【高血压英文PPT精品课件】CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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高血压英文PPT精品课件Antihypertensive
• Diagnosis is generally based on repeated, reproducible measurements of elevated blood pressure and not on patient symptoms. Patient compliance is a major obstacle to therapy
Kidney
Na loss
Thiazides
Summary of Long Term Renal Control of BP
Regulates BP by Changing:
1.
Directly – by allowing more or less fluid to enter kidney tubules
• Pakistan (NHSP):the prevalence of hypertension is 17.9%
• 24% of the USA adult population representing 43,186,000 persons had hypertension.
Diagnosis
CNS
BV
Na retention Clonidine
CO
Venous tone
NE release
Sympathetic tone
TPR
Arteriolar tone
dry mouth sexual dysfunction
The left ventricle is markedly thickened in this patient with severe hypertension that was untreated for many years. The myocardial fibers have undergone hypertrophy.
Kidney
Na loss
Thiazides
Summary of Long Term Renal Control of BP
Regulates BP by Changing:
1.
Directly – by allowing more or less fluid to enter kidney tubules
• Pakistan (NHSP):the prevalence of hypertension is 17.9%
• 24% of the USA adult population representing 43,186,000 persons had hypertension.
Diagnosis
CNS
BV
Na retention Clonidine
CO
Venous tone
NE release
Sympathetic tone
TPR
Arteriolar tone
dry mouth sexual dysfunction
The left ventricle is markedly thickened in this patient with severe hypertension that was untreated for many years. The myocardial fibers have undergone hypertrophy.
【高血压英文PPT精品课件】CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 28 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
•NORMAL •PATHOLOGY
NORMAL
• NEURONS (1%) • GLIA (99%)
–ASTROCYTES –OLIGODENDROCYTES –EPENDYMAL CELLS –MICROGLIA
EDEMA/PRESSURE/CSF
OTHER INFECTIONS
“SPONGIFORM” ENCEPHALOPATHIES (PRIONS)
• PATHOGENESIS (MAD COW)
• BRAIN ABSCESS • SUBDURAL EMPYEMA • EXTRADURAL ABSCESS
BRAIN ABSCESS
SUBDURAL EMPYEMA
EXTRADURAL ABSCESS
CHRONIC BACTERIAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS • TUBERCULOSIS
• VACUOLAR MYELOPATHY • MYOPATHY/NEUROPATHY • PEDIATRIC
PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY (PML)
SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS
FUNGAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
SEQUELAE OF BRAIN TRAUMA
SPINAL CORD TRAUMA
CEREBROVASCULAR
• HYPOTENSION, HYPOPERFUSION, LOW FLOW, INFARCTION
•NORMAL •PATHOLOGY
NORMAL
• NEURONS (1%) • GLIA (99%)
–ASTROCYTES –OLIGODENDROCYTES –EPENDYMAL CELLS –MICROGLIA
EDEMA/PRESSURE/CSF
OTHER INFECTIONS
“SPONGIFORM” ENCEPHALOPATHIES (PRIONS)
• PATHOGENESIS (MAD COW)
• BRAIN ABSCESS • SUBDURAL EMPYEMA • EXTRADURAL ABSCESS
BRAIN ABSCESS
SUBDURAL EMPYEMA
EXTRADURAL ABSCESS
CHRONIC BACTERIAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS • TUBERCULOSIS
• VACUOLAR MYELOPATHY • MYOPATHY/NEUROPATHY • PEDIATRIC
PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY (PML)
SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS
FUNGAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
SEQUELAE OF BRAIN TRAUMA
SPINAL CORD TRAUMA
CEREBROVASCULAR
• HYPOTENSION, HYPOPERFUSION, LOW FLOW, INFARCTION
--高血压英文PPT精品课件_5
Hypertension is often symptom less, so screening is vital - before damage is done. Many surveys continue to show that hypertension remains under diagnosed, undertreated and poorly controlled in the UK
Approximately 25% are due to Reno vascular disease - most frequently atheromatous (e.g. elderly cigarette smokers with peripheral vascular disease) or fibromuscular dysplasia (more common in younger females). Endocrine disease
Secondary hypertension 5% Underlying cause
Causes of Secondary Hypertension
Renal disease
Approximately 75% are from intrinsic renal disease: glomerulonephritis, polyarteritis nodosa, systemic sclerosis, chronic pyelonephritis, or polycystic kidneys.
Hypertension, Introduction.
Hypertension is one of the most important preventable causes of premature morbidity and mortality in the UK. Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke (ischemic and haemorrhagic), myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, cognitive decline and premature death. Untreated hypertension may result in vascular and renal damage that can culminate in a treatment-resistant state.
Approximately 25% are due to Reno vascular disease - most frequently atheromatous (e.g. elderly cigarette smokers with peripheral vascular disease) or fibromuscular dysplasia (more common in younger females). Endocrine disease
Secondary hypertension 5% Underlying cause
Causes of Secondary Hypertension
Renal disease
Approximately 75% are from intrinsic renal disease: glomerulonephritis, polyarteritis nodosa, systemic sclerosis, chronic pyelonephritis, or polycystic kidneys.
Hypertension, Introduction.
Hypertension is one of the most important preventable causes of premature morbidity and mortality in the UK. Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke (ischemic and haemorrhagic), myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, cognitive decline and premature death. Untreated hypertension may result in vascular and renal damage that can culminate in a treatment-resistant state.
高血压(英文版) ppt课件
Hypertension
Introduction
Hypertension is a major public health problem throughout the world because of its high prevalence and its association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
<90
130140-159 140-149
Epidemiology
Prevalence rate （ 患 病 率 ） China: In 1959, In 1979, 5.11% 7.73% of hypertension in
In 1991,
11.88%
The prevalence of high BP increases with age. Hypertension is more common in men than in women up to age 50, after that age, hypertension is more common in women. Hypertension is more common in northern China than in southern China.
For instance:
21/3 1st visit: 146/98mmHg, 150/98mmHg 23/3 2nd visit: 128/84, 126/80
27/3 3rd visit: 130/80, 130/82
Notes(continue)
4. Optimal BP with respect to cardiovascular risk is less than 120/80 mmHg. However, unusually low readings should be evaluated for clinical significance. For example, 70/50 mmHg is less than 120/80 mmHg, but it is not optimal.
Introduction
Hypertension is a major public health problem throughout the world because of its high prevalence and its association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
<90
130140-159 140-149
Epidemiology
Prevalence rate （ 患 病 率 ） China: In 1959, In 1979, 5.11% 7.73% of hypertension in
In 1991,
11.88%
The prevalence of high BP increases with age. Hypertension is more common in men than in women up to age 50, after that age, hypertension is more common in women. Hypertension is more common in northern China than in southern China.
For instance:
21/3 1st visit: 146/98mmHg, 150/98mmHg 23/3 2nd visit: 128/84, 126/80
27/3 3rd visit: 130/80, 130/82
Notes(continue)
4. Optimal BP with respect to cardiovascular risk is less than 120/80 mmHg. However, unusually low readings should be evaluated for clinical significance. For example, 70/50 mmHg is less than 120/80 mmHg, but it is not optimal.
高血压英文PPT精品课件Cerebrovascular
deficit that has a sudden onset, lasts more than 24 hours, and results from cerebrovascular disease.
A stroke occurs when there is a disruption
of blood flow to a region of the brain.
Dysphasia: difficulty in speaking and putting words into the correTATIONS
A stroke is usually characterized by the sudden onset of focal neurological impairment.
About one-fourth of strokes are hemorrhagic, resulting from hypertensive vascular disease (which causes an intracerebral hemorrhage), a ruptured aneurysm, or an arteriovenous malformation.
Risk factors for stroke include smoking, hypertension, obesity, cardiac disease, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and use of birth control pills.
Prevention efforts focus on lifestyle changes that can modify risk factors.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
A stroke occurs when there is a disruption
of blood flow to a region of the brain.
Dysphasia: difficulty in speaking and putting words into the correTATIONS
A stroke is usually characterized by the sudden onset of focal neurological impairment.
About one-fourth of strokes are hemorrhagic, resulting from hypertensive vascular disease (which causes an intracerebral hemorrhage), a ruptured aneurysm, or an arteriovenous malformation.
Risk factors for stroke include smoking, hypertension, obesity, cardiac disease, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and use of birth control pills.
Prevention efforts focus on lifestyle changes that can modify risk factors.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
《高血压英语》课件
了解高血压可能导致的一些严重健康问题，如心脏病、中风和肾脏问题。
预防与治疗
饮食
了解如何通过健康的饮食来预防和管理高血压。
减肥
了解如何通过控制体重来降低高血压的风险。
运动
探索适合高血压患者的运动方式，以维持健康。
药物治疗
介绍高血压的常用药物和治疗选项。
与高血压相关的英语词汇
1 血压
了解血压的定义和测量方 式。
2 心脏
探索心脏的结构和功能， 以及它与高血压之间的关 系。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
3 动脉
了解动脉的作用和与高血 压的相关性。
4 血管
了解血管的结构和功能，以及其在高血压中 的角色。
5 测量血压的工具
介绍用于测量血压的不同工具和设备。
医生的面诊
了解在与医生交流时使用的常见英语表达，如病症描述和治疗方案。
处理心理问题
1
《高血压英语》PPT课件
# 高血压英语PPT课件 探索高血压的定义，症状和风险。了解如何预防和治疗高血压以及相关的英 语词汇。
什么是高血压？
高血压是一种常见的健康问题，也称为高血压。了解什么是高血压以及它对 身体的影响。
高血压的症状
探索高血压可能引起的一些常见症状，如头痛、头晕和呼吸困难。
高血压的风险
被诊断出患有高血压的心理反应
了解当你被诊断出患有高血压时可能出现的心理反应。
2
减轻心理负担的方法
探索如何通过积极的心理策略来减轻与高血压相关的心理负担。
3
支持小组
介绍参加支持小组的好处，并了解如何加入。
总结
高血压的关键知识点
简要回顾高血压的关键知识点， 以加强理解。
处理高血压的英语技能
预防与治疗
饮食
了解如何通过健康的饮食来预防和管理高血压。
减肥
了解如何通过控制体重来降低高血压的风险。
运动
探索适合高血压患者的运动方式，以维持健康。
药物治疗
介绍高血压的常用药物和治疗选项。
与高血压相关的英语词汇
1 血压
了解血压的定义和测量方 式。
2 心脏
探索心脏的结构和功能， 以及它与高血压之间的关 系。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
3 动脉
了解动脉的作用和与高血 压的相关性。
4 血管
了解血管的结构和功能，以及其在高血压中 的角色。
5 测量血压的工具
介绍用于测量血压的不同工具和设备。
医生的面诊
了解在与医生交流时使用的常见英语表达，如病症描述和治疗方案。
处理心理问题
1
《高血压英语》PPT课件
# 高血压英语PPT课件 探索高血压的定义，症状和风险。了解如何预防和治疗高血压以及相关的英 语词汇。
什么是高血压？
高血压是一种常见的健康问题，也称为高血压。了解什么是高血压以及它对 身体的影响。
高血压的症状
探索高血压可能引起的一些常见症状，如头痛、头晕和呼吸困难。
高血压的风险
被诊断出患有高血压的心理反应
了解当你被诊断出患有高血压时可能出现的心理反应。
2
减轻心理负担的方法
探索如何通过积极的心理策略来减轻与高血压相关的心理负担。
3
支持小组
介绍参加支持小组的好处，并了解如何加入。
总结
高血压的关键知识点
简要回顾高血压的关键知识点， 以加强理解。
处理高血压的英语技能
高血压(英文版) ppt课件
Etiology and pathogenesis of EH
No
cause can be established Possible mechanisms Genetic tendency
Spontaneous hypertension rat EH tends to cluster in families
Classification of Blood Pressure Levels (mmHg)
Category Systolic Diastolic Hypotension??? <60 Optimal <120 <80 Normal <130 <85 High-normal 139 85-89 Grade 1 hypertension(mild) 90-99 Subgroup: borderline 90-94
Optional investigations
Plasma renin( 肾 素 ) activity & aldosterone (醛固酮), urinary VMA（香草杏仁酸），to identify secondary hypertension Echocardiography, to detect ventricular hypertrophy Vascular ultrasonography should be performed if arterial disease is suspected. Renal ultrasonography should be performed if renal disease is suspected.
perhaps by catecholamines儿茶酚胺
hypertension高血压全英语版--PPT课件
medical condition(医疗条件) or medication(药物).
High blood pressure that is caused by another
5-10%
Contents
1
Signs And Symptoms
4
2
Treatment
Complications
5
3
Medical Qigong
Hypertension – Stage 3
180
110
Classification Of Hypertension
ØPrimary or Essential Hypertension 原发性高血压
在的，根本的） medical cause.
high blood pressure with no obvious underlying（潜 90-95%
Causes And Pathogenesis
6
Precaution
Signs And Symptoms
üPotential üUnnoticed üThe Silent killቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱr
Signs And Symptoms
üHeadache üDizziness üShortness of breath üBlurred vision üEar noise or buzzing ünosebleed üFatigue üNausea üIrregular heartbeat
Complications
---Heart failure
uThe heart will get larger or weaker, which may lead to heart failure.
High blood pressure that is caused by another
5-10%
Contents
1
Signs And Symptoms
4
2
Treatment
Complications
5
3
Medical Qigong
Hypertension – Stage 3
180
110
Classification Of Hypertension
ØPrimary or Essential Hypertension 原发性高血压
在的，根本的） medical cause.
high blood pressure with no obvious underlying（潜 90-95%
Causes And Pathogenesis
6
Precaution
Signs And Symptoms
üPotential üUnnoticed üThe Silent killቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱr
Signs And Symptoms
üHeadache üDizziness üShortness of breath üBlurred vision üEar noise or buzzing ünosebleed üFatigue üNausea üIrregular heartbeat
Complications
---Heart failure
uThe heart will get larger or weaker, which may lead to heart failure.
高血压英文PPT精品课件AnestheticManagementofthePatientwith
Magnesium Sulfate Therapy
Potentiation of neuromuscular blockade (for all relaxants)
Weakness Respiratory depression Cardiovascular effects
ECG changes Cardiac arrest Hypotension
CAUSE Embolism Indirect causes
Hypertension in pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy complications Hemorrhage Stroke Anesthesia Complications of termination Cardiomyopathy Infection Other
DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF SEVERE HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY
Drug Hydralazine
Labetalol
Nifedipine
Nicardipine Sodium nitroprusside Nitroglycerin
Dose
5–10 mg IV q 20 min
FACTORS THAT DIFFERENTIATE MILD FROM SEVERE PREECLAMPSIA
Systolic arterial pressure Diastolic arterial pressure Urinary protein
Urine output Headache Visual disturbances Epigastric pain Right upper quadrant abdominal pain Pulmonary edema Cyanosis HELLP Platelet count
高血压英语PPTPPT课件
Blood pressure readings of 180/110 mmHg or higher
Headache
Vision changes
Shortness of Breath
Fatigue
Dizziness
Chest pain or discomfort
01
02
03
04
05
06
Symptoms of Hypertension
Mental stress
Sleep quality
Chronic stress
03
The HAZARDS of Hypertension
Increased risk of heart disease
High blood pressure can damage the heart muscle, leading to heart disease
Hypertension English PPT courseware
contents
目录
Introduction to Hypertension The causes of hypertension The HAZARDS of Hypertension Diagnosis and prevention of hypertension
Diagnostic method
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Preventive measure
Healthy die: A balanced die rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help reduce blood pressure Limiting salt and reducing intake of saturated fat and trans fat are also important
Headache
Vision changes
Shortness of Breath
Fatigue
Dizziness
Chest pain or discomfort
01
02
03
04
05
06
Symptoms of Hypertension
Mental stress
Sleep quality
Chronic stress
03
The HAZARDS of Hypertension
Increased risk of heart disease
High blood pressure can damage the heart muscle, leading to heart disease
Hypertension English PPT courseware
contents
目录
Introduction to Hypertension The causes of hypertension The HAZARDS of Hypertension Diagnosis and prevention of hypertension
Diagnostic method
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Preventive measure
Healthy die: A balanced die rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help reduce blood pressure Limiting salt and reducing intake of saturated fat and trans fat are also important
抗高血压药_英文版PPT参考幻灯片
ACEI
Small artery contraction losartan
Aldosterone secretion Water sodium retention diuretic (thiazides)
Classification
Diuretic The sympathetic nervous depressants (1) central blood pressure medication (2) the ganglion block (3) noradrenaline can nerve endings block (4) the adrenaline receptor blockers Affect the renin - angiotensin system medicine
antihypertensive effect is mild, persistent, long-term application of no significant resistance
Features:
Antihypertensive effect is weak, by an average of 10% 2 ~ 3 weeks after the majority of patients in medical work Can be used for various high blood pressure (basic blood pressure medication) Mild - alone, medium and severe - shห้องสมุดไป่ตู้re Can make the elderly hypertension patients complicated with stroke, the incidence of
Small artery contraction losartan
Aldosterone secretion Water sodium retention diuretic (thiazides)
Classification
Diuretic The sympathetic nervous depressants (1) central blood pressure medication (2) the ganglion block (3) noradrenaline can nerve endings block (4) the adrenaline receptor blockers Affect the renin - angiotensin system medicine
antihypertensive effect is mild, persistent, long-term application of no significant resistance
Features:
Antihypertensive effect is weak, by an average of 10% 2 ~ 3 weeks after the majority of patients in medical work Can be used for various high blood pressure (basic blood pressure medication) Mild - alone, medium and severe - shห้องสมุดไป่ตู้re Can make the elderly hypertension patients complicated with stroke, the incidence of
【高血压英文PPT精品课件】Hypertension (HT) -High Blood Pressure (HBP)
• Symptoms:
Always asymptomatic Symptoms often attributed to hypertension:
headache, tinnitus, dizziness, fainting
slide 10
Clinical Features
• Complications of Hypertension Heart: LVH, CHD,HF Brain: TIA, Stroke Renal: Microalbuminuria, renal dysfunction Ratinopathy
3. Renal Sodium Handling 4. Vascular Remodelling 5. Endothelial Cell Dysfunction 6. Insulin Resistance
slide 4
The pathological changes of small artery
• Ambulatory monitoring can provide:
– readings throughout day during usual activities – readings during sleep to assess nocturnal changes – measures of SBP and DBP load – Exclude white coat or office hypertension
KW II: More marked narrowing and irregularity with arteriovenous nicking (crossing defects)
KW III: Flame-shaped hemorrhages and exudates in addition to above arteriolar changes
Always asymptomatic Symptoms often attributed to hypertension:
headache, tinnitus, dizziness, fainting
slide 10
Clinical Features
• Complications of Hypertension Heart: LVH, CHD,HF Brain: TIA, Stroke Renal: Microalbuminuria, renal dysfunction Ratinopathy
3. Renal Sodium Handling 4. Vascular Remodelling 5. Endothelial Cell Dysfunction 6. Insulin Resistance
slide 4
The pathological changes of small artery
• Ambulatory monitoring can provide:
– readings throughout day during usual activities – readings during sleep to assess nocturnal changes – measures of SBP and DBP load – Exclude white coat or office hypertension
KW II: More marked narrowing and irregularity with arteriovenous nicking (crossing defects)
KW III: Flame-shaped hemorrhages and exudates in addition to above arteriolar changes
--高血压英文PPT精品课件Systemic diseases and Eye
• 4.FFA：leakage，telangiectasia；
• 5.clincal staging :non-proliferative，proliferative
Treatment
Drug, Laser, surgery
1.Blood glucose control 2.Blood pressure control 3.Thrombosis prevention 4.Improving capillary permeability 5.Improving axial transport, repairing neural fibers 6.Vitreous hemorrhage treatment ser
Arteriosclerotic retinopathy
Fundus:
A vessel course B caliber、color、arteriolar light reflex； C arterio-venous nicking； D retinal hemorrhage, exudates
Grading of chronic hypertensive retinopathy
Tyroid related immune orbitopathy
• TAO • Graves ophthalmopathy • Immune disease
TRIO
Eye:
upper lid lag and retraction proptosis diplopia、restricted extraocular movement conjunctival injection optic neuropathy
Systemic diseases and Eye diseases
• 5.clincal staging :non-proliferative，proliferative
Treatment
Drug, Laser, surgery
1.Blood glucose control 2.Blood pressure control 3.Thrombosis prevention 4.Improving capillary permeability 5.Improving axial transport, repairing neural fibers 6.Vitreous hemorrhage treatment ser
Arteriosclerotic retinopathy
Fundus:
A vessel course B caliber、color、arteriolar light reflex； C arterio-venous nicking； D retinal hemorrhage, exudates
Grading of chronic hypertensive retinopathy
Tyroid related immune orbitopathy
• TAO • Graves ophthalmopathy • Immune disease
TRIO
Eye:
upper lid lag and retraction proptosis diplopia、restricted extraocular movement conjunctival injection optic neuropathy
Systemic diseases and Eye diseases
高血压英文PPT精品课件HYPERTENSIVE
In Young ...
Protein C levels Protein S levels Platelet Analysis Sr. & Urine for Homocysteine levels
Others ...
Hb Electrophoresis PT / PTT Anti-Phospholipid antibody Complete Cardiovascular evaluation
Microaneurysyms Optociliary vessels – collaterals between retinal & ciliary
vessels
Cilioretinal artery occlusion
Combined with CRVO
Cilioretinal artery occlusion
• HRVO (Hemi Retinal Vein Occlusion)
• BRVO (Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion) Constitutes 69.5 % of all RVO cases
CRVO ...
Classic Appearance
Mildest Form
CRVO
Combined with anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
HRVO ...
HRVO ...
Superior & Inferior vein do not merge into Central Vein before entering into lamina cribrosa
Traditional Rx Options ...
高血压英文PPT精品课件HYPERTENSIVE
GRADE 2 HTR
SEVERE GENERALIZED AND FOCAL ARTERIOLAR CONSTRICTION
A-V CROSSING CHANGES (SALUS SIGN)
GRADE 3 HTR
Copper wiring of arterioles Venous banking distal to A-V
the arterial & venous circulation
Green et al – Thrombus formation in the region of lamina cribrosa is the primary event
GRADE 4 HTR
All changes of grade 3
Silver wiring of arterioles
Disc edema
Ocular associations of hypertension
Retinal vein occlusion
• CRVO (Central Retinal Vein Occlusion)
crossing (bonnet’s sn) Venous tapering on either
side of crossing (gunn’s sn) Right angle deflection of
veins. Flame shaped hemorrhages
cotton wool spots, hard exudates.
• HRVO (Hemi Retinal Vein Occlusion)
• BRVO (Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion) Constitutes 69.5 % of all RVO cases
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MENINGOENCEPHALITIS • VIRAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS • FUNGAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS • OTHER INFECTIONS
ACUTE MENINGITIS
•BACTERIAL •VIRAL
ACUTE FOCAL SUPPURATIVE INFECTIONS
• Prion Diseases • Demyelinating
Diseases • Degenerative • Genetic Metabolic • Acquired Metabolic • Tumors
CELLULAR PATHOLOGY
• REACTIONS OF NEURONS
• REACTIONS OF ASTROCYTES
• VACUOLAR MYELOPATHY • MYOPATHY/NEUROPATHY • PEDIATRIC
PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY (PML)
SKULL FRACTURES
PARENCHYMAL
• CONCUSSION • DIRECT PARENCHYMAL INJURY • DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY
TRAUMATIC VASCULAR INJURY
• EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
• SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
• BRAIN ABSCESS • SUBDURAL EMPYEMA • EXTRADURAL ABSCESS
BRAIN ABSCESS
SUBDURAL EMPYEMA
EXTRADURAL ABSCESS
CHRONIC BACTERIAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS • TUBERCULOSIS
INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
ANEURYSMS
VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
HYPERTENSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
•LACUNAR INFARCTS •SLIT HEMORRHAGES •HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY
CHAPTER 28 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PATHOLOGY
• Cellular Pathology • Edema, CSF
Pressure, Hydrocephalus • Malformations • Perinatal • Trauma • Vascular • Infections
• NEUROSYPHILIS
• NEUROBORRELIOSIS (LYME DISEASE)
TUBERCULOSIS
NEUROSYPHILIS
LYME DISEASE
VIRAL
MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
• ARTHROPOD-BORNE • HIV
• HSV-1, HSV-2
ARTHROPOD-BORNE
HSV
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
•HSV-1 •HSV-2
V-Z (HERPES ZOSTER)
CMV (CYTO-MEGALO VIRUS)
POLIOMYELITIS
RABIES
HIV
• MENINGOENCEPHALITIS (SUBACUTE ENCEPHALITIS)
“LACUNAR” INFARCTS
“SLIT” HEMORRHAGES
HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY
INFECTIONS
• ACUTE MENINGITIS • ACUTE SUPPURATIVE INFECTIONS,
FOCAL • CHRONIC BACTERIAL
EDEMA/PRESSURE/CSF
• CEREBRAL EDEMA • RAISED INTRACRANIAL
PRESSURE AND HERNIATION • HYDROCEPHALUS
CEREBRAL EDEMA
↑ ↑ ↑ CSF PRESSURE ↑ ↑ ↑Βιβλιοθήκη HYDROCEPHALUS
HYPOXIA, ISCHEMIA, INFARCTION
•LOW FLOW STATES (ISCHEMIA)
•INFARCTION
INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE
• INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE • SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE • ANEURYSMS • VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
SYRINGOMYELIA/ HYDROMYELIA
PERINATAL BRAIN INJURY
TRAUMA
• SKULL FRACTURES • PARENCHYMAL INJURIES • TRAUMATIC VASCULAR INJURIES • SEQUELAE • SPINAL CORD
• PML (PROGRESSIVE
• V-Z (HERPES ZOSTER) MULTIFOCAL
LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY)
• CMV (CYTO-MEGALO • SUBACUTE
VIRUS)
SCLEROSING
• POLIOMYELITIS
PANENCEPHALITIS
• RABIES
MALFORMATIONS
• NEURAL TUBE • FOREBRAIN • POSTERIOR FOSSA • SYRINGOMYELIA/HYDROMYELIA
NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
FOREBRAIN ANOMALIES
POSTERIOR FOSSA ANOMALIES
EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
SEQUELAE OF BRAIN TRAUMA
SPINAL CORD TRAUMA
CEREBROVASCULAR
• HYPOTENSION, HYPOPERFUSION, LOW FLOW, INFARCTION
• INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE • HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE
ACUTE MENINGITIS
•BACTERIAL •VIRAL
ACUTE FOCAL SUPPURATIVE INFECTIONS
• Prion Diseases • Demyelinating
Diseases • Degenerative • Genetic Metabolic • Acquired Metabolic • Tumors
CELLULAR PATHOLOGY
• REACTIONS OF NEURONS
• REACTIONS OF ASTROCYTES
• VACUOLAR MYELOPATHY • MYOPATHY/NEUROPATHY • PEDIATRIC
PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY (PML)
SKULL FRACTURES
PARENCHYMAL
• CONCUSSION • DIRECT PARENCHYMAL INJURY • DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY
TRAUMATIC VASCULAR INJURY
• EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
• SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
• BRAIN ABSCESS • SUBDURAL EMPYEMA • EXTRADURAL ABSCESS
BRAIN ABSCESS
SUBDURAL EMPYEMA
EXTRADURAL ABSCESS
CHRONIC BACTERIAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS • TUBERCULOSIS
INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
ANEURYSMS
VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
HYPERTENSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
•LACUNAR INFARCTS •SLIT HEMORRHAGES •HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY
CHAPTER 28 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PATHOLOGY
• Cellular Pathology • Edema, CSF
Pressure, Hydrocephalus • Malformations • Perinatal • Trauma • Vascular • Infections
• NEUROSYPHILIS
• NEUROBORRELIOSIS (LYME DISEASE)
TUBERCULOSIS
NEUROSYPHILIS
LYME DISEASE
VIRAL
MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
• ARTHROPOD-BORNE • HIV
• HSV-1, HSV-2
ARTHROPOD-BORNE
HSV
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
•HSV-1 •HSV-2
V-Z (HERPES ZOSTER)
CMV (CYTO-MEGALO VIRUS)
POLIOMYELITIS
RABIES
HIV
• MENINGOENCEPHALITIS (SUBACUTE ENCEPHALITIS)
“LACUNAR” INFARCTS
“SLIT” HEMORRHAGES
HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY
INFECTIONS
• ACUTE MENINGITIS • ACUTE SUPPURATIVE INFECTIONS,
FOCAL • CHRONIC BACTERIAL
EDEMA/PRESSURE/CSF
• CEREBRAL EDEMA • RAISED INTRACRANIAL
PRESSURE AND HERNIATION • HYDROCEPHALUS
CEREBRAL EDEMA
↑ ↑ ↑ CSF PRESSURE ↑ ↑ ↑Βιβλιοθήκη HYDROCEPHALUS
HYPOXIA, ISCHEMIA, INFARCTION
•LOW FLOW STATES (ISCHEMIA)
•INFARCTION
INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE
• INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE • SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE • ANEURYSMS • VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
SYRINGOMYELIA/ HYDROMYELIA
PERINATAL BRAIN INJURY
TRAUMA
• SKULL FRACTURES • PARENCHYMAL INJURIES • TRAUMATIC VASCULAR INJURIES • SEQUELAE • SPINAL CORD
• PML (PROGRESSIVE
• V-Z (HERPES ZOSTER) MULTIFOCAL
LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY)
• CMV (CYTO-MEGALO • SUBACUTE
VIRUS)
SCLEROSING
• POLIOMYELITIS
PANENCEPHALITIS
• RABIES
MALFORMATIONS
• NEURAL TUBE • FOREBRAIN • POSTERIOR FOSSA • SYRINGOMYELIA/HYDROMYELIA
NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
FOREBRAIN ANOMALIES
POSTERIOR FOSSA ANOMALIES
EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
SEQUELAE OF BRAIN TRAUMA
SPINAL CORD TRAUMA
CEREBROVASCULAR
• HYPOTENSION, HYPOPERFUSION, LOW FLOW, INFARCTION
• INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE • HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE