整的客户档案，对物业管理企业所管房屋的业主进行管理。
可详细记录业主的姓名、身份证号等描述信息。
财务管理：主要包括水电费标准的建立，水电气费用台账、综合费用台账、物业管理费用台账等管理。
设备管理：对小区内所有公用设备、设施及固定资产从其采购到更换，对其位置、数量、价格、维修、保养进行全面的管理。
车辆管理：对小区内的车辆进行管理，主要包括管理客户的车辆档案及车辆事件，了解与业主相关的附属信息，为业主提供更周全的服务。
物业管理企业的内部管理物业管理企业的内部管理一般包括企业办公自动化、领导综合查询、财务计划与预算、人力资源管理、物资采购、外协单位管理、文件合同管理、企业知识管理功能。
办公自动化：包括电子邮件、公告通知、工作流审批、新闻管理、会议申请与安排、BBS等功能，支持在集团、分公司、管理处多层面上的直接沟通，强化管理力度、实现扁平化管理。
领导综合查询：专门供公司领导查询各区域公司、各管理处、各项业务的处理状况和所有管理处的综合统计数据，方便管理人员分析问题。
物业管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：Promoting sustainability in the United States multifamily property management industry（促进美国多户型住宅物业管理行业的可持续发展）国外作者：EA Hopkins，DC Read，RC Goss文献出处：《Journal of Housing and the Built Environment》,2016,32(2):1- 16字数统计：英文 3593 单词，21196 字符；中文 6168 汉字外文文献：Promoting sustainability in the United States multifamilyproperty management industryAbstract Efforts to promote environmental sustainability in the real estate industry continue to proliferate throughout the United States in response to both economic and social forces. This trend has received a considerable amount of attention in the academic literature, yet relatively little is known about the importance of sustainability to third-party property management firms operating in the multifamily sector of the housing market. For those interested in promoting sustainability, an important question that arises is whether barriers to environmentally-friendly business practices commonly observed throughout the housing industry extend to the market for third-party property management services. A second question of equal relevance focuses on determining what sustainability initiatives third-party property management firms are actually using in their efforts toprocure new clients or retain existing ones. The qualitative analysis presented in this paper is one of the first to the authors’ knowl edge to explore third-party property managers’ perceptions about sustainability in an attempt to address the aforementioned issues. The findings of this study support two overarching conclusions. First, sustainability is increasingly being promoted by large, third-party property management firms in the multifamily housing industry. Nonetheless, numerous barriers are perceived to exist that may impinge upon future efforts to reduce the environmental impact of the rental housing stock. Second, some firms appear to be better positioned than others to take advantage of sustainability initiatives as a result of the types of properties they manage and the characteristics of the owners they represent.Keywords: Business strategy, Environmental sustainability, Green buildings, Multifamily housing, Property management1.IntroductionEfforts to promote environmental sustainability (hereafter ‘‘sustainability’’) in the real estate industry continue to proliferate throughout the United States in response to both economic and social forces. This trend has received a considerable amount of attention in the academic literature, yet relatively little is known about the importance of sustainability to third-party property management firms operating in the multifamily sector of the housing market. Third-party property management firms, defined as those who actively engage in the fee management of apartment communities in which they do not have an ownership interest, act in an advisory role to their clients by providing a wide array of services. These services can include marketing, leasing, budgeting, maintenance and repairs, staffing, property policies and procedures, capital improvements, rent collection, bill payments, establishment of rental rates, and resident relations. This gap in the extant research is noteworthy because these firms manage millions of apartment units across the country and thenumber continues to grow. There are currently 19.7 million apartment homes in the United States representing $1.3 trillion to the economy and there could be 5 million new rental households formed by 2023 (National Multifamily Housing Council 2015). Third-party property management firms are therefore, well positioned to reduce the environmental impact of the rental housing stock if they have the ability, autonomy and inclination to do so when making management decisions.For those interested in promoting sustainability, an important question that arises is whether barriers to environmentally-friendly business practices commonly observed throughout the housing industry extend to the market for third-party property management services. Notable examples include a reluctance to embrace new technologies, concerns about implementation costs, skepticism regarding consumer demand, and a lack of clear definitions and communicative frameworks. A second question of equal relevance focuses on determining what sustainability initiatives third-party property management firms are actually using in their efforts to procure new clients and retain existing ones. Gaining a better understanding of these practices is anticipated to shed light on whether sustainability agendas are viewed as an effective way to improve the operational efficiency of multifamily properties or simply as a means of satisfying the corporate social responsibility commitments of institutional real estate owners.The quali tative analysis presented in this paper is one of the first to the authors’ knowledge to explore third-party property managers’ perceptions about sustainability in an attempt to address the aforementioned issues. A series of semi-structured interviews are conducted with executives representing some of the most prominent firms in the multifamily housing industry to complete the task. Those participating in the research are asked to assess the importance of sustainability to their clients, as well as to identify any sustainable management practices currently being used in the business development process to differentiate their firms from competitors.The paper begins with a discussion of the property manager’s role in promotingsustainability. Next, consistent barriers encountered in implementation of sustainability initiatives in the housing and rental housing industries are reviewed. An overview of the data and methodology used to examine the extent which firms promote sustainability in their business development process is presented next. This is followed by a summary of the interview results and an analysis of these results. The paper concludes with key findings of the study, research limitations, and issues in need of further analysis.2.The third-party property manager’s role in promoting sustainabilityThere are four distinct phases in the building lifecycle where decisions can be made to promote environmental sustainability: material manufacturing, construction, use and maintenance, and end of life (Bayer et al. 2010). Material manufacturing includes activities such as manufacturing raw materials and transportation of these building products, the construction phase includes the activities of the actual building of the project, the use and maintenance phase involves managing the building operations such as energy and water usage and maintenance and repairs, and the end of life phase occurs when the building has reached its end of life and is decommissioned with materials either being disposed to landfills or being recycled and reused (Bayer et al. 2010). Third-party property management firms do not typically have a significant amount of influence in all of these phases, but they are well-positioned to advocate on behalf of sustainability initiatives that affect the way multifamily properties are operated once construction is complete. It is also important to note that the end of life stage can be delayed by effective maintenance which extends the building’s physical life and makes the building more sustainably developed (Christudason 2002). The extant real estate literature outlines a number of steps that can be taken to achieve these objectives. Some of the most commonly cited practices focus on establishing clear channels of communication between property managers and their clients; modifying apartment lease structures to realign theallocation of costs and benefits among the parties involved; and investing in human capital to increase awareness of environmental concerns.First and foremost, third-party property managers can empower the owners they work for to make more sustainable business decisions by providing them with information. Since these professionals control granular data measuring the operational efficiency of the real estate assets they manage, they can potentially encourage owners to invest in capital improvements promoting resource conservation and other environmentally favorable outcomes if they can clearly illustrate the resultant financial benefits (Wai-chung Lai 2006; Kyro¨et al. 2012). Property managers can also provide their clients with information about the rent and sales premiums that can potentially be achieved as a result of environmentally friendly design features and programming (Zieba et al. 2013). Multiple studies show that green buildings often command higher rents and sales prices than conventional buildings (Eichholtz et al. 2010; Fuerst and McAllister 2011; Miller et al. 2008).Property managers can also advise their clients about the advantages offered by environmentally-friendly leases. The provisions included in these leases impose few direct costs on real estate owners, while generating environmental benefits by requiring tenants to engage in sustainable behaviors such as using public transportation, composting or participating in recycling programs (Caulfield 2015). For example, a green lease could include an energy efficiency upgrade clause where tenants agree to have increased monthly rents to cover these costs. Besides the obvious environmental benefits, this can be mutually beneficial to the tenant and owner as the owner can receive a return on his or her investment and the tenant’s overall rental expenses can be lowered if the monthly energy savings are higher than the monthly rent increase (SPUR 2009).Finally, third-party property management firms can work to ensure site managers and maintenance staff are appropriately trained in sustainable practices and procedures. Such training has been shown to effect the priorities of real estatepractitioners, as well as their commitment to sustainability (Kyro¨et al. 2012; Saha and Paterson 2008; Oladokun 2010). One way to implement this training is through an environmental management system (EMS). An EMS is a comprehensive environmental program addressing environmental training, executive management support, teamwork, rewards, and empowerment while also documenting the process from commitment and policy to review and improvement (Daily and Huang 2001). An even more integrated method is to train staff on how sustainability measures impact financial performance. As more companies are seeing sustainable efforts increase revenue and decrease operating costs (Epstein and Roy 2003), a framework to implement sustainability into operations and decision making processes is h elpful.3.Housing industry barriersThe unwillingness to embrace new sustainable technologies continues to pervade the housing industry (Pinkse and Dommisse 2009). One reason for this struggle stems from the fact that many technological activities are outsourced (Pinkse and Dommisse 2009). Furthermore, new technologies are not being embraced due to the qualitative attributes of some of these new technologies (Jaffe and Stavins 1994). For example, the hue of energy efficient lightbulbs can be less aesthetically pleasing than more traditional lightbulbs. Another reason for the lack of energy conservation technology adoption is the lack of information available (Jaffe and Stavins 1994; Pinkse and Dommisse 2009; Toole 1998). This lack of information can cause uncertainty.Implementation costs also present a struggle in the residential building sector when deciding on sustainable initiatives implementation. The principal-agent problem remains persistent throughout the literature. Construction companies are hesitant to undertake the incorporation of energy-efficient technologies because the financial benefactor of lower utility bills are the end-users of the building, not the construction company (Farrell et al. 2007; Jaffe and Stavins 1994). These challenges, coupled with the fact that many companies do not have the proper systems in place to evaluate thecosts and benefits of sustainable building practices, compounds the problem (Epstein and Roy 2003).Another major obstacle to sustainability adoption within the housing industry is skepticism regarding consumer demand. One reason for this skepticism is the lack of information provided to retailers and consumers regarding sustainability opportunities. From the retail perspective, knowledge on new sustainable products is needed just as much as existing conventional products in order to understand both options (Toole 1998). On the consumer side, educating homebuyers on the advantages and consequences of sustainable technologies can be helpful during the decision making process (Farrell et al. 2007; Pinkse and Dommisse 2009). Another cause for this obstacle is that consumers make decisions regarding sustainable features, such as energy use, based on more than just financial considerations. Consumers, no matter their income level, take into account the comfort and convenience versus strictly financial considerations when deciding on their energy use (Farrell et al. 2007). Furthermore, capital is often not available to the end user to invest in more efficient technologies (Farrell et al. 2007).4.Rental housing barriersAlong with the aforementioned barriers within the housing market, there are potential barriers to sustainability that are unique to the rental housing market. Lease provisions commonly used in the multifamily housing industry pose a problem because tenants are typically required to pay their own utility bills. This creates a disincentive for property owners to invest in things such as energy efficient appliances and fixtures because they do not realize a direct economic benefit from these investments unless tenants’ cost savings are fully capitalized into prevailing rental rates (Blumstein et al. 1980; Davis 2011; Klein et al. 2009; Economidou 2014).Although sustainability actions impact customers’ decisions and thereforerevenue (Epstein and Roy 2003), the multifamily housing market has been largely overlooked (Labanca et al. 2015). The typical shorter-term leases in multifamily housing (versus commercial buildings) prevent tenants from participating in sustainability programs (Cradduck and Wharton 2011).Rental housing owners and managers may not realize the benefits of taking full advantage of greening measures (Carswell and Smith 2009). Uncertainty in implementation time and costs, long anticipated payback periods and tepid market demand for ‘‘green’’ apartments in some markets amplify these concerns (Kriese and Scholz 2011; Kyro¨et al. 2012; Miller and Buys 2008). In comparison to other property types, LEED certification of multifamily buildings can take approximately five extra months (Carswell and Smith 2009). Furthermore, managers believe that the economics of sustainable development clash with the environmental management (Bansal 2002) and the cost of sustainable buildings tend to be overestimated by building professionals (Kriese and Scholz 2011). While tenants recognize the benefits of sustainability, many are not willing to pay significantly more for it (Miller and Buys 2008). In the aggregate, these factors diminish the desirability of sustainability initiatives in the rental housing industry, which may in turn discourage property managers from actively promoting such endeavors.Another potential obstacle to sustainability is the lack of clear definitions and communicative frameworks to guide market participants. Real estate developers, property managers, owners, and tenants frequently have very different interpretations of what the term ‘‘sustainability’’ means from an enviro nmental perspective (Evans and Jones 2008; Kriese and Scholz 2011; Priemus 2005). Information asymmetries of this type may encourage underinvestment in sustainable property management practices to the extent market participants revert back to service offerings with more clearly defined benefits.5.Data and methodologyThe data used to complete this study was collected through a series of interviews conducted with executives representing firms on the National Multifamily Housing Council’s (NMHC) list of the ‘‘50 Largest U.S. Apartment Managers’’ in 2015. The NMHC, whose mission is to provide insight, advocacy, and action in the multifamily sector, assists apartment industry leaders and the communities they serve. The NMHC compiles an annual list of the 50 largest managers in the United States by performing an annual survey. The 35 firms on the list offering third-party property management services comprise the population for the study at hand, as the objective of the research is to explore the perceptions of managers working in this capacity.NMHC’s leadership graciously a greed to contact senior executives at these companies who were actively involved in the trade organization. This initial email correspondence included a summary of the research, an informed consent document for those interested in scheduling an interview, and an endorsement of the study’s value to the multifamily housing industry. Senior executives representing all of the firms in the population were then contacted directly by the research team via email and telephone to schedule interviews. A total of 25 firms agreed to participate in the research, which equated to a survey response rate of approximately 71 %. Interviewees included 11 CEOs/COOs, 8 executive/ senior vice presidents, and 6 vice presidents.Semi-structured telephone interviews approximately 1 h in duration were conducted with all of the executives. Each respondent was asked a series of open- ended questions about a variety of topics of relevance to the multifamily property management industry, including several exploring perceptions about sustainability initiatives. Respondents were specifically asked to describe the extent to which their firms promoted sustainability initiatives during the business development process, the advantages their clients hoped to achieve, and any barriers to such initiatives. The nature of the research warranted the use of open-ended questions to allow business elites to fully articulate their ideas and guide the flow of the interview in a conversational manner (Aberbach and Rockman 2002; Mikecz 2012). Any questionsthat proved ambiguous to the respondents could also be addressed by the research team in this setting (De Wit 1996).6.Results and discussionThe information demonstrates that 60 % of respondents are using sustainability as a business development strategy in some way. Approximately 16 % of the firms in the sample promote basic water conservation, energy efficient lighting, and recycling initiatives; 12 % actively brand and market their sustainability efforts to tenants; 16 % provide sustainability recommendations and advisory services to their clients on a consistent basis; and 16 % conduct comprehensive environmental evaluations of all properties under management as a matter of course. The remaining 40 % of the firms in the sample are not promoting sustainability as a business development strategy.While over half of the companies are doing something within the sustainability initiative arena, 40 % of companies are not participating. This is interesting because many of these companies, both participators and non-participators, manage the same types of properties, on behalf of the same types of clients, in the same geographic areas. This suggests there is at least some disagreement as to the benefits that can be derived from sustainability initiatives. The firms in the sample are acting on this perceptual differences in significant ways, as several have relatively strong sustainability consulting capabilities in place.7.Conclusions, limitations, and recommendationsThe purpose of this study is to explore whether large third-party property managers are utilizing sustainability as a business development strategy; and if so, to identify the various initiatives being implemented. The results suggest a majority of the third-party property managers represented in the sample are leveraging sustainability to win business. However, significant variability exists in the strategiesadopted. Initiatives adopted by the firms in the sample fall on a continuum from rather basic efforts to encourage resource conservation and recycling to much more expansive endeavors involving comprehensive environmental audits of all properties under management.With 40 % of respondents not promoting sustainability as a means of procuring business and varying ranges of initiatives, it is clear that barriers persist in the pursuit of sustainable initiative implementations. Various barriers to environmentally-friendly business practices seen throughout the housing industry extend to the market for third- party property management services. These include concerns about implementation costs, skepticism regarding consumer demand, and lack of clear definitions and communicative frameworks. However, reluctance to embrace new technologies was not seen as a barrier in this study; which suggests that this barriers does not extend to the market for third-party property management services. Furthermore, inefficient lease structures are seen as a unique barrier to sustainability initiatives within the third-party property management sector as illustrated in this study.A limitation of this study is that there were voluntary study participants sharing their views on sustainability within their firm and the third party property management industry. Another limitation is that the findings can only be generalized to the largest firms in the country. Additionally, property management practices are rapidly evolving in response to market demand so the information in this study can become obsolete in a relatively short period of time. Lastly, this study focuses strictly on third party property management companies which have limited ability to implement sustainability initiatives in light of property owner desires.This study suggests there is at least some disagreement as to the benefits that can be derived from sustainability initiatives. In order to address the information gap within the property management industry, education and training are recommended. Introducing sustainability into the housing curriculum within institutions of higher education can be one way to educate the future property management workforce(Parrott and Emmel 2001). Another way to educate property managers to more successfully ascertain and consider innovation information is to establish procedures, norms, and appropriate staff (Toole 1998). As Toole (1998) notes that employees in the housing industry need to be just as knowledgeable about new products as existing products, the research team offers that this can be adapted to the multifamily property management sector so that their business development strategy includes information on sustainable initiatives. This can be done by training employees on various sustainability initiatives which can empower them.Continuing to refine the term ‘‘sustainability’’ as it relates to the third party property management industry will be helpful, as it appears to have different meanings in the thirdparty property management industry. This may be problematic because owners and tenants do not necessarily know what they get when they work with a property management firm. Greater clarity and consistency is needed to address this information asymmetry. It is recommended that trade organizations participate in the development of a universal checklist to make the transfer of information easier to manage. Furthermore, lifecycle valuation assessment (LCVA) can be incorporated into this universal checklist to assist firms with understanding sustainability initiative cost and benefit implications through a full building lifecycle (Epstein and Roy 2003). This can help managers measure future as well as day to day performance (Epstein and Roy 2003).Serious attention should be devoted to exploring residential lease structures that better incentivize property owners for investing in sustainable design and programming. This can perhaps be accomplished by creating avenues for information sharing between property owners and managers to create a more integrated approach. Additionally, summoning trade organization participation in the development of a new standardized lease structure can be helpful to make the transfer to this new structure easier.In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate the need for researchexamining best practices in sustainable property management that can be adopted by a wide variety of firms to improve the financial performance of the assets they operate, while simultaneously encouraging resource conservation and the responsible use of land. Creating and disseminating this type of information is anticipated to help the multifamily housing industry move to the forefront of sustainability.中文译文：促进美国多户型住宅物业管理行业的可持续发展摘要在经济和社会力量的影响下，整个美国都在致力于促进房地产业环境的可持续发展。
系统管理论文—中英对照
外文资料：Information management systemWiliam K.Thomson U.S.AAbstract:An information storage, searching and retrieval system for large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual dam. The system includes multiple query generation processes, a search process, and a presentation of search results that is sorted by category or type and that may be customized based on the professional discipline(or analogous personal characteristic of the user), thereby reducing the amount of time and cost required to retrieve relevant results.Keyword:Information management Retrieval system Object-Oriented1.INTRUDUCTIONThe Design and Development of the Students' Information Management System As information technology advances, various management systems have emerged to change the daily lives of the more coherent, to the extent possible, the use of network resources can be significantly reasonable reduction of manual management inconvenience and waste of time.Accelerating the modernization of the 21st century, the continuous improvement of the scientific and cultural levels, the rapid growth of the number of students will inevitably increase the pressure information management students, the inefficient manual retrieval completely incompatible with the community\'s needs. The Student Information Management Systemis an information management one kind within system, currently information technique continuously of development, the network technique has already been applied in us extensively nearby of every trade, there is the network technical development, each high schools all make use of a calculator to manage to do to learn, the school is operated by handicraft before of the whole tedious affairs all got fast and solve high-efficiencily, especially student result management the system had in the school very big function, all can be more convenient, fast for the student and the teacher coming saying and understand accurately with management everyone noodles information.AbstractIt is a very heavy and baldness job of managing a bulky database by manpower. The disadvantage, such as great capacity of work, low efficiency and long period, exist in data inputting, demanding and modification. So the computer management system will bring us a quite change.Because there are so many students in the school, the data of students' information is huge, it makes the management ofthe information become a complicated and tedious work. This system aims at the school, passing by practically of demand analysis, adopt mighty VB6.0 to develop the student information management system. The whole system design process follow the principle of simple operation, beautiful and vivid interface and practical request. The student information management system including the function of system management, basic information management, study management, prize and punishment management , print statement and so on. Through the proof of using, the student information management system which this text designed can satisfy the school to manage the demand of the aspect to students' information. The thesis introduced the background of development, the functions demanded and the process of design. The thesis mainly explained the point of the system design, the thought of design, the difficult technique and the solutions. The student managed the creation of the system to reduce the inconvenience on the manpower consumedly, let the whole student the data management is more science reasonable.The place that this system has most the special features is the backstage database to unify the management to student's information.That system mainly is divided into the system management, student profession management, student file management, school fees management, course management, result management and print the statement.The interface of the system is to make use of the vb software creation of, above few molds pieces are all make use of the vb to control a the piece binds to settle of method to carry out the conjunction toward the backstage database, the backstage database probably is divided into following few formses:Professional information form, the charges category form, student the job form, student the information form, political feature form of student, the customer logs on the form The system used Client/Server structure design, the system is in the data from one server and a number of Taiwan formed LAN workstations. Users can check the competence of different systems in different users submit personal data, background database you can quickly given the mandate to see to the content.Marks management is a important work of school,the original manual management have many insufficiencies,the reasons that,students' population are multitudinous in school,and each student's information are too complex,thus the work load are extremely big,the statistics and the inquiry have been inconvenient.Therefore,how to solve these insufficiencies,let the marks management to be more convenient and quickly,have a higher efficiency,and become a key question.More and more are also urgent along with school automationthe marks management when science and technology rapid development,therefore is essential to develop the software system of marks register to assist the school teaching management.So that can improve the marks management,enhance the efficiency of management.This invention relates to an information storage, searching and retrieval system that incorporates a novel organization for presentation of search results from large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual data.2.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides an information storage, searching and retrieval system for a large domain of archived data of various types, in which the results of a search are organized into discrete types of documents and groups of document types so that users may easily identify relevant information more efficiently and more conveniently than systems currently in use. The system of the invention includes means for storing a large domain of data contained in multiple source records, at least some of the source records being comprised of individual documents of multiple document types; means for searching substantially all of the domain with a single search query to identify documents responsive to the query; and means for categorizing documents responsive to the query based on document type, including means for generating a summary of the number of documents responsive to the query which fall within various predetermined categories of document types.The query generation process may contain a knowledge base including a thesaurus that has predetermined and embedded complex search queries, or use natural language processing, or fuzzy logic, or tree structures, or hierarchical relationship or a set of commands that allow persons seeking information to formulate their queries.The search process can utilize any index and search engine techniques including Boolean, vector, and probabilistic as long as a substantial portion of the entire domain of archived textual data is searched for each query and all documents found are returned to the organizing process.The sorting/categorization process prepares the search results for presentation by assembling the various document types retrieved by the search engine and then arranging these basic document types into sometimes broader categories that arereadily understood by and relevant to the user.The search results are then presented to the user and arranged by category along with an indication as to the number of relevant documents found in each category. The user may then examine search results in multiple formats, allowing the user to view as much of the document as the user deems necessary.3.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an information retrieval system of the invention;FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a query formulation and search process utilized in theinvention;FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a sorting process for organizing and presenting searchresults.4.BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTIONAs is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 , the information retrieval system of the invention includes an input/output process ,a query generation process, a search process that involves a large domain of textual data (typically in the multiple gigabyte range), an organizing process, presentation of the information to the user, and a process to identify and characterize the types of documents contained in the large domain of data.Turning now to FIG. 2, the query generation process preferably includes a knowledge base containing a thesaurus and a note pad, and preferably utilizes embedded predefined complex Boolean strategies. Such a system allows the user to enter their description of the information needed using simple words/phrases made up of "natural" language and to rely on the system to assist in generating the full search query, which would include, e.g., synonyms and alternate phraseology. The user can then request, by a command such as "VI CO 1", to view the complete document selected from the list, giving, in this case, complete information about the identity and credentials of the expert.FIG. 3 illustrates how five typical sources of information (i.e., source records) can be sorted into many document types and then subsequently into categories. For example, a typical trade magazine may contain several types of information such as editorials, regular columns, feature articles, news, product announcements, and a calendar of events. Thus, the trade magazine (i.e., the source record) may be sorted into these various document types, and these document types in turn may be categorized or grouped into categories contained in one or more sets of categories; each document type typically will be sorted into one category within a set of categories, but the individual categories within each set will vary from one set to another. For example, one set of categories may be established for a first characteristic type of user, and a different set of categories may be established for a second characteristic type of user. When a user corresponding to type #1 executes a search, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #1, corresponding to that particular type of user, in organizing the results of the search for review by the user. When a user from type #2 executes a search, however, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #2 in presenting the search results to the user.The information storage, searching and retrieval system of the invention resolves the common difficulties in typical on-line information retrieval systems that operate on large (e.g., 2 gigabytes or more) domains of textual data, query generation, sourceselection, and organizing search results. The information base with the thesaurus and embedded search strategies allows users to generate expert search queries in their own "natural" language. Source (i.e., database) selection is not an issue because the search engines are capable of searching substantially the entire domain on every query. Moreover, the unique presentation of search results by category set substantially reduces the time and cost of performing repetitive searches in multiple databases and therefore of efficiently retrieving relevant search results.While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.5. Systems Analysis and DesignSystemsWorking under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isn’t enough, because the program is but one component is in a system.A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying employees. What components are involved? Each day, employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.Systems AnalysisComputer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people, called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the user’s field. To complicate matters, users and programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps:Problem definitionAnalysisDesignImplementationMaintenanceAt the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, too much: stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder any given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Perhaps a computer might help.Problem DefinitionThe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. The analyst’s objective is determining what the user needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a “magic box,” and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own terms.The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing. Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analyst’s understanding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money, and effort are wasted.Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study, a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:Can the problem be solved?Can it be solved in the user’s environment?Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, the analyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.AnalysisAs analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done; during analysis, this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design.Start with the system’s basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The store’s owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and, if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.Given the system’s basic functions, the analyst’s next task is gaining a sense of their logical relation. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used. Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system form a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the system, the data are manipulated or changed by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a person’s memory. Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, and data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows.Preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start a CUSTOMER. Transactions flow from a customer into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, the STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evaluating the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a recorder. Once a reorder is authorized, Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products, it is handled as a transaction.The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flow. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product and reorder quantities must be stored in STOCK.Other data elements, such as purchased and the purchase quantity, are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock –on-hand for a given item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to, stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a data dictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.The idea of analysis is to define the system’s major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defining the user’s needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware, and during this initial, crucial analysis stage, it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst’smemory; for example, if the analyst doesn’t have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analyst’s understanding of the system requirements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstanding or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point for the next step, design.DesignAs we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objective is to develop a strategy for solving the problem. At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.The data flow diagram defines the system’s necessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Let’s focus on one option and document it.A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system. Our flowchart shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are stored on an inventory by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Tow programs are needed: Process transaction and Report and reorder. In addition to the hardware and the programs, we’ll need data structures for the inventory file and for data flows between the I/O devices and the software. Note that system flow chart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the components, the next task is defining the data structures. Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data elements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the file’s data structure can be planned.How should the file be organized? That depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.It is not always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted, it must be identified immediately; the idea of waiting until 5:00 p. m because “that’s when the air defense program is run” is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally, such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.Our inventory system has tow programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice, a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process them as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direct access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the program’s structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.ImplementationOnce the system’s major components have been identified, we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and their contents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the component parts are ready, the system is tested. Assuming the user is satisfied, the finished system is released.SummaryA system is a collection of hardware, software, data, and procedural components that work together to accomplish an objective. A program is but one component in a system.System are planned and designed by system analysts who generally follow a well-defined, methodical process. The first step in the process is problem definition, when the analyst attempts to discover exactly what the user needs. Often, following a preliminary problem definition, a feasibility study is conducted to determine if the problem can be solved.Given a clear problem definition, analysis begins. During this stage, the analyst develops a logical model of the system. Key functions are linked through a data flow diagram. Using the diagram as a tool, the data flows are traced, and the system’s data elements are identified and recorded in a data dictionary. After the logical system is reviewed with the user, design begins.During design, the analyst develops a model of the physical system. A system flowchart can be used to map the system, defining each physical component as a symbol. A good systems analyst considers a number of alternative solutions to the problem before settling on one. Implementation follows design. Programs are planned and written; hardware is ordered and installed; procedures are written; files and databases are initialized; and, finally, the pieces are assembled and tested. Following release of the system, maintenance begins.中文译文：信息管理系统Wiliam K.Thomson U.S.A摘要：一个信息存储，查询和检索系统主要应用于大(千兆字节)的需要存档的文字领域。
信息管理与信息系统论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
信息管理与信息系统论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Construction of Network Management Information System of Agricultural Products Supply Chain Based on 3PLsAbstractThe necessity to construct the network management information system of 3PLs agricultural supply chain is analyzed, showing that 3PLs can improve the overall competitive advantage of agricultural supply chain. 3PLs changes the homogeneity management into specialized management of logistics service and achieves the alliance of the subjects at different nodes of agricultural products supply chain. Network management information system structure of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed, including the four layers (the network communication layer, the hardware and software environment layer, the database layer, and the application layer) and 7 function modules (centralized control,transportation process management, material and vehicle scheduling, customer relationship, storage management, customer inquiry, and financial management).Framework for the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is put forward. The management of 3PLs mainly includes purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, storage management and distribution management. Thus, a management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is obtained. The network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has realized the effective sharing of enterprise information of agricultural products supply chain at different nodes, establishing a long-term partnership revolving around the 3PLs core enterprise, as well as a supply chain with stable relationship based on the supply chain network system, so as to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to explore the sales market for agricultural products.Key words3PLs (third party logistics)，Agricultural products supply chain, Network management information system, China3PLs means that production enterprises entrust the logistics activity to the professional logistics service firms in order to concentrate efforts on core business, to keep close contact with logistics enterprise through information system, and to achieve a logistics operation and management mode with full control in logistics. According to the 3PLs requirements forinformation technology, supply chain management information system based on 3PLs is a supply chain management mode with 3PLs enterprises as the core, using EDI technology, GIS/GPS system, B/S mode and other technologies. Integration, processing and application of 3PLs enterprises in supply chain management information system are fully applied in order to reduce the cost of logistics and to improve the service level of logistics.At present, management information technology in China is just at the initial stage. The existing management information system offers insufficient information for the 3PLs enterprises which are engaged in the circulation of agricultural products.Besides, its construction of logistics data processing system is imperfect, having not realized the truly professional 3PLs enterprises for the circulation of agricultural products with information technology. At the same time, 3PLs enterprise for agricultural products has just started in China. And logistics applied in the agricultural supply chain with 3PLs enterprise as the core is time-consuming, inefficient and low-level, which can hardly meet the needs of the rapid development of rural market and social productive forces. Therefore, it is particularly important and urgent to construct a management information system for agricultural products supply chain under the current Internet environment. Problems in the management of the supply chain of agricultural products are analyzed, and a network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed in order to offer references for the information management in the supply chain of agricultural products in China.1 Necessity of constructing the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLsAgricultural products are seasonal, perishable and vulnerable. With the improvement of income level，consumers have increasingly high requirements for the diversification, personalization, just-in-time nature, and environment protection of agricultural products, which requires faster, more professional，and better organized logistics. At the same time, supply chain of agricultural products has the characteristics of the special purpose of funds, the uncertainty of market, and the unbalanced development of market. Thus, the support of supply chain management information system is needed during the circulation of agricultural products. Construction of market integration,as well as the integration of production, supply and marketing,urgently needs a new management information system of agricultural products, as well as an accompanying legal support system, in order to reduce the cost and to increase the profit for agricultural enterprises. And the application of 3PLs in the supply chain of agricultural products can solve this problem.Therefore, we should give full play to the central hub function of 3PLs enterprises in agricultural products supply chain, increase the input in the informationization of agricultural products supply chain, and promote the construction of logistics operation system and management information system.1 .1 Improving the overall competitive advantage of agricultural products supply chain by 3PLs3PLs is a new logistics organizational form established by modern information technology, as well as a kind of complementary and win-win strategic alliance by signing contract with the party being served. Taking 3PLs as the professional and core enterprise in the production and circulation of agricultural products can help to realize resource consolidation of the construction and organization of the whole supply chain of agricultural products. The specialization of raw materials and the service for product distribution have greatly improved the logistics efficiency of traditional enterprise. At the same time, construction of the management information system ofagricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has made up for the shortage of information in agricultural market, has improved the efficiency of the flow of agricultural products, has connected all the links in the supply chain into an organic whole in an reasonable and effective way,and has enhanced the overall competitive advantage and economic benefits. 3PLs platform has greatly brought down the production and circulation processes of traditional agricultural enterprises, and has reduced the costs in raw material procurement and product distribution, so as to better adapt to the changes in market demand, to realize the rational distribution of resources, and to improve the overall competitiveness of the supply chain of agricultural products.1 .2 Changing the homogeneity management to specialized operation of logistics service by 3PLsDue to the characteristics of agricultural products, market requirement for logistics varies widely. Since traditional enterprises try to obtain the competitive advantage, there is fierce market competition in commodity circulation. Therefore, behavior of logistics market shows the characteristics of homogeneity and the profit is getting lower and lower. In order to seize the customer, some enterprises even take a loss. 3PLs enterprises share business risk with partners and carry out operation according to the items number, time and cost of customer by integration and utilization of resources. As a means of the supply chain integration of agricultural products, specialized operation of 3PLs can help the stakeholders of supply chain to obtain more demand information of agricultural products, and can reduce the circulation cost of agricultural products.1 .3 Alliance of the subjects in supply chain nodes of agricultural products by 3PLs3PLs stresses the relationship of “mutual complementarity, benefit sharing, information sharing” among the stakeholders in different nodes of supply chain. Development of the agricultural producer, supplier and retailer is limited if they rely only on their own resources. 3PLs enters into the outside service market, integrates the resources through the way of strategic alliances, ensures that the subject focuses its attention on core business, reduces the cost by scale effect, enhances the anti-risk strength, and helps to achieve quick response to market demand by information sharing.At the same time, contract-0riented 3PLs enterprises unify the interests of all subjects in supply chain of agricultural products, emphasize the strategic partnership of both parties,and alleviate market competition of related industries in agricultural markets. Subjects in both downstream and upstream of the supply chain share information and establish long-term partnership with 3PLs enterprises as the core.2 Construction of the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs2.1 Construction of structural system3PLs platform is used to offer network communications and system services to the subjects in agricultural supply chain. Fig. 1 illustrates the structural system of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs.Fig.1 Structural system of network management information system of agricultural supplychain based on 3PLsFig. 1 illustrates that the basic hardware of the system is combined by the network transmission media and network equipment, that is the network communication layer. Hardware facilities, corresponding system software, operation system and netmanager software together constitute the software and hardware environment layer.This layer provides necessary software and hardware facilities for 3PLs enterprises during the data storage and management of agricultural products. Database layer is responsible for the management of data source in agricultural information resources and network systems, and offers data integration to the application layer. 3PLs standard system includes the overall standard, network infrastructure standard, application support standard, application standard, information security standard, and management standard. Safety system of 3PLs includes the security management, security infrastructure, and security service.This system is composed of 7 function modules, such as the centralized control module, transportation process management module, material and vehicle scheduling module, customer relationship module, storage management module, customer query module, and financial management module(Fig. 2),the function of which is to ensure the information fluency and system security of 3PLs enterprises during the operation and integration of resources. These modules have improved the service module of different nodes in agricultural supply chain and have reduced the operation risk of system, so that the system becomes more structured, perfect, and rational.2.2 Framework of management systemBased on the existing research result，the business and module of modern logistics management，and the management information systems，Fig.3 reports the management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises according to the circulation of agricultural products from the manufacturer，supplier，and retail terminal to the consumer.Fig．2 Function modules of 3PLs network management information systemFig.3 The management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises Fig.3 shows the framework of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs. The whole system, running under an open 3PLs, is formed by four layers of network communication layer, software and hardware environment layer, database layer and application layer. In the application layer, 3PLs, as the core of management information system of agricultural supply chain, plays the role of information processing center. It mainly manages the plan, inventory, and other subsystems, supervises subsystem through supplier relationship, conducts information interaction with procurement management subsystem and the supplier, and carries out information interaction with the supplier, producer and consumer through customer relationship management subsystem and sales management subsystem. Besides, 3PLs is also responsible for logistics management and control through the distribution management subsystem. Management of 3PLs mainly includes the 7 modules of purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, sales management, inventory management and distribution management. Through the effectiveintegration and coordination between 3PLs and the business with partner at the downstream and upstream of agricultural supplier chain, management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is formed using the logistics information system to realize the integration of logistics and information flow.In general，3PLs enterprise is still in the initial stage in China. Management information system of agricultural supply chain is not perfect, which can not meet the current needs of the rapid development and agricultural products circulation in rural China. Thus, there is an urgent need to build a new mode of agricultural logistics, so as to reduce the process of sales turnover, to lower the production cost of 3PLs enterprises, to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to expand the sales market of agricultural products.3 ConclusionDeveloping modern 3PLs is an inevitable trend of market development. Design and development of management information system based on 3PLs can bring spillover benefits to the producer, supplier and retailer of agricultural products.Under the current Internet environment, management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs must be established based on the specific characteristics of operation mode and the actual business situation of 3PLs enterprises, so as to establish a management information system suitable for a given enterprise. From the perspective of overall integration of resources, the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs established has connected the interests of different nodes in agricultural supply chain into an organic whole, has effectively eliminated the barriers to information flow, and has increased the profits of agriculture-related enterprises and farmers. At the same time, according to the characteristics of agricultural enterprises in China, a rational agricultural products logistics mode of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprise is established, which offers a reference for the management of agricultural supply chain in China.基于第三方物流的农产品供应链网络管理信息系统的建设摘要本文对构建网络农业第三方物流供应链管理信息系统的必要性进行了分析，表明第三方物流可以提高农产品供应链的整体竞争优势。
计算机类生毕业论文---小区物业管理系统(含外文翻译)
本科生毕业论文题目：小区物业管理系统院（系）：专业年级：姓名：学号：指导教师：日期：目录摘要 (IV)Abstract (V)第1章绪论 (5)1.1 选题背景 (5)1.2 选题目的 (5)1.3 选题意义 (6)1.4 数据库应用系统开发工具简介 (6)1.4.1 系统设计工具C#.NET简介 (6)1.4.2 系统设计工具简介 (7)1.4.3 数据库实现工具SQL Server 2000简介 (7)1.5 系统所做工作 (7)第2章系统可行性研究 (8)2.1 技术可行性分析 (8)2.2 经济可行性分析 (8)2.3 使用可行性分析 (8)2.4 法律可行性分析 (9)第3章需求分析 (9)3.1 功能需要 (9)3.2 数据字典 (10)第4章系统概要设计 (14)4.1 系统基本E－R图 (14)4.2 系统流程图 (15)4.5 系统结构图 (17)4.6 系统解决方案 (18)4.7 模块分析与设计 (18)4.8 库表结构 (19)第5章小区物业管理系统详细设计 (24)5.1 编写公共操作类 (24)5.2 系统主框架页面的设计 (25)5.3 用户身份验证模块 (26)5.4 物业管理模块 (28)5.4.1 物业管理中的小区概况页面的设计与实现 (28)5.4.2 物业管理中的设施概况页面的设计 (30)5.4.3 物业管理中的楼宇概况页面的设计与实现 (34)5.4.4 物业管理中的房间信息页面的设计与实现 (34)5.4.5 物业管理中的车位资料页面的设计 (35)5.5 住户管理模块 (36)5.5.1住户管理中的住户基本信息页面的设计与实现 (36)5.5.2 住户管理中的入住房屋信息页面的设计与实现 (38)5.5.3 住户管理中的空出房屋信息页面的设计与实现 (39)5.5.4 住户管理中的电话资料页面的设计与实现 (40)5.6设备管理模块 (40)5.6.1 设备管理中的设备明细表单页面的设计与实现 (40)5.6.2 设备管理中的设备维修记录页面的设计与实现 (41)5.7 系统管理模块 (41)5.7.1 系统管理中的用户管理页面的设计与实现 (41)5.7.2 系统管理中的用户管理页面的设计与实现 (42)结论 (45)致谢 (46)参考文献 (47)附录 (48)摘要当前，以计算机为基础的信息科学在经济和社会生活各个领域得到了极为广泛的应用，在房产建筑业也得到迅猛发展，专门为房产建筑业而设计的诸多应用软件也日益完善并为许多小区所使用。
数据库管理系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
数据库管理系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述英文翻译数据库管理系统的介绍Raghu Ramakrishnan数据库（database,有时被拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。
数据库的结构是专门设计的，在各种数据处理操作命令的支持下，可以简化数据的存储、检索、修改和删除。
数据库可以存储在磁盘、磁带、光盘或其他辅助存储设备上。
数据库由一个或一套文件组成，其中的信息可以分解为记录，每一条记录又包含一个或多个字段（或称为域）。
字段是数据存取的基本单位。
数据库用于描述实体，其中的一个字段通常表示与实体的某一属性相关的信息。
通过关键字以及各种分类（排序）命令，用户可以对多条记录的字段进行查询，重新整理，分组或选择，以实体对某一类数据的检索，也可以生成报表。
所有数据库（除最简单的）中都有复杂的数据关系及其链接。
处理与创建，访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（DBMS）。
DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口。
（这些用户可以是应用程序员，管理员及其他需要信息的人员和各种操作系统程序）DBMS可组织、处理和表示从数据库中选出的数据元。
该功能使决策者能搜索、探查和查询数据库的内容，从而对正规报告中没有的，不再出现的且无法预料的问题做出回答。
这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且（或者）是定义不恰当的，但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得所需的信息。
简言之，DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项和从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项用以回答非程序员的询问。
DBMS由3个主要部分组成：（1）存储子系统，用来存储和检索文件中的数据；（2）建模和操作子系统，提供组织数据以及添加、删除、维护、更新数据的方法；（3）用户和DBMS之间的接口。
在提高数据库管理系统的价值和有效性方面正在展现以下一些重要发展趋势：1.管理人员需要最新的信息以做出有效的决策。
文献综述修改版
国内外物业管理系统的探讨作者：董贺摘要：随着我国经济发展和城市开发，住宅小区越来越成为居住的主流，小区物业管理是针对当代社会这一市场需要应运而生的。
用计算机操作的小区物业管理系统是为小区管理者和小区用户更好的维护各项物业管理业务处理工作而开发的管理软件，根据需求分析，实现小区管理业务，效益已越来越明显。
因此，开发这样一套小区物业管理系统软件成为很有必要的事情关键字：小区物业、管理系统、用户、DELHPI、SQL、ASPAbstract : As China's economic development and urban development, residential area becoming more mainstream residence , residential property management for the contemporary social needs of the market came into being . Residential property management system using computer operations manager for community and residential users better maintenance of the property management business processes and the development of work management software , according to the needs analysis , to achieve community management services, efficiency has become increasingly evident. Therefore , the development of such a residential property management system software has become very necessary thing.Key words: residential property, management system, user, DELHPI, SQL, ASP一、物业管理系统设计与开发的背景和意义随着市场经济的发展和人们生活水平的提高，住宅小区已经成为人们安家置业的首选，几十万到几百万的小区住宅比比皆是。
物业管理系统毕业论文
物业管理系统毕业论文物业是我国居民生活、办公的必要管理者,是保障人们生活、工作质量的必要管理部门。
下面是店铺为大家推荐的物业管理系统毕业论文，欢迎浏览。
物业管理系统毕业论文篇一摘要:本文通过对项目管理基础理论和方法的阐述，引出物业管理行业对项目管理方法的需求。
在此基础上，对项目管理方法在物业管理企业中的应用进行了论述，得出项目管理方法是可以应用到物业管理行业中的。
关键词：项目管理、物业管理中图分类号：C29文献标识码：A 文章编号：一、现状及发展趋势1、国内物业管理现状随着我国房产经济的蓬勃发展，国内的物业管理市场正不断地迅速发展壮大，需求日益扩大。
据不完全统计，目前全国实行物业管理的房屋面积超过120亿平方米，物业管理覆盖率已接近50%，北京等较发达城市的覆盖率达70%，深圳、上海己达90%以上,以上3座城市物业管理企业创造的产值已占当地国民生产总值的2%左右.由此可见，物业管理在我国发展快速，市场广阔，潜力无穷。
然而，我国物业管理企业在迅速发展的同时，所面临的难题也不少，尤其是物业管理企业体制陈旧、企业管理规模较小等是当前的主要问题。
可以看出，现阶段大多数企业无法取得规模效益，整个行业仍处于发展初期，行业的整体抗风险能力较差，多数企业面临难以可持续发展的难题。
2、物业管理的发展趋势(1) 随着物业管理行业法律法规的建立和健全，物业管理行业将会走上规范化、法制化管理的轨道。
(2) 物业管理企业实现市场化经营将会成为今后物业管理项目发展(3) 区域化管理将会成为今后物业管理的发展方向。
因为实现区域化管理不但能提高物业管理的整体管理水平，而且可以使物业管理企业实现规模效益，有利于文明城市的建设。
(4) 物业管理市场空间进一步扩大。
随着房地产经济的发展，社会对物业管服务的需求将会进一步提高，这将拓展物业管理企业的发展空间。
二、项目管理的基本理论和方法1、项目管理的基本理论项目管理指在一定约束条件下，以高效率地实现项目业主的目标为目的，以项目经理个人负责制为基础和以项目为独立经济核算，并按照项目内在规律，进有效的计划、组织、协调、控制的系统管理活动。
物业管理国外文献综述
物业管理国外文献综述1. 物业管理体系研究Alice Christudason对新加坡住宅区物业管理体系的选择进行研究，通过对内部管理组织和代理公司两种物业管理体系对比研究发现，如果考虑高效和实用，最好选择专业代理人，如果管理委员会由具有足够驱动力、忠诚度、知识水平且愿将时间付出给小区的成员构成，则可以选择内部管理组织，管理委员会就可以直接运行和控制小区的日常和长期工作[1]。
C Y Yiu等首次从制度经济学的角度对物业管理的制度安排提出了一个分析框架[2]。
Alice Christudason研究显示，虽然多层次的系统可以缓解单层管理公司系统一些现有的为题，但是可能会出现其他问题，包括运营成本的增加，为多层管理公司找到足够的志愿者和冲突可能性的增加[3]。
2. 物业管理与政府治理研究Steve R Doe研究并提出政府应当利用中介服务机构，充分发挥它们在社区管理中的作用[4]；Altrichte从政府的角度上指出，政府应当采用潜在的社区管理措施，并且通过这些措施来改善对社区的管理[5]。
Beate Klingenberg经过建模研究认为租金管制不仅对业主，而且对资产管理者和承租人都具有预想不到的负面后果，从而提出应重新探讨和审查租金管制政策[6]。
3．物业管理的溢出效应研究物业管理与房地产价格间有一个重要的和积极的关系。
人们愿意分别为ISO9001认证和HKMAQA的物业管理公司管理的资产多支付4.92%和2.84%[7]。
Eddie Chi-man Hui通过研究物业管理对房地产价格的影响发现，ISO14001认证对资产价值的影响小于ISO9001和香港管理协会质量认证两个管理标准[8]。
Jinhuan Li 提出一种新的评价方法，以确定物业管理服务对香港私人住宅价值的重要性，结果表明，物业管理资产增加价值，尤其是年长和危房特性的资产[9]。
但是Roland Füss 研究表明，超额收益的来源和资产特性有关，物业资产管理并不能成为主要驱动力，特别是资产的年限和规模可控的情况下，其作用更为有限[10]。
毕业论文小区物业管理信息系统
毕业论文小区物业管理信息系统治理信息系统（Management Information Systems 简称MIS）是60年代在欧美新兴起来的运算机应用学科。
目前，由于开发高质量MIS的能力大大落后运算机硬件日新月异的进展，但竞争猛烈的社会对MIS进展和完善需求在不断地增加, MIS现在差不多深入到我国的各行各业。
本软件的前台设计由Visual Basic实现。
利用SQL Server 2000用户界面工具进行数据库的创建和治理。
本系统界面设计大方、简洁、有用、操作简单方便，是一款完全适合一般小区物业日常事务治理的软件。
软件设计综合了具有一定代表性的多家物业治理公司的业务模式和需求。
实现了小区信息数据库的创建及各种费用的收取、统计、汇总，实现房产、客户等小区的智能化治理，提高物业治理的效率。
关键词：小区物业；物业治理系统；Visual Basic；SQL Server 2000；ABSTRACTMIS (Management Information Systems) is 60 ages in Europe and America newly arisen computer application science. Now, developing ability of the high quantity MIS consumedly fall behind the computer hardware’s the continuous changes, but the need to improve MIS constantly increase because of the society competition, and the MIS is already deep now into our countrys every trade.The foreground of the software is carried out by Visual Basic ing the SQL Server 2000 customer interface tool to create and manage the database. This interface of the system is generous,practical,with simple operational method, and it is also a software complete suiting the common community property business management. It synthesizes the requirement and business mode of the many property management company in designing presess. It realized the establishment of the information database of the district and collecting,staatistics,gathering of different expenses. It can realize the management of house property,customer in a small area of inhabitancy. And increase the effciency of the property management.Key words：Community property;Property management system;Visual Basic 6.0;SQL Server 2000;目录前言 (1)第一章系统的概述 (2)1.1系统研究的目标和应用背景 (2)1.1.1系统研究的目标 (2)1.1.2系统的应用背景 (3)1.2系统研究的设计要求 (3)1.3系统的运行环境 (3)1.3.1硬件环境 (3)1.3.2软件环境 (4)第二章系统的可行性研究 (5)2.1技术可行性研究 (5)2.2经济可行性研究 (6)2.3操作可行性研究 (7)第三章系统的分析 (8)3.1系统的需求分析 (8)3.1.1需求分析的任务 (8)3.1.2需求分析的方法 (9)3.2系统的功能分析 (9)第四章系统的设计 (12)4.1系统的设计目标 (12)4.2系统的总体设计 (12)4.2.1系统的功能设计 (12)4.2.2系统的模块设计 (13)4.2.3系统的总体结构设计 (14)4.3系统的数据库设计 (16)第五章系统的界面及编码的实现 (23)5.1系统界面设计 (23)5.1.1加载系统及用户登录部分 (23)5.1.2系统主台平台部分 (26)5.1.3主窗体调用各个模块部分 (27)5.2系统代码设计 (51)第六章系统的测试 (52)6.1 实施环境和工具的比较选择 (52)6.2 编程环境、工具、实现与数据预备概况 (52)6.3 系统测试概况 (53)6.4 系统转换方案及实现概况 (54)6.5 系统运行与爱护概况 (54)结论 (55)参考文献 (56)附录I 源代码摘录 (57)附录Ⅱ文献翻译 (61)谢辞 (64)前言本软件使用Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0进行编写。
公共管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
公共管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料外文翻译The New Public Management SituationNo doubt, many countries in the world, and both developed countries and developing countries, in the late 1980s and early 1990s began a continuous public sector management reform movement. The reform movement is still in many aspects government continue to the organization and management of the influence. People in these reforms view repudiating them. Critics especially in Britain and the United States, critics say the new mode of various problems exist, but also does not have the international prevailing reform of public management, could not be called paradigm. Criticism from almost every aspect of the change. Most of the academic criticismbelong to the mouth. Different schools of thought in detail discussion, The academic journal articles and abstraction, from reality. At the same time, in the practice of public management and implementation of the reform and the change. As I in other articles in the thought, in most countries, the traditional public administrative mode for public management mode has been replaced. The reform of public department responded to the realities of several interrelated problems, including: the function of public sector provide public services of low efficiency, Economic theory of change, Private sector related changes impact of globalization, especially as a kind of economic power, Technology changes made decentralization and better control globally becomes possible. The administrative management can be divided into three stages: the development of distinct phases,and public administration before traditional pattern and public management reform stage. Each stage has its own management mode. From a stage of transition to the next stage is not easy, from the traditional public administration to public administration has not yet completed the transition. But it was only a matter of time. Because the new mode of theoretical basis is very strong. The new public management movement ", "although this name, but it is not only a debate in the booming, and in most developed countries have taken the best management mode of expression. The traditional administrative mode than it's age is a great reform, but that time has passed.A traditional patternObviously, in the late 19th century bureaucracy system theory, not sound already exists some form of administrative management. Public administration has a long history, and it is the concept of a government and the rise of civilization as history. As the case Glad2den Osama bin laden (point), a model of administrative since the government appears has existed. First is endowed with founder or leader, then is the social or administrative person to organizers of eternity. Administration management or business is all in social activities, although not among factors, but the glow of social sustainable development is of vital importance. Recognized administrative system in ancient Egypt is already exists, its jurisdiction from the Nile flooding caused by the year to build the pyramids irrigation affairs. China is adopted in the han dynasty, Confucian norms that government should be elected, not according to the background, but according to the character and ability, the government's main goal is to seek the welfare of the people. In Europe, various empire - Greek, Roman, and the holy Roman, Spain'sadministrative empire, they first by the central through various rules and procedures. Weber's thought, "modern" medieval countries develop simultaneously with "bureaucratic management structure development". Although these countries in different ways, but they have common features, it can be called before modern. Namely, the administrative system of early essence is the personification of, or the establishment in Max Weber's "nepotism" basis, i.e. to loyal to the king or minister certain human foundation, not is personified, With allegiance to the organization or individual basis rather than for the foundation. Although there are such a viewpoint that administration itself not only praise from traditional mode, the characteristic of early but often leads to seek personal interests corruption or abuse of power. In the early administrative system, we now feel very strange approach has the functions of government administration is generally behavior. All those who walk official tend to rely on friends or relatives for work or buy officer, which means the money to buy the first officer or tax officials, and then out to the customer to money, which is the first to buy officer recovery investment cost, and can make a fortune. America in the 19th century FenFei system of "political parties" means in the ruling changed at the same time, the government of all administrative position is changed. Modern bureaucracy is before "personal, traditional, diffusion and similar and special", and according to the argument, modern Weber bureaucracy is "impersonal, rational, concrete, achievement orientation and common". Personalized government is often inefficient: nepotism means incompetent not capable person was arranged to positions of leadership, FenFei political corruption, in addition to making often still exist serious low efficiency. The enormoussuccess of traditional administrative pattern that early practice looks strange. Specialization and not politicized administrative in our opinion is so difficult to imagine that trace, there exist other system. Western administrative system even simple selection of officials to pass theexam, until 1854, Britain and north G..M. Trevelyan report after Northcote - began to establish in China, although the system has long passage.The traditional public administrative patternIn the late 19th century, additionally one kind of pattern on the world popular, this is the so-called traditional administrative pattern. Its main theoretical basis from several countries, namely, the American scholars and Germany Woodrow Wilson of Max Weber's, people put their associated with bureaucracy model, Frederick Tyler systematically elaborated the scientific management theory, the theory of the private sector from America, for public administration method was provided. And the other theorists, Taylor without focusing on public sector, but his theory was influential in this field. The three traditional public administration mode is theorist of main effect. In other countries, plus G..M. Trevelyan and North America, the state administration of administrative system, especially the Wilson has produced important influence. In the 19th century, the north G..M. Trevelyan and put forward through the examination and character, and appointed officials put forward bias and administrative neutral point of view. The traditional administrative pattern has the following features:1. The bureaucracy. The government shall, according to the principle of bureaucratic rank and organization. The German sociologist Max Weber bureaucracy system of a classic, andanalysis. Although the bureaucracy in business organizations and other tissues, but it is in the public sector got better and longer.2. The best way of working and procedures are in full manual detail codes, for administrative personnel to follow. Strictly abide by these principles will run for the organization provides the best way.3. Bureaucratic service. Once the government policy areas in, it will be through the bureaucracy to provide public products and service providers.4. In political and administrative two relations, political and administrative managers generally think of administrative affairs can be separated. Administration is the implement instruction, and any matter policy or strategic affairs shall be decided by the political leaders, which can ensure that the democratic system.5. Public interests are assumed to individual civil servants, the only motive for public service is selfless paying.6. Professional bureaucracy. Public administration is viewed as a kind of special activities, thus requirements, obscure, civil servants neutral equal employment and lifelong service to any political leaders.7. The administrative task is to carry out the meaning of the written instructions and not others assume the personal responsibility.Through the comparison of the early administrative pattern, we can better understand the main advantages and Webber system differences. Webber system and it is the most important mode of various before the difference: the rule-based impersonal system replaced the personification of administrative management system. An organization and its rules than any of the people are important organization. Bureaucracy is itsoperation and how to respond to customer must is personified. As Weber has demonstrated that the modern office management ", will be incorporated into various regulations deeply touched it. The modern public administration by law theory, to command certain affairs authority has been awarded the legitimate public authority. This does not grant an institution specific cases through some instructions. It only matters is abstractly control some issues. In contrast, through personal privileges and give concession regulation of all affairs. The latter is completely dominated by the hereditary system, at least these affairs is not the traditional infringement is this situation."It is very important. Early administration based on personal relationships, be loyal to relatives, protect, leaders or political, rather than on the system. Sometimes, the early administration is politically sensitive, because of the administrative organs of the staff is appointed, they also politicians arms or mainstream class. However, it is often autocratic, autocratic administration may be unfair, especially for those who can't or unwilling to input personal and political game. One of the basic principles for with weber impersonal system to completely eliminate autocratic - at least in ideal condition is so. File exists, the reference principle of parallel and legal basis in the same environment means will always make the same decision. Below this kind ofcircumstance is not only more efficient, and the citizen and bureaucratic hierarchy know myself.Other differences were associated with this. In various regulations and impersonal basis, will naturally formed strict hierarchy. Personal rating system and its provisions in the left unchanged. Although Webber emphasizes the entire system, but he also noticed the bureaucracy of the organization andindividual term.The traditional administrative mode won great success, it is widely adopted by governments around the world. Theoretically or in practice, it shows the advantage. And before the corruption flourished, it is more efficient than system, and the thought of individual professionalization civil servants and amateur service has a great progress. However, this model is also exposed the problems that shows that the model can even said outdated, also can say is outdated.The theory of public administration has been difficult to describe the pillar. Political control theory has problems. Administrative means follow instructions, so people demand a well-ordered transceiver method. Instruction between implementers and has a clear division. But this is not the reality, and with the public service domain expands the scale and more impossible. The traditional mode of another theoretical pillar - bureaucracy theory is no longer considered particularly effective form of organization. Formal bureaucracy could have its advantages, but people think it often training to routineer and innovators, Encourage executives rather than risk aversion risk-taking, encourage them to waste instead of effective use of scarce resources. Webb was the bureaucracy is regarded as an ideal type ", "but now this ideal type is inert, cultivate the progressive, leads to low efficiency, these mediocrity and is believed to be the public sector of the special disease. It is also criticized. Actually, the word "bureaucracy in today's more likely as low efficiency of synonyms.The new public management modeIn the 1980s, the public sector is a traditional administrative pattern of new management methods of defects. This methodcan alleviate some of the problems of traditional pattern, also means that the public sector operation aspects has changed significantly. The new management method has many names: management of "individualism", "the new public administration", based on the market of public administration ", after the bureaucracy model "or" entrepreneurial government ". To the late 1990s, people tend to use "and the concept of new public administration". Although the new public management, but for many of the names of public management of department of actual changes happened, people still have a consensus. First, no matter what, it is called mode with traditional represents a significant change of public administration, different more attention and managers of the individual responsibility. Second, it is clear to get rid of the classical bureaucracy, thereby organization, personnel, term and conditions more flexible. Third, it stipulates the organization and personnel, and it can target according to the performance indicators measuring task completion. Also, to plan the assessment system for more than ever before, and also can be more strictly determine whether the government plans to achieve its objectives. Fourth, the senior executives are more likely to color with political government work, rather than independent or neutral. Fifth, the more likely the inspection by the market, buyers of public service provider and distinguish "helmsman, with the rower to distinguish". Government intervention is not always refers to the government by means of bureaucracy. Sixth, appeared through privatization and market means such as inspection, contract of government function reduce trend. In some cases, it is fundamental. Once happened during the transformation from the important changes to all connected with this, the continuity of the steps arenecessary.Holmes and Shand as a useful characteristics of generalization. They put the new public management paradigm, the good as management method has the following features: (1) it is a more strategic or structure of decision-making method (around the efficiency, quality and service). (2) decentralization type management environment replaced concentration level structure. The resource allocation and service delivery closer to supply, we can get more itself from the customers and related information and other interest groups. (3) can be more flexible to replace the method of public products supply directly, so as to provide cost savings of the policy. (4) concernedwith the responsibility, authority as the key link of improving performance, including emphasize clear performance contract mechanism. (5) in the public sector, and between internal to create a competitive environment. (6) strengthen the strategic decision-making ability, which can quickly, flexible and low cost to manage multiple interests outside change and the response.(7) by request relevant results and comprehensive cost reports to improve transparency and responsibility. (8) general service budget and management system to support and encourage the change.The new public management and realize a result that no one in the best way. Managers in endowed with responsibility and without being told to get results. Decision is a management job duties, if not for achieving goals, managers should assume responsibility.ConclusionThe government management over the past 150 years experienced three modes. First is the personification of modernadministrative mode, or when the pattern of its defects and increasingly exposed to improve efficiency, it is the second mode of traditional bureaucracy model is replaced. Similarly, when the traditional administrative mode problems, it is the third model is the new public management, from the government to alternative market. Since 1980s, the dominance of the market as the 1920s to 1960s dominant bureaucracy. In any kind of government, market and bureaucratic system are coexisting, just a form at some stage dominant, and in another stage of another kind of form, the dominant. The new public management is increasingly weakened and bureaucracy in the public administration field market dominant period.In reality, the market and bureaucracy, mutual complement each other. The new public management may not be completely replace the bureaucracy, as in 1989, the eastern Europe before bureaucracy could not instead of the market. But the new public management movement is early traditional bureaucracy, many functions can be and often by market now. In a bureaucracy system for organizational principle is weakened environment, market solutions will be launched. Of course not all market prescription can succeed, but this is not the issue. The government of new public management will be a toolbox dowsed solutions. If the scheme of the ineffective, the government will from the same source for other solutions. The theory behind the government management has already happened, we can use the term "paradigm" to describe it. In public administration academia, many of the new public management denial of critics. But their criticism of the government reform quickly. In the new public management mode, another a kind of new mode, but certainly not returned tothe traditional administrative pattern.新公共管理的现状毫无疑问,世界上许多国家,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,在20世纪80年代后期和90年代初期都开始了一场持续的公共部门管理变革运动。
物业管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照翻译Property Management FunctionsProperty management is the process of overseeing the operation and maintenance of real property to achieve the objectives of the property owner．Sometimes owners manage their own property，particularly small properties and particularly when they themselves occupy part of the space．But for larger properties or those whose owners live at a distance，management is usually performed by a paid property manager，either an individual buildings on long-term leases，where tenants maintain the building, pay the taxes and insurance，and mail the owner a check each month. But most residential，office，retail，and many industrial properties offer services along with the space over time．Property management has long been an underrated function in the real estate industry．The need for professional management did not become apparent until the depression of the 1930s，when numerous foreclosures revealed a pattern of management deficiencies．This oversight might seem strange，since running a large commercial or residential project in which hundreds or thousands of people reside or work is a highly challenging task，calling for training，good judgment，variety of technical skills．Traditionally，however，emphasis in the real estate industry has been on the so permanent elements of the investment-good location，construction，and reasonable long-term financing-than on the day-to-day operation of the property．It has sometimes seemed as if a property owner，having made a very large investment in the permanent structure，assumed that the property would run itself with a minimum amount of supervision．This concept of property management has changed substantially in the past decade．In an era of rising costs，it has dawned on owners that good property management is the major controllable influence on residual cash flow （i.e.，the number of dollars that end up in the owner＇s pocket）．It is true that both rent rates and operating expenses are largely shaped by market forces beyond the control of any one property owner （witness the very sharp rise in energy costs in the 1970s）．But it is also true that comparable properties within the same geographic area often show significant variances in rental income and operating costs．Why？Close inspection often shows that ＂above-average＂operating expenses and lower than average rent levels result from inadequate property management．The classic mistake of the stock and bond investor moving into real estate involves underestimating the importance of management．Some investors have the feeling that real estate manages itself．There is a story about the importance of property management. A San Francisco real estate broker recently noticed a project that was on the market for $1 million．He knew how the property had been managed in the past and that the million dollarvaluation was based on a capitalization of historic income figure．He borrowed money to buy the property，renegotiated certain leases，and established more efficient operating procedures．In six months he sold the property for $1.4 million based on the capitalized value of the new，higher net income. His contribution was management expertise．The level of management a property needs increases with the level of services and with the frequency that tenants turn over．Some examples of ddifferent managerial responsibilities and problems follow，organized by type of space．To the extent that property management involves tenant relations，residential properties present the greatest challenge．The space leased by the residential tenant is ＂home＂，where the tenant and other family members spend a substantial amount of their free time and the rent for which may represent the tenant's largest single financial obligation．Consequently，the residential tenant expects a well-run property，with services and utilities available as promised at rents kept as low as possible （among other reasons，because residential rentals are not tax deductible as are business rentals）．On the other side of the coin，one or two bad tenants in a project can be a continuing source of vexation to the property manager and to the other tenants．The relatively short term of a residential lease means that the property manager is under continual pressure to maintain a high renewal rate in order to avoid vacated units that must be repainted，repaired，and re-leased in as short a time as possible．A property that is theoretically fully rented may，nevertheless，lose a substantial amount of rental income if turnover is very high and more than a few weeks elapse before each new tenant moves in．Among the types of residential properties are apartments，condominiums and cooperatives，and single-family homes．The personal relationship between manager and tenant can be crucial to maintaining high occupancy．Turnover of tenants results in higher operating expenses and lower rentals collected．Asking fair rents and responding to tenants' needs（e. g.，maintenance and repairs）are often the most important variables in successful apartment management．The least involved homes．The owner may have moved rental of single-family homes．The owner may have moved away for business or other reasons with the intention of returning at a later date to occupy the house or may be holding the property as an investments．In either case，the owner retains a local agent to collect rent，pay real estate taxes and debt service，and handle any problems that may arise．This type of management is frequently performed by real estate brokers，who charge a fee equal to a percentage of each month's rent．The property manager of an office building must be familiar with more complex lease provisions than those used for residential properties. For example，the office building tenant is very much aware of paying a rent rate measured by the square foot，and so the measurement of space becomes an important consideration．One frequently used measure is rentable area or rentable space．The manager must understand how to compute it. For example，are the bathrooms and hallways an added＂load factor＂，with the tenant paying for her individual space plus her＂share＂of these common areas？Does the manager measure a tenant's space to the inside wall，the outside wall，or the center of the wall？In addition，escalation and cost-of-living-clauses are common in office buildings and frequently are negotiated with each individual tenant．The answers are in the leases．The property manager must be enough of a lawyer to read them，enough of an engineer to be sure the services （e. g.，elevators）work as promised，enough of a marketer to sell to the tenant on the quality of the services he provides，and enough of a financial accountant to report it all to the owner．When leasing space，the property manager should bear in mind that the value of an office building is directly related to three interlocking elements：（1）the rate per square foot，（2）the quality on the tenancies，and（3）the length of the leases．The higher the rental rate，the higher the gross income．The more creditworthy the tenant，the more assured the owner may be that rents will be paid. Finally，the longer the lease term，the lower the risk of vacancies and turnover problems in the future．With longer term leases，it is more important to have appropriate escalation clauses or expense pass-through provisions，for the opportunities to increase base rent to cover increased operating costs are less frequent．In office building management，service is particularly important．The property manager is responsible for making sure the premises are kept clean and secure，that elevator run reliably，that utilities work，and that the structure looks（and is）well maintained．To many office tenants，the amount of rent is secondary to the efficient provision of these services．Today's larger buildings are getting＂smarter＂．They have computerized controls to handle heating and air conditioning loads to minimize energy consumption. Elevators are programmed to meet peak loads．The fire system is tied to the public-address warning system，sprinklers，and air pressure．Infrared sensors may turn lights on and off as they sense people entering and leaving rooms．Telecommunications using fiber optics can create data highways between distant locations either in concert with public telephone systems or independently．Telecommunications options are expensive and can be cost-justified only when operating management helps tenants ensure their full utilization．Retail complexesFor large retail complexes and particularly for shopping centers，competent property management is extremely important．First，maintenance of the property itself requires substantial work．Each day large numbers of shoppers visit the premises，generating a great deal of rubbish and inflicting wear and tear on the improvements．Besides maintenance，daily security is an essential service．Second，the property manager must keep alert to possibilities of making the premises more attractive and to the need to renovate and modernize selling areas．Fierce competition for retail business means constant efforts must be made to have customers return as often as possible．In addition，whenever new tenants leasespace，renovation is required to suit the premises to the new user．Third，the property manager performs an important function in obtaining a proper tenant mix for the retail complex．Too much competition among similar uses may mean business failures for the tenants and a negative cash flow for the landlord．Ideally，the various tenants should complement each other so that a shopper coming to one store will find related products or services in adjacent stores．Finally，retail leases frequently contain percentage rent provisions by which the landlord is entitled to additional rent based on a percentage of gross sales over a specified minimum．The property owner must be prepared to negotiate the most favorable terms for the owner and also to ensure that percentage rents are correctly computed and paid as they come due. Estimated rental income is derived as from the historical experience of the building as well as from market trends discerned by the property manager in large retail complexes and shopping centers. For example，if the current market rent for comparable space has risen above the contract rent currently being charged under existing leases，the property manager will project an increase in rental income as leases expire，the property manager is expected to keep current on rent levels charged for comparable space．（Note that the property manager，by virtue of his or her expertise，is an excellent source of information for a prospective purchaser establishing an investment pro forma）．A more specialized type of management is involved with industrial property-that is，buildings that are used primarily for manufacturing or warehousing，and that may also include a limited amount of office space．Much industrial property is either built or altered to meet the specific needs of a tenant who normally will sign a long-term lease （e. g.，10 to 20 years），enabling the landlord to recover the special costs involved．Such special-purpose buildings usually require only a minimal amount of management by the landlord since they are frequently leased on a net basis，with the tenant responsible for operating expenses，including real estate taxes and insurance．On the other hand，some types of warehouse space are let on relatively short terms to more than one tenant．In this type of situation，the landlord may be responsible for maintenance and repair and must also anticipate the need to market the space at frequent intervals．One of the most important cash flow items of the late 1980s was the increasing cost of tenant alterations necessitated by tenant rollovers．In the 1990s，a critical property management function will be to service existing tenants and find the right new tenants with an eye to keeping down the cost of tenant improvements．In the increasingly competitive space markets –apartments，office，retail，and industrial -new leases usually provide for significant tenant improvements. Even on industrial properties，traditionally the type requiring the lowest tenant improvement，tenant improvements on a rollover can equal one year's gross rent. Consequently，keeping down rollovers（and therefore the cost of tenant improvements）is a primary objective of the cash floworiented owner．In the hospitality industry，service is crucial. This and the frequent turn-over of guests（often daily）mean that hotels and motels require more constant management than any other category of space we have considered．In many cases，convention business is major source of revenue. As a result，hotel and motel managementincludes food service and entertainment as well as the typical property management functions．Marketing is first in importance．The lease period is so short-one night-that management must find tenants for space vacated daily．Management skill creates value as much as does the physical property．For the hospitality industry，maintaining security is an allencompassing endeavor，not limited to property managers．Matters relating to the physical plant，staff，and operation in general affect the protection of the property's assets and its guests and employees．Anything less than a property-wide view of security and the resolution and disposition of security problems leads to inefficiency，needless expense，and great potential for harm to employer and guests．Having looked at how requirements for management vary by property type，we will now examine a manager's day-to-day duties in more detail．Like many working people，a property manager wakes up in the morning，dresses for work，eats breakfast，and drives to an office（either on or off the managed premises）．Once there，what does he or she do？We will first list all of the functions and then cover the most important ones in greater detail．MAKING A MANAGEMENT PLANAs the agent of the property owner，the property manager is bound to carry out the owner's objectives．Making explicit those objectives is the first step in creating a management plan．As we have seen，properties under paid management may be very small，or they may be multimillion-dollar complexes. A management plan can be equally simple or elaborate，as suits the scope of management and the market area of a property. Regardless on size，it is important to make a plan（which could range from a handwritten half page to 50 pages typed and bound，depending on the project…）．Here we should note that a management plan for any size property contains three points：（1）an analysis of the competitive environment；（2）an analysis of the property itself，and（3）enumeration of the owner's objectives and recommendations for achieving them．MAKING A BUDGETA manager collects money，pays the bills，and sends what is left to the owner-in millions or hundreds. A budget is essential for two reasons：（1）to regulate cash flow-that is，to make sure sufficient cash is on hand to meet obligations like taxes，mortgage payments，operating expenses，and special capital improvements（e. g.，new roof）when needed；and（2）to measure performance-to act as a standard for measuring the manager's success in meeting objectives．PAYING EXPENSES；KEEPING BOOKS AND RECORDSThe property manager must see to it that operating expenses，real estate taxes，insurance premiums，and mortgage payments are paid when due．Depending on the arrangement，a manager may be authorized to sign checks or may only prepare a list of payments for the owner's attention．The manager also keeps records of income and outlays and works with the owner's accountant in preparing annual financial statements and tax returns．The manager may also be responsible for reports required by government authorities．Showing and renting spaceAlthough marketing real estate is a function distinct from managing it，the two are often combined in the hands of the property manager or management firm．In the case of apartment buildings，the manager actually on the site（the resident manager）usually shows vacant apartments and may handle lease negotiations as well. In the case of commercial or office space，leasing is often performed by specialists within a property management firm or may be handled by a separate brokerage firm．Because of the importance of leasing and the expertise and special effort required to do it well，a property manager who handles the lease function often receives a commission over and above his regular management fee. The leasing function can be classified into three steps，all or some of which may be performed by the property manager or management firm．SETTING RENTAL LEVELS.A rent schedule should be established with the objective of maximizing future rental income from the property．Setting rents is far from an exact science：it calls for the exercise of good judgment based on a knowledge of rent rates and available space in comparable buildings as well as the features，functions，and benefits of both the subject property and competing space．A technique used by many professional property managers is the base-unit-rate approach．This involves choosing a standard unit in an apartment building（e.g.，a two-bedroom apartment on the sixth floor）or a specified number of square feet in an office or derived from a study of the market with adjustments for differences between the particular property and its competition.（For example，a newer building normally commands higher rent for space than an older building，all other things being equal）．Within the particular building，rent rates will vary depending on the relative merits and deficiencies of each unit．For example，space on higher floors usually floors offer the amenities of less street noise and a better view．SOLICITING PROSPECTS.The second step in the leasing process is to advertise space in appropriate media （whether billboards，newspapers，radio，or television）and show in a perfunctory way，this task should properly be regarded as the time for intensive personal selling on the part of the leasing agent．To sell space effectively，the leasing agent must not only be familiar with every detail of the property being shown，but also should ascertain the precise needs and desires of the prospect．NEGOTIATING AND EXECUTING LEASES.Finally，the property manager will be involved，to a greater or lesser extent，in the negotiation and execution of the lease．In the case of an apartment project，where standard form leases are used and little negotiation normally occurs，the manager may perform the entire process．On the other hand，a long-term lease of several floors in a major office building will require the efforts of both legal counsel and the owner．Even here，however，the property manager plays an important preliminary role because of his initial contacts with the tenant．沈阳航空航天大学毕业设计（外文翻译）物业管理物业管理就是一个对实际物业操作和维护的预见并达成业主目的过程。
毕业论文-基于java的小区物业收费管理系统(含JAVA中英文翻译)
毕业论文基于java的小区物业收费管理系统此文档为word格式，下载后可随意编辑摘要随着小区住宅的增多，物业管理水平的提高，传统的人工管理模式已经不能满足业主和管理人员的要求；同时面对信息科技带来的优势，用软件或者系统来管理收费已成为了提高工作效率的手段之一，因此就为小区收费系统的开发提供了广阔的前景。
论文讨论了关于小区物业收费管理系统的主要内容，包括业主的房源信息、车位信息、日常收费信息、费用设定信息、数据备份信息的管理等。
主要从三个方面来阐述小区物业收费管理系统的设计与开发，主要包括：系统管理用户；小区收费管理用户；业主用户。
每个用户权责明确，各尽其职；从而实现了费用信息管理一体化，具有一定的现实意义和应用。
本系统基于B/S模式，涉及到web2.0开发的基本功能和技术，主要技术有JSP、Html、JavaScript、CSS、SQL Server2000等，采用了tomcat6.0服务容器和JRE1.5运行环境。
本系统的使用，对小区物业收费管理实现了又一次突破，给小区收费管理人员提供了极大的方便。
关键字：管理系统；Web2.0技术；数据库；软件测试AbstractWith the increase in residential housing, property management level, the traditional man-management has been unable to meet the owners and management personnel; also face the benefits of information technology, software or systems to improve management fees has become efficient means of, and therefore charges for the residential development of the system to provide a broad prospect.Discussion paper on the district property charge management system mainly include the owners of housing information, parking information, daily fee information, cost of setting information, data back-up information management. Described from three aspects to charge residential property management system design and development, including: system management user; cell charge management users; owner user. Clear responsibilities for each user, each doing its job; in order to achieve the integration of information management costs, has some practical significance and applications.The system is based on B / S model, involving the development of basic functions and web2.0 technology, the major technologies JSP, Html, JavaScript, CSS, SQL Server2000, etc., using tomcat6.0 service containers and JRE1.5 operating environment.The use of the system of residential property management fees once again achieved a breakthrough to the district management fees offer great convenienceKey Words：Management system; Web2.0 technologies; database; software testing目录摘要 (I)Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... I I 第1章绪论 . (1)1.1本文工作的来源 (2)1.2目的和意义 (2)1.3国内外进展 (2)1.3.1国外进展 (2)1.3.2国内进展 (3)1.4本文工作的主要内容 (3)第2章可行性研究 (4)2.1 经济可行性 (4)2.2 技术可行性 (4)2.3 操作可行性 (4)2.4 法律可行性 (4)第3章需求分析 (5)3.1 系统功能的需求分析 (5)3.1.1 系统管理员 (5)3.1.2 收费管理人员 (6)3.1.3 业主用户人员 (7)3.2 系统性能的需求分析 (7)3.2.1 硬件环境 (7)3.2.2 软件环境 (7)3.3 数据库需求分析 (8)3.3.1数据结构和数据项 (8)3.3.2 数据流图 (8)3.3.3 数据字典 (9)第4章总体设计 (10)4.1 功能模块总体设计 (10)4.1.1 系统管理员子系统 (10)4.1.2 收费管理子系统 (11)4.1.3 日常管理子系统 (11)4.2 数据库设计 (13)4.2.1 数据库概念结构设计 (13)4.2.2 数据库逻辑结构设计 (15)4.3 目录结构设计 (16)4.4 系统界面设计 (16)4.4.1 系统界面的设计原则 (16)4.4.2 系统界面的设计步骤 (17)第5章详细设计 (19)5.1登陆和权限验证的设计 (21)5.1.1 登陆界面设计 (21)5.1.2 权限验证的设计 (23)5.2 用户角色和权限联系的设计 (28)5.3 数据库设计 (28)5.3.1 JDBC介绍 (28)5.3.2 数据库表设计 (29)第6章系统编码 (33)6.1 编程语言的选择 (33)6.2 编码效率的问题 (33)6.3 系统的编码 (33)6.3.1 日常管理子系统的编码 (33)6.3.2 收费管理子系统 (34)6.3.2 系统管理员子系统的编码 (35)第7章测试 (37)7.1 软件测试规则 (37)7.2 软件测试开始 (38)7.2.1 白盒测试 (38)7.2.2 黑盒测试 (39)结论 (41)参考文献 (42)附录A程序关键代码 (43)致谢 (50)外文科技资料翻译 (51)英文原文 (51)中文译文 (59)第1章绪论当今社会信息瞬息万变，谁掌握了信息谁就掌握了经济命脉。
物业管理外文文献以及译文
物业管理外文文献以及译文标题：物业管理的现状和发展趋势摘要：物业管理在现代城市发展中发挥着重要作用。
本文综述了国际上物业管理的研究现状和发展趋势，总结了其实施的重要性以及面临的挑战。
文中分析了物业管理的整体框架和主要职责，并探讨了其在可持续发展、技术创新和社区参与方面的潜力。
此外，本文还提出了未来物业管理发展的战略方向和应对策略，旨在为物业管理行业的进一步发展提供参考。
关键词：物业管理，可持续发展，技术创新，社区参与，发展趋势1. 引言物业管理作为城市管理的重要组成部分，对城市的可持续发展和社区居民的生活质量起着关键作用。
然而，随着城市化进程的加快和新兴技术的发展，物业管理面临着许多挑战和机遇。
本文旨在综述国际上物业管理的研究现状和发展趋势，并提出相应的发展战略和应对策略。
2. 物业管理的概念和职责物业管理是一种以提供高效、可持续、安全和舒适的建筑和设施管理为核心的综合性管理工作。
其主要职责包括建筑维护、设备管理、安全管理、人力资源管理等。
物业管理的核心目标是提供优质的生活和工作环境，满足用户的需求。
3. 物业管理的挑战和机遇物业管理面临着人力资源短缺、技术创新、环境保护和社区参与等方面的挑战。
然而，这些挑战同时也为物业管理带来了发展机遇。
通过引入新技术、加强与社区的合作、提升服务质量，物业管理可以促进城市的可持续发展。
4. 物业管理的发展趋势在可持续发展方面，物业管理应采取节能减排、资源回收和绿化等措施，以提高建筑和设施的环境性能。
在技术创新方面，物业管理应利用物联网、大数据和人工智能等技术，提升管理效率和服务质量。
在社区参与方面，物业管理应鼓励居民积极参与社区事务，并加强与居民的沟通和合作。
5. 物业管理的未来发展战略和应对策略为了应对未来的挑战，物业管理应制定可持续发展策略，加强技术创新能力，提高员工素质，加强与社区的合作，并推动行业规范和标准的制定和实施。
结论：物业管理在城市发展中发挥着重要作用，面临着许多挑战和机遇。
小区物业管理系统毕业论文(含外文翻译)[管理资料]
![小区物业管理系统毕业论文(含外文翻译)[管理资料]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/430132da915f804d2a16c1b3.png)
小区物业管理系统摘要小区物业管理工作流程的特征为工作繁杂性、多样化、管理复杂化、收缴费用与设备维护繁琐化。
如今计算机技术突飞猛进，已完全能替代手工物业管理工作，而且更加准确、方便、快捷、高效、清晰、透明，它完全可以克服手工的缺点。
这将给业务查询和管理带来很大的方便，大大提高物业管理工作的效率，这也是物业管理数字化、信息化的重要体现。
经过分析，我使用Visual Studio 2008开发工具，使用Access 2007建立后台数据库，根据C#面向对象、可视化的特点，首先在建设系统应用原型，然后，对初始原型系统进行需求迭代，不断修正和改进直到形成用户满意的可行系统。
本系统界面设计大方、简洁、实用，操作简单方便,是一款完全适合普通小区物业日常事务管理的软件。
软件设计综合了具有一定代表性的多家物业管理公司的业务模式和需求。
能实现对小区住户、楼盘等信息的智能化管理，可以提高物业管理的效率。
关键词：小区物业管理系统，C#, Visual Studio 2008 ,Access 2007 DISTRICT PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMABSTRACTAs for the plot estate management that, its work flow numerous and diverse, the diversification, the management complex, capture the expense and the maintenance of equipment is tedious. The computer could definitely be competent the estate management work, moreover more accurate, convenient, quick, highly effective, clear, is transparent above, it definitely may overcome the deficiency which states. This will give the project inquiry and the management brings very big convenient, thus will bring a higher efficiency for the estate management work, this also will be the estate management standardization, the modernized important symbol.Through analysis, we use Visual Studio 2008 development tools, used Access 2007 database established according to the background, Based C# characteristics of object oriented, visualization, first in the construction of system, then, for application prototype initial prototype system requirements, revise and improve the iteration until the feasible system formed customer satisfaction。
物业管理方案英文翻译版
Property Management Plan Translation IntroductionProperty management is a key aspect of real estate, ensuring the effective management and maintenance of physical buildings and assets. In this property management plan, we outline our approach to providing high-quality property management services in both residential and commercial settings.ScopeOur property management plan covers a range of services, including: •Maintenance and repairs•Rent collection and accounting•Tenant relations and communication•Property inspections and reportingOur property management team works closely with property owners to ensure their needs are met, including providing regular updates on the condition of their buildings and assets, and addressing any concerns or issues that arise.ServicesOur comprehensive property management services include the following:Maintenance and RepairsWe understand that maintaining your property is essential to its long-term value and success. Our team of trained professionals can provide ongoing maintenance and repair services, ensuring that your property is always in the best possible condition. We work with trusted contractors to provide efficient and effective maintenance and repair services, including plumbing, electrical, HVAC, and other key systems.Rent Collection and AccountingCollecting rent and managing finances can be time-consuming and complex for property owners. Our property management team provides reliable rent collection and accounting services, ensuring that your financial obligations are met on time and accurately. We use the latest technologies to streamline financial processes, including online payment options for tenants.Tenant Relations and CommunicationBuilding strong, positive relationships with tenants is essential to maintaining a successful property. Our property management team is committed to providing excellent tenant relations and communication, ensuring that tenants are satisfied and engaged. We provide regular communication updates, respond promptly to inquiries and complaints, and work proactively to address tenant needs and concerns.Property Inspections and ReportingRegular property inspections are essential to identifying potential issues and maintaining the overall condition of your property. Our team provides comprehensive property inspections and reporting, including detailed reports on the condition of key systems and assets, as well as recommendations for maintenance and repair. We use advanced technologies to provide real-time updates and reporting, ensuring that you are always up-to-date on the status of your property.ConclusionOur property management plan outlines our commitment to providing high-quality, comprehensive property management services. We recognize that effective property management is essential to the success of any real estate investment, and we are dedicated to supporting our clients through every stage of the property management process. With a focus on careful planning, proactive maintenance, and responsive tenant relations, we are confident in our ability to deliver exceptional property management services that meet the needs of property owners and tenants alike.。
物业管理国外文献综述
物业管理国外文献综述1. 物业管理体系研究Alice Christudason对新加坡住宅区物业管理体系的选择进行研究，通过对内部管理组织和代理公司两种物业管理体系对比研究发现，如果考虑高效和实用，最好选择专业代理人，如果管理委员会由具有足够驱动力、忠诚度、知识水平且愿将时间付出给小区的成员构成，则可以选择内部管理组织，管理委员会就可以直接运行和控制小区的日常和长期工作[1]。
C Y Yiu等首次从制度经济学的角度对物业管理的制度安排提出了一个分析框架[2]。
Alice Christudason研究显示，虽然多层次的系统可以缓解单层管理公司系统一些现有的为题，但是可能会出现其他问题，包括运营成本的增加，为多层管理公司找到足够的志愿者和冲突可能性的增加[3]。
2. 物业管理与政府治理研究Steve R Doe研究并提出政府应当利用中介服务机构，充分发挥它们在社区管理中的作用[4]；Altrichte从政府的角度上指出，政府应当采用潜在的社区管理措施，并且通过这些措施来改善对社区的管理[5]。
Beate Klingenberg经过建模研究认为租金管制不仅对业主，而且对资产管理者和承租人都具有预想不到的负面后果，从而提出应重新探讨和审查租金管制政策[6]。
3．物业管理的溢出效应研究物业管理与房地产价格间有一个重要的和积极的关系。
人们愿意分别为ISO9001认证和HKMAQA的物业管理公司管理的资产多支付4.92%和2.84%[7]。
Eddie Chi-man Hui通过研究物业管理对房地产价格的影响发现，ISO14001认证对资产价值的影响小于ISO9001和香港管理协会质量认证两个管理标准[8]。
Jinhuan Li 提出一种新的评价方法，以确定物业管理服务对香港私人住宅价值的重要性，结果表明，物业管理资产增加价值，尤其是年长和危房特性的资产[9]。
但是Roland Füss 研究表明，超额收益的来源和资产特性有关，物业资产管理并不能成为主要驱动力，特别是资产的年限和规模可控的情况下，其作用更为有限[10]。
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外文翻译原文1 2.0 Web Pages and Web Controls U ntil now, all of the example applications in this text have focused on console-based and Windows Forms front ends. In this chapter and the next, you’ll explore how the .NET platform facilitates the construction of browser-based presentation layers. To begin, you’ll quickly review a number of key web-centric concepts (HTTP, HTML, client-side, and server-side script) and the role of the web server (including the development server, WebDev.WebServer.exe).With this web primer out of the way, the remainder of this chapter concentrates on the composition of (including the enhanced code-behind model) and how to work with web controls. As you will see, ASP.NE T 2.0 provides a number of new web controls, a new “master page”model, and various customization techniques.The Role of HTTPWeb applications are very different animals from traditional desktop applications (to say the least).The first obvious difference is that a production-level web application will always involve at least two networked machines (of course, during development it is entirely possible to have a single machine play the role of both client and server). Given this fact, the machines in question must agree upon a particular wire protocol to determine how to send and receive data. The wire protocol that connects the computers in question is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).When a client machine launches a web browser (such as Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox,or Microsoft Internet Explorer), an HTTP request is made to access a particular resource (such as an *.aspx or *.htm file) on the remote server machine. HTTP is a text-based protocol that is built upon a standardrequest/response paradigm. For example, if you navigate to www. , the browser software leverages a web technology termed Domain Name Service (DNS) that converts the registered URL into a four-part, 32-bit numerical value (aka an IP address). At this point, the browser opens a socket connection (typically via port 80) and sends the HTTP request for the default page at the website.Once the hosting web server receives the incoming HTTP request, the specified resource may contain logic that scrapes out any client-supplied input values (such as values within a text box) in order to format a proper HTTP response. Web programmers may leverage any number of technologies (CGI, ASP, , Java servlets, etc.) to dynamically generate the content to be emitted into the HTTP response. At this point, the client-side browser renders the HTML emitted from the web server.Another aspect of web development that is markedly different from traditional desktop programming is the fact that HTTP is an essentially stateless wire protocol. As soon as the web server emits a response to the client, everything about the previous interaction is forgotten. Therefore, as a web developer, it is up to you take specific steps to “remember” information (s uch as items in a shopping cart) about the clients who are currently logged on to your site. As you will see in the next chapter, provides numerous ways to handle state, many of which are commonplace to any web platform (session variables, cookies, and application variables) as well as some new techniques (view state, control state, and the cache).Understanding Web Applications and Web ServersA web application can be understood as a collection of files (*.htm, *.asp, *.aspx, image files, etc.) and related components (such as a .NET code library) stored within a particular set of directories on a given web server. As shown in Chapter 24, web applications have a specific life cycle and provide numerous events (such as initial startup or final shutdown) that you can hook into.A web server is a software product in charge of hosting your web applications, and it typically provides a number of related services such as integrated security, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) support, mail exchange services, and so forth. Internet Information Server (IIS) is Microsoft’s enterprise-level web server product, and as you would guess, it has intrinsic support for classic ASP as well as web applications.When you build web applications, you will often need to interact with IIS. Be aware, however, that IIS is not automatically selected when you install the Windows Server 2003 or WindowsXP Professional Edition (you can’t install IIS on the Home editions of Windows). Therefore, depending on the configuration of your development machine, you may be required to manually install IIS before proceeding through this chapter. To do so, simply access the Add/Remove Program applet from the Control Panel folder and select Add/Remove Windows Components.Working with IIS Virtual DirectoriesA single IIS installation is able to host numerous web applications, each of which resides in a virtual directory. Each virtual directory is mapped to a physical directory on the local hard drive. Therefore,if you create a new virtual directory named CarsRUs, the outside world can navigate to this site using a URL such as (assuming your site’s IP address has been registered with the world at large). Under the hood, the virtual directory maps to a physical root directory such as C:\inetpub\wwwroot\AspNetCarsSite, which contains the content of the web application.When you create web applications using Visual Studio 2005, you have the option of generating a new virtual directory for the current website. However, you are also able to manually create a virtual directory by hand. For the sake of illustration, assume you wish to create a simple web application named Cars. The first step is to create a new folder on your machine to hold the collection of files that constitute this new site (e.g., C:\CodeTests\CarsWebSite).Next, you need to create a new virtual directory to host the Cars site. Simply right-click the Default Web Site node of IIS and select New ➤Virtual Directory from the context menu. This menu selection launches an integrated wizard. Skip past the welcome screen and give your website a name (Cars). Next, you are asked to specify the physical folder on your hard drive that contains the various files and images that represent this site (in this case, C:\CodeTests\CarsWebSite).The final step of the wizard prompts you for some basic traits about your new virtual directory (such as read/write access to the files it contains, the ability to view these files from a web browser, the ability to launch executables [e.g., CGI applications], etc.). For this example, the default selections are just fine (be aware that you can always modify your selections after running this tool using variousright-click Property dialog boxes integrated within IIS). 2.0网页和Web控件到现在为止，本书的示例应用程序主要集中在控制台和基于Windows窗体前端。