昆明医科大学病理学2018年考博真题考博试卷
昆明医科大学病理学2009--2019年考博真题
二、 问答题：（每题10分，共70分） 1．肝硬化时假小叶是如何形成的，假小叶有哪些形态特点？ 2．按照肿瘤的命名原则，请列举发生于前臂的良恶性肿瘤各10个。 3．从病因、发病机制、病理变化、主要临床表现和影像学特点比较大叶性肺炎 与小叶性肺炎的不同点。 4．请举出5种导致锁骨上淋巴结肿大的疾病或病变，并简述肿大淋巴结的病变 特点。 5．尸体解剖发现死者双肾体积肿大，包膜紧张，颜色暗红，表面及切面散在出 血点，肾皮质增宽。镜下大多数肾小球体积增大，球囊内细胞数目显著增多， 肾小管腔内见蛋白、红细胞和白细胞。试分析： （1）该病例的病理诊断是什么？
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昆明医科大学
2011年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释：（每题3分，共30分） 1．Metaplasia 2．Granulation tissue 3．Paget disease 4．Infarct 5．Primary complex 6．Gumma 7．Piecemeal necrosis 8．Reed-Sternberg cell 9．Aschoff body
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尸检：主动脉壁增厚，内膜可见灰黄色斑块，主动脉局部内膜分离，其间可见血 凝块，冠状动脉内膜增厚，狭窄。 问题1：该患者的死亡原因是什么？ 2：叙述心血管病变形成的过程。
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昆明医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
二,问答题(每题10分,共70分) 1,简述小叶性肺炎,肾盂肾炎,流行性脑脊膜炎的病变共性和不同点(病 因,发病年龄,感染途径和病变特点) . 2.病人出现血尿,请分析可导致血尿的疾病和病变特点(至少3种) . 3.试述良性高血压晚期脑,心脏和肾脏的主要病理改变及后果. 4. 病人的手指被刀切伤,深达肌层,试述伤口的愈合过程和影响伤口愈合 的因素. 5. 以肺癌为例,试述恶性肿瘤的扩散规律. 6.试述心衰细胞,枭眼细胞,伤寒细胞,镜影细胞和泡沫细胞见于何种疾 病或病变以及镜下形态特点. 7,患者,男,50岁,因呕血急诊入院.既往患乙型肝炎16年.查体见面部 和胸部有蜘蛛痣,腹壁静脉怒张,腹水征阳性.实验室检查: HBsAg(+),HBcAb(+),HBeAg(+),ALT 明显增高,AFP 明显增高.B 超检查有大 小不等的结节. 请分析: (1) 该病人患何疾病? (2) 该疾病的发生发展过程? (3) 请解释为何出现上述临床表现?
昆明医科大学外科学专业课考博真题博士试题
昆明医科大学外科学专业课考博真题博士试题昆明医科大学外科学专业课考博真题博士试题一、选择题1、关于骨骼肌收缩的描述，正确的是：（） A. 收缩的总张力与肌纤维数量无关 B. 收缩的总张力与肌纤维的直径无关 C. 不同肌纤维的收缩速度相同 D. 不同肌纤维的收缩效率相同 E. 收缩的总张力与刺激强度无关2、下列哪一项不是造成骨折的原因？（） A. 直接暴力 B. 间接暴力 C. 肌肉拉力 D. 骨骼疾病 E. 长期劳损3、关于休克的治疗，错误的是：（） A. 尽早去除休克病因 B. 补充血容量 C. 采取头低脚高位的体位 D. 注意保温 E. 给予血管收缩药物二、简答题1、简述外科休克的分类及各类的特点。
2、简述骨折的愈合过程及其影响因素。
3、简述脓肿和脓肿的原因及两者的区别。
三、论述题1、论述外科感染的概念、分类、临床表现及治疗方法。
2、论述恶性肿瘤的治疗方法及其优缺点。
3、论述甲状腺手术的手术适应证及其手术治疗原则。
四、分析题有一位青年男性患者，因“左上腹疼痛5天，加重2天”来院就诊。
患者5天前无明显诱因出现左上腹疼痛，疼痛为阵发性，可忍受，无放射痛，无畏寒、发热，无恶心、呕吐，无胸闷、心悸，大小便正常。
患者有慢性乙型肝炎病史5年，未经系统治疗，平时经常熬夜、劳累。
体格检查：体温37.5℃，心率90次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压120/80mmHg。
左上腹轻压痛，无反跳痛，墨菲氏征阴性，肝脾肋下未触及。
实验室检查：白细胞10×10^9/L，中性粒细胞比例70%，淋巴细胞比例30%，Hb120g/L，血小板150×10^9/L。
肝功能检查：谷丙转氨酶（ALT）20U/L，谷草转氨酶（AST）30U/L，总胆红素（TBIL）20μmol/L。
乙肝病毒检测：HBsAg阳性，HBeAg阳性，HBcAb阳性。
根据以上病例特点，请分析并回答以下问题：1、该患者最可能的诊断是什么？并请列出你的诊断依据。
(完整版)植物病理专业博士生资格考试复习题目
植物病理专业博士生资格考试题目1. 你知道爱尔兰大饥馑吗？分析其发生的原因？对我们今天植物病害的控制有哪些启示？其对人类历史的进程产生了哪些影响？2. 简述利用生物技术防治植物病害的方法、途径、存在的主要问题及解决思路3. 植物病害生物防治常用的微生物有哪些？生物防治的机制是什么？4. 我国水稻上有哪些重要病害，目前江苏水稻最重要的病害有几种，其关键的防治技术是什么？5. 植物病害诊断的原则是什么？大豆田里出现了成片的叶片黄化，如何确定原因与对策？6. 简述近20 年来关于基因对基因学说研究的重大进展，指出目前的重大课题与今后5 年可能取得突破的领域；举例阐述你熟知的互作体系，针对某个问题，论述你的研究思路。
7. 简述你所在实验室（需指出实验室真实名称）近五年的主要科研内容、主要发现及其意义，在哪那些方面需要调整或重点投入研究？8. 设想今后20 年植物病理学将在哪些方面取得重要进展。
9. 植物与病原菌之间也进行着“军备竞赛”，谈谈你对植物与病原生物在协同进化的过程中军备竞赛的认识？10. 已测序的植物病原物基因组有哪些？选择你熟悉的植物病原物基因组，简要说明其特征？病原生物基因组学的进展对你的研究有哪些帮助？11. 以一个植物病原细菌的无毒基因AvrPto 为例，谈谈其编码蛋白在植物和病原菌互作中的作用？12. 谈谈基因沉默的原理及在植物保护上的可能应用？13. 谈谈植物病毒病害传播与流行的方式？控制的一般原则？14. 土传病害与气传病害的控制重点有什么差别？15. 谈谈你对植物抗病反应的信号途径的了解？16. 举出对我国农作物生产危害最大的五种病害？并详述其我国对其研究的成就？控制的特点等？17. 谈谈你对我国植保的科研、管理、推广体系的了解？有哪些问题？改进的意见？18. 对一种新的病害，如果希望通过抗病品种来进行控制，有哪些工作需要做？19. 克隆植物病原物致病相关基因的分子生物学方法有哪些？选择一种说明原理。
2018年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案
2018 年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一 (Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once, after you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B ● D Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. On campus B. At he dentist’sC.At the pharmacyD. In the laboratory2. A. Pain B. Weakness C. Fatigue D. Headache3. A. Their weird behavior at school.B. Their superior cleverness over others’.C. Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D. Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A. John will be angry. B. John will be disappointed.C. John will be attracted.D. John will be frightened.5. A. Th ey’re quite normal. B. They’re not available.C. They came unexpected.D. They need further explanation.6. A. He knows so little about Lady GagaB. He has met Lady Gaga before.C. He should have known Lady GagaD. He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.C. In the emergency room.D. On their way to the hospital8. A. Health care B. Health reformC. Health educationD. Health maintenance9. A. Learning to act intuitively.B. Learning to argue academically.C. Learning to be critical of oneself.D. Learning to think critically and reason10. A. She is a pharmacist. B. She is a medical doctor.C. She is a scientist in robotics.D. She is a pharmacologist.11. A. She’s pessimistic about the future.B. She’s pessimistic about the far future.C. She’s optimistic about the far future.D. She’s optimistic about the near future.12. A. Negligence may put a patient in danger.B. Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C. Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D. Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A. The man works at eh ER.B. The man can do nothing but wait.C. The woman’s condition is critical.D. The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A. A gynecologist. B. A psychologistC. A neurologist.D. A nephrologist.15. A. She has only one friend.B. She isolates herself from others.C. She suffers from a chronic disease.D. She is jobless and can’t find a job.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions 16-20 are based on the following dialogue.16. A. Because she couldn’t do other jobs well.B. Because it was her dream since childhood.C. Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D. Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A. The Self/Nonself Model B. The Danger ModelC. The vaccination theoryD. The immunological theory18. A. Being overactive B. Being mutantC. Being selectiveD. Being resistant19. A. It can help cure most cancers.B. It can help develop new drugs.C. It can help most genetic diseases.D. It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A. We should ignore the resistance.B. We should have the model improved.C. We should have the experiments on animals.D. We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A. The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A. Affordable costs B. Low pace of livingC. Five-star treatmentD. Enjoyable health vacation23. A. It is a$100 billion business already.B. It is growing along with medical tourism.C. Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D. It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A. To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B. To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C. To buy and affordable medical insurance.D. To explore online to get well informed.25. A. A travel brochure.B. A lecture on medical tourism.C. A chapter of a medical textbook.D. A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage.26. A. Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B. Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C. There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D. Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A. In the warmer spring B. In the hottest summerC. In the coolest autumnD. In the coldest winter28. A. Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B. Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C. Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D. Because they cannot find enough food.29. A. They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B. They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C. They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D. They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A. Body size B. Migration routeC. Food preferenceD. Population growthPart Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared ____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication32. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, oremotional_____is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. TurmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation33. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down34. The school board attached great emphasis to____ in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning35. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A. pertinentB. permanentC. precedentD. prominent36. New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing37. We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions.38. We must____the problem____, which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set...backB. take...overC. pull...inD. break...down39. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent40. It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conform Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. The truly competent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery”of anotherhuman beings, and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensibleD. humble42. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted43. Large community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate44. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely45. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilization.A. FetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans46. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse47. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically48. Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming49. Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, suchas memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterC. impedeD. induce50. A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai, which means having one’s view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A. insignificantB. insufficientC. substantialD. unexpectedPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging, improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 51 , can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 52 data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53 CT scanning. Their study was 54 by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 55 the 38 missed cancers,15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 56 it as non cancerous) and 23 57 observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 58 of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung ca ncer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G Armato, PhD, lead author of the study.” The computer is not perfect,”Armato said.” It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 59 . The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may 60 something suspicious. It’s a spell-checker of sorts, or a second opinion.51.A. in common B. in turn C. in one D. in all52.A. preliminary B. considerate C. deliberate D. ordinary53.A. being used B. to use C. using D. use54.A. investigated B. originated C. founded D. funded55.A. From B. Amid C. Of D. In56.A. disseminating B. degenerating C. dismissing D. deceiving57.A. were mistaken for B. were attributed to C. result in D. gave away to58.A. mortalities B. incidences C. images D. rates59.A. don’t B. won’t C. aren’t D. wasn’t60.A. stand for B. search for C. account for D. mistake forPart Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s“a translator between two hostile tribes”—the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s ar gument in his book “Creating Innovations: The Making of Young People Who Wil l Change the World” is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in themarketplace.”This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready”—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail,” because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than acade mic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,”Wagner said,” and it is the only country where students leave high school ‘innovation-ready.’ They lea rn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented”colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media L ab and the “D-school” Stanford where students learn to innovate.”61.In his book, Wagner argues that _____.A.the education world is hostile to our kidsB.the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world is too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” in “innovation ready.”D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the autho r’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s generation to find their first job.65. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. to orient future educationB. to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC. to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD. to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country’s future, says Kent Moore, and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. “Animal behavio r can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years,” says Moore,“Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly.”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. “The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft, and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will_____.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage,the international study ____.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he says, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean bythat quick?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A. becomes more difficult than ever before.B. is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C. will surely lower the average world temperature.D. needs the research-based supporting information.70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will_____.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B. get more data to be required for their research.C. use more novel technologies in research.D. conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified（分层的）” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic component, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality.However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic seq uence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally, both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in_____.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against_____.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genetic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harass ment or appropriation of students’work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching”can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be availa ble regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-integrity committees, similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees, such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.。
昆明医科大学外科学2010,2011,2017,2018年考博真题
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷医学考博历年真题试卷昆明医学院2010年博士入学考试外科学试题第一大部分必做题一、单项选择（一个2分，10题，共20分）1、灭菌2、病例：钾代谢异常、脱水类型3、高渗性脱水诊断指标4、ARDS的病理改变5、疝气6、烧伤三度四分法7、急性腹膜炎休克原因8、失血性休克补充血容量，最优晶体液9、术后感染预防措施10、想不起来了二、名词解释（6个中文，4个英文，每个2分，共20分）1、等渗性缺水2、低血容量性休克3、肠外营养4、脓毒症5、肿瘤TNM分期6、急性移植排斥反应7、acute cholecystitis8、hernia9、PTCD 10、colon cancer三、简答题（一个10分，共30分）1、病例：脱水类型，补什么，补多少？2、病例：肠梗阻，检查方法，治疗原则。
3、鉴别癌性阻塞性黄疸和结石性阻塞性黄疸。
第二大部分根据专业选作普外（一个简答10分，一个论述20分）1、简答：乳腺癌前哨淋巴结概念及意义。
2、论述：原发性肝癌治疗原则，治疗方法及新进展。
昆明医学院2011年博士研究生入学考试外科学试题昆明医学院2011年博士研究生入学考试外科学试题特别提示：1、本试题共4页。
2、试题答案请写在专用答题纸上。
3、本试题共计100分，包括公共部分（70分），每位考生必答；选答部分（30分），考生可导师相近或相关专业选择作答，多选无效。
4、考生将选答部分专业注明在答题纸“考试科目名称”一栏中，例如：外科学（骨科）。
第一部分公共部分试题（70分）一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1.杀灭芽胞细菌所需的温度和时间为：A. 高温1240C , 持续30分钟B．高温1000C ，持续20分钟C. 高温1200C ，持续20分钟D．高温1190C ，持续20分钟2. 低钾血症时，心电图不应表现A．出现u波B．T波变宽C. 高而尖的T波D．T波双向3．循环骤停进行复苏时，最有效的药物是A. 肾上腺素B．异丙肾上腺素C. 去甲肾上腺D．间羟胺4．上腹部出现顽固性呃逆，首先应想到的原因A. 膈下感染B．腹膜后血肿刺激腹腔神经丛C．手术造成膈神经损伤D. 粘连引起胃扭转5. 溶血性反应的治疗下列哪项是错误的：A. 使用抗组胺药物B．保护肾功能C. 换血治疗D．防治弥散性血管内凝血6．烧伤创面出现焦痂下积脓，下列处理方法哪项不正确A. 清除烧痂，充分引流B. 湿敷包扎治疗C. 控制感染下，切除焦痂植皮D．中药外用，蚕食脱痂7. 下列各项中，不符合DIC诊断标准的是A. 3P试验阴性B. 血浆纤维蛋白原<1．5g/LC. 血小板计数 < 80X109/LD. 凝血酶原时间比对照组延长3秒以上8. 有关休克的描述，不正确的是A. 血压低于90／60 mmHg，就可诊断为休克B. 急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎可导致脓毒性休克C. 挤压伤可引起创伤性休克D. 鱼精蛋白副凝试验阳性是诊断弥散性血管内凝血的佐证9．ARDS最早期的症状是A. 呼吸加快窘迫感B．明显的呼吸困难C. 病人发绀D．呼吸道分泌物增多10．女，48岁，行胃大部分切除术，输血150ml后，出现寒战，肌肉注射异丙嗪25mg，继续输血，半小时．7℃，血压70／60mmHg，脉搏160次／分，发绀，意识不清，烦躁不安，可能原因:A. 输血后出血倾向B．发热反应C. 溶血反应D．细菌污染反应二、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）1．移植； 2. MODS；3.水中毒；4.急性胃肠功能障碍；5.低渗性缺水；6.代谢性酸中毒；7.全身炎症反应综合症； 8.肠内营养；9.心肺脑复苏； 10.charcot三联症。
昆明医科大学病理学2019年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
昆明医科大学
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2019 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（40 分） 1. 肺动脉血栓的后果 2. 慢性肝炎的分型 s 3. 滋养细胞病理改变 4. 伤寒病理改变 5. 三阴乳腺癌的病理改变 二、论述题（60 分） 1. 干细胞在细胞增殖和组织修复中的作用。 2. 血栓形成的因素和条件。 3. 肝硬化的病理和临床联系。 4. 非小细胞癌的分子学分型和临床价值。 5. 细胞芯片在病理诊断的应用前景。
博士病理学统考历年试题
2005一、简答题（20）：1.肿瘤的定义，肿瘤与反应性增生的区别和联系。
2.乙性脑炎的镜下病理改变。
3.乳头状甲状腺癌的病理特点。
4.列举导致心、肺、肠、脑等坏死的疾病，及坏死类型。
二、论述题（40）：1.举例五种肉芽肿性疾病，病理特点及具有诊断价值的病理改变。
2.原发性肺结核的病变特点、病理变化过程、预后。
3.病例分析：一个典型的慢性支气管炎--肺气肿--肺心病--合并上呼吸道感染--右心衰的病变过程，病理变化与临床表现的联系。
4.多在半年内可痊愈的肝炎，问其属于哪一型肝炎？结合病理特点，分析为何可在半年内痊愈•国家医学考考试中心2006年病理学（博士统考题）简答1：1、goodpasture综合症，机制，特征，临床表现。
2、简述粥样硬化及其继发改变。
3、凋亡/坏死形态区别4、慢性组塞肺气肿的发病机制。
问答题：1、肿瘤转移概念，途经及特点2、细胞缺氧的损伤机制3、什么是栓塞，栓塞的后果。
4、纤维素性炎好发部位是什么，各部位基本特征及其结局多选题：肝硬化原因，造成肾小球基膜增厚的慢性肾小球肾炎的类型，混合血栓组成，慢性阻塞性肺炎特点哮喘的病理特点B型题（6题）colon病的好发位置肠结核的好发位置肠伤寒的好发位置单选题：（只记得不会的）3个胚胎层起源的是畸胎瘤2008年博士生入学考试病理学考试题（全国统考）一、选择题（每题1分，共40分）A型题1-21题1.肿瘤的淋巴道转移首先出现在2.显示淀粉样变性的特殊染色3.可导致DIC的是4.槟榔肝可发展成为5.引起脾、肾、肺梗死的常见原因6.哪个部位假膜性炎能对机体产生严重后果7.颈部淋巴结肿大，病理活检查见乳头状结构，最可能是8.诊断高分化鳞状细胞癌的主要根据9.属于恶性肿瘤的是10.狼疮性肾炎最常见组织类型11.乳房的TNM分期12.乳房橘皮样外观常见于13.子宫早期浸润癌是指14.肾细胞癌可能出现的临床表现15.甲状腺髓样癌的组织来源16.膜增生性肾小球肾炎的主要病变17.不属于乙型脑炎的病变是18.革囊胃指19-21是给病例分析是什么病A3、A4型题22-27B1型题28-35X型题36-40二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1.毛细血管再生的过程2.AIDS病程的三个阶段3.Hodgkin淋巴瘤的组织学诊断依据4.膜性肾小球肾炎的病理变化三、论述题（每题10分，共40分）1.急性炎症过程中血流动力学改变2.风湿性心内膜炎的病理变化3.葡萄胎组织学特点及临床病理联系4.消化性溃疡的好发部位，病变特点，溃疡经久不愈和患者产生疼痛的原因*这么好的东西居然没人顶，真是服了*20071、卵巢组织发生分类，各举一例2、原发综合征病变特点及预后3、炎症介质？主要功能，并各举一例4、胃溃疡病的病理变化？5、二尖瓣狭窄病因、病理变化，血流动力学及心脏变化6、慢性肾小球肾炎及慢性肾盂肾炎多尿夜尿的机理7、血栓？下肢深静脉血栓的影响？8、慢性支气管炎、肺气肿与肺心病的病变及相互关系。
昆明理工大学生物化学(医学院)2018年考博真题
昆明理工大学2018年博士研究生招生考试试题
考试科目代码：2030 考试科目名称：生物化学（医学院）
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中南大学病理学2018年考博真题考博试卷
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中南大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释 1. 衰老和细胞老化 2. RS 细胞 7. 干线型肝硬化 8. 急性肾炎综合征 9. 烧瓶样溃疡 10. 粉刺癌 11. 肿瘤干细胞 12. 嗜神经现象
2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题_真题-无答案
2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题(总分70,考试时间180分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabularySection ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that **pletes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET1. The medical team discussed their shared ________ to eliminating this curable disease.A. obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication2. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, or emotional ________is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. turmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation3. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others, ________communication and indulge in their own worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down4. The school board attached great emphasis to ________in students a sense of modesty and a sense of community.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning5. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not ________to what we need to be attending to.A. pertinentC. precedentD. prominent6. New studies have found a rather ________ correlation between the presence of small particles and both obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing7. We must test our ________ about what to include in the emulation and at what level in detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions8. We must ________ the problem ________ , which is why our **bines both brain structure and function measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set….backB. take…overC. pull….inD. break…down9. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are ________rather than persistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent10. It is simply a fantastic imagination to ________that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conformSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.11. The **petent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery” of another human beings, and offers the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensible12. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted13. **munity meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviate tensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate14. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively in subject with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely15. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitro fertilization.A. fetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans16. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing our childrenA. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse17. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlled way.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically18. Big challenges still **panies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming19. Concerns have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, such as memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterD. induce20. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countablePart Ⅱ ClozeDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETThe same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer — the three-dimensional imaging improves detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 【A1】, can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 【A2】data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 【A3】CT scanning. Their study was 【A4】by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 【A5】the 38 missed cancers, 15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 【A6】it as noncancerous) and 23 【A7】observational error (not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 【A8】of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G. Armato PhD, lead author of the study. “**puter is not perfect”, Armato said, “it will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 【A9】. The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that **puter may 【A10】something suspicious. It’s sort of a spell-checker, or a second opinion.”21. 【A1】A. in commonB. in turnC. in oneD. in all22. 【A2】A. preliminaryB. considerateC. deliberateD. ordinary23. 【A3】A. being usedB. to useC. usingD. use24. 【A4】A. investigatedB. originatedC. foundedD. funded25. 【A5】A. FromB. AmidC. OfD. In26. 【A6】A. disseminatingB. degeneratingC. dismissingD. deceiving27. 【A7】A. were mistaken forB. were attributed toC. resulted inD. gave way to28. 【A8】A. mortalitiesB. incidencesC. imagesD. rates29. 【A9】A. don’tB. won’tC. aren’tD. wasn’t30. 【A10】A. stand forB. search forC. account forD. mistake forPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s “a translator between two hostile tribes” — the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s argument in his book Creating Innovators: The Making of Young People WhoWill Change the World is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace”.This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly no such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job — the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried — made obsolete — faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready” — ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail, “because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate — the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life — and skills like critical thinking, communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think — to ask the right questions — and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economies in the world,” Wagner said, “and it is the only country where students leave high school “innovation-ready”. They learn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many electives — all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented” colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media Lab and the ‘D-school’ Stanford where students learn to innovate.”31. In his book, Wagner argues that ________.A. the education world is hostile to our kidsB. the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC. the business world is too demanding on the education worldD. the education world should teach what the marketplace demands32. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” to “innovation ready”.D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.33. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.34. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the author’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s gene ration to find their first jobs.35. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To orient future education.B. To exemplify the necessary shift in education.C. To draw a conclusion about the shift in education.D. To criticize some colleges for their practices in education.Passage TwoSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified（分层的）,” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic&**ponent, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality. However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic sequence is not the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be, and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful. Finally, both professional and the public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a **bination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.36. Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A. Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B. Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C. Physical examination remains essential in fine tuning a diagnosis.D. Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.37. What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the **munity.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.38. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in________.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals39. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against________.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in **mon diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics40. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genet ic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage ThreeFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground.With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun’s output without being impeded by the Earth’s atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun’s output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite’s control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max’s observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all.The satellite’s instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun’s energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0.05 percent of the Sun’s mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun’s disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun’s surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun’s surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max’s instruments registered a 0.3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0.6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth’s surface.Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max’s data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun’s output, some scientists have thought that the satellite’s aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max’s observationswith data from a similar instrument operating on NASA’s Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.41. According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to ________.A. sunspot activityB. unusual weather patternsC. increased levels of dustD. fluctuations in the Earth’s temperature42. Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?A. The Earth is too far from the Sun.B. Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C. There is not enough sunlight during the day.D. The Earth’s atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.43. Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?A. Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B. Solar Max’s instruments were getting old.C. The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max’s instruments.D. Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max’s detectors.44. The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as ________.A. an ongoing research effortB. a question that can never be answeredC. an issue that has been resolvedD. historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns45. What does this passage mainly discuss?A. **ponents of the Earth’s atmosphere.B. The launching of a weather satellite.C. The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D. The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students’ work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job ofexposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules, the societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students to report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching” can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-**mittees, similar to the research-**mittees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of **mittees, such as for tenure applications.46. What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.B. The high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.C. The frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.D. The violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.47. What, in the respondent’s mind, is the nature of showing favoritism to some students?A. It is a serious high-profile infraction.B. It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.C. It is a punishable but avoidable misconduct.D. It is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.48. The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribed to ________.A. their offering more courses than they can handleB. their paying little attention to the students’ feedbackC. their receiving inadequate education in how to teachD. their lacking interest in the areas other than their own49. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue?A. Development of codes of conduct.B. Exposure of online misconducts.C. Education about the rules of proper mentoring.D. Development of clear mechanism for reporting.50. What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs?A. The approaches to addressing the problems of “inadequate teaching”.B. The specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.C. The **mittee s dealing with “inadequate teaching”.D. The codes of conduct for the students to report violations.Passage FiveIs the profession of medicine in retreat? I’m reminded of this with September welcoming a new influx（流入）of medical students. A handful of them may be some of the wide-eyed enthusiasts who attended a meeting at the Royal Society of Medicine (RSM) earlier this year about why they should choose a career in medicine. Choose medicine, I said, because it is aprofession that allows you to pursue many different paths, catering for the diverse personalities that constitute any medical school’s intake.But I’m beginning to wonder if I misled them? Not just on the opportunities that will open up to them and only be limited by their own ambition and abilities. No, I’m questioning something more fundamental: the perception of medicine as a profession.Doctors have traditionally embellished（润色）their day jobs with roles, for example, on **mittees, college councils, and faculties for conferences, meetings and training courses. Journal editors and associate editors are prime examples of doctors taking on an additional responsibility to their full-time role.The advantages of these outside interests and positions have been considerable for individuals and for the organizations that employ them. The organizations gain greater influence, open themselves up to new ideas and alternative strategies, and can gain a&**petitive advantage. Doctors have considered that these additional responsibilities are an important differentiator between medicine as a profession and medicine as a factory job.Yet times are changing. Clock-watching has **mon place, with the European a Working Time Directive being the most obvious examples. More troublesome for many senior doctors is the issue of job planning, which is beginning to limit the additional roles and responsibilities that doctors can undertake. Organizations are becoming more corporate and less enlightened.Most doctors will find a way round this new regime, but short-term petty-minded bosses are beginning to view doctors as factory workers. Their limited vision considers doctors to be dangerously independent, malfunctioning cogs（无足轻重的成员）in their wobbly health care machine, a species to be controlled and beaten into the shape of appropriate widget（装饰品）.Medicine was never meant to be governed by such tunnel vision, was it? Ultimately it will be the less enlightened organizations who will fail. These organizations will perceive little value in doctors’spreading their wings and will treat them like factory workers, clocking on and off and filling in timesheets. Doctors in these organizations will begin to wonder whether medicine is any longer a profession when its practitioners are forced to cower（畏缩）before number crunchers and bean counters.51. Why does the author wonder if he misled the prospective medical students?A. Because he misinformed them in their choice.B. Because he worries about medicine as a profession.C. Because he questions their ambition **petence.D. Because he is not sure about their diverse personalities.52. Which of the following is NOT a benefit for the employers from their doctors taking on additional responsibilities?A. More positions.B. Greater influenceC. **petitiveness.D. More exposure to new ideas.53. What is the most probable message from the passage?A. Most employers are short-term petty-minded.B. Medicine is becoming more like a factory job.C. Doctors’ role and responsibilities change all the time.D. Senior doctors are challenged with a shrinking market.54. In the last paragraph, the author seems to warn ________.A. the government against limiting the doctors to take additional rolesB. the organizations against viewing doctors as factory workersC. the practitioners against taking on additional responsibilitiesD. the doctors against spreading their wings too widely55. What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage?A. To advise the organizations to be open-minded.B. To remind the readers of medicine as a profession.C. To question the role of taking on an additional position.D. To explain the advantages of taking on an additional position.Passage SixThe use of animals to better understand human anatomy and human disease is a centuries-old practice. Animal research has provided valuable information about many physiological processes that are relevant to humans and has been fundamental in the development of many drugs, including vaccines, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Animals and humans are similar in many ways. Animal behavior can be as complex as human behavior, and the cellular structures, proteins, and genes of humans and animals are so similar that the prospect of using animal tissues to replace diseased human tissues is under intense investigation for patients who would otherwise never receive a potentially life-saving transplant.However, the way in which animals and humans react to their environments, both physiologically and behaviorally, can be drastically different, and the conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can influence and alter experimental results. The husbandry and treatment of laboratory animals has been and continues to be a major topic of ethical debate. Concern over the care and management of animals used in scientific research was initially raised in the 19th century in Great Britain, where the Cruelty to Animals Act was adopted in 1876. A significant step forward — for both supporters and opponents of animal research — occurred in 1959, when British zoologist William Russell and British microbiologist Rex Burch published The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. This work introduced the goals of replacement, reduction, and refinement: replacement of animal testing with other techniques, reduction of the number of animals tested, and refinement of animal tests to reduce suffering. These concepts became the foundation for the development of scientific alternatives to animal testing, and they continue to guide the treatment of animals in modern scientific research.Alternatives to animal testing are primarily based on biochemical assays, on experiments in cells that are carried out in vitro (“within the glass”), and on computational models and algorithms（演算法）. These techniques are typically far more sophisticated and specific than traditional approaches to testing in whole animals, and many in vitro tests are capable of producing information about the biological effects of a **pound that are as accurate — and in some cases more accurate than — information collected from studies in whole animal.Traditional toxicity tests performed on animals are becoming outmoded. These tests result in the deaths of many animals and often produce data that are irrelevant to humans. Recognition of the inadequacy of animal toxicity testing has resulted in the development of better techniques that are able to **parable toxicity values of chemicals that are applicable to humans.While animal testing is not always the most efficient way to test the toxicity of a chemical or the efficacy of a **pound, it is sometimes the only way to obtain information about how a substance behaves in a whole organism, especially in the case of **pounds. Studies of pharmacokinetic effects (effects of the body on a drug) and pharmacodynamic effects (effects of a drug on the body) often require testing in animals to determine the most effective way to administer a drug; the drug’s distribution, metabolism, and excretion; or any side effects in。
考博病理试题
考博病理试题1、癌发生的二阶段学说2、基因突变的方式与原癌基因活化3、P53基因生物学特性与意义4、信号传导通路的组成5、调亡的特点及生物学意义6、肿瘤多步骤转移基本过程7、基因突变形式几检测方法8、化疗药物多药耐药性发生机制9、基因治疗策略10、肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些基本组成要素一、假性动脉瘤细胞水肿内胚瘤Ｂarret食管副肿瘤综合症wilms瘤巧克力囊肿二、１、血栓的类型２、肝脏、肺脏肿瘤为何多血行转移３、绒毛心的发生机制与结局４、免疫组化原理及意义５、原发性肺结核及转移６、外科手术标本送冰冻的时机三、１、肾的凝固性和干落样坏死２、肉芽组织形态、作用和结局３、心梗、左心室多发性附壁血栓的机制与结局４、肾上腺肿瘤有那些类型５、良恶性肿瘤镜下表现的异同、举例说明良恶性肿瘤为何无明显界限一.名词解释1.水泡状胎块2.虎斑心3.Aschoff body 4.原癌基因5.慢性肺源性心脏病6.液化性坏死7.Carcinoma in situ 8.羊水栓塞9.肺肉质变10.噬神经细胞二.问答题1.何谓化脓性炎?可分为哪些类型?并举例说明各型病变有何特征? 2.试述结核病基本病理变化的转化规律. 3.以皮肤手术切口为例试述创伤愈合的基本过程. 4.试述良,恶性肿瘤对集体的影响及其原因. 5.试述良性高血压时心,肾,脑的病理变化及临床的主要表现.名词：Berger病Herceptin Barret食管蛋白质组学假幽门增生附壁血栓部分葡萄胎凹泡细胞心衰细胞Virchow淋巴结问答：假结核肠炎概念，举3例说明假膜肠炎定义，举2例细胞癌基因病毒癌基因原癌基因概念及相互关系前列腺上皮内瘤样增生前列腺癌相互关系甲状腺滤泡样癌乳头状癌生物学行为区别论述大叶性肺炎小叶性肺炎间质性肺炎SARs肺病理变化不典型增生异样增生概念相互关系及区别肝炎坏死病理特点及类型.名词解释（每题1.5分，共30分，英文名词先翻译再解释）1 Autopsy 2 Gangrene 3 Granulation 4 Pseudomembrane 5 Arteriolosclerosis 6 Dysplasia 7 Krukenberg tumor 8 AIDS 9 Crohn`s病10 类风湿性关节炎11 甲状腺髓样癌12 滤泡性淋巴瘤13 蜂窝组织炎14 快速进行性肾小球肾炎15 结节病二.简答题（每题6分，共30分）1 成人呼吸窘迫综合征的概念，发病机制要点和肺病变要点 2 细菌感染血行播散时有可能引发的四种后果 3 动脉粥样硬化：（1）继发病变；（2）主要受累部位及其后果。
解放军医学院(301医院)病理学2018年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
解放军医学院（301医院）
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.桥接坏死
2.凋亡
3.纤维素性炎
4.炎性假瘤
5.栓塞
6.假小叶
7.肺肉质变
8.早期胃癌
9.结核肉路径
2.急性炎症的结局
3.大肠癌的病因
4.肿瘤的分化与异型性
5.糖尿病肾病病理改变
6.凋亡与坏死的形态学特征
7.肝硬化的病理特征及发病机制
8.风湿病的病理特征
病理生理学考博试题及答案
病理生理学考博试题及答案病理生理学是研究生物体在疾病状态下的生理变化及其机制的科学。
本试题旨在考察考生对病理生理学基本概念、原理和机制的理解与应用能力。
一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 病理生理学主要研究的是：A. 疾病的预防B. 疾病的治疗C. 疾病的病因D. 疾病状态下的生理变化2. 细胞凋亡是：A. 一种病理性死亡B. 一种生理性死亡C. 细胞分裂D. 细胞生长3. 炎症反应的目的是：A. 清除损伤因子B. 促进细胞增殖C. 抑制细胞凋亡D. 促进组织修复4. 以下哪项不是细胞应激反应的类型？A. 热休克反应B. 氧化应激反应C. 免疫应激反应D. 营养应激反应5. 细胞程序性死亡的调控机制不包括：A. 基因调控B. 信号传导C. 细胞代谢D. 细胞外基质答案：1. D2. B3. A4. C5. C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）6. 简述病理性钙化的特点及其对机体的影响。
7. 描述缺氧对细胞代谢的影响。
8. 解释什么是细胞信号转导异常，以及它在疾病中的作用。
答案：6. 病理性钙化是指在非骨骼组织中异常沉积的钙盐，其特点包括钙化部位的非特异性、钙化过程的病理性以及可能伴随的组织损伤。
对机体的影响包括影响组织功能、引起疼痛和功能障碍等。
7. 缺氧时，细胞内ATP生成减少，导致细胞代谢活动受限。
细胞可能通过糖酵解途径产生能量，但效率较低。
长期缺氧可导致细胞损伤甚至死亡。
8. 细胞信号转导异常是指细胞内信号传递过程中的某个环节出现问题，导致细胞功能失调。
这可能涉及到信号分子的异常表达、受体功能的改变或信号传导途径的障碍等。
在疾病中，信号转导异常可能导致细胞增殖失控、细胞凋亡受阻等病理变化。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）9. 论述细胞凋亡与坏死的区别及其在疾病中的意义。
10. 阐述肿瘤微环境对肿瘤发展的影响。
答案：9. 细胞凋亡是一种有序的、程序化的细胞死亡过程，通常不引起炎症反应，而坏死是一种非程序化的、由外界因素引起的细胞死亡，常伴随炎症反应。
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医学考博真题试卷
昆明医科大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、简答题 1.病毒性肝炎的基本病变。 2.infarction 定义，分类，病理特点。 3.骨折愈合各期病理特点。 4.女 48 岁，左颈部淋巴结肿大的可能的原因（4 个）及病变特点。 5.心梗的并发症及其病变特点。 6.宫颈癌的大体类型，组织学类型及病理特点。7.肺气肿发生机制的相关因素，种类及病变特 点。 8.慢纤空的病变特点及转归。 9.女 28 岁，已婚，发热腰痛尿频尿痛 5 天，检查尿蛋白血尿白细胞尿。诊断（急性肾盂肾炎）， 病变特点。 10.恶性肿瘤血道转移的机制。
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