英语构词法word-building
英语主要有三种构词法
Language points (word study)
1.belief n. 信任, 信心, 信仰 常
与in连用
have a belief in 相信, 信任 That man has a strong belief in God. 那个男子虔诚地信仰上帝。 He has lost the belief in God. Beyond belief 无法令人相信；令人难以置信 His story is beyond belief. 他的话难以置信。 a common belief 普通的信念 religious belief 宗教信仰
2.名词转化为动词 e.g The hall can seat two thousand people They have booked their plane ticket.
3.形容词转化为动词
e.g. The car slowed down to half its speed.
The room gradually quieted down.
动词:
-fy (使…化) ; -ize (使…成为) e.g. simplify(简化) , satisfy , realize , organize
副词:
- ly 表示方式,程度 : freely ,badly ,truly -ward (s) 表示方向 :towards, forward, outward
后
缀
例
runner ,
词
swimmer
--er ….. 者
-ese….地方的人
Chinese, Japanese
名
-ian
精通…的人, …地方人 musician, Russian
名词构词法
A
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一．名词的后缀
2.表示物
embankment堤岸 fragment碎片，碎
pavement人行道 equipment装备，
nutriment营养品 medicament药物 battlement城墙垛 basement地下室
3.表示组织、机构
government政府 department部门， 司，局 parliament国会，议会
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一．名词的后缀
9. —sion 表示行为，行为的过程或结果、情况 、性质，与—ion同。它所构成的名词大多由 以-d,—de,—t为结尾的动词派生而来（如： expand→expansion，decide→decision, convert→conversion） expansion 扩张/扩展, conclusion结论，结 束, decision 决定, suspension悬挂，停 止, comprehension理解, extension伸展 ，延伸, division分开/分割, declension倾 斜, conversion转变/变换, collision（车 船）碰撞,
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11
establishment建立, judgement判断 , argument争论, shipment装船（ 运）, arrangement安排, appointment 约定, management管 理，settlement安排 , achievement成 就, government政府, department部 门, requirement要求，
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一．名词的后缀
5. —y 构成抽象名词，表示性质、情况、
状态、行为。 a./v.→n.
difficulty困难 discovery发现 recovery 恢复 inquiry询问 jealousy妒忌，猜忌 mastery精通， 掌握 modesty谦虚 mystery神秘的 事物 fantasy 幻想 scenery风景 summary 总结，概要
医学英语构词
医学英语构词Medical English Word Building一、引言观察(observation)、想象(imagination)、记忆(memory)：re-cover → recovery / dis-cover → discovery↑overcome, overdue... (>100)←over→cover →cover-age↓↓overt covertrefer-ee reverence (敬畏) → revere → severe → sever→ severance ↑↑refer（参考、查询）→ reference → referable/referential →referral (转诊、会诊) ↓pre-fer → preference → preferable / preferential (优惠的)二、基本构词法1．复合(compounding):●tetra (四) + cycle (环) + in (素) → tetracycline 四环素●cycle + spore (孢子) + in → cyclosporine 环孢菌素●psychosocioeconomic2．前后缀(prefix & suffix )●tension →hypo(低)-tension /hyper (高)-tension / anti(抗)-hypertensive●plate + let (小) = platelet / drop+let = droplet / leaf + let = leaflet /island + let = islet (小岛细胞)●pest+cide =pesticide / insect + cide = insecticide / virus + cide =virocide3. 缩略语(abbreviation)●首写缩略(initials)：OCT (over-the-counter) / AIDS (acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome) / SARS (severe acute respiratorysyndrome)●压缩(reduction)：acupuncture (acupte + puncture) / silastic (silicon +eleastic) (硅胶的) / medicare (medical + care) (美) 老年医疗保险/medicaid (medical + aid) (美)穷人/残疾人医疗保险4. 专用名词(special terms)●人名 : Parkinson’s disease / Alzheimer’s disease / Doppler●地名 : Mediteranian anemia (地中海贫血)●商品名 : dextrose (葡萄糖盐水)5. 拉丁/希腊语●医学术语的三源性：英语拉丁语希腊语血管：vessel vaso- angio-脉搏：pulse pulsus sphygm- From 400 to 40,0001）构词三要素：前缀+ 词根+ 后缀osteo (骨) + pore (小孔) + sis (病态) → osteoporosis ( ? )前缀连接元音O 词根连接元音O后缀单词1 o 2electr 电o cardi心o Graphy方法Graph机器gram图像elctrocardiographyelectrocardiographelectrocardiogramendo 内gastr胃o scopescopyscopicendograstroscopeendogastroscopyendogastroscopicendo cardi itis炎症endocarditis carditis gastritis gastrocardiaca 无/不granul颗粒o cyt细胞o penia减少agranulocytopeniaerythrocytopenialeukocytopeniathrombocytopenialyphocytopeniapancytopenias2）医学常用前后缀示例Table 1 Examples of organs and systems （部分器官与系统术语）中文普通前/后缀形容词示例心heart Cardio Cardiaccardial cardiology endocarditis myocarditis脑brain cerebroencephalocranio Cerebralcranialcerebrumcerebellumencephalopathyintracranial肺lung pulmo Pulmonary pulmonologypulmonectomypulmonitis肝liver hepato Hepatic hepatitishepatobiliaryhepatoenterostomy 肝肠吻合肾kidney nephro Renal nephritisnephropathynephrectomy胃stomach gastro Gastric gastritisgastroenteritisgastrectomy肠intestinegutbowel entero Intestinal enteritisgrastroenteritisenterostomy肠造口术食道/管esophagus esophagoEsophageal esophagitisesophagoscopyesophagoplasty 食道成形术胆gallbladder chole Biliary cholecystitischolecystectomycholelithiasis胆结石脾spleen spleno Splenic splenectomyspenomegaly脾大splenectomy胰pancreas pancreato Pancreatic pancreatitispancreatectomypancreatopathy膀胱bladdercyst cysto Cystic cystitiscytectomycystography（泌）尿urine urourethro Urinary urologytransurethralurosurgery直肠anus recto Rectal rectoscopyrectoplastyrectocolitis结肠colon colo Colonal Colitiscolorectoscopycolostomy肌muscle myo Muscular myocarditismyoloma肌瘤myotonia肌强直关节joint arthro Articular arthritisosteoarthritisarthropathy骨bone bony Osteo osteoplastyosteogenesis骨生长osteopathy髓marrow mye myelomamyelitismyelopathy血blood hemato hematologyhematomahemostasis止血血管vessel vasoangio Vascular cardiovascular accident (CVA)cerebrovascularvasopressin血管加压素gangiography 血管造影神经nerve neuro Nervous neurosurgeryneuronneuroma细胞cell cyto Cellular leukocytecytologycytoma眼eye ophthalmooculo Ocularvisualophthalmologyophthalmitisophthalmalgia眼痛耳ear audio Auditoryaudible audiometer audiovisual audiosurgery鼻nose rhino Nasal rhinorrhea 鼻溢rhinorrhagia流鼻血rhinopharyngeal口mouth Oral舌tongue linguo Lingual sublingual 舌下的lingusticslinguoplacement 舌向移位咽喉throat laryngopharyngo Laryngealpharyngeallaryngectomylaryngitispharyngitis气管airwayair pipe tracheo Tracheal Tracheostomytracheoscopetracheoesophageal胸Chestbreast thoracostethothoracic Thoracoplasty 胸廓成形术stethoscope 听诊器Table2 Examples of diseased states (部分病态术语)含义前/后缀示例病patho--pathy pathogen, pathology, nephropathy, encephalopathy病态-osis neurosis, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis增多leukocytosis, erythrocytosis, granulocytosis减少-penia leukocytosis, erythrocytosis, pancytosis炎症-itis arthritis, pharyngitis, hepatitis肿块-oma lymphoma, hematoma, carcinoma疼痛-algia-algesiaalgoanalgesia, hyoalgesia, algometer血症-emia leukemia, septicemia, bacteremia麻痹-plegia hemiplegia, myoplegia, pamplegia坏死necro-necrosishepatonecrosis, myonecrosis, necrospermia结石litho-lithcholelithes, lithiasis, lithogenesis复合/多poly- polyuria, polyopia流出-rrhea diarrhea, rhinorrhea, hypermenorrhea巨-megaly splenomegaly, acromegaly, hepatomegaly 不良mal malnutrition, malfunction, malpractice困难/障碍dys dysfunction, dysurea 排尿困难, dyspepsia消化不良, dyspnea 呼吸困难无 a atypical, anurea 无尿, apnea 窒息,asymptomatic, agranulocytosisTable 3 Examples of surgical terminology （部分外科术语）含义前/后缀示例切除-ectomy gastrectomy, appectectomy, laryngectomy 切开-tomy tracheotomy, hysterotomy, craniotomy造口/吻合-stomy colostomy, ileostomy, tracheostomy成形-plasty osteoplasty, myoplasty, esophagoplasty整（矫）形ortho- orthopedics, orthotherapy, orthposurgery 造影-graphy angiography, nephrography, radiography 经…trans- transurethral, transcutaneous, transfusion 三、拉丁/希腊源单词发音与重音基本规则1．发音：●元音a e i o u 在重读开音节中一般发字母音;在重读闭音节中读强短音开/闭音节：rate , gag / ‘renal, red / ‘bicycle, bit / joke, jog / nude, nut●元音a e i o u 在非重音节中发“弱音”2．重音●一般在倒数第二音节(两个元音重合算一个音节)：ne’phritis / strepto’coccus(链球菌) / macro’somia (巨体) / schistoso’miasis (吸血虫病) /transu’rethral (经尿道的) / splenocera’tosis (脾硬化)●下列情况一般在倒数第三个音节：✧-ate: per’manganate (高锰酸盐) / re’ticulate (成网状)✧-y: bron’chography (支气管造影) / physi’ology / lapa’roscopy (腹腔镜) / im’munity / disa’bility✧-oid: al’buminoid (白蛋白样的) / ca’rotinoid (类胡萝卜素)✧-meter: spi’rometer (肺量计) / sphygmoma’nometer (血压计) Pronunciation practice:Rhinorrhagia。
英语构词法
英语构词法英语构词法英语词汇的构成有一定的规律和法则。
按照其规律和法则造词的方法就叫做“构词法”(word building or word formation)。
英语单词的构成成分是词素(morpheme)。
单词由一个或多个词素构成。
词素分为自由词素(free morpheme)和粘着词素(bound morp-heme)两种。
自由词素词义完整，能够单独用作单词，如 good, hand, live等，本身不能再分解。
粘着词素有一定的含义，但是不能单独用作单词，必须与其它词素一起才能构成词义完整的单词。
粘着词素大部分是词缀(affixes), 也有不能单独使用的词根(root)。
词缀分为屈折词缀(inflectional affixes)和派生词缀(derivational affixes)，按照与词根连接的位置又分为前缀(prefixes)和后缀(suffixes)，如 resistance就是由前缀re-, 词根sist和后缀 -ance三个粘着词素复合而成的。
英语的构词法主要有：一、加词缀法(affixation)加词缀法分为屈折变化法(inflexion) 和派生法(derivation)。
屈折变化法是指词尾有表示名词复数、格、第三人称单数、动词时态的后缀以及有表示形容词和副词比较级和最高级的后缀。
如books, boxes, father’s, working, worked, does, harder, hardest等。
名词复数和动词时态的不规则变化也属于屈折变化，如 children, men, has, went,gone等。
由屈折变化所构成的词叫做屈折词(inflectional word)。
可见，屈折变化法是为了限定某词的语法功能而添加词缀或改变词形。
以father’s为例，它是所有格就不能用于别的格;has 对人称、数和时态也有了限定。
派生法是给词根添加上前缀或后缀而构词。
word-building unit 1 book 2
发展,进化,演化,演变 进化的, 展开的 进展, 发展, 演变, 进 进化的, 进展的 进化的 进化论 adj. 进化论的 进化论者 出现 紧急情况
12. independence: • independent n. 中立派, 无党派者 adj. 独立自主的, 不受约束的 • independently adv. 独立地, 自主地 • independency n. 独立 • dependence n. 依靠, 依赖, 信任, 信赖 • dependency n. 依靠, 信赖, 从属, 从 属物, 属国, 属地 • dependent adj. 依靠的, 依赖的, 由...决 定的, 随...而定
WordWordbuilding
1.attach: attachable adj. attachment n.
可附上的, 可拘留的 爱慕;附着物
2. assist:
assistant assister, assistor
n.助手, 助教 adj.辅助的, 助理的 n.帮助者, 加力器, 助推器
-sist: 站立, 放置 • assist • persist • exist • • • • consist resist subsist insist
创造, 创作, 引起, 造 创造力, 创造 创建者, 创作者 人, 动物, 傀儡, 创 动物的, 人的
7. observer:
• observe vt. 观察, 观测, 遵守, 评述 • observing adj .注意的, 留心的 • observation n. 观察, 观测, [pl.] 观察资 料(或报告)
5. critical: • critically adv. • • • • criticality n. critique n. criticize v. criticism n.
(完整版)英语语法常用词汇
English grammar terms often used 英语语法常用词语1．Parts of speech 词类noun 名词pronoun 代词numeral 数词adjective 形容词verb 动词adverb副词article 冠词preposition介词conjunction连词interjection感叹词particle 小品词2. Word building 构词法conversion 转化derivation 派生affixation词缀法prefix前缀suffix后缀compound words 合成词3．Classification of nouns 名词的分类common nouns普通名词proper nouns 专有名词individual nouns个体名词collective nouns 集合名词material nouns 物质名词abstract nouns 抽象名词countable nouns 可数名词uncountable nouns不可数名词the singular form 单数形式the plural form 复数形式the common case 普通格the possessive case 所有格the subjective case 主格the objective case 宾格person 人称third person singular 第三人称单数4. Classification of pronouns 代词的分类personal pronouns 人称代词possessive pronouns 物主代词self pronouns 反身代词demonstrative pronouns 指示代词interrogative pronouns 疑问代词conjunctive pronouns 连接代词relative pronouns 关系代词reciprocal pronouns 相互代词indefinite pronouns 不定代词5．数词、形容词、冠词cardinal numerals 基数词ordinal numerals 序数词fractional numerals 分数词the comparative degree 比较级the superlative degree 最高级The definite article 定冠词the indefinite article 不定冠词6．Classification of verbs 动词的分类national verbs 实义动词link-verbs系动词auxiliary verbs助动词modal verbs 情态动词transitive verbs 及物动词intransitive verbs 不及物动词regular verbs 规则动词irregular verbs 不规则动词the present forms 现在式the past forms 过去式the participle 分词the present participle现在分词the past participle 过去分词the infinitive 不定式the gerund 动名词bare infinitive 不带to的不定式7．Tense 时态the present tense 一般现在时the past tense 一般过去时the future tense一般将来时the past future tense一般过去将来时the present continuous现在进行时the past continuous 过去进行时the future continuous 将来进行时the past future continuous过去将来进行时the present perfect 现在完成时the past perfect过去完成时the future perfect 将来完成时the past future perfect 过去将来完成时the present perfect continuous现在完成进行时the future perfect continuous 将来完成进行时the past future perfect continuous 过去将来完成进行时8．Voice 语态、Mood 语气the passive voice 被动语态the active voice 主动语态the indicative mood 陈述语气the imperative mood 祈使语气the subjunctive mood 虚拟语气9．Classification of adverbs 副词的分类adverbs of place 地点副词adverbs of time 时间副词adverbs of degree程度副词adverbs of manner 方式副词adverbs of frequency频度副词relative adverbs 关系副词interrogative adverbs 疑问副词conjunctive adverbs连接副词10．Members of the sentence 句子成分the subject 主语the predicate 谓语the predicative 表语the object 宾语the attribute 定语the adverbial 状语the appositive 同位语independent elements 独立成分the direct object 直接宾语the indirect object 间接宾语parenthesis 插入语the double possessive 双重所有格the formal subject/object 形式主语/宾语subject complement 主语补足语object complement 宾语补足语11．Classification of sentences句子的分类declarative sentences 陈述句imperative sentences 祈使句exclamatory sentences感叹句interrogative sentences 疑问句general questions 一般疑问句special questions 特殊疑问句alternative questions选择疑问句disjunctive questions 反意疑问句tap questions 附加疑问句simple sentences 简单句compound sentences 复合句complex sentences 并列句elliptical sentences 省略句phrase 短语preposition phrases 介词短语infinitive phrases 不定式短语the question word 疑问词12．Clauses 从句main clauses 主句subject clauses 主语从句object clauses宾语从句direct speech 直接引语indirect speech 间接引语predicate clauses 谓语从句predicative clauses 表语从句attributive clauses定语从句restrictive attributive clauses 限定性定语从句the antecedent 先行词non-restrictive attributive clauses 非限定性定语从句appositive clauses同位语从句adverbial clauses状语从句adverbial clauses oftime/ place / cause / condition / degree / result / concession / purpose / comparison /manner 时间/地点/原因/条件/程度/结果/让步/目的/比较/方式状语从句sentences of real condition真实条件句sentences of unreal condition 虚拟条件句natural word-order 自然语序inverted word-order 倒装语序full inversion 完全倒装partial inversion 部分倒装ellipsis 省略transformation of sentences 句型转换analysis of sentences 句子分析13. Punctuation 标点符号period/full stop 句号comma 逗号semicolon分号colon 冒号dash 破折号hyphen连字号brackets 括号question mark 问号quotation marks 引号apostrophe 省略号14．The pronunciation of English 英语发音international phonetic国际音标the sounds of English 英语语音vowels 元音pure vowels 单元音diphthongs 双元音semi-vowel 半元音consonants 辅音nasal 鼻音plosive 爆破音fricative磨擦音affricate 破擦音voiced sounds浊音voiceless 清音length mark 长音符号stress 重读main stress 主重读音节secondary stress 次重读音节unstressed 非重读音节rhythm 节奏intonation 语调 a level pitch 平调rising tune 升调falling tune 降调。
(构词法)Words Building
Words Building（构词法）Unit 1 Noun---adjective/adverbs (-ful/-ly)1）让同学回顾已学的名词+ful 变形容词的单词Let S’s Review the nouns that you have been learned before, and when the nouns are added the suffix –ful, it can form adjective.（采用头脑风暴法，哪个小组所想的词汇越多为胜）1. In class, the teacher asked the students to listen _____________.2.Smoking can be ___________________ to your health.3.This program has been running _____________ for six months now. Everything is all right.4.She is ____________ to her doctor for saving her life.5. Frank is _____________ that he will be in better health when the weather becomes warmer.6.Be ____________ to look both ways when you cross the road.7.My friend Mark had finally got onto a plane for New York and ____ he would be there by early evening.8.Tom finds it _____________ to set up a routine that meets his needs.9.If a person cannot drink water for several days, he will die _____________.10. It’s still ______________ for him to talk about failing the exam.11.Policemen have to be ____ drivers, as they must arrive everywhere needed as soon as possible.Unit 2 Verb---Noun (-ion/ment)2. Tomato ____________ this year is about the same as last year’s.3. I spent all my years from five to eighteen in full-time_________________ .4. The__________________ of the names of the winners will take place tomorrow.5. If you don’t clean this place, there will be a great dangers of____ spreading among the people.6. Tom got an A for his English class. It was quite an ___________ for him.7. After thinking over the problem, my __________ was to go ahead with my plan.8. Disney’s （迪斯尼）____________ have brought joy （欢乐）to children everywhere.9. Doctors find that a child’s eyes do not reach （达到）full______ until about twelve years of age.Unit 3 Adjective---Noun (-ness)2. As a child grows up he learns that some actions(行为)are good and some are bad; it is the parents who usually educate him about___________ or badness of an action.3. The news filled him with ______________ .4. _______________ forced him to give up his job and do home.5.In some schools both teachers and students are punished （惩罚）for class ______________.6. He wrote us a letter, saying how much he enjoyed our present and thanking us for our_______________7. You can improve（改善）your general __________________ by walking more.Unit 4 Adjective (in-,im-,dis-,un-)2. Don’t be so ____________ (patient). I’m doing it as fast as I can.3. The sum of those numbers is ____________ (correct);they need to be added again.4. It is ___________(likely)that it will rain today; the clouds are breaking.5. Lilly had just started her first job, and she enjoyed being financially(经济上) _________________(dependent).6. The papers said he had beat up his wife, which was completely ____________ (true)7. She suffers from an ______________(regular) heartbeat but there are drugs which help.8. In Britain, it is _____________(legal)(非法的)to sell cigarettes to anyone under 16.9. The goods were____________(perfect) and had to be returned to store we bought them from.10. To take the boat out with children under the age of ten and with no life jackets(救生衣) on。
英语单词构词法Word_building
.
3
常见的前缀
(A)表示否定的前缀：
un- unfair,unhappy non- nonsmoker ，non-stop
(常用在n. adj. adv. 前) in- inactive, indirect (常用在adj.后)
dis- disagree,disappear
im- impolite,impossible (用在b,p,m 开头的词前)
il- illegal
ir- irregular
.
4
(B).表示错误或失当的前缀: mis -misunderstand, mislead
(C).表示向背的前缀: anti-（阻止，抗） antiwar, anti-Japanese war
(violence).（佛山一模）
.
14
3. Ms Chen has been teaching me
English since Junior 1, and to show my ___a_p_p_r_e_c_i_a_ti_o_n___ (appreciate) I decided to get her a present.（广州一模）
-or visitor, sailor
-al arrival, refusal
-ee employee , interviewee
-ation education, satisfaction
-ment development, movement
-ance, -ence importance, violence
vice-chairman
(完整版)英语语法常用词汇
English grammar terms often used 英语语法常用词语1．Parts of speech 词类noun 名词 pronoun 代词 numeral 数词 adjective 形容词 verb 动词adverb副词 article 冠词 preposition介词 conjunction连词 interjection 感叹词 particle 小品词2。
Word building 构词法conversion 转化 derivation 派生 affixation词缀法 prefix前缀 suffix后缀compound words 合成词3．Classification of nouns 名词的分类common nouns普通名词 proper nouns 专有名词individual nouns个体名词 collective nouns 集合名词material nouns 物质名词 abstract nouns 抽象名词countable nouns 可数名词 uncountable nouns不可数名词the singular form 单数形式 the plural form 复数形式the common case 普通格 the possessive case 所有格the subjective case 主格 the objective case 宾格person 人称 third person singular 第三人称单数4. Classification of pronouns 代词的分类personal pronouns 人称代词 possessive pronouns 物主代词self pronouns 反身代词 demonstrative pronouns 指示代词interrogative pronouns 疑问代词 conjunctive pronouns 连接代词relative pronouns 关系代词 reciprocal pronouns 相互代词indefinite pronouns 不定代词5．数词、形容词、冠词cardinal numerals 基数词 ordinal numerals 序数词fractional numerals 分数词 the comparative degree 比较级the superlative degree 最高级 The definite article 定冠词the indefinite article 不定冠词6．Classification of verbs 动词的分类national verbs 实义动词 link-verbs系动词auxiliary verbs助动词 modal verbs 情态动词transitive verbs 及物动词 intransitive verbs 不及物动词regular verbs 规则动词 irregular verbs 不规则动词the present forms 现在式 the past forms 过去式the participle 分词 the present participle现在分词the past participle 过去分词 the infinitive 不定式the gerund 动名词 bare infinitive 不带to的不定式7．Tense 时态the present tense 一般现在时 the past tense 一般过去时the future tense一般将来时 the past future tense一般过去将来时the present continuous现在进行时 the past continuous 过去进行时the future continuous 将来进行时 the past future continuous过去将来进行时 the present perfect 现在完成时 the past perfect过去完成时the future perfect 将来完成时 the past future perfect 过去将来完成时the present perfect continuous现在完成进行时the future perfect continuous 将来完成进行时the past future perfect continuous 过去将来完成进行时8．Voice 语态、Mood 语气the passive voice 被动语态 the active voice 主动语态the indicative mood 陈述语气 the imperative mood 祈使语气the subjunctive mood 虚拟语气9．Classification of adverbs 副词的分类adverbs of place 地点副词 adverbs of time 时间副词adverbs of degree程度副词 adverbs of manner 方式副词adverbs of frequency频度副词 relative adverbs 关系副词interrogative adverbs 疑问副词 conjunctive adverbs连接副词10． Members of the sentence 句子成分the subject 主语 the predicate 谓语 the predicative 表语 the object 宾语 the attribute 定语 the adverbial 状语 the appositive 同位语independent elements 独立成分 the direct object 直接宾语the indirect object 间接宾语 parenthesis 插入语the double possessive 双重所有格 the formal subject/object 形式主语/宾语subject complement 主语补足语 object complement 宾语补足语11．Classification of sentences句子的分类declarative sentences 陈述句 imperative sentences 祈使句exclamatory sentences感叹句 interrogative sentences 疑问句general questions 一般疑问句 special questions 特殊疑问句alternative questions选择疑问句 disjunctive questions 反意疑问句tap questions 附加疑问句 simple sentences 简单句compound sentences 复合句 complex sentences 并列句elliptical sentences 省略句phrase 短语preposition phrases 介词短语infinitive phrases 不定式短语 the question word 疑问词12．Clauses 从句main clauses 主句 subject clauses 主语从句object clauses宾语从句 direct speech 直接引语indirect speech 间接引语 predicate clauses 谓语从句predicative clauses 表语从句 attributive clauses定语从句restrictive attributive clauses 限定性定语从句the antecedent 先行词non—restrictive attributive clauses 非限定性定语从句appositive clauses同位语从句 adverbial clauses状语从句adverbial clauses oftime/ place / cause / condition / degree / result / concession / purpose / comparison /manner 时间/地点/原因/条件/程度/结果/让步/目的/比较/方式状语从句 sentences of real condition真实条件句 sentences of unreal condition 虚拟条件句 natural word-order 自然语序 inverted word—order 倒装语序full inversion 完全倒装 partial inversion 部分倒装ellipsis 省略 transformation of sentences 句型转换analysis of sentences 句子分析13。
Word-BuildingPPT课件
练习：给余下的形容词后缀找1~3个相对应的词
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3. 构成副词的常用后缀： -ly, -ward, -wise
eg: -ly: terribly hardly kindly -ward： eastward homeward -wise： otherwise likewise clockwise
构词法
许多英语单词的构成都有一定的规律，这种规律被称为构词法。
派生法 在一个词的词根(root)前面或后面加上某个词缀(affix)来产生新词.
二、种类
派生法（Derivation） 合成法（Composition) 转换法（Conversion）
三、作业
练习：归纳出前缀ex-, fore-, post-, pre- 的意思 练习：归纳出前缀ex-, 2f0o21re-, post-, pre- 的意思 16
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4. 构成动词的常用后缀： -ise/ize, -en, -ify
eg: -ise/ize: realize modernize summarize -en: widen strengthen darken -ify: verify modify beautify
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一、概念
11wordbuildingwordbuildingedaeda22音标基础单词应用句子33张无忌张无忌whateverzhangwhateverzhang向问天向问天askskyasksky韦小宝韦小宝hibabyhibaby任我行任我行letmegoletmego容嬷嬷容嬷嬷letmetouchtouchletmetouchtouch44一概念二种类学习任务55wordwordbuildingbuilding许多英语单词的构成都有一定的许多英语单词的构成都有一定的规律规律这种规律被称为构这种规律被称为构词法
英语语法术语及翻译
英语语法术语及翻译morphology 词法notional 实词r o t 词根synonym 同义词derivation 派生法compound 复合词pr o no un代词verb 动词preposition 介词particle 引导词common noun 普通名词词material noun 物质名词form word 虚词word-building 构词法prefix 前缀suffix 后缀antonym 反义词conversion 转化法affixation 词缀法c omposition 合成法parts of speech 词类noun 名词numeral 数词adjective 形容词adverb 副词article冠词conjunction 连词interjection 感叹词classification of nouns 名词的分类proper noun 专有名词collective noun 集合名abstract noun 抽象名词countable noun 可数名词personal pronoun 人称代词possessive pronoun 物主代词reflexive pronoun 反身代词interrogative p r o n o un疑问代demonstrative pronoun 指示代词词relative pronoun 关系代词indefinite pronoun 不定代词reciprocal pronoun 相互代词 case 格nominative case 主格objective case 宾格possessive case 所有格singular form 单数形式plural form 复数形式cardinal numeral 基数词ordinal numeral 序数词fraction numeral 分数数词degrees of comparison 比较级positive degree 原级comparative degree 比较级superlative degree 最高级notional verb 实义动词 modal verb 情态动词link verb 连系动词auxiliary verb 助动词transitive verb 及物动词intransitive verb 不及物动词 regular verb 规则动词irregular verb 不规则动词 finite verb 限定动词non-finite verb 非限定动词person 人称number 数gender 性tense 时态voice 语态mood 语气principal forms o f verbs 动词的主要形式present form 现在形式past form 过去形式participle 分词present participle 现在分词past participle 过去分词infinitive 不定式gerund 动名词verbal noun 动名词simple present tense 一般现在时simple past tense 一般过去时simple future tense 一般将来时present continuous tense 现在进行时past continuous tense 过去进行时future continuous tense 将来进行时past perfect tense 过去完成时future perfect tense 将来完成时present perfect continuous tense 现在完成进行时future perfect continuous tense 将来完成进行时sequence of tenses 时态的呼应passive voice 被动语态active voice 主动语态indicative mood 陈述语气imperative mood 祈使语气subjunctive mood 虚拟语气adverb of time 时间副词adverb of place 地点副词adverb of manner 方式副词adverb o f degr e 程度副词adverb of frequency 频度副词conjunctive adverb 连接副词definite article定冠词indefinite article不定冠词coordinating conjunction 并列连词subordinating conjunction 从属连词syntax 句法declarative sentence 陈述句imperative sentence 祈使句exclamatory sentence 感叹句interrogative sentence 疑问句general question 一般疑问句special question 特殊疑问句alternative question 选择疑问句disjunctive question 反意疑问句simple sentence 简单句compound sentence 并列句complex sentence 复合句compound complex sentence并列复合句elliptical sentence省略句elements of the sentence 句子成分subject 主语predicate 谓语predicative 表语attribute 定语adverbial 状语modifier状语appositive 同位语independent element 独立成分limiting attribute 限定性定语descriptive attribute 描绘性定语simple predicate 简单谓语compound predicate 复合谓语direct object 直接宾语indirect object 间接宾语complex object 复合宾语cognate object 同源宾语direct address 呼语parenthesis 插入语appended element 附加成分inserted element 插入成分direct speech 直接引语indirect speech 间接引语absolute construction 独立结构phrase 短语participial phrase 分词短语prepositional phrase 介词短语infinitive phrase 不定式短语verb phrase 动词短语clause 从句main clause 主句subordinate clause 从句subject clause 主语从句object clause 宾语从句predicative clause 表语从句attributive clause 定语从句appositive clause 同位语从句adverbial clause 状语从句restrictive attributive clause 限制性定语从句non-restrictive attributive clause 非限制性定语从句natural word-order 自然语序inverted word-order 倒装语序inversion 倒装ellipsis 省略transformation of sentence 句型的转换 analysis of sentence 句子分析punctuation marks 标点符号period 句号full stop 句号question mark 问号exclamation mark 感叹号comma 逗号semicolon 分号colon 冒号dash 破折号hyphen 连字号quotation marks 引号parenthesis 括号apostrophe 撇号（所有号，重音号，省字号）。
构词法Word Building.ppt
ever-green
hard-working
(2) 合成动词 ill-treat mass-produce sleep-walk (3) 合成副词 however downstairs beforehand (4) 合成代词 anybody nobody something
(5).合成介词 inside within into
1.表示否定意义的前缀
1) 纯否定前缀 dis- dishonest, dislike in-, ig-, il, im, ir, inmmoral, illegal, irregular non-, noesense un- unable, unemployment
8) out-, 表示“在上面，在外部，在外”
outline, outside, outward 9) over-, 表示“在上面，在外部，向上”
overlook, overhead, 10) post-, 表示"向后，在后边，次” postscript(附言)，postpone a postseason
副词 --- 动词 down adv. 向下 --- v. 放下
副词 --- 名词 nowhere adv. 任何地方都不
--- n. 无处，无名的地方
形容词 --- 名词 freezing adj. 冰冻的 --- n. 冰点 solid adj. 固体的,坚实的--- n. 固体
数词 --- 动词 second num. 第二 --- v. 赞成
water n. 水 ------ water vt. 浇水
常见的转化形式两种： 动词 --- 名词 名词 --- 动词
动词----名词
stop vt. 停止 --- n.车站 love vt. 爱 --- n. 爱 Watch vt. 观看 --- n. 手表 record vt. 录音 --- n. 纪录 comb vt. 梳理(头发) --- n. 梳子 abuse vt. 辱骂 --- n. 辱骂
常用英语语法术语
英语语法术语汇总语法grammar 句法syntax词法morphology 结构structure实义词notional / content word 虚词structural/ form/function word构词法word-building 词根root前缀prefix 后缀suffix同义词synonym 反义词antonym转化法conversion 派生法derivation词缀法affixation 合成法composition派生词derivative 复合词compound词性part of speech 名词的分类classification of nouns名词noun 专有名词proper noun普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun集合名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun介词preposition 感叹词interjection引导词particle 感叹词exclamation强调词emphasizer 强调用法emphatic use动词verb 实义动词notional verb主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb双宾语及物动词ditransitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb系动词linking verb 助动词auxiliary情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb限定动词finite verb 非限定动词non-finite verb使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses动态动词event verb 静态动词stative verb副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time地点副词adverb of place 频度副词adverb of frequency疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb连接副词conjunctive adverb代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun不定代词indefinite pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun 形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun格case 普通格common case主格nominative case 宾格objective case所有格possessive case 单数形式singular form复数形式plural form性gender 阳性masculine阴性feminine 通性common中性neuter人称person 第一人称first person第二人称second person 第三人称third person冠词article 定冠词definite article不定冠词indefinite article数词numeral 基数词cardinal numeral序数词ordinal numeral 分数词fractional numeral连词conjunction 并列连词coordinating conjunction从属连词subordinating conjunction形容词adjective 比较等级degrees of comparison原级positive/ absolute degree 比较级comparative degree最高级superlative degree形式form 数number原形base form 规则形式regular form不规则形式irregular form 单数形式singular form / number复数形式plural form / number 限定动词finite verb form非限定动词non-finite verb form 缩略形式contracted form动词的主要形式principal forms of verbs 现在形式present form过去形式past form 分词participle垂悬分词dangling participle 无依着分词unattached participle现在分词present participle 过去分词past participle不定式infinitive 动名词gerund动名词verbal noun从句clause 主句main clause名词性分句nominal clause 从属句subordinate clause并列句coordinate clause 从属分句dependent clause名词从句nominal clause 定语从句attributive clause限制性定语从句restrictive attributive clause 非限制性定语从句non-restrictive attributive clause 先行项antecedent 引述动词reporting verb关系词relative word 比较分句comparative clause状语从句adverbial clause 宾语从句object clause主语从句subject clause 表语从句predicative clause同位语从句appositive clause 时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句adverbial clause of place 方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession 原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句adverbial clause of result 目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition 真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition 非真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition 错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition （implied conditional）句子sentence 句法syntax简单句simple sentence 并列句compound sentence复合句complex sentence 并列复合句compound complex sentence陈述句declarative sentence 疑问句interrogative sentence一般疑问句general question 特殊疑问句special question选择疑问句alternative question附加疑问句tag question反义疑问句disjunctive question 修辞疑问句rhetorical question感叹疑问句exclamatory question 祈使句imperative/command sentence分裂句cleft sentence基本句型basic sentence pattern 存在句existential sentence肯定句positive sentence 否定句negative sentence双重否定double negative 祈使句imperative sentence省略句elliptical sentence 感叹句exclamatory sentence独立句absolute construction 独立主格结构nominative absolute construction平行结构parallel construction句子成分members of sentences 主语subject并列主语compound subject 逻辑主语logical subject真主语real subject 谓语predicate宾语object 双宾语dual object直接宾语direct object 间接宾语indirect object复合宾语complex object 呼语direct address插入语parenthesis 附加成分appended element插入成分inserted element 补语complement主补subject complement宾补object complement表语predicative 定语attribute同位语appositive 状语adverbial时间状语temporal adverbial 修饰语modifier独立成分independent element 直接引语direct speech间接引语indirect speech 独立结构absolute construction限定性定语limiting attribute 描绘性定语descriptive attribute简单谓语simple predicate 复合谓语compound predicate短语phrase 分词短语participial phrase介词短语prepositional phrase不定式短语infinitive phrase动词短语verb phrase句法关系syntactic relationship 并列coordinate从属subordination 修饰modification前置fronting 前置修饰pre-modification后置修饰post-modification 限制restriction双重限制double-restriction 非限制non-restriction时态tense 一般过去时simple past tense过去完成时past perfective tense 过去将来时past future tense过去进行时past progressive tense 过去将来进行时past future progressive tense过去将来完成时past future perfective tense 过去完成进行时past perfective progressive tense一般现在时simple present tense 现在完成时present perfective tense现在进行时present progressive tense 现在完成进行时present perfective progressive tense 一般将来时simple future tense 将来完成时future perfect tense将来进行时future progressive tense 将来完成进行时future perfect progressive tense时态的呼应sequence of tenses 被动语态passive voice主动语态active voice 语态voice主动语态active voice 被动语态passive voice语气mood 陈述语气indicative mood祈使语气imperative mood虚拟语气subjunctive mood否定negation 否定范围scope of negation全部否定full negation 局部否定partial negation转移否定shift of negation语序order 自然语序natural/normal word-order倒装语序inversion 倒装inversion倒装语序inverted word-order 全部倒装full inversion部分倒装partial inversion 省略ellipsis句型的转换transformation of sentence 句子分析analysis of sentence标点符号punctuation marks 句号period /full stop问号question mark 感叹号exclamation mark逗号comma 分号semicolon冒号colon 破折号dash连字号hyphen 引号quotation marks括号parenthesis 撇号（所有号，重音号，省字号）apostrophe一致agreement/concord 主谓一致subject-predicate agreement语法一致grammatical agreement 概念一致notional agreement就近原则principle of proximity强调emphasis 重复repetition正式文体formal style 非正式文体informal style口语spoken/oral English 套语formulistic expression感情色彩emotional coloring 褒义commendatory贬义derogatory。
英语构词法(Word-building)
英语构词法(Word-building)掌握一些英语构词法，对单词的记忆和理解有很大的帮助，下面列举一些常用的词缀和词根。
一. 常见的前缀1.表示否定意义的前缀1)纯否定前缀a-, an-, asymmetry（不对称）anhydrous（无水的）dis- dishonest, dislikein-, ig-, il, im, ir, incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregularne-, n-, none, neither, nevernon-, noesenseneg-, neglectun- unable, unemployment2)表示错误的意义male-, mal-, malfunction, maladjustment(失调)mis-, mistake, misleadpseudo-, pseudonym(假名), pseudoscience3)表示反动作的意思de-, defend, demodulation(解调)dis-, disarm, disconnectun-, unload, uncover4)表示相反，相互对立意思anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震), antiforeign,(排外的)contra-, contre-, contro-, contradiction, controflow(逆流)counter-, counterreaction, counterbalanceob-, oc-, of-, op-, object, oppose, occupywith-, withdraw, withstand2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀1)a- 表示“在……之上”，“向……”aboard, aside,2)by- 表示“附近，邻近，边侧”bypath, bypass(弯路)3)circum-, circu-, 表示“周围，环绕，回转”circumstance, circuit4)de-, 表示“在下，向下”descend, degrade5)en-, 表示“在内，进入”encage, enbed(上床)6)ex-, ec-, es-, 表示“外部，外”exit, eclipse, expand, export7)extra-, 表示“额外”extraction （提取）8)fore- 表示“在前面”forehead, foreground9)in-, il-, im-, ir-, 表示“向内，在内，背于”inland, invade, inside, import10)inter-, intel-, 表示“在……间，相互”international, interaction, internet11)intro-, 表示“向内，在内，内侧”introduce, introduce12)medi-, med-, mid-, 表示“中，中间”Mediterranean, midposition13)out-, 表示“在上面，在外部，在外”outline, outside, outward14)over-, 表示“在上面，在外部，向上”overlook, overhead, overboard15)post-, 表示"向后，在后边，次”postscript(附言)，16)pre-, 表示"在前”在前面”prefix, preface, preposition17)pro-, 表示“在前，向前”progress, proceed,18)sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, 表示“在下面，下”subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement19)super-, sur-, 表示“在…..之上”superficial, surface, superstructure20)trans-, 表示“移上，转上，在那一边”translate, transform, transoceanic21)under-, 表示“在…..下面，下的”underline, underground, underwater22)up-, 表示“向上，向上面，在上”upward, uphold, uphill(上坡)3. 表示时间，序列关系的前缀1)ante-, anti-, 表示“先前，早于，预先”antecedent, anticipate,2)ex-, 表示“先，故，旧”expresident, exhusband3)fore-, 表示“在前面，先前，前面”foreward, dorecast, foretell(预言)4)mid-, medi-, 表示“中，中间”midnight, midsummer5)post-"表示“在后，后”postwar,6)pre-, pri-, 表示“在前，事先，预先”preheat, prewar, prehistory7)pro-, 表示“在前，先，前”prologue(序幕)，prophet(预言家)8)re-, 表示“再一次，重新”retell, rewrite4. 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀1)by-, 表示“副，次要的”byproduct, bywork(副业)2)extra-,表示“超越，额外”extraordinary,3)hyper- 表示“超过，极度”hypersonic(超声波), hypertesion(高血压)4)out-,表示“超过，过分”outdo(超过), outbid(出价过高的人)5)over-，表示“超过，过度，太”overeat, overdress, oversleep6) sub-, suc-, sur-, 表示“低，次，副，亚”subeditor, subordinate, subtropical(亚热带)7)super-, sur- 表示“超过”supernature, superpower, surplus, surpass8)under-,表示“低劣，低下”undersize, undergrown, underproduction(生产不足)9)vice- 表示“副，次”vicepresident, vicechairman5. 表示共同，相等意思的前缀1)com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co- 表示“共同，一起”。
book 2 Word Building-1 后缀(名词、形容词、动词后缀)
Word Building --- Unit 2
Page 34 • 名词后缀： -er/or: …的人 • 动词+ 后缀 = 名词 • singer; teacher, cooker, silencer, operator
• Observer • Visitor • Reporter
• Skier • Learner • Drinker
Word Building --- Unit 5
• Page 110 • 4. The days are lengthening as summer approaches.
• 5. As she was waiting for the result to come out, her excitement heightened. • 6. The taking on of a new secretary lightened his workload considerably.
Word Building --- Unit 3
• • • • • • • 名词后缀： - al , -ing, -age shopping • feeling storage • cooking ending • beginning gathering • removal arrival • passage writing • marriage
Word Building --- Unit 4
• • • • • • • • Page 86 1. noisy 2. wealthy 3. sunny 4. lucky 5. tasty 6. healthy 7. angry 8. icy
Word Building --- Unit 5
• • • • • • • 动词后缀：-en 形容词 + 后缀 -en = 动词 sharp : sharpen : come/cause to be sharp(er) He sharpened his pencil with a knife. height : heighten: come/cause to be high(er) Her interest heightened. 她的兴趣大增。 Page 110
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• 斑竹 （版主）—— moderator
中 英 文 网 络 用 词
网络亚文化中的新词
网友见面（网络中相识后在真实生活中见面）：user eye-D v. To meet someone face-to-face for the first time after having established only a written or oral relationship. 玉米（靠注册和销售域名赚钱的人）：domainer n. A person who makes a living from domain name speculation or by purchasing popular domain names and filling the sites with advertising. 即时通讯（聊天）软件: Instant Messenger (IM) 博客圈： blogsphere 冲浪： surf 视频女：camgirl n. A girl or young woman who broadcasts live pictures of herself over the World Wide Web. Also: cam-girl, cam girl, Webcam girl. 垃圾邮件： spam 下载未授权音乐： songlifting pp. Illegally downloading music. [Blend of song and shoplifting.] —songlift v. —songlifter n. 收听网络电台的人： streamies noun. People who listen to Internet-based (i.e., streamed) radio or music broadcasts. floating ad 漂浮广告 pop-up ad 登陆某网页自动弹出的广告，现在又出现了一种新型的弹出广告，在进入 网页时不显示，当关闭该网页时才弹出广告，这在英语中也有一个词叫pop-under ad Outernet 泛指互联网以外的传统媒体，如杂志、报纸、书籍、电视、电影等 noun. The traditional (i.e., non-Internet) media, including magazines, newspapers, books, television, and movies.
二、英语词汇构词法之【派生法】 英语构词法中在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成一个 与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫作派生法。 1.前缀 除少数英语前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；英语后 缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。 (1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例 如： agree同意→disagree不同意 fair公平的→unfair不公平的 possible可能的→impossible不可能的 understand理解→misunderstand误解 (2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对； 抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如： co-worker 同事，帮手 enlarge 使变大 cooperate 合作 rewrite 重写 subway 地铁
其他常用前缀总结：
aero- : concerning the air or aircraft eg: plane（ 飞机）—aeroplane（飞机） space（空间, 间隔）—aerospace（航空宇宙） anti- : against;opposite of eg:nuclear（［核］核子的）—antinuclear（反对使用核武器的） matter（ 物质）—antimatter（反物质） war（战争、作战、 打仗）—antiwar（反战的, 反对战争的） auto- : of or by oneself eg: biography（传记）—autobiography（自传） criticism（批评, 批判）—autocriticism（自我反省/检讨) be- : to treat as the stated thing eg: friend（朋友, 助手）—befriend（待人如友, 帮助） little（很少的, 矮小的,很少）—belittle（轻视, 使渺小, 使...显得渺小） bi- : two;twice;double eg: lingual（语言的）—bilingual（能说两种语言的） cycle（ 自行车）—bicycle（脚踏车, 自行车） bio- : concerning living things eg: chemistry（化学）—biochemistry（生物化学） sphere（圈子）—biosphere（生物圈）
ex- : former(and still living) eg: minister（部长, 大臣）—ex-minister （前部长） wife（妻子）—ex-wife（前妻） extra- : outside;beyond eg: curricular（课程的）—extracurricular（课外的, 业余的） ordinary（平常的, 普通的, 平凡的）—extraordinary（非常的, 特别的, 非凡的） fore- : in advance, before; in or at the front eg: arm（臂,武器, 装备）—forearm（前臂，准备战斗, 预先武装, 准备） warn（警告）—forewarn（预先警告） il- : (used before l) not eg: legal（法律的, 合法）—illegal（违法的, 不合规定的） literate（学者，有文化的，有阅读和写作能力的）—illiterate（违法的, 不合规定的） im- :(used before b,m,p)not eg: moral（道德(上)的, 精神的，道德）—immoral（不道德的, 邪恶的, 放荡的, 淫荡的） possible（可能的）—impossible（不可能的） in- :not eg: direct（径直的, 直接的）—indirect（间接的, 迂回的） sensitive（敏感的, 灵敏的）—insensitive（对...没有感觉的, 感觉迟钝的） infra- :below in a range; beyond eg: red（红(色)的）—infrared（红外线的，红外线） structure（结构，构造）—infrastructure（下部构造, 基础下部组织） inter- :between;among eg: change（改变, 变化）—interchange（(指两人等)交换，相互交换） national（国家的, 民族的）—international（国际的, 世界的，国际性组织, 国际比赛）
• 菜鸟 （网络新手）—— newbie • 大虾 （网络高手）—— knowbie (a knowledgeable and experienced Internet user ) • 灌水 （顶）—— bump
• 潜水 —— lurk
• 帖子 —— post、thread • 投票 —— Poll • 引用 —— quote • 帖子置顶 —— sticky • 头像 —— avatar • 签名 —— signHale Waihona Puke ficant六大英语构词法
一、英语词汇构词法之【转化法】
英语构词法中把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法，有的名 词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。 1.动词转化为名词 1）意思没有变化，例如：I think we'd better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话 最好现在结束。 2）意思有一定变化，例如：He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉 子。 3）构成短语，例如：Let's have a look first. 我们先看一下吧。 2.名词转化为动词 1）表示物体的，如：Have you booked the ticket?你订好票了吗? 2）表示身体部位的，如：Hand in your papers please.请把你们的试卷交上来。 3）表示一类人的，如：She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使 他恢复了健康。 4）抽象名词，如：We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。 3.形容词转化为动词 少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 4.副词转化为动词 有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：Murder will out.恶事终必将败露。 5.形容词转化为名词 1）表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词，如： The girl in black appears very beautiful.那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。 2）一些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类 人，作主语时，谓语用复数，如： We don't belong to the rich, but we don't belong to the poor either. 我们不是有钱 人，但我们也不是穷人。
counter- : opposite eg: act（担当,表现, 见效）—counteract（抵消, 中和, 阻碍） attack（攻击）—counterattck（反引力） cross- : across;going between the stated things and joining them eg: country（乡下的, 乡村的, ［方]祖国的, 故乡的）—crosscountry（越野的, 横过田野的） breed（(使)繁殖, 教养, 抚养，品种, 种类）—crossbreed（［生物]杂种，异 种交配, 培育杂种, (使)杂交） de- : showing an opposite; to remove; to reduce eg: code（代码, 密码）—decode（解码, 译解） value（评价, 重视）—devalue（(=devaluate)减值, 贬值） dis- : not; the opposite of eg: advantage（优势, 有利条件）—disadvantage（不利, 不利条件, 缺点, 劣势） agree（同意） —disagree（不一致, 不适宜） honest（诚实的, 正直的）—dishonest（不诚实的） em- : (used before b,m, p) to cause to become eg: body（赋以形体）—embody（具体表达, 使具体化） power（权力,激励）—empower（授权与, 使能够） en- : to cause to become; to make eg: danger（ 威胁）—endanger（危及） large（大的, 巨大的）—enlarge（扩大, 放大）