中国加工贸易的中英文文献

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江苏省加工贸易转型升级的研究外文翻译

The influence of processing trade on the adjustment of industrial structureLouis Vuitton Processing trade is the process of development of modern international trade, it is a new international division of labor and a profound reflection of intra-industry trade and international direct investment. Domestic and foreign strengths of the process, the rapid development of China's processing trade, not only make differences of China's abundant labor resources and comparative advantages, but also promote the upgrading of industrial structure in China, especially the development of high-tech industry.Processing trade has brought a large number of new products and new technologies, and formed a new industry. Foreign-funded enterprises engaged in processing trade, the technical level is generally higher than the domestic original level, for example, Beijing's survey showed that 81% of foreign investment projects in industrial systems, the introduction of advanced technology in other countries, so that theseenterprise level for 15 years.Beijing GE Hangwei CT machine so that the level of production in this area forward for 30 years, the Shanghai Intel introduced the world's highest performance desktop microprocessor packaging and testing production facilities.This situation not only widespread in the mechanical and electrical capital-and technology-intensive industries, is also more common in the traditional labor-intensive industries engaged in processing trade enterprises in the textile and other industries, the technology level, product quality is much higher thanThe original Chinese enterprises.The best example is the development of China's IT industry.The IT industry is one of the highest degree of internationalization of industrial, and therefore most suitable for the development of processing trade, since the 1990s, a large number of foreign investment in the IT manufacturing industry, engaged in processing trade, ranging from Intel, Nokia and other well-known multinationalcompanies, there are a lot of anonymity for multinational companies engaged in OEM production of Taiwan-funded enterprises.The rapid development of processing trade, China is relatively backward country from an electronics industry, the rapid rise of one of the most important to the world IT industry, hardware manufacturing base has a huge influence on IT products and international markets.If there is no processing trade, this stunning development is inconceivable.The export competitiveness of the export product mix to optimize product is a direct manifestation of the international competitiveness of industry, the structure of export products is the external reflection of the industrial structure.In the past decade, the dynamic optimization of product structure of China's processing trade trend is very clear.The early Chinese processing trade in textiles, clothing, toys, footwear and other labor-intensive products, with the growing number of foreign-invested enterprises in China engaged in processing trade, getting higher and higher proportion of mechanical and electrical products in the processing trade.2002, processing trade, exports of machinery and electronic products was $ 116.535 billion, accounting for 65% of the total exports of processing trade, accounting for 74.3 percent of the total export of electromechanical products.Exports of processing trade, computers, communications equipment, audio-visual products plays an important role.Processing trade export high-tech products in 2002 was $ 60,626,000,000, an increase of 46.2%.Processing trade, technology development, and advancement in technology.Technology and management of processing trade "spillover effect" three ways to promote technical progress and industrial upgrading of the relevant companies.The first path is the productof diffusion and competition.Since a large number of processing trade enterprises, both domestic and international markets, brought about by the processing trade enterprises, a large number of new products into the domestic market, on the one hand, to foster domestic demand, it also provides a model for the development and production of similar products of domestic enterprisesexpansion of the mobile communications market and the development of manufacturing is the most convincing example.The second way is to order requirements and technical support of the processing enterprises on supporting enterprises, greatly improving the technical level and product quality for supporting domestic enterprises, so that products meet international market requirements.The requirements of the international market.Pattern, since the mid-1990s, China's processing trade has changed out of the past "great progress" value-added rate and domestic procurement of continuous improvement, while the formation of cross-regional procurement network in China's coastal regions to formsome industrial characteristics of the industry significantly accumulation zone.The third way is the flow of technical and management personnel, the dissemination of advanced technology and management. Processing trade, promote high-tech industrial development of foreign direct investment has played a huge role in the rapid development of high-tech industries in China.Since the mid-1990s, China's high-tech industry has achieved rapid growth.1998 to 2002, hi-tech industrial output value of the average annual growth of over 24% higher than the 15 percent of all industrial output, the contribution rate of industrial output increased by 35%, high-tech product exports accounted for China's exportsThe proportion rose to 25%.In 2002, Chinese industrial output value of high-tech industry exceeded 2 trillion yuan, up 23.26 percent over the previous year; high-tech products exports amounted to $ 67.7 billion, an increase of 45.7 percent, higher than China's exports increased 23.4 percent.The high-tech industry has become the fastest growing industries in the national economy.Among them, foreign direct investment accounted for more than half of the high-tech industry accounted for to apply for two-thirds of the number of patents, accounting for three-quarters of the value of exports.This trend with the continuous growth of China's foreign investment and accelerate the development of processing trade is particularly evident in this development.Although in the strict sense, the growth of processing trade of foreign investment to promote high-tech industry can not be fully seen as the real growth and expansion of China's high-tech industries, but this part of the localization of the high-tech industries in the new global manufacturing division patterncut into the global production system, so that China's high-tech industries, rare elements of capital, technology and sales network conditions, can take advantage of a convenient way for China to become a global high-tech products manufacturingbase.Driven by foreign-invested high-tech industrial development of processing trade for the Chinese high-tech industrial growth of the construction of the initial scale.Processing trade in China's industrial policy areas, processing trade, the domestic industry into the international market.Chinese processing trade industry association can be as encouraged to focus on the implementation of the evaluation system of the processing trade industry, the development of processing trade in the context of China's industrial policy.The premise of the scale of processing trade maintained rapid growth, and promote technological progress and upgrading the industrial structure of the processing trade, and improve the rate of domestic procurement and value-added rate of processing trade to promote the extension of the processing trade to the procurement anddistribution and other services to encourage the processing trade, the gradual establishment ofown international marketing network, and finally to the integration of the processing trade and domestic industrial system, the Chinese developed into a world of highly competitive manufacturing base.Encourage technological innovation and technological progress, and continuously improve the technical level of local enterprises.After decades of industrial construction, China has established a relatively complete industrial system.Overall, however, the technical level of Chinese industry is still with the developed countries there is a big gap.According to the third industrial census data show that the mid-1990s, the general technical level of Chinese large and medium-sized enterprises than the international level 5-10 years behind.The level of backwardness of the industrial technology is the main reason for the slow growth of supply capacity of China's processing trade of intermediate goods, which not only multinational companies will be Chinese processing trade part in the chain of low-tech, but technically impede the processing trade matchingdevelopment of the industry, which restricts the processing trade, technology diffusion and technology spillovers, thus hampering the upgrading of processing trade.Take practical and effective policy measures to promote Chinese enterprises to multinational corporations in the global production chain to keep to the high-tech-intensive, high value-added aspects of upgrading, China should further intensify efforts to support technological innovation and development, to encourage and promote enterprisesequipment upgrades, technological innovation and staff training, development and implementation of the industry, especially the complete system of technological innovation incentives in the high-tech industries, as soon as possible to change the general processing and manufacturing technology backwardness.Promote the development of supporting industries, and promote the localization of intermediate inputs for processing trade.Development of supporting industries is processing trade, promote local industrial growth, the basis of industrial upgrading.To this end, China needs to make full use of and continuously improve the production capacity and technical level of local enterprises to accelerate the state-owned enterprises reform, and actively support the development of private enterprises, the rapid growth of supporting industries to provide micro-main.In addition, should also reform and improve the existing systems and policies conducive to the development of supporting industries, to encourage the processing trade to increase domestic procurement, processing trade policy priorities.Specific adjustments include: reform of the tariff system, and gradually reduce tariffs on manufactures to reduce the tax difference of the final products and intermediate products; reform of the customs supervision mode to improve the efficiency of supervision, to provide convenient conditions for the deep processing carry; improve the export tax rebate policy, reduce the tax rebateto reduce the rebate link.Strengthen the supporting enterprise technology, capital and information to support the role of government, research units and intermediary institutions, supporting the production of domestic-funded enterprises have the ability to provide technical advice, joint technology development, manpower training, provision of preferential loans, subsidies and variousinformation services, to mobilize all forces to promote the development of supporting industries for domestic enterprises.Follow the investment, to encourage foreign investment and promote the formation of supporting industries group, cultivatinghigh-tech industries, supporting production base, the upgrading of processing trade to create a more favorable industrial space.To strengthen basic research, and foster self-development capacity of the high-tech industries.The ultimate goal of integration into the globalization of transnational corporations operating system is China's own industrial upgrading and technological progress, and learn from other East Asian economies to economic development experience and lessons learned in vitro, we need practical measures to prevent introduction of foreign capital in technological dependence.To this end, China's industrial technology development should be long-term perspective.The one hand, as soon as possible to reform the research system at all levels, to encourage research and institutional innovations to strengthen the mutual cooperation of the research, the promotion of scientific research institutions and enterprise and industrialization of scientific research; the other hand, to maintain and steadily improve China's basic researchinvestment, strengthening the forces of higher education, to strengthen human resources for training and reserve the use of international technology transfer at the same time, maintaining and promoting self-development capacity of various industries, especially high-tech industries, for the protection of China's economic security, the Industrial Economics and Industrial Technologycatch up to build a good foundation.加工贸易对产业结构调整的影响加工贸易是现代国际贸易发展过程中出现的一种新型国际分工方式，是产业内贸易和国际直接投资的深刻反映。

加工贸易发展文献综述【精选资料】

加工贸易发展文献综述摘要：加工贸易是改革开放的一个重要成果，在我国工业化和国际化进程中发挥了举足轻重的作用。

但以往加工贸易主要集中于沿海，在内陆地区基本上是空白，难以分享到加工贸易所带来的好处。

新形势下，如何推动内陆地区加工贸易加快发展并实现转型升级，已成为待解决的问题。

关键词：加工贸易、现状、问题、方向正文：加工贸易是一国利用本国生产能力和技术，进口料件加工成成品后再出口的一种国际贸易方式，是经济全球化的产物。

随着IT和交通技术的突破性进展，全球通讯和物流成本大幅降低，为各种生产要素实现世界范围内的优化配置提供了条件。

许多产品的生产和价值链，在全球范围按专业分工展开，其生产环节大都选择在成本最低的国家和地区，加工贸易由此诞生，并成为各国尤其是发展中国家参与国际分工的重要方式。

改革开放以来，我国顺应时代潮流，积极发展加工贸易，把劳动力优势与国际化的市场、资本、技术和管理优势相结合，参与国际经济大循环，取得了显著成效。

1、国内外加工贸易发展现状研究近几年，在中央倡导全面协调可持续发展的科学发展观的历史背景下,中国加工贸易在发展中暴露出的“低层次、低水平、低增值，高能耗、高污染”问题越来越突出，国内学术界开始关注加工贸易转型升级一般途径和对策研究。

隆国强从提升国际生产价值链位置，加强企业技术创新，延长产业链条，企业进入服务环节，发展本土跨国公司等方面促使加工贸易转型升级，并提出从政策上促使加工贸易从东部到中西部的梯度转移[1]。

张旭宏提出要引进更高技术，实施产业聚集与配套，提高加工深度，延长价值链，培育自创品牌[2]。

刘德学从分析全球生产网络和全球价值链角度，研究了制定发展战略、实施产业政策、创建学习型组织、建立知识管理系统等对策建议[3]。

孙国辉提出加工贸易转型升级机制综合体现于企业、产业、地区多个层面，并从战略定位、政策体系和社会化服务等方面论述支持体系建设[4]。

何斯斐针对加工贸易转型面临的准入门槛低、国内采购率低、结构区域分布不平衡等问题，提出建立机制、完善制度、优化区域布局等对策建议[5]。

国贸毕业外文文献及其翻译

China’s Competitive Performance: A Threat To East Asian Manufactured Exports?There is growing concern in Southeast and East Asia about the competitive threat posed by China’s burgeoning exports, exacerbated by its accession to the WTO. The threat is not confined to labor-intensive products but spans the whole technological and skill range. At the same time, China is rapidly raising its imports from the region, and it is not clear whether its burgeoning exports will damage its neighbors. We examine the dime nsions of China’s competitive threat in the 1990s, benchmarking competitive performance by technology and market, and finds that market share losses are so far mainly in low technology products, with Japan being the most vulnerable market. We analyze market share changes and highlight product groups that are directly or indirectly exposed to a competitive threat. We examine intra-regional trade and find that China and its neighbors are raising high technology exports in tandem: the nature of the international production systems involved lead to complementarily rather than confrontation. China is thus acting as an engine of export growth for its neighbors in terms of direct trade. However, this will change as China moves up the value chain and takes on the activities that have driven East Asian export growth.IntroductionConcern about China’s competitive threat is widespread (in developed economies like US as well as developing ones like Mexico), but is strongest in East and Southeast Asia. China’s burgeoning exports–backed by cheap and productive labor, a large stock of technical manpower, huge and diversified industrial sector, attractiveness to foreign investors, pragmatic use of industrial policy, and, now, freer access to world markets under WTO – lead to apocalyptic visions of export losses.2 China is most threatening to neighbors that rely primarily on low wages for their export advantage. However, as it upgrades its export structure, the more advanced economies (Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea and Taiwan) also fear for their competitiveness. The current hollowing out of their low-end manufacturing may soon extend to complex production, design, development and related services. Domestic markets are also threatened by China, but so far most attention seems to have been on exports.Offsetting this threat are the promise of the giant Chinese market (WTOaccession is only one of several initiatives to liberalize regional trade) and the potential for collaboration with it in exporting to the rest of the world. Trade within the East Asian region is flourishing. China is a growing importer from the region of natural resources that it does not possess. It is also raisin g imports of manufactured products. Its advanced neighbors are selling it sophisticated consumer and producer goods, and using it as a base for processing exports to third countries. The multinational companies (MNCs) that now account for around half of Chinese exports (and far more of its high technology exports, UNCTAD,2002) are incorporating China into production systems spanning the region (‘fragmentation’ and‘segmentation’ are used to describe this phenomenon3), so promoting considerable intra-firm trade with other regional bases. China’s own enterprises are likely to specialize with respect to reg ional counterparts and so raise intra-industry trade in differentiated products. Perhaps worryingly for competitors in other regions, such integration can lead China to complement regional competitiveness as a whole, rather than substitute its exports for those of its neighbors.It is difficult to assess, however, whether complementarily between China and the regional economies will fully offset its competitive threat. The dynamics and complexity of the interactions make it impossible to quantify the outcome, even to predict broad directions. The basic issue is whether China’s higher wage neighbors can move into more advanced export activities or functions rapidly enough to permit continued export expansion. If they can, they can continue with export-led growth. If they cannot, they will suffer export deceleration and/or a shift in specialization towards primary products or slow-growing segments of manufactured exports. The outcome, in other words, will depend on the relative growth of technological and other capabilities in Chinese and regional enterprises, with the former having such advantages as lower wages, larger scale economies, greater industrial depth, pools of technical skill and a proactive government. However, as East Asian countries differ widely in these factors (Lall, 2001), they face different kinds and intensity of competitive threat. The nature of the threat depends, moreover, on the organization of the production and marketing system: independent local firms are likely to compete more directl y than affiliates of thesame MNC spread over different countries in an integrated system.This paper does not try to measure China’s competitive threat or its effects, but to map relative export performance in the 1990s by technology and destination and so assess where the threat appears most intense. We focus on major East Asian exporters5 and on exports to third markets, but we also analyses complementarities between China and East Asia, particularly in electronics, the region’s largest export and the one where MNC systems dominate. As the 1990s predate China’s WTO accession, we do not go into the implications of this accession; however, the analysis of competitive trends has implications for the evolution of future trade by the region as liberalization grows.Background on Chinese export performanceChinese manufactured exports grew by 16.9% per annum over 1990-2000, compared to 6.4% for the world, 12.0% for all developing countries and 10.3% for the rest of East Asia. Its share of world manufactured exports rose from 1.7% to 4.4% over the decade and continued rising rapidly. 6 Thus, by 2002 China accounted for 5.1% of world merchandise exports; it was then the fifth largest exporter (after USA, Germany, Japan and France, and ahead of the UK). China’s share of developing world manufactured exports rose from 11% to 20% over the 1990s and of the East Asian region excluding China from 18.7% to 41.8%. Its export gains (see below) spanned the entire technological spectrum, and were most dynamic in the complex end of the range, in products that have recently driven the export growth of the rest of East Asia.This export surge is likely to be sustained for some time to come. China has ‘spare capacity’ in that its per capita exports are still relatively small,7 wages are much lower than in its main neighbors and it has large reserves of cheap and disciplined labor (though drawing it into exports will involve the cost of building links with the interior).8 More importantly, its advantages are not static (confined to cheap labor); they are upgrading rapidly. China is investing heavily in technology and advanced skills; for example, the share of the relevant age group enrolled in tertiary education rose from 9 percent in 1997 to 13 percent in 2000 (UNESCO website). It is exploiting the scale offered by its giant market to become competitive in capital-intensive activities beyond the reach of manyneighbors. It is using its diverse industrial base to deepen local content. It is drawing in export-oriented FDI at an impressive rate, using its market attractions to induce investors to raise local R&D and linkages; till now it has been able to impose performance requirements of the type soon to be banned under WTO rules.WTO accession may constrain China’s ability to use indust rial policy (Nolan, 2001) but it will also open up new export opportunities, particularly in textiles and garments.9 Accession may also enhance its domestic competitiveness: it will improve the investment climate for FDI, make imported inputs cheaper (for enterprises outside special export regimes) and induce faster restructuring of domestic enterprises (Ianchovichinaetal, 2003, and Lemoyne and Unal-Kesenci, 2002).Market share changes in major developed country marketsWe analyze market shares of China and its neighbors in three major markets: Japan, the US and West Europe, according to technology categories (Annex Table 1). In terms of value, the most important market for China in 2000 is the US ($49 billion), followed by Japan ($36 billion) and West Europe ($38 billion). However, the rest of the world is almost as large a destination for Chinese exports as these together ($106 billion in 2000) and within this the rest of East Asia is larger than any major OECD market by itself ($74.6 billion).The competitive position of each country can be analyzed in terms of the market share in 1990 and 2000 and the change over the decade. The annex table shows the following:Total manufactured exports: China does best in Japan, followed at some distance by the US. In common with most neighbors, its market share gain is weakest in West Europe. Korea loses market shares in both Japan and US, while Taiwan loses only in the US. Hong Kong’s loses market shares in all markets, particularly in the US and Japan. Like Taiwan, Singapore loses only in the US. The new Tigers gain share in all markets. With the exception of Indonesia, with a rather tepid performance, the others all gain most share in the Japanese market. Resource based products: China again leads the region in terms of market share increases, with a pattern similar to that for total exports. However, Korea has alarge gain in Japan, in contrast to Taiwan and Singapore, which lose shares; the latter two also lose in the US. Thailand is a big gainer in Japan while Indonesia and the Philippines lose out in the US. Low technology products: China’s massive market share gains are again concentrated in Japan. The four mature Tigers generally suffer losses in market share, but Singapore sees an increase in Japanese market share. The best overall performance among the new Tigers is by Indonesia.Medium technology products: While the Chinese pattern of success recurs, the new Tigers make significant gains in Japan and Korea incurs a significant loss. Taiwan and Singapore suffer losses in the US market. High technology exports: Taiwan again diverges from Korea in its performance in Japan, the former showing the second largest gain in the group (after China) and the latter the largest loss. In the US market, the situation is reversed, with Singapore joining Taiwan in losing market shares. Among the new Tigers, Malaysia and the Philippines are the big gainers in Japan, but the other two also benefit significantly. The Philippines is the second largest winner in the group in the US market. In sum, China’s main market share gains in the developed world are concentrated in Japan (though the US accounts for a larger dollar value of export growth). This is also true of its neighbors with the exceptions of Korea and Indonesia (Hong Kong was an all-round loser). To the extent that we can interpret market share changes to be causally related to China’s export surge, it would seem that the mature Tigers suffered the most from Chinese competition. The largest such loss is in low technology products, which is to be expected, but this not take into account the growth of LT exports by Korea and Taiwan to China. The relatively low gains by the lower-income new Tigers in LT may also reflect the impact of Chinese competition – without the offsetting increase in exports of intermediates to China.ConclusionsChina’s export surge has raised grave concerns in the region. While some of the apocalyptic predictions may have been overdone, it is certainly possible that rapid export growth by such a massive entrant will adversely affects export growth in its neighbors. As this analysis shows,however, the outcome is complex.For a start, the rise in China’s exports is matched by that in its imports – within the region its import growth outpaces its export growth. With appropriate restructuring of activities to match new competitive needs, its neighbors should be able to maintain high rates of export growth.There are two main drivers of regional exports to China. The first is to meet its burgeoning demand for imported products: primary products and resource-based manufactures that it cannot produce capital goods and intermediates for domestic -oriented production and more sophisticated consumer goods than its industry can currently provide. The second is to meet the needs of its export industries. This has two components: ‘processing’ activity in special economic zones that use imported inputs for export activities, and other exporters that also need imports. Processing activity is increasingly organized as part of integrated production systems, particularly its high technology segments, though some domestic oriented industries are also being plugged into this system as they realize scale and learning economies and become globally competitive. Both drivers are likely to continue into the foreseeable future, though their composition will change as Chinese and regional capabilities develop.中国竞争力的表现：是对东亚制成品出口的威胁吗？越来越多的东南亚和东亚地区关注中国出口的迅速增长所带来的竞争威胁，中国加入WTO后，更加剧了这种情况。

加工贸易全球化背景下工业化的新道路的外文翻译

外文翻译外文题目：Processing Trade: Globalization's new road of industrialization出处： Asish Arora. Processing Trade: Globalization’s new roadof industrialization. Information Economics and Policy ,2007:88-96 作者： Asish Arora译文：加工贸易:全球化背景下工业化的新道路一、经济全球化对发展中国家传统的工业化战略提出严峻挑战第二次世界大战以来,特别是近20年来,在技术进步的推动下,经济全球化进程逐渐加快,成为世界经济发展的不可逆转的潮流。

经济全球化在给各国经济发展战略带来重大机遇的同时,也对各国经济发展战略提出了严峻挑战,特别是发展中国家传统的工业化道路面临严峻挑战。

传统的工业化道路主要有两种,一种是进口替代战略,另一种是出口导向战略。

进口替代战略的思想可以追溯到美国的汉密尔顿和德国的李斯特。

其主要思路是通过保护国内市场,使国内新兴产业(幼稚产业)免遭来自发达国家的强力竞争而夭折。

这一战略发挥作用的基本前提是通过设置贸易壁垒对国内市场形成有效保护。

历史上,美国、德国在其追赶阶段,都不同程度地实施了进口替代战略,而且对促进本国的工业化起到了重要作用。

二次世界大战以后,拉美国家推行进口替代战略,对其工业化进程也起到了一定的作用,但是,由于进口替代战略隔绝了国际竞争压力,这些国家虽然形成了一定的工业能力,但其国际竞争力较为低下,导致其国际收支严重失衡,多次爆发货币危机。

自70年代末以来,拉美国家已经逐步调整发展战略,放弃实施进口替代战略。

以日本为代表的部分东亚国家在“二战”以后成功地实施了出口导向战略。

实施出口导向战略的国家,一方面,政府采劝产业政策”的手段,以政策扶持其“支柱产业”增强国际竞争力,不断拓展国际市场;另一方面,通过各种手段保护其国内市场,为其支柱产业提供尽可能多的市场机会。

中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文

外文翻译原文Foreign T rade o f ChinaMaterial Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka1.IntroductionOn December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing:•In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44%•In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1•In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2•In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province•In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere2.Evolution of China’s Trade RegimeEqually remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a muchfaster rate than exports of primary goods.As a result,the share of manufactur ed goods increased t o90.1%,and that of primary good decr eased to9.9%by2001.Also shown in those tables are five subgr oups for manufactur ed goods and primary goods.China’s export was highly dependent on its exports of coal, petroleum,and petr oleum products until mid-80s.The large export volume of petr oleum was also support ed by a sharp rise in oil prices during the period.In1985, the share of mineral fuels is26.1%.In1986,the su d d en decline in the share of primary goods in total exports occurs,which is largely associated with the decline in the export volume of mineral fuels.The price reforms coupled with the declined world petr oleum price areattributable t o the decline.Domestic agriculture production expanded during the1980’s in response to the higher prices thr ough the price reforms and mo r e opportunities given t o the producers to market their products.Although the share of food and live animals in total exports has declined over time,China has become a net exporter of such products since1984.T urning to the manufactur ed goods,the large increase in the share of the manufactur ed goods in the total exports since mid-80s is largely accounted for by the increase in the export in the textile category and the miscellaneous products category.These two gr oups include labor-intensive products such as textiles,apparel, footwear,and toys and sporting goods.During the1990s,the category that exhibited the mos t significant surge in exports is machinery and transport equipment.Its share exp anded from9.0%in1990t o35.7%in2001.3.China’s Processing Trade and Trade by For eign Invested FirmsChina established the legal framework for processing and assembly arrangements in1979.Since then,China has built up considerable strengths in assembling and processing of industrial parts and components.It covers a wide range of industries such as electric machinery,automobile,aerospace,and shipbuilding.T able3a and T able3b demonstrate the amount of processing exports and imports and the importance of stateowned enterprises(SOEs)and foreign-invested enterprises(FIEs)in such forms of trade for1995-2001. Throughout the period from1995to2001,the shares of these two types of processing exports exceed more than half of China’s total exports.In2001，processing exports account for55.4%of the total exports.As is seen in T able3a, process&assembling was dominat ed by SOEs in1995.However,the tr end has been changing.The share of SOEs in process&assembling has been steadilydeclining over the years from84%in1995to62%in2001.The other type of trade, process with imported materials was largely conducted by FIEs and their shares have been gradually increasing from81%in1995to88%in2001.In China’s imports(see T able3b),processing trade is relatively small comp a r ed to exports. After it peak ed at49%in1997,processed imports decline to39%in2001.The decreasing importance of SOEs can be seen in China’s imports as well.Shares by SOEs decr eased from81%in1995t o58%in2001for process&assembling,and from18%to7%for process with imported materials.The decr eased role for SOEs in processing trade may reflect the inefficiency in conducting their business.Since 1997,the Chinese government decided t o implement the shareholding system and t o sell a large numbe r of medium-and small-sized SOEs to the private sector.A n u mbe r of larger enterprise gr oups will be established in various industries thr ough mergers,acquisitions,and leasing and contracting.The restructuring of SOEs is intended to increase profits and to improve their competitive edge.4.China’s Tr ade by Provinces and RegionsA regional breakdown of exports and imports reveals important characteristics of the foreign trade in China.In1997,89.1%of the total exports came from the Eastern region of China(Beijing,Tianjin,Heibei,Lioaning,Guangxi,Shanghai, Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Fujian,Shangdong,Guandong and Hainan).Within the East,the Southeast region accounts for76.3%of China's exports in1997.4Gu ang dong alone pr oduces41.6%of the total exports for the sa me year.Such regional imbalances in exporting activities persist to the present day.In2001,Guandong's share of the national exports is36.0%.For the Southeast and the East,the shares are respectively 79.0%and91.1%.This imbalance of the regional growth in foreign trade may partially be attributed t o the various geographic-specific and sequential o pen-d oo r policies China has exercised thr oughout the last twenty years.The strong growth of th e export sector in the coastal area has been support ed by the massive use of foreign direct investment(FDI).FDI was first attracted by the creation of the Special Economic Zones(SEZ).FDI was concentrated in the provinces of the Southeast coast,namely,Guandong and Fujian.The multinational enterprises that are export-oriented or use adv anced technologies are able to enjoy various preferential policies in the SEZs,such as r educed or ex empt e d corporate income tax,exemption from import tariffs on imported equipment and raw materials.In1984,fourteen coastal cities were opened and were grant ed similar policies as SEZs.Out of thosefourteen cities,ten are located in the Southeast coast regions and four are in the rest of the Eastern regions.Furthermore in1985,similar preferential policies were grant ed t o other coastal economic regions,Pearl River Delta,Y angtze River Delta and Minnan Delta which is t o the south of Fujian.In1990,Pu d o n g in Shanghai was opened and was grant ed extensive preferential policies.Since1984,the Chinese government established thirty-two national-level Economic and T echnological Development Zones(ETDZs).The share of exports in The Y angtze River Delta,the home of Shanghai and two provinces,Jiangsu and Zhejiang has grown steadily during the period1997to 2001.The share of those three regions grew to10.1%,11.0%,and9.1%in2001 from8.1%,7.9%and5.9%in1997,respectively.As the role of high-tech industry beco mes mo r e significant in China’s output and China’s comparative advantage in skilled-labor and capital-intensive industries beco mes higher,the Y angtze River Delta be co mes a new magnet for investment by foreign enterprises.These foreign investments in turn lead to mo r e export and trade.5.Foreign T rade by Major World RegionsUsing China’s official statistics,Table4a and4b highlight merchandise export s and imports t o and from major world regions for1993-2001:Asia,Africa,Europe, Latin America,North America and Oceania.As we see from Table4a,China’s most important export region has always been Asia,which absorbs53%of China’s exports in2001.However,their share of absorption declines from almost62%,their peak level of1995.The importance of North America and Europe in China’s exports, however,has been increasing since1998.In2001,North America takes in mo r e than22%of exports and Europe takes in mo r e than18%.6.China’s Merchandise Exports and Imports by Major Trading PartnersTable5a and Table5b document China’s merchandise exports to and imports from its major trading partners,using China’s official statistics.According to Tabl e 5a,the major exports markets for China in2001are:the United States(20.4%), Hong Kong(17.5%),Japan(16.9%)and the European Union(15.4%).It is well-known that a large proportion of Chinese exports to Hong Kong are re-exported elsewhere so that the true size of the Hong Kong export market has t o be estimated. T o save space for this paper,we will just rely on the official Chinese figures.6Even without adjusting for re-exports,the United States in2001is the largest export market for China.Thus,from an international trade perspective alone,the most important bilateral trade relationship for China is the relationship with the UnitedStates.T ogether t he United States,Hong Kong,Japan and the European Union take in70.2%of China’s exports in2001.Within ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations),Singapore has been the largest export market for China.In2001, 31.5%of China’s total exports to ASEAN is destined for Singapore.Within the European Union(EU),Germany is the largest market with23.8%of the total Chinese exports going to the EU.9.ConclusionIn the future,we see that there are at least two challenges facing China in the area of international trade.First,with China’s competitiveness growing,many countries will perceive that their producers will no t be able to c o mpe t e with the Chinese exports,either in the third market or in their own domestic market.The backlash will take the form of an increased use of anti-dumping duties and safeguards.W e have already seen the use of such trade instruments against China from a variety of countries,including Japan,the European Union and the United States.A relatively new development is that even developing countries such as India and Mexico are using anti-dumping measur es against Chinese exports to their countries.The difficulty with anti-dumping duties is that they are generally WT O-consistent.Thus joining the WTO d o es no t mean that other countries will reduce their use of anti-dumping duties against China.A second challenge facing China is how t o manage its trade relationship with the United States.The United States is the largest economy on earth.The United States is China’s largest export market.It is also a critical source of technology.A stable and healthy relationship with the United States is important for China’s economic development.It is always a difficult adjustment process for countries to accept a newly e mer gen t economic power.The United States as well as other countries may perceive China as a potential economic threat.Judging from the experience of the relationship betw een the United States and a rising Japan in the 1970s and the1980s,it will n o t be too har d to imagine that there will be difficulties in the trade relationship betw een the United States and China.Managing and smoothing such a relationship should be an important goal for China.译文中国的对外贸易资料来源:万方数据库作者：Hitomi Iizaka1、简介2001年12月11日，中国正式加入世界贸易组织（WTO），成为其第143个成员，中国在世界经济中的作用将继续增强和深化。

中国加工贸易正在迅速转变外文文献及翻译

中国加工贸易正在迅速转变外文文献及翻译China's processing XXX to the business activity of importing raw and auxiliary materials。

parts and components。

accessories。

and packaging materials from abroad in bond。

and then re-XXX。

This trade can involve processing with XXX.Processing with supplied materials involves the foreign party supplying both the imported materials and parts。

XXX does not need to make foreign exchange payments for the imports and only charges the foreign party a processing fee。

On the other hand。

processing with imported materials requires the business enterprise to make foreign exchange payments for the imported materials and parts。

and then export the finished products after processing.The processing trade has played a significant role in China's economic development over the past few decades。

It has been a major contributor to the country's export growth and has helped to attract foreign investment。

加工贸易文献综述

加工贸易研究综述国外学者对加工贸易的研究主要从产品内分工入手，并从产品内贸易方式进行跨国投资的角度，研究加工贸易对东道国产业升级的促进作用。

Robert J.Carbaugh（1998）指出，水平分工的实质是将同一产品的零部件的生产或不同生产工艺过程分布在不同的国家进行，然后统一组装制成成品，而加工贸易方式是国际水平分工得以实现的重要手段[1]。

Daniel M.（1999）认为，随着经济全球化的发展，全球范围内正在进行新一轮的产业结构调整，加工贸易固有的特点将促使其进一步成为很多国家参与国际分工的重要形式[2]。

大多数学者同意加工贸易能促进东道国的经济增长。

Ernst D(2002) [3]、Kandogan(2003)[4]指出，跨国公司在东道国投资办厂，将企业的产品质量管理方法和工艺技能传授给当地居民，因而使东道国或地区能更好地掌握技术资料、提高产品设计、质量控制和市场驾驭等方面的能力。

当地企业承接其全球生产体系中的加工环节，可以增加东道国的外汇收入、解决就业等。

加工贸易为东道国或地区带来一种技术溢出效应，并促进产业升级。

Jacke Cukrowski（2003）指出，加工贸易方式可以使投资方主动提供世界上最先进的技术，并使用投资方的国际营销渠道，形成生产规模，占领产品的国际市场。

通过技术和市场的不断渗透，东道国企业可以加快自己的技术研究开发能力，建立自己的营销网络，形成自主的知识产权，占领国际市场，从而促进了本国的产业升级[5]。

Ge（1999）以垄断价格模型为基础，建立一个动态模型用来分析来分析出口加工区对一国经济开放和转型的作用，并指出加工贸易带来的技术学习和适应效应对欠发达国家的经济开放和产业结构调整将产生积极影响[6]。

Gereffi（2000）认为，发展中国家可利用发达国家将其非核心业务外包，减少成本的契机，通过发展加工贸易的方式嵌入到全球价值链的战略环节[7]。

Gibbons P.(2001)通过全球价值链理论指出加工贸易企业的升级方式，OEM企业可以从购买者技术溢出中获益而成为行业内的主要供货商，他们可以将生产过程中附加值低的部分转移给其他企业，从而处于不断升级的状态[8]。

中国加工贸易正在迅速转变外文文献及翻译

中文3325字China's processing trade undergoing a rapid transformation Processing trade refers to the business activity of importing all or part of the raw and auxiliary materials, parts and components, accessories, and packaging materials from abroad in bond, and re-exporting the finished products after processing or assembly by enterprises within the mainland. It includes processing with supplied materials and processing with imported materials. Under processing with supplied materials, the imported materials and parts are supplied by the foreign party which is also responsible for selling the finished products. The business enterprise does not have to make foreign exchange payment for the imports and only charges the foreign party a processing fee. Under processing with imported materials, the business enterprise makes foreign exchange payment for the imported materials and parts and exports the finished products after processing.Since the processing trade policy was implemented in late 1970s, the processing trade in China has been developing in a sustained and rapid manner; the total volume of exports and imports in the form of processing trade increased from US$2.5 billion in 1981 to US$831.9billion in 2006, up by nearly 333 times, and its proportion in foreign trade increased from 5.7 percent to 48.6 percent.The Department of Mechanic, Electronic and Hi-Tech Industry of the Commerce Ministry of PRC stated that what was more satisfactory than an increase in quantity was that as the processing trade developed continually and rapidly, the transformation and upgrading of processing trade had been accelerated. More and more foreign-funded enterprises transferred their processing and manufacture with a higher technology level and a larger appreciation content to China; influenced by the technology and management spillover effects in processing trade, more and more Chinese companies had speeded up their technology improvement and industrial upgrading.The industrial structure in processing trade has been continuously optimized.During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the export value realized in the processing trade of mechanic and electronic products amounted to US$928.2 billion, accounting for 70.7 percent of the total processing trade export value and 74.0% of the total export value for mechanic and electronic products; such an export value is 2.4 times more than that in the Ninth Five-Year Plan period with an annual growth rate of 29 percent, which is 1.2 times the growth rate for China's processing trade export value during the same period of time. China has become the largest producer and exporter of mechanic and electronic products like mobile phones, home appliances and laptops in the world. In 2005, 99.9 percent of the laptopsmanufactured in China, 99 percent of the color video projectors and the microcomputers manufactured in China, 98 percent of the plasma color TV sets manufactured in China, 97 percent of DVD players manufactured in China, and 96 percent of the ships manufactured in China were exported in the form of processing trade. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the export value realized through the processing trade of hi-tech product amounted to US$543.8 billion, accounting for 41.4 percent of the total processing trade export value and 87 percent of the total export value for hi-tech products; such an export value is 4.5 times more than that in the Ninth Five-Year Plan period with an annual growth rate of 41 percent and 1.7 times the growth rate for China's total export value realized in the form of processing trade during the same period.In 2006, the respective export values realized in the processing trade of mechanic and electronic products and hi-tech products amounted to US$391.32 billion and US$245.84 billion, the proportion of which in the total export value realized in the form of processing trade were respectively 76.7 percent and 48.2 percent, up 1.6 percentage points and 1.4 percentage points year on year respectively.The regional distribution of processing trade has been somehow ameliorated. Firstly, the processing trade in the middle and western parts of China developed fast though it started rather late there. In 2005, the total export value and total import value realized in the form of processing trade in the middle and western parts of China added up to US$14.95 billion, 1.6 times more than that in 2000 with an annual growth rate of 23 percent, a bit faster than the growth rate for China's processing trade as a whole. Secondly, the product structure of the processing trade in the middle and western parts of China has also been somehow ameliorated. In 2005, the export value realized in the processing trade of mechanic and electronic products in the middle and western parts of China was US$3.07 billion, 2.2 times more than that in 2000 with an annual growth rate of 26 percent, and the proportion of such an export value in the export value realized in the form of processing trade in the middle and western parts of China was 33 percent, 7 percentage points higher than in 2000. Thirdly, the processing trade in coastal areas, in which the Pearl River Delta once seized an absolute proportion, is gradually developing in the Yangtze Delta and the Bohai Rim. In 2005, the processing trade in Guangdong Province accounted for 42.3 percent of the gross in China with a decrease of 10.3 percentage points than in 2000; during the same period, the proportion seized by Jiangsu Province amounted to 21.3 percent of the gross in China with an increment of 11.3 percentage points and that seized by Shanghai amounted to 12 percent of the gross in China with an increment of 2 percentage points.In 2006, there realized a respective export value of over US$1.7 billion throughprocessing trade in Henan, Anhui and Hubei, three provinces in the middle and western parts of China; various provinces like Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui and Yunnan saw a growth margin of over 65 percent for their exports through processing trade.The industry chain of processing trade has been extending continuously. First of all, the carrying forward services for deep processing for the purpose of processing trade presents a trend of rapid development, its scale is getting increasingly larger and it occurs more and more frequently. In the second place, as the processing trade kept extending towards independent research and development along its industrial chain, more and more research and development centers have been built up. Till now, foreign companies have set up over 750 research and development centers in China; nearly 40 transnational corporations have established regional HQs in China.As introduced by personnel in charge in the Department of Mechanic, Electronic and Hi-Tech Industry, the Ministry of Finance, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration of Customs, and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued the Circular on Adjusting the Tax Refund Rate of Some Export Commodities and Supplementing the Commodities Catalogue Prohibited form Processing Trade on September 15, 2006 so as to guide the transformation and upgrading of processing trade in China; on November 3, 2006, the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration of Customs and the State Environmental Protection Administration jointly published the [2006] 82nd Announcement to get commercial products the tax refund for which were cancelled and certain commodities processed at a low level that will result in a serious pollution and consume a large amount of resources and energy enlisted in the Catalogue of Prohibited Commodities in Processing Trade.In the Catalogue of Prohibited Commodities in Processing Trade issued this time, priority has been given to commodities the tax refund for which were cancelled, which include 804 commodities belonging to various (ten-digit) tax item numbers and account for 6.5 percent of the total number of tax item numbers for export and import products. The import of 77 commodities is prohibited, and such commodities are mainly those the import of which is prohibited in international pacts or that will produce serious pollutions when being processed, including tiger bones, ores, ore residuals, and fiber waste; the export of 503 commodities were prohibited, and such a group is mainly made up of primary raw materials for deep processing like planks, sulfur, soil, and stone materials, and metal raw materials, but enterprises importing such commodities as raw materials for their processing trade will continue to enjoy the bonded treatment; both the export and import of 224 commodities were prohibited, and such commodities are mainly commodities processed at a low level, resultingin serious pollutions and consuming a large amount of resources and energy, like coal, pitch, flammable gases and pesticides.Personnel in charge from the Department of Mechanic, Electronic and Hi-Tech Industry believed that the new Catalogue of Prohibited Commodities in Processing Trade mainly involved highly resource-consuming chemical and smelting products with serious pollutions; and the gross processing trade will not be greatly affected as the processing trade of mechanic and electronic products account for 75 percent of the gross for China at present.Materials and parts imported in bond must be re-exported after processing, and enterprises may not sell their bonded materials and parts or finished products in China. If such goods have to be sold on the domestic market for special reasons, approval must be obtained from the commerce authorities in charge of processing trade at provincial level as well as Customs. Business enterprises and processing enterprises must promptly pay the tariffs and V AT exempted on the imported materials and parts if these goods are sold domestically, whether the import settlement is in renminbi or in foreign currency. For commodities subject to import restriction or import licensing, enterprises should apply for approval in arrears from the authorities concerned and obtain the necessary import approval documents or import licence. The commerce authorities in charge of processing trade at provincial level will verify the enterprise's application and import licence issued by the relevant import administration organ and issue a Domestic Sale Approval Certificate for Bonded Materials and Parts for Processing Trade (i.e. Domestic Sale Approval Certificate), specifying the corresponding import licence name and number in the "remarks" column. With this Domestic Sale Approval Certificate and the valid licence whose number is specified therein, Customs will proceed with taxation for domestic sale and verification and cancellation procedures in connection with processing trade. If an enterprise is unable to submit the import licence issued by the relevant import administration organ, the commerce authorities in charge of processing trade at provincial level may still issue the Domestic Sale Approval Certificate once Customs proceed with the verification and cancellation of the processing trade handbook after levying on the enterprise duties and interest thereon and a penalty ranging from 30% to 100% of the declared value of the imported materials and parts.With a view to strengthening supervision of processing trade by means of modern management methods and facilitating the development of new and high technology industries, the former MOFTEC and General Administration of Customs (GAC) jointly promulgated the Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Supervision and Approval of Processing Trade Enterprises on 25 October 2001. The measures provide a simplified framework for the administration of enterprises participating in the online system.According to the measures, these "online enterprises" engaged in processing trade are exempt from the customs duty deposit system. The commerce authorities would no longer examine and approve their processing trade contracts and would only appraise their qualification for carrying out processing trade, business scope and processing capabilities.Online enterprises applying for permission to engage in processing trade should submit to the commerce authorities their financial proofs and application materials. These include: business licence (copy), approval certificate of online enterprise issued by Customs, Registration Form for import-export rights or FIE approval certificate (copy), record of passing the joint annual appraisal (except newly established enterprises without such record), original of processing trade enterprise production capability certificate issued by the local commerce authorities at county-level or above, proof of the online enterprise's export performance in the previous year (copies of customs declaration forms or processing trade contract verification/cancellation forms), brief profile of the enterprise and the raw materials and parts it imports and the products it exports, and checklist of business scope.Upon receipt of an online enterprise's application, unless the processing trade activities involved are prohibited by the state, otherwise the commerce authorities would grant approval and issue an approval certificate to the online enterprise to engage in processing trade. Based on this certificate, Customs will set up a processing trade electronic account for the online enterprise concerned and implement online supervision. The online enterprise may then import raw materials and parts and export products within the approved scope中国加工贸易正在迅速转变加工贸易是指进口全部或部分原辅材料，零部件，配件的部分商业活动，并从国外债券的包装材料，再出口成品的企业在内地加工或装配后的产品。

国外关于加工贸易与价值链研究文献综述

国外关于加工贸易与价值链研究文献综述加工贸易和价值链研究一直以来是国际经济学领域的热门课题，许多国外学者通过各种研究方法和理论框架，对这一领域进行了广泛且深入的探讨。

在本文中，将综述国外关于加工贸易和价值链研究的一些重要文献。

首先，Hummels和Klenow（2005）提出了“间接出口”概念的研究，该研究解释了为什么一些国家出口总额低，但是间接出口占比较高。

通过对中国的案例研究，他们发现中国从其他国家进口的一部分产品会进行再加工，然后再出口到第三国，从而导致中国的间接出口占比较高。

其次，Feenstra和Hanson（1996）在研究中使用了“垂直特化”理论，解释了加工贸易的产生原因。

根据他们的研究，发达国家倾向于将高附加值环节留在本国，而将低附加值环节外包给发展中国家进行加工。

这样一来，发展中国家可以从加工贸易中获得就业机会和技术转移，而发达国家则可以降低生产成本并提高竞争力。

再次，Grossman和Helpman（2002）在其代表作《市场和膨胀》中提出了“服务贸易”概念。

他们认为，随着全球化的加深，国际贸易不再仅仅是商品的交流，而是越来越多地涉及到服务的交流。

他们的研究揭示了服务贸易和产品贸易之间的相互关系，以及在价值链中服务贸易的重要作用。

此外，Kaplinsky和Morris（2000）提出了“价值链分析”方法，用于研究加工贸易和价值链之间的关系。

他们通过对发展中国家的实证研究，发现这些国家在全球价值链中的地位较低，主要从事低附加值环节的加工。

他们的研究结果指出，发展中国家需要通过提高技术水平和增加价值链中的附加值，来提高其在全球加工贸易中的地位。

最后，Gereffi（1994）提出了“全球生产网络”概念，用于解释全球价值链的形成和发展。

他的研究发现，全球生产网络是由一系列的供应商、生产商和分销商组成的，它们之间通过合作和协调来实现全球规模的生产和销售。

他的研究对于理解加工贸易和价值链之间的关系，以及全球产业组织的演变具有重要的启示意义。

中国对外贸易英文版

中国对外贸易英文版China's Foreign TradeChina is one of the world's largest players in international trade. The country has experienced significant growth in export and import activities over the years, becoming a major contributor to global trade flows. Here are some key points about China's foreign trade:1. Exports: China is known for its vast manufacturing capabilities and has emerged as the world's largest exporter of goods. The country exports a wide range of products, including electronic goods, machinery, textiles, and toys. Chinese exports are valued at billions of dollars annually, providing employment and economic growth.2. Imports: China also has a high demand for imported goods. The country imports a variety of products, including machinery, chemicals, ores, and petroleum. China's growing middle class has contributed to increased demand for imported consumer goods, such as luxury items and automobiles.3. Trade Surplus: China has maintained a trade surplus for many years, meaning it exports more goods than it imports. This has led to some concerns among trading partners, who argue that China's trade practices may be unfair and pose a threat to domestic industries. As a result, there have been ongoing trade disputes and efforts to address trade imbalances.4. International Trade Partners: China has built strong traderelationships with numerous countries around the world. The country's largest trading partners include the United States, European Union, and ASEAN countries. China also actively participates in regional and international trade agreements, such as the Belt and Road Initiative and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.5. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): China has become an attractive destination for foreign investors, thanks to its large consumer market, skilled workforce, and improved business environment. Foreign companies have set up manufacturing facilities and service centers in China to tap into its domestic market and take advantage of its export opportunities.6. Free Trade Zones: China has established several free trade zones (FTZs) across the country to promote foreign trade and attract foreign investments. These zones provide preferential policies, streamlined customs procedures, and tax benefits to businesses operating within their boundaries.7. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): China's BRI is a massive infrastructure project aiming to enhance connectivity and trade between China and other countries. It includes building roads, railways, ports, and other infrastructure to facilitate trade along the ancient Silk Road routes.China's foreign trade has played a crucial role in its economic development and global engagement. However, it also faces challenges such as trade tensions, protectionism, and market access barriers. The Chinese government continues to implement policiesto support and strengthen its foreign trade, aligning it with its broader economic goals.。

外文翻译--加工贸易与经济增长：基于中国的实证分析

本科毕业论文外文原文外文题目：Processing Trade and Economic Growth:Evidence from China出处：The 2nd International Conference on Vale Engineeringand Vale Management作者：Xi-jun WangAbstract：Presently, processing trade has become China’s major trade method．In order to make clear the relationship between processing tr ade and China’s economic growth,this paper,based on China’s statistical data from 1985 to 2007，by employing co-integration theory, Granger causality test and error correction model(ECM)，respectively investigates the relationship between processing trade import, processing trade export and economic growth．The empirical result denotes that there exists unilateral Granger causality relationship between processing trade import and economic growth．Processing trade import influences the growth of GDP. For a short period, processing trade import and processing trade export both spur the growth of GDP, but the impact is comparatively low；for a long period, processing trade import remarkably promotes the growth of GDP, while processing trade export restricts the growth of GDP．1. IntroductionSince the reform and open poficy, China's foreign trade has been developing rapidly. At preseng foreign trade，investment and consumption have been“the three carriages”driving the growth of China’s economy. On the basis of developing the general trade，our country actively implements the policy of encouraging the development of processing trade so as to make it realize the breakthrough development Presently,processing trade has become China’s major trade method，playing an extremely important role in impulsing the adjustment and perfection of the industry structure，spurring the improvement of the processing technique and the increasing the opportunity of labor employment．Thereby how to measure processing trade’s contribution to China’s economic growth from an objective perspective becomes a very important problem．Since the position of the processing trade in developed countries is not remarkable，thus abroad there are few researches on therelationship between processing trade and national economy．Since reform and opening，processing trade has been increasing swiftly in our country, and there is much research on processing trade at home．The empirical analysis of Liu Zhi-zhong and Wang Yao-zhong(2003)shows that the degree of processing trade’s contribution to economic growth and its impulse to economic growth are rather low；the empirical result of Yah Guo-qing and Chen Li-jing(2005)demonstrates that whenever China’s processing trade increases by 1 percent, GDP will increase by 0.761 percent，and the degree of processing trade’s contribution equals 53 percent；Sun Chu-ren，Shen Yu-liang and Zhao Hong-jun(2006)calculates the total contribution of processing trade import and other trade import to economic growth is negative；Zhu Qi-rong(2007)，by employing linear regression approach，draws the conclusion that the increase of cornmon trade import and export and the processing trade export both impulse the increase of GDP,while the increase of processing trade import will cause negative growth of GDP；Yang Song-li and Yu Hai-shan(2006)make an empirical analysis of processing trade’s effect on Zhejiang’s economic growth by comprehensively employing processing trade value-added factor,the promoting degree of processing trade to Zhejiang’s GDP and other analyzing method such as linear regression.Obviously,the internal academic community holds different beliefs about the relationship between processing trade and economic growth；meanwhile，these research literatures do not illustrate the long-run and short-run equilibrium relationship between processing trade and economic growth and the impact mechanism．Therefore，this paper will analyze the relationship between processing trade and economic growth by employing methods of co-integration theory, Granger causality test and error correction model(ECM)，etc．2. MethodologyThe purpose of empirical analysis in this paper is to test the relationship between processing trade and economic growth by means of co-integration technique．Co-integration technique is a new one which is applied to dynamic models’enactment,estimation and verification．It mainly analyzes the nonstationarity of time series，build nonstationary variable economic model，and explore the long-term equilibrium relationship between nonstationary variables．Firstly, the paper has the stationary test of time variable series；secondly, the paper tests the co-integration relationship between the variables；thirdly, thepaper builds error correction model,which call not only examine the long-term relationship between variables，but also examine the short-term cause and effect relationship；finally, the paper make a further test and analysis of cause and effect relationship between time variable series involved in co-integration relationship．2.1. Stationary TestThe time-series data of many economic indicators do not have the feature of stable process．For the time-series data formed in nonstationary process，traditional mathematical statistics and econometrics methods seem powerless．Besides using sequential autocorrelation analytic chart,modem econometrics judges the stationarity of time series by a more formal approach, that is，to have statistical tests．Unit root test is one of the statistical tests which is universally applied．This approach judges the stationarity of a certain time series through judging whether it has roots of unity. Commonly used hypothesis testing approaches include DF test, ADF test and PP test This paper,by employing ADF test, gives a stationarity test of time series．ADF test is achieved by Dickey and Fuller who improved DF test to ensure the characteristic of leuco-noise of random interference item．Model expressions of ADF test go as follows:(1)(2)(3)Where，t is time variable，which stands for a certain trend that time series vary as time goes by．Null hypothesis , alternative hypothesis .The text begins with Expression(1)，then Expression(2)，and at last with Expression(3)．Whenever the test rcjects null hypothesis，that is the original series does not include unit roots, working as stationary series，the test is finished．Otherwise，it is to be continued until Expression(1) has been tested. When none of the test results of the three models can reject null hypothesis，it is believed that the time series is stationary．2.2. Co-Integration TestIn the domain of economy,previous modeling echnique has hypothesis of dynamicstationarity,and mpirical analysis based on time series assumes that ime series is stationary．While in fact,economic time series is usually nonstationary．Engle and Granger(1987)point that if the linear combination of two nonstationary time series is smtionary,the two nonstationary time series have a co-integration relationship，that is，the two series have a common time tendency，so it can be viewed that there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship．Therefore，we can apply co-integration test approach to test whether there exists the long-term equilibrium co-integration relationship between series．Presently, co-integration test methods mainly include Engle-Granger’s two-stage Co-integration test and Johansen Co-integration test．Engle-Granger Co-integration test was put forward by Engle and GrangeL which only takes the bivariant process into account,and this process call merely possess nought or only one co-integration vector．While Johansen Co-integration test was first put forward by Johansen and Juselius，which is applied to test the co-integration relationship between multivariables by using maximum likelihood estimation in vector autoregression(V AR) system．This paper, by adopting Engle-Granger’s two-stage Co-integration test method，has a co-integration test of time series．The steps of Engle-Granger’s two-stage test method go as follows：Step 1：use common least square method(OLS) to estimate the long-term static regression equation and calculate non-equilibrium error．Step 2：use ADF statistics test to estimate the stationarity of the residual error series．If the residual error series is estimated to be stationary, it suggests there exists a co-integration relationship between variables．2.3. Error Correction Model(ECM)Error correction model was firstly adopted by Sargon，and then its application was promoted by Herdry, Anderson and Davidson．The main purpose of the initial application of error-correction model is to set up short-term dynamic model so as to make up for the shortcomings of long-term static model．It can reflect the mechanism of the short-term deviation to long-run equilibrium as well as the long·run equilibrium relationship between different time series．In recent years，error-correction method has become one of the prevailing analyzing methods in applying economic measurement time series model．Adopting the method of error-correction model can,through its long-termequilibrium item, concentratively displays the modification mechanism of explained variables to non-equilibrium，driven by the long-term equilibrium rule in economic theory．Meanwhile，as there does not usually exist remarkable statistic relativity between short-term dynamic perturbation item and long-term equilibrium item，thus we can make an economic explanation respectively．Because so long as we explain there is a co-integration relationship between variables and explained variables，there surely exists the only Granger-causality relationship，to set up models by applying error-correction method won’t result in“false regression”, as is usually shown in traditional econotnio measurement model building，therefore，it call clearly reveal the mechanism of actionbetween economic variables．Granger Formulation Theorem put forward by Engle and Granger(1987) suggests that if two ariables X and Y are co-integration，there is always an error correction model(ECM) to define their short-term non-equilibrium relationship．That is：Where is non-equilibrium error item (long-run equalization deviation)；is short-run adjustment parameter．Error-correction model is short-term dynamic one．and it cannot reach the state of being equilibrium．Thus，add error-correction item in it to make Y and X gradually approach the state of long-term equilibrium．has the controlling and amending effect on ; when t-1 works，Y is more than its long-run equilibrium solution，is positive，then is negative，making decrease；while when t-1 works，Y is less than its long-term equilibrium solution，is negative，then is positive，making increase.2.4. Granger Causality TestBased on error correction model(ECM), we can apply Granger causality test to have a test of both long-term and short-term cause and effect relationship. Granger causality test was put forward by Granger(1969) and Sims(1972)，with its basic idea that the predictive validity of the variable Y under the condition of including the past information of the variables X and Y is superior to that of only considering the past information of Y, that is，the variable X helps to explain Y’s future variation, so X is the Granger-causality of Y, or else it is called non-Granger-causality.3. Conclusion1)Granger causality test shows that there exists unilateral Granger causality relationship between processing trade import and economic growth. Processing trade import influences the growth of GDP.2)For a long period, there exists long term stable equilibrium relationship between GDP and processing trade，processing trade import remarkably promotes the growth of GDP, while processing trade export restricts the growth of GDE Whenever processing trade export increases by 1%，GDP will decrease by 0.39365%%；whenever processing trade import increases by l%，GDP will increase by 1.1134%. For a short period，processing trade import and processing trade export both spur the growth of GDP, but the impact is comparatively low.3)The rcason why processing trade export brings adverse impact on China’s economic growth is as follows: firstly, processing trade’s forward and backward effects on internal economy are limited；secondly, c hina’s processing trade lies at the bottom-end in global manufacturing system，which restricts the optimization and modulation of our country’s economic structure；thirdly, the spare parts and raw materials of processing trade excessively depend on import,and intermediate products cannot realize import substitution, thus weakening the inter-industry of processing trade and its driving impact and even bringing negative impact on domestic relevant materials and the intermediate product industry, which accordingly influences processing trade’s driving effect on China’s economy.本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Processing Trade and Economic Growth:Evidence from China出处：The 2nd International Conference on Vale Engineeringand Vale Management作者：Xi-jun Wang译文：加工贸易与经济增长：基于中国的实证分析摘要：目前，加工贸易已成为中国的主要贸易方式。

中国加工贸易的发展历程

中国加工贸易的发展历程改革开放20多年来，中国的加工贸易经历了OEM（Original Equipment Manufacturer)的较长阶段，目前正处在从OEM向ODM(Original Design Manufacturer)转变过程，从长远看，必将迈向OBM（Original Brand Manufacturer）。

OEM也称贴牌生产，即给国外企业搞来料加工，成为国外品牌的一个生产车间或生产基地，形成技术在外、设计在外、原材料在外的状态；ODM就是有了自己的设计能力和技术水平；OBM则是整合世界资源，向世界输出自己的品牌商品。

一、我国加工贸易的发展历程我国的加工贸易是伴随着改革开放发展而发展的。

在80年代初期加工贸易进出口比重较小，在贸易总额中所占比重不过10％。

从80年代末期开始，加工贸易在我国迅速发展，到90年代加工贸易在我国对外贸易总额所占的比重已经超过50％，加工贸易在中国对外贸易中的地位愈来愈重要。

加工贸易在机电产品出口中的地位更为重要，近10年来，我国机电产品加工贸易出口占机电产品出口总额的比例维持在70%-75%之间（见表1）。

与改革初期的加工贸易主要以来料加工为主相比，进料加工出口的占比不断提高（表2）。

在进出口快速增长的同时，加工贸易带动技术进步和产业升级的作用日趋明显，国内配套采购率和增值率稳步提高。

2002年机电产品加工贸易项下实现出口1170亿美元，加工贸易进口671亿美元，机电产品加工贸易实现顺差499亿美元，增值率已提高到74%，当年带动国内配套近424亿美元。

表1－10年来机电产品出口额及加工贸易出口额及占比（金额单位：亿美元）1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002227.1 320 438.6 482.1 592.5 665.4 769.6 1053 1187.9 1570.8 机电产品出口额加工162.5 227.6 306.1 362.8 447.5 513.2 582.5 787.8 882.7 1169.9 贸易出口额加工71.5 71.1 69.8 75.3 75.4 77.1 75.7 74.8 74.4 74.5贸易占比（%）图1－10年来机电产品出口额与加工贸易出口额对比图表2－10年来机电产品出口中来料加工出口与进料加工出口额（亿美元）1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002来料加工出口60.6 75.2 85.1 92.8 108.2 124.5 153.6 179.9 184.8 234.8额（亿美元）进料加工出口101.9 152.4 221 270 339.3 388.7 428.9 607.9 697.9 935.1额（亿美元）进料占比44.9 47.6 50.4 56.0 57.2 58.4 55.7 57.7 58.8 59.5 （%）二、我国加工贸易的现状：OEM一些学者根据出口的国内增值部分高低、与国内经济联系程度及生产的难易程度，将发展中国家的出口分为5个发展阶段：（1）初级产品出口；（2）面向出口的加工、组装；（3）零部件供给的分包；（4）国外品牌产品的生产与出口；（5）自创品牌产品的生产与出口。

国际经济与贸易毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

国际经济与贸易论文中英文资料对照外文翻译Research on the Approaches of the participation of China’sSMEs in International Trade under Financial CrisisAbstract Over the past 30 years, China's rapid growth of economy has been benefited from the tremendous contribution of SMEs,especially in foreign trade. However, the greatest impact of the financial crisis on China is on exports, and SMEs unavoidably is suffering hardest hit from it. Therefore, it is necessary to examine how SMEs participate in international trade under the new environment thereby contributing better and faster development to our economy. After the analysis of the development of SMEs in international trade, it has been drawn that the current trend of the overall development of SMEs in China is good, but there existing some internal problems, which will cause SMEs facing unprecedented challenges and opportunities in the financial crisis .As a result, SMEs should take the approaches to participate in international trade, such as adhering to independent innovation to enhance the market competitiveness of products; taking the use of operating flexibility to seek for new market space; taking full advantage of new tools to explore international market space; paying attention to avoiding trade barriers, and actively responding to anti-dumping lawsuits;actively investing abroad to conduct transnational business, etc., by which SMEs will soon be out of difficulties and fundamentally improve the depth and level of participation in international tradeKey words: SME, Financial crisis, Participation in international trade1. Development of SMEs in International TradeSME is the important part of GDP throughout of the world, and China's rapid growth of economy also benefited from the tremendous contribution of SMEs over the past 30 years. Until June 2007, China's total number of SMEs has reached more than 4200 million, accounting for 99.8% of the total number of national enterprises, including more than 430 million small and medium enterprises registered by the business sector, and more than 3800 million self-employed households, which accounted for 76.6% of total employment, 64.5% of industrial output value, especially 68% of total merchandise exporting value.unavoidably is suffering hardest hit from it. Therefore, it is necessary to examine how SMEs participate in international trade under the new environment thereby contributing better and faster development to our economy. In recent years, more and more SMEs have been "going out" to expand overseas market, which has driven China's economy further to the market-oriented transition to large extent, and caused China's economy integrating with the world economy more and more closely.1.1 Growth of Exports of SMEsSince the reform and opening up, China has got sustained and rapid development of foreign trade, total value of exports increasing from 20.601 billion U.S. dollars of 1978 to 2.1738 trillion U.S. dollars of 2007 with average annual growth rate of 14.77%, so exports have become one of the most important factors to push national economy, obviously the exports growth rate of SMEs in China also remains high for a long time. Department of SMEs of National Development and Reform Commission chose some small and medium enterprises as samples for analysis and research to form “Research report of export-oriented SMEs” which has been registered in the State General Administration of Customs from 2003 to 2005, with total value of exports from the one million to 20 million U.S. dollars and annual growth rate of over 25%. The report showed that the value of China's exports in 2005 amounted to 761.999 billion U.S. dollars, and SMEs’ exports reached 518.159 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 68% of total exports. Since most of our export enterprises are SMEs, export orders index of PMI index can be selected to reflect the export situation of China's SMEs.( MENG Shan-shan, 2007)If the export orders index is above 50%, it will indicate the export expansion for a period of time, and opposite is true. From January 2005 onwards, the export orders index had maintained at above 50%, while with the gradual expansion of the financial crisis emerged in US. In 2007, the exports of SMEs have declined more and more quickly.As shown in Table1, in January 2008 the export orders index was 49.0%, which has dropped to below 50% for the first time since January 2005. Especially since from September 2008, PMI index began to decline, driving the export orders index to fall down in November 2008 to the lowest of 29%, which reflected China's external demand being further weakened. Although the index has rebounded gradually since then and rose to nearly 50% in April 2009, export enterprises in China especially SMEs are still being confronted with a severe test.luggage and other light industrial products, household plastic products and metal hardware, etc. are almost provided by SMEs. In recent years, SMEs are also actively involved in exports of high-tech and higher value-added products such as machinery equipment, electrical and electronic products, and chemical products, etc., and the proportion of SMEs in these three products has respectively amounted to 35%, 14.53% and 12.05%,rapidly growing trend being sustained. However, generally speaking, the structure of exporting goods of SMEs is still irrational, a long way for innovation and research to go. Most exporting products of SMEs are mainly resource-intensive and labor-intensive ones, therefore, the irrational structure of exporting products has brought a lot of obstacles to the survival and rapid development of SMEs. Though the state has strongly advocated "Improving trade with science and technology," but the improvement of exporting high-tech products was not obvious. According to statistics, the proportion for China's SMEs to invest in technology development is less than 40% of the national research funding, far below the level of 70% in developed countries. In particular, most private small and medium enterprises mainly rely on "imitation technology innovation" to develop, which involves small investment, short cycle, and quick pay back, but because of the ambiguity of property rights and low barriers to entry, enterprises do not have obvious advantages, and the additional value of the products produced by them is often low.1.3 Regional distribution of exporting SMEs and destination countries of exporting goodsExporting SMEs are mainly located along the coastal areas, from Bohai gulf centered by Shandong, and Liaoning,Yangtze River Delta centered by Zhejiang and Jiangsu, to the Pearl River Delta centered by Guangdong and Fujian,which have taken full advantage of the window status to and actively guide SMEs to take the road of export-oriented economy, thereby promoting the continuous development of the regional economy. Exporting destination countries mainly concentrated in the United States, Japan, Europe and other countries, which are the main trading partner of China for a long time, while the worst affected areas by the present financial crisis are Europe and America, which caused tremendous obstacles to the export of SMEs. So SMEs should actively explore new markets in order to avoid the risks of financial crisis. According to statistics of customs, in the first 8 months of 2009, the total value of bilateral trade between China and Brazil has amounted to 25.41 billion U.S. dollars, Brazil ranking as one of China's top 10 tradelevel of technology, irrational export structure, concentration of destination of exporting countries, and weak anti-risk ability. Therefore, SMEs of China are facing unprecedented challenges with the internal problems together with the high degree of harm of the financial crisis, but opportunities also existing side by side.2. Opportunities and Challenges Faced by SMEs in International Trade under the Financial Crisis2.1 Challenges2.1.1 Reduced demand for exports leading SMEs inadequate productionWith proliferation and the severe impact of the U.S. sub-prime crisis, the world economy further slows down. The sluggish consumption growth in the United States and Europe, and the weakened importing demand lead to marked drop in the exporting growth of SMEs especially in processing trade, and varying degrees of reduction in exporting orders. Statistics shows that China's exports to U.S. will decrease by 4% whenever the economic growth of U.S. Drops by l%. According to the statistics from General Administration of customs of China, in 2008, the total value of bilateral Sino-US trade amounted to 333.74 billion U.S. dollars, growing by 10.5% compared with 2007, which reaching the lowest growth rate during the seven years after entry into WTO. And the exporting value of China to the U.S. was 252.3 billion U.S. dollars at an increase rate of 8.4%, which dropping to single digit the first time in seven years. Facing the sharp reduction in orders, the unique countermeasure many companies can apply is to “Produce as orders”, i.e. Stopping production without orders, expectant. As the result of limited production, a large number of raw materials companies had purchased have been piled up in warehouses, together with many machinery and equipments, most SMEs have to maintaining a simple production in order to retain workers. In short, considerable number of enterprises is working under capacity. (Chen Lijin, 2009)2.1.2 Financing difficulties causing a serious shortage of working capitalMost SMEs are in urgent need of funds in the early stage of development and access to rapid growth period. However,due to financing difficulties, enterprises can not acquire the large amount of fund needed for development. Even with the current turmoil globalconsumer credit more difficult, as the result of the deficiency of the SMEs, small scale, poor ability to resist risks, short life and low level of credit Banks would provide more strict loan conditions to SMEs comparing with large enterprises for consideration of reducing credit risks which would cause the community reducing aggregate demand and the macro-economic environment deteriorate, and then SMEs would be lack in orders or even stop production or semi-cut-off.2.1.3 Economic efficiency decreasing significantlyAccording to the survey on nearly 2,000 key enterprises by Ministry of Commerce of China, during the first half of 2009, average export profit margin is only 1.5%, decreasing by 6.2%, part of exporting SMEs facing difficulties, which is mainly reflected in the following facts, Firstly, export growth rate of SMEs lowering as result of sharply reducing overseas orders; secondly, SMEs being at the edge of loss because declining cost of export swap rate can not keep up with the appreciation of exchange rate; thirdly, profit margin of exporting SMEs has been severely squeezed with the superposition effect of the changes of tax refund rates, exchange rates, interest rates, raw material prices, labor costs and the monetary policy environment. Since most exporting enterprises of China belong to processing SMEs, already in the end of industry value chain, with the weak ability of price transfer, it is difficult for enterprises to cover operational costs through increasing prices and profit margins of them are further squeezed. in buyer's market.2.2 OpportunitiesDespite enormous difficulties faced by SMEs, opportunities of development also come so that SMEs should seize these opportunities to continue development in the new platform.2.2.1 Opportunities of global industrial transferAfter the outbreak of the financial crisis, the pattern of the world economic development needs to be re-adjusted. From the perspective of the manufacturing sector, thecurrent global manufacturing industry mainly lies in North America, Europe and East Asia, and East Asia represented by Japan and South Korea. At present, China's manufacturing industry occupies an important position in the world, second-largest manufacturing great-power, accounting for 13.2% of that of the global value, but still far below the 20%the edge of a recession, so that the manufacturing industry in developed countries will undoubtedly accelerate the speed of transfer to developing countries to offset the adverse effects on local economy, which will help speed up the formation of China's "world factory" and bring a historic opportunity for the development of manufacturing industry. So far, despite a cyclical downturn of macroeconomic trends faced by China, the degree of the manufacturing sector still remains at a high level. Therefore, after the financial crisis of the industrial structure adjustment, China will strengthen its manufacturing center, and in the near future is likely to replace the U.S. as the world's largest manufacturing base, by which SMEs can get greater share of international trade in the global industrial transfer to drive China's economy out of shadow of the financial crisis.2.2.2 Opportunities of industrial upgradingWith the development of economic globalization, new industrial revolution and the core technologies is providing an opportunity of "reshuffle" to help backward countries achieve economic development by leaps and bounds through the development of new leading industries. The long-term development of export-oriented SMEs in China and the problems, (such as the low level of technology, mainly engaged in processing trade and low value-added products) focusing in the current financial crisis make China’s SMEs in an urgent need to conduct industrial upgrading in process. Thus, we must seize the current favorable opportunity to actively undertake the transfer of global industry and accelerate the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure to achieve sound and fast economic development, which is bound to provide unprecedented opportunities for the development and innovation of China's SMEs and new opportunities for China's industrial and product upgrading.2.2.3 Opportunities of favorable domestic policiesIn order to help SMEs cope with the financial crisis, in 2008,the central and local governments of China have adopted a series of policies and measures to secure steady and rapid development of SMEs, such as improving export tax rebate rate of some labor-intensive products, guiding the SMEs credit guarantee institutions to make greater effort to ease the difficulties of production and management for SMEs activating a package of over 4 trillion yuan construction plans to promote economic development. In addition, the commercial banks have also introduced new measures to support SMEs’ development, such as simplifying procedures of small business loans, separately arranging credittremendous opportunities for development. (NELSON K. H., 2003)Therefore, SMEs should actively take advantage of these policy supports and resource to create conditions for thegovernment loan assistance, further expand exports and strengthen their leading role in driving China's exports.3. Approac h Choices of SMEs’ Participation in International Trade3.1 Adhering to independent innovation to enhance the market competitiveness of productsIt is often ineffective for SMEs to survive only by the simple strategy to reduce prices owing to their small-scale, low level of technology and weak market capacity. Only if SMEs implement their own innovative strategies, take the way of "small but specialized, specialized but tertiary", manage to raise the added value of products, enhance market competitiveness and create differentiated products, would they get rid of difficulties to expand their own market space.Firstly, fully understand the importance of innovation. Many SMEs do not really recognize the importance of innovation and R & D, usually putting production and operation income in the first place while ignoring long-term development of enterprises. Therefore, it is much important to work out relationship between production and R & D. Secondly, orient the innovation of SMEs to market demand. R & D and innovation are aimed at better development of SMEs in the future market competition for them to occupy a dominant position to get more profit. Therefore, all innovation and R & D need to carry out according to the actual needs of the market.Thirdly, obtain innovative technologies outside SMEs through introduction, cooperation and mergers. SMEs can get access to innovative technologies after the correct assessment on the market, its capacity and partners through introduction, cooperation and mergers. (HUANG Bin FANG , 2009)3.2 Taking the use of operating flexibility to seek for new market spaceDue to less restriction of traditional economic system, SMEs are strongly interest-driven and market-oriented with flexibility and variability, which request SMEs own a large number of daring entrepreneurs who can take full advantage of their own strengths and market opportunities to develop their business with the absolute control overrequirements of the times to come into the market areas usually ignored by large enterprises, as which there existing characteristics as short product life cycle, low but stable profits, inadequate market capacity, and small quantity of production. At present, exporting goods of SMEs are mainly distributed in the United States and Europe, which were badly hit by the financial crisis, so SMEs should actively explore new markets, actively stepping out the shadow from the financial crisis.3.3 Taking full advantage of new tools to explore international market spaceDuring the global economic crisis, facing the situation of shrinking export markets, many SMEs have to tighten expenditure thereby changing the traditional sales methods in order to reduce marketing costs, which concerns that SMEs can acquire complete information quickly through e-commerce, greatly reducing the search costs and improving the efficiency of the search; find suppliers on line to reduce purchasing costs and improve the international market competitiveness of products and expand overseas market through searching purchasers on line. According to “2009 Annual Report on the development of Network e nterprises” issued by Alibaba, after 10 years of development, network enterprises of China have gradually realized the integration with the mainstream of socio-economic system. Till the first half of 2009, the amount of China's network enterprises has been expanded to 63 million, with the growing social impact. Thus, SMEs can make use of e-commerce to help enhance mutual exchanges, and to gain more effective means than traditional means of marketing channels to expand the volume of foreign trade.3.4 Paying attention to avoiding trade barriers, and actively responding to anti-dumping lawsuitsSince small differences of exporting goods of the majority of SMEs in China led to the situation of export order in chaos and dramatic price competition, when SMEs were expanding overseas rapidly, they have been exposed to an increasing number of barriers to trade, anti-dumping lawsuits and intellectual property litigation. At present, due to the impact of financial crisis on the global trade, countries are expected to protect their own economy by stimulating domestic demand or taking import substitution measures, while most exporting goods of China's SMEs are labor-intensive, low value-added and easily substitutable, so China's exporting goods ran into hardest hit by trade barriers. (Ruta Aidis, 2005)awareness of barriers to trade, and pay attention to the harm caused by trade barriers, on the one hand, avoiding trade barriers through a variety of ways and means to reduce the harm by trade barriers; on the other hand, emphasizing on the anti-dumping lawsuits to actively respond to them. And then, each SME should strengthen its integration to hedge their risks by the full use of the power of community organizations.3.5 Actively investing abroad to conduct transnational businessWith the expansion of globalization and the increasingly fierce international competition, China's SMEs expand overseas investment and international co-operation not only to avoid the above-mentioned barriers to trade, but also to get the interests of international competition and to serve as a useful complement to the expansion of exporting goods. At present, the main force of China's foreign investment is large enterprises, foreign investment of SMEs is still in its infancy. SMEs should actively carry out foreign investment, do develop cross-border operations with the use of their own advantages.4. ConclusionSMEs’ participation in international trade is a complicated systematic project, and can not be solved only by themselves.In face of financial crisis, SMEs should continuously improve themselves and seek for the space to survive and develop in the environment for changes. At the same time, the Government has the responsibility and obligation to provide the necessary support to help SMEs survive in difficulties. It is believable that SMEs will soon be out of difficulties and fundamentally improve the depth and level of participation in international trade with the efforts of both the government’s policy support and the creating ability of SMEs.References[1] Fenxi Mining. (2009). Study on the Payment Incentive Mechanism of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises under the Financial Crisis. Rural Economy. (Vol 8) (91-93). [2] HUANG, Binfang. (2009).Technological Achievement and the Sustainable Development of Regional Medium and Small Export Enterprises: Corresponding Renovating Countermeasures. Journal of International Trade. (Vol7)(106-108).[3] Lijin Chen. (2009). The Impact of Global Financial Crisis on China's Small & Medium-Sized Enterprises and Their Corresponding Strategies. REFORMATION & STRATEGY, 25(6): (85-87).[4] Shan-shan MENG & Hui-ying WANG. (2007). Solutions to small and medium-sized enterprises’ financial services of China. China-USA Business Review, Mar. Volume 6, No.3 (Serial No.45) (79-82).[5] NELSON K. H. TANG. (2003). Development of an Electronic business Planning Model for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, Vol. 6, No. 4, (289-304)[6] Ruta Aidis. (2005). Institutional Barriers to Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprise Operations in Transition Countries.Small Business Economics, 25: 305–318.金融危机下中国中小企业参与国际贸易的途径研究摘要在过去30年来，中国经济的快速增长一直得益于中小企业的巨大贡献，特别是中小企业在对外贸易中的贡献。

加工贸易合同中英对照

编号：_______________本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载加工贸易合同中英对照甲方：___________________乙方：___________________日期：___________________加工贸易合同中英对照(Processing Trade Contracts)加工贸易合同(Processing Trade Contracts)加工贸易是指由国外厂商提供一定的原材料、辅助材料、零部件、元器件、包装材料，必要时提供及其设备及生产技术，委托国内企业按国外厂商要求进行加工、装配，成品由国外厂商负责销售，国内企业按合同规定收取加工费。

以下为来料加工和来件装配合同的参考格式：来料加工和来件装配合同Contract for Processing With Supplied Materials and Assembling With Supplied Parts订约人：M公司(以下简称甲方)M公司(以下简称乙方)Undersigned Parties:Cotd (hereinafter called Party A)Cotd (hereinafter called Party B)兹经双方同意甲方委托乙方在工标准磁罗经，一切所需的零件与原料由甲方提供，其条款如下：The undersigned parties agree that Party A entrust Party B to manufacture Standard Mag netic Compasses in th all necessary parts and materials provided by Party Aunder the following terms and conditions:1. 来料加工和来件装配的商品和数量(1) ------------------ 商品名称标准磁罗经；(2) 数量--- 共计_______ 台；1. Commodity and quantity for processing with provided materials and parts(1) Name of Commodity -------- S tandard Magnetic Compasses(2) Quantity ----- ------ sets in total;2 .一切所需用的零件和原料由甲方提供，或乙方在或__________ 纣，活单附丁本合同内；2. All necessary parts and materials listed in the contract shall be provided by Party A or purchased by Party B in r ;3. 每种型号的加工费如下：(1) GLC— 1型标准磁罗经：US. D (大写:美元)；(2) GLC— 2型标准磁罗经：. S. D (大写美元)；(3) GLC— 3型标准磁罗经：. S. D (大写美元)；3. Processing Charge for each model is as follows:(1) Standard Magnetic Compass GLC-1: $ .S. (SAY: .S.D) each;⑵ Standard Magnetic Compass GLC-2: $ .S. (SAY: .S.D) each;⑶ Standard Magnetic Compass GLC-3: $ .S. (SAY: .S.D) each;4. 加工所需的主要零件、消耗品及原料由甲方运至若有短少或破损，甲方应负责补充供应；4. The main parts and consumables and materials required for processing shall be shippe d to y PartyA. In case of any shortage or deterioration, Party A shall be held responsible for supplying replacement;5. _______________________________________________________________________ 甲方应丁成品交运前一个月，开立信用证或电汇全部加工费用及由乙方在___________________________ 或—购买零配件、消耗品及原料费用；5. Party A shall pay Party B by L/C or T/T covering the full amount of processing charge s and costs of parts, consumables and materials purchased by Party B in rone month in prior to the shipment of finished products;6. 乙方应在双方同意的时间内完成GLC— 1型标准磁罗经的加工和交运，不得延迟，凡发生无法控制的和不可预见的情况例外；6. Party B shall finish the manufacturing of Standard Magnetic Compass GLC-1 and effect shipment within the date both parties agree on, excluding the occurrence of uncontrollabl e or unforeseeable events;7. 零件及原料的损耗率: 加工时零件及原料损耗率为，其损耗率由甲方免费供应，如损耗率超过 %,应由乙方补充加工所需之零件和原料；7. Attrition Rate of Parts and MaterialsAttrition rate of parts and materials in processing is 豹nd shall be provided by PartyA for free. In case attrition rate exceeds%P artyB shall supplement the additional parts and materials required for processing;8. 若甲方误运原料及零件，或因大意而将原料及零件超运，乙方应将超运部分退回，其费用由甲方承担，若遇有短缺，应由甲方补充；8. In case the shipment of parts and materials by Party A is wrong or in excess, Party B shall return the excessive portion at Party A' sexpenses. In case of short shipment, Party A shall make up the shortage;9. 甲方提供加工GLC- 1型标准磁罗经的零件及原料，乙方应严格按规定的设计加工，不得变更；9. Parts and materials provided by Party A for Standard Magnetic Compasses GLC-1 shall be manufactured by Party B in strict accordance with design without modification;10. 技术服务：甲方同意乙方随时提出派遣技术人员到求，协助培训乙方的技术人员，并允许所派技术人员留在乙方检验成品。

国际贸易论文中英文外文翻译文献

中英文外文翻译文献进口玩具的安全，消费者保护和世界贸易组织的技术贸易壁垒协定：前景，进展和问题全球贸易、人权和进口的安全人类和动物受进口产品感染的风险不应该被过分夸大。

受污染的二乙二醇感冒药导致100多人死亡，几十人得病，其中多达21人死亡可能与肝素有关。

肝素是一种流行的抗凝剂，它广泛应用于透析和心脏手术中，以达到延缓血液凝块的目的。

据美国食品与药品监督管理局(FDA)调查所知，这个主要的抗血凝药物包含一个伪造成份，美国食品与药品监督管理局采用先进的磁场核磁共振成像的测试来让它模拟真正的药物。

据了解，美国食品及药品监督管理局发现多达20%的产品的活跃成分是假的。

在一个快速全球化的世界中，各国应如何确保进口产品的安全呢？世贸组织成员国能单方面对玩具的制定特点或相关的工艺流程及生产方法采用新条例吗？这些问题是由技术法规和国际贸易法的相关准则以及人权法而产生的。

一方面,技术法规和标准既可以作为一种贸易壁垒，同时对消费者产品偏好、质量期望和价格选择产生负面影响。

技术法规和标准中有关玩具质量和安全的规定即这些规定并没有歧视性的“法理”或“事实”，但这些标准和法规在国际之间的差异也有可能造成贸易障碍。

假定组成世界贸易组织的153个成员决定创造他们自己的玩具安全法规及标准，对于一个中国玩具制造商来说，他有可能就得面对153种法规，并且还要遵守这些法规及标准，而这样会导致他失去规模经济。

在另一方面, 技术法规和标准又让人们越来越认识到健康与安全条例是政府责任的核心。

各国政府有主权权利和责任来保护他们的公民免受伤害。

A/RES/54/165号决议在1999年通过了，联合国大会指出：“虽然世界趋于全球化，但一个国家所扮演的角色有可能影响人权，促进和保护所有人权是国家的首要责任”。

A/RES/54/165号决议的第15条中也强调：“分析全球化对充分享有各项人权的影响是必要的”。

其第16条是关于儿童的健康和安全，联合国公约关于儿童权利（CRC）的第3条中规定：“关于儿童的一切行动，不论是由公私社会福利机构、法院、行政当局或立法机构执行，均应以儿童的最大利益为一种首要考虑。

加工贸易合同中英对照

加工贸易合同中英对照（Processing Trade Contracts）加工贸易合同（Processing Trade Contracts）加工贸易是指由国外厂商提供一定的原材料、辅助材料、零部件、元器件、包装材料，必要时提供及其设备及生产技术，委托国内企业按国外厂商要求进行加工、装配，成品由国外厂商负责销售，国内企业按合同规定收取加工费。

以下为来料加工和来件装配合同的参考格式：来料加工和来件装配合同Contract for Processing With Supplied Materials and Assembling With Supplied Parts订约人：____________有限公司（以下简称甲方）____________有限公司（以下简称乙方）Undersigned Parties:____________Co. Ltd (hereinafter called Party A)____________Co. Ltd (hereinafter called Party B)兹经双方同意甲方委托乙方在_________加工标准磁罗经，一切所需的零件与原料由甲方提供，其条款如下：The undersigned parties agree that Party A entrust Party B to manufacture Standar d Magnetic Compasses in ____________ with all necessary parts and materials provi ded by Party A under the following terms and conditions:1．来料加工和来件装配的商品和数量（1）商品名称——标准磁罗经；（2）数量——共计_______台；1. Commodity and quantity for processing with provided materials and parts(1) Name of Commodity——Standard Magnetic Compasses(2) Quantity——____ sets in total;2．一切所需用的零件和原料由甲方提供，或乙方在____________或___________购买，清单附于本合同内；2. All necessary parts and materials listed in the contract shall be provided by Party A or purchased by Party B in ______ or _______;3．每种型号的加工费如下：（1）GLC－1型标准磁罗经：_________U．S．D（大写：____美元）；（2）GLC－2型标准磁罗经：_________ U．S．D（大写_____美元）；（3）GLC－3型标准磁罗经：_________ U．S．D（大写______美元）；3. Processing Charge for each model is as follows:(1) Standard Magnetic Compass GLC-1: $__________ U.S. (SAY: _________ U.S.D) eac h;(2) Standard Magnetic Compass GLC-2: $__________ U.S. (SAY: _________ U.S.D) eac h;(3) Standard Magnetic Compass GLC-3: $__________ U.S. (SAY: _________ U.S.D) eac h;4．加工所需的主要零件、消耗品及原料由甲方运至_______，若有短少或破损，甲方应负责补充供应；4. The main parts and consumables and materials required for processing shall be shipped to _________ by Party A. In case of any shortage or deterioration, Party A shall be held responsible for supplying replacement;5．甲方应于成品交运前一个月，开立信用证或电汇全部加工费用及由乙方在__________ 或_ ________ 购买零配件、消耗品及原料费用；5. Party A shall pay Party B by L/C or T/T covering the full amount of processing charges and costs of parts, consumables and materials purchased by Party B in __ ______ or __________ one month in prior to the shipment of finished products;6．乙方应在双方同意的时间内完成GLC—1型标准磁罗经的加工和交运，不得延迟，凡发生无法控制的和不可预见的情况例外；6. Party B shall finish the manufacturing of Standard Magnetic Compass GLC-1 and effect shipment within the date both parties agree on, excluding the occurrence o f uncontrollable or unforeseeable events;7．零件及原料的损耗率：加工时零件及原料损耗率为_____％，其损耗率由甲方免费供应，如损耗率超过____ ％，应由乙方补充加工所需之零件和原料;7. Attrition Rate of Parts and MaterialsAttrition rate of parts and materials in processing is _____% and shall be provid ed by Party A for free. In case attrition rate exceeds ______%, Party B shall sup plement the additional parts and materials required for processing;8．若甲方误运原料及零件，或因大意而将原料及零件超运，乙方应将超运部分退回，其费用由甲方承担，若遇有短缺，应由甲方补充；8. In case the shipment of parts and materials by Party A is wrong or in excess, Party B shall return the excessive portion at Party A’s expenses. In case of sho rt shipment, Party A shall make up the shortage;9．甲方提供加工GLC－1型标准磁罗经的零件及原料，乙方应严格按规定的设计加工，不得变更；9. Parts and materials provided by Party A for Standard Magnetic Compasses GLC-1 shall be manufactured by Party B in strict accordance with design without modification;10．技术服务：甲方同意乙方随时提出派遣技术人员到____________的要求，协助培训乙方的技术人员，并允许所派技术人员留在乙方检验成品。

国际贸易毕业论文-关于我国加工贸易转型升级的策略探讨

编号：本科毕业设计（论文）关于我国加工贸易转型升级的策略探讨On the upgrading of processing trade in China'sStrategy下属学院法商学院专业国际贸易班级07国贸（1）学号姓名指导教师职称完成日期201 1 年02 月24 日诚信承诺我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文《关于我国加工贸易转型升级的策略探讨》均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。

承诺人（签名）：2011年02月24日关于我国加工贸易转型升级的策略探讨摘要【摘要】随着全球经济一体化进程的加快和信息化技术应用的日益普及，加工贸易是经济一体化的环境下发展的国际贸易分工的重要组成部分，同时加工贸易也是我国对外贸易中重要方式，对国际贸易中国家及企业的交易产生了深刻的影响。

在发展中同时加工贸易也出现了劳动密集程度大、加工设备落后与缺乏自主品牌竞争力等的问题，而世界上跨国公司在加工制造行业开始进行大规模投产，在其成本低、劳动技术高的优势对比下，我国的加工贸易面临着前所未有的机遇与挑战，在此背景下我国加工贸易急需实现产业转型与升级。

本文首先分析了我国加工贸易的现状，整理了加工贸易和国际贸易的相关理论，研究我国加工贸易转型升级的动因与必要性，重点对我国加工贸易所存在的缺陷进行分析，提出了加工企业与政府两方面的改进策略。

【关键词】加工贸易；贸易升级；国际市场Abstract【ABSTRACT】With the acceleration of global economic integration, information technology and the growing popularity of the application, processing trade is the development of economic integration in the international trade environment, an important part of the division of labor, while processing trade in China's foreign trade is an important way, on international trade and business transactions in the country had a profound impact. In the development of processing trade in the same time there have been large labor-intensive, processing equipment and the lack of independent brands behind the competitiveness problem, and multinational companies in the world, large-scale processing and manufacturing industry has begun production at its low cost, highly skilled labor Comparative advantage, China's processing trade is facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges in this context, the processing trade in China need to achieve industrial restructuring and upgrading.This article first analyzes the status of China's processing trade, finishing the processing trade and related international trade theory, the transformation and upgrading of processing trade and the need for motivation, focus on China's processing trade in the analysis of defects, and proposed processing enterprises two improvements the Government strategy.【KEYWORDS】Processing trade; trade promotion; the international market关于我国加工贸易转型升级的策略探讨目录全文的缺少理论基础部分。

中国加工贸易的中英文文献

An Analysis on Characteristics of China’sProcessing Trade and Its Development StrategyQing ShiSchool of International Business,Southwestern University of Finance and Economics1. The important position of processing trade in China’s foreign tradeIn China, the trade of exports can be classified into three types according to the trade mode, namely common trade, processing trade, and other trade. From the “sixth five-year plan” to the “eighth five- year plan”, China’s foreign trade has kept on rising, centering on the common trade and assisting by the processing trade. In 1994, the total values of processing trade surpassed that of common trade for the first time. After that, the exports of processing trade are increasing annually, and its position in Ch ina’s foreign trade is rising. Data shows that the proportion of processing trade to total exports has always surpassed 50% since 1995. This fact proves the important position of processing trade in China’s imports and exports of trade.2. The characterist ics of China’s processing trade and the reasons for these characteristics in recent years2.1 Reviewing China’s total values of exports in last decade, we can conclude three characteristics of processing trade in China at present.Firstly, the position of processing trade in China’s exports of trade tends to be stable. The proportion of the values of processing trade to the total values of exports is about 55% or so from 2000 to 2006. This proportion is relatively stable. It indicates the importance of processing trade in China and its position becomes stable. Indirectly, it shows that the industrial structure and sections of foreign trade are basically stable, and the income of processing trade is chiefly coming from some industries. Secondly, the industrial structure of processing is upgrading. According to the comparative advantage ladder, we know that the comparative advantages of different countries, from the lower to the higher, are resource-intensive, non-skillful-labor-intensive, skillful-labor- and technology-intensive, research- and technology-intensive. Along with the execution of reform and open policy, China’s trade has gained great development and made huge progresses in science and technology fields. The processing trade has stepped into the new machine-dominant era from the textile-dominant era.Thirdly, the added value of products in the processing trade has been greatly improved. The upgrading of industrial structure will inevitably increase the value of commodities and their added value, which can help us gain more profits from exports. That is vital for the further development of processing trade in China.2.2 Why processing trade becomes more important in China. And why the quantities and total values of exports increase annually.Firstly, thanks for the integration of international economy and the great division of trade, China has gradually become a giant in the field of processing trade. What our aim is to be a great power in the trade field at present. Therefore, the processing trade has to catch up with the same space. Developing the processing trade, as the most important trade mode, firstly can drive the deepening development of other trademodes.Secondly, according to Ricardo’s comparative advantage theory and Ohlin’s factor endowment theory, China has rich natural resources and labor resources. That is our advantages and endowments at present. The trade theory tells us to make best use of favorable factors to develop the foreign trade.Thirdly, the processing trade is a mode of international trade resource allocation in essence. Different countries produce commodities at different levels based on their unique comparative advantages and engage in trade. In fact, this process is for different countries accomplishing different production at different stages. As a result, resources are optimized, and costs of production are reduced. Finally, the competence is enhanced.Fourthly, China’s present system is good for the development of processing trade. Companies that are engaged in processing trade can enjoy favorable taxation. No tax-drawback procedure in exports. It can reduce companies’ capital occupation and management costs. Besides, market for exports is relatively reliable. What the companies have to do is to manage well production and obey the contracts. Costs are under control. As far as the local governments are concerned, the processing trade is an important power to ensure the scale and the growing speed of exports, because it is free from the impact of policy changes, such as taxation, tax-drawback, and exchange rate, and market fluctuation.3. The potential problems in China’s processing tradeThe analysis above helps us understand the importance of processing trade and the characteristics in its development.In general, its development is optimistic. But we have to realize the fact that there are still many malpractices and potential problems in the development of processing trade. In specific, these problems are as follow.(1) In recent six years, the proportion of the values of processing trade to the total values of exports is about 55%. It seems fixed and loses its advantages in development.(2) Companies depend on processing trade for a long time, being short of endogenous development ability of economy and self-independent innovation.(3) Some projects of processing trade are not associated with the upward or downward industries. These projects fail to benefit the growth of economy and science and technology, except solving employment.(4) The processing trade has exerted certain negative effects on our environment, resources, and energy. In special, the low-value-added processing industries have destroyed the environment to such a severe degree.4. Suggestions and countermeasuresConsidering the present situations and the pote ntial problems in China’s processing trade, author thinks that the government and companies can reduce the negative effects of processing trade on China from these aspects as follow. By this way, the processing trade can gain better development and China’s economy can achieve a fast increase. Next, relevant explanations and suggestions are proposed in responding to the four problems brought forward in the third part of this paper.Firstly, the proportion of the values of processing trade to the total values of exports is relatively stable. The reason is that China’s processing trade is at the important period of industry upgrading and direction changing. The stable proportion is for lack of right chance. Why the values of trade in different industries are relatively stable is not because of losing advantages in development. As a matter of fact, it is an inevitable stagnation for reform.Secondly, the government should provide with motivation policies for companies’ self-independent innovation. Government can guide companies to pursue processing industry’s upward or downward development, creating a complete industrial chain, and trying to export the products with China’s brand.Thirdly, the processing trade chiefly focuses on processing materials supplied by clients chiefly and complementarily processing with imported materials. Processing materials supplied by clients is to produce commodities with semi-products supplied by clients according to requirements. The processing company can charge the clients for processing costs. Processing with imported materials is to produce commodities by self. Companies can manage the business by themselves, including the organization of material resources, the types of products, and the specific production. In a sense, it is the companies themselves who are responsible for their losses. They are meaningful for China’s economy, which can be illustrated by these points as follow.(1) Solve the contradiction between the surplus productivity of the state and the shortage of raw materials, increasing China’s foreign exchange.(2) Develop new labor resources and create new employment, flourishing the local economy.(3) Introduce foreign advanced technological and managerial experiences and drive the development of exterior economy.(4) Build up our own brands and products, enhancing companies’ self-independence, what can help to improve companies’ innovative spirits.Fourthly, the rise is originated from the improvement of quality instead of the increase of quantity, gaining success by quality. In the key period of constructing a wealthy society, the state council puts forward that it is a must to change the way of economic growth. As far as the foreign trade field is concerned, it is necessary to speed up the transformation of foreign trade growth. China should make best use of its comparative advantages, making up the shortage of resources, expanding the space of development, increasing the added values, and achieving the success by quality.Fifthly, sharpen the consciousness of environment protection. In the process of developing economy, we should emphasize the protection for ecological environment in order to achieve the harmony development of society, economy, and environment. Therefore, we should speed up the upgrade of industrial structure, reducing the low-value-added, highly-environment-polluted, and seriously-energy- consumed industries, pursuing the development of green industries.Source：International Journal of Business and Management, December, 2007, 77-80中国加工贸易特点与发展策略分析Qing Shi1.加工贸易在中国外贸中的重要地位中国按贸易方式将贸易分为三类：一般贸易、加工贸易及其他贸易。

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加工贸易相关论文提要加工贸易在我国对外贸易中地位突出、影响广泛，对我国加工贸易的贸易利益的研究有助于充分发挥加工贸易的作用，从而带动经济的快速发展。

本文主要结合各种数据，得出加工贸易对我国经济体制转变、贸易发展以及对增加就业和促进技术进步等产生的深远影响。

关键词：加工贸易;贸易利益;影响一、文献综述(一)国外相关研究。

沃顿(verdoorn，P.J.)在考察比、荷、卢经济联盟内部的贸易形式时，第一次注意到产业内贸易的存在。

Ge(1999)通过构建动态模型，指出加工贸易带来的技术学习和适应效应对一国的经济发展将产生深刻影响。

worldbank(Madani，D.1999)对加工贸易的政策角色和影响做了全面系统的阐述。

开展加工贸易最核心的三个目标是：增加外汇收入;缓解就业压力，增加工资收入;吸引FDI、鼓励技术外溢、促进示范效应以使本国企业涉足本国非贸易品的生产。

Madani结合各国开展加工贸易的实践总结出开展加工贸易的经验。

(二)国内相关研究。

金碚(1994)认为，加工贸易首先是一种政策现象，应从进出口政策和管理方式的角度来定义加工贸易，即加工贸易在税收和海关监管上享有一定优惠待遇的一种特殊贸易方式，是一国未实现贸易自由化，特别是在关税和非关税壁垒还比较高的情况下，所实行的一种变通的、含有政策优惠因素的贸易方式。

潘永源(1999)认为，目前我国海关将所有采用海关保税监管的来料、进料加工统称为加工贸易。

其特点是两头在外，不挤占国内原料和市场。

汪五一 (2000)认为，加工贸易通常是指两头在外、中间在内的贸易方式，即从国外进口原材料和零部件，在国内进行加工装配，制成品出口到国外市场。

邵祥林(2001)认为，从广义上讲，加工贸易是外国企业(通常是工业发达国家和新兴工业化国家和地区的企业)以投资的方式把某些生产能力转移到东道国或者利用东道国已有的生产能力为自己加工装配产品，然后运出东道国境外销售。

这种跨越国界的生产加工和销售，成为加工贸易的显著特征。

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