宾语从句和感叹句

一、宾语从句

学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。

一.宾语从句的定义

宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用，可以作动词的宾语，也可以做介词的宾语作动词的宾语:

I heard that he would come here later on.

主语谓语动词一个句子作宾语

作介词的宾语:

He said nothing about who broke the window last night.

主语谓语动词代词作动词的宾语介词一个句子作介词的宾语

二.宾语从句中引导词

(1) 由that引导的宾语从句

that在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接主句和从句的作用。that不用翻译出来，在口语中常常省略，这种宾语从句常是陈述句充当的。

The trouble is that we are short of money.

(2) 由连词“if”或“whether”引导。

Whether或if在句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，但不能省略。翻译为“是否”。这种宾语从句主要是一般疑问句充当的。

Do you know if Mr Smith is at home?

(3) 由连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what或连接副词when, where, how, why等引导。连接代词或连接副词位于从句的前面，起连接主句和从句的作用，从句用陈述句语序。这种宾语从句主要是特殊疑问句充当的。

Do you know who broke the window?

I don’t know when I shall finish.

I wonder if the news is true.

(4) 在某些形容词之后的从句有时也被看作宾语从句。如afraid, sure, sorry, glad, worried, aware, confident, angry等。

They were angry that they had lost the chance.

Can you tell me where the library is?

I’m sorry that I’m late.

三.宾语从句的语序

无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句＋连词＋宾语从句（主语＋谓语＋……）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：

四.宾语从句的时态

含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：

I don't know when he will come back．我不知道他将何时回来。

He tells me that his sister came back yesterday．他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。

2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用相应的过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：

①The children didn't know who he was．孩子们不知道他是谁。

②He asked his father how it happened．他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。

3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：

The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun．老师说地球绕着太阳转。五．简化宾语从句常用六法

同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同（或相近）的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：

方法一：当主句谓语动词是hope，decide，wish，choose，agree，promise 等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.

→Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.

We decided that we would help him.

→We decided to help him.

方法二：当主句谓语动词是know，learn，remember，forget，tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：

She has forgotten how she can open the window.

→She has forgotten how to open the window.

注：当主句谓语动词是tell，ask，show，teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：Could you tell me how I can get to the station？

→Could you tell me how to get to the station？

方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. →The headmaster ordered us to start at once.

方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：

He insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us.

The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.

方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：

Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. →Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.

方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：

It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.

除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：

I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.

Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.

They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy

六．注意

if和when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应；它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当……时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如：

—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？你知道他明天什么时候回来吗？

—Sorry，I don't know．When he comes back，I'll tell you．对不起，不知道。当他回来了，我将告诉你。

—I don't know if he will come．我不知道他是否会来。

—He will come if it doesn't rain．如果不下雨，他会来的。

七、宾语从句的否定转移

当主句的谓语动词是think ,believe , guess , expect 等，并且主语为第一人称时，从句的否定词应转移到主句谓语动词上来。如：

The T-shirt doesn’t cost so much . I think …(连接成复合句)

I don’t think ( that ) the T-shirt costs so much .

二、感叹句

感叹句表示说话时的惊讶、喜悦、气愤等情绪，带有强烈的感情色彩。感叹句主要有两种：what 和how 引导的感叹句。

What + a/an +可数名词单数+主语+ 其他；What a beautiful day it is!

What + 可数名词复数+ 主语+ 其他What good students they are !

What + 不可数名词+ 主语+ 其他What fine weather it is !

How + 形容词或副词+主语+其他How well they have learned English!

补充练习:

按要求进行句型转换

1.It is a nice box. （改为感叹句）

！

2.The workers are working hard. （改为感叹句）

！