文体学课件
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文体学3(3)PPT课件
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Metaphor
➢ A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
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Feminine:
➢ Nature—Mother Nature
➢ Earth--- Mother Earth
➢ morning– Aurora; daughter of the dawn;
➢ evening– the pale child, Eve
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➢ night– empress of silence, and the queen sleep; leading her mother
arms: part of the body; weapons.
row: to row a boat; a row of houses
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➢ There are also words which have more than one basic meaning, or have developed figurative meanings:
We stuck, nor breath nor
motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.
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➢ And then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel and shining morning face, creeping like snail unwillingly to school… (W. Shakespeare: As You Like It)
文体学五种文体PPT
——Declaration of Independence
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Formal style
Definition:Formal style is used before a large audience such as formal lectures,inaugural address of president elect,scientific reports.
——US Vice President's Speech at Fudan University
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Consultative style
Definition:Consultative style is used for conducting most business matters,such as talking with strangers,buying things in a shop ,asking the way in the sreet.
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Example
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness……
Definition:Casual style is the language used for situations in which no social barriers are felt by the participants.It is the language used among friends acquaintances,insiders,and people with shared knowledge.
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Formal style
Definition:Formal style is used before a large audience such as formal lectures,inaugural address of president elect,scientific reports.
——US Vice President's Speech at Fudan University
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Consultative style
Definition:Consultative style is used for conducting most business matters,such as talking with strangers,buying things in a shop ,asking the way in the sreet.
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Example
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness……
Definition:Casual style is the language used for situations in which no social barriers are felt by the participants.It is the language used among friends acquaintances,insiders,and people with shared knowledge.
Stylistics 1 文体学课件
English stylistics has developed on the basis of traditional rhetoric which may be traced back to Aristotle’s time. Nevertheless, it was the ‘three revolutions’ in social sciences (Lott, 1988) that brought it to the right track and brought about its present status.
Stylistics is an area of study which straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics. It takes literary discourse (text) as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end.
One of the revolutions is the modernist movement in art and literature, lasting from 1890 to the beginning of World War II. To a great extent, the revolution was a break with tradition in the ways it influenced both the content and language of literature. From this movement onwards, creative writers exercise no restraints on the sort of language they use in their writings. In modernist literature, readers could find much to surprise them in respect of content as well as language.
文体学 课件
A brief summaryStylistics is a newly-born study, it was in the 1960s that stylistic study really began to flourish in Great Britain and the United States. Professor Wang Zuoliang is the first person in China to study it.The stylistics we are discussing here is Modern Stylistics, a discipline that applies concepts and techniques of modern linguistics to the study of styles of language use. It has two subdivisions: General Stylistics and Literary Stylistics, with the latter concentrating solely on unique features of various literary works, and the former on the general features of various types of language use.1.2.1 Speech Acts1.2.2 Speech Events1.2.3 Text / Message / Discourse1. Substantial2. Formal3. SituationalIt is this contextual relationship between the substance and form of a speech event on the one hand and the situation in which it occurs on the other, which gives what is normally called “meaning” to utterance. In other words, context determines meaning of features in situation.e.g.My beloved grandfather has just passed to his heavenly reward.My dear grandfather has just expired.My grandfather has just passed away.My grandfather has died.同是表达“死”这个概念，但场合不同，表达方式也不同。
文体学五种文体演示课件
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Example
“Daddy,where you been?” “Hunting for a rabbit's skin to wrap my little Bonnie in.Give your best sweetheart a kiss,Bonnie---and you too,Ella.”
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Example
Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China.
Features: A.This vatiety reflects the most basic and common features among 5 varieties. B.Sentences are not too long,words are plain and are often arranged in normal order. C.Some grammatical phenomena not preferred like participles used as adverbials. D.No variation in diction. E.Sentences often begin with:well,but,so...
--------Gone with the Wind
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Thank you!
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Fatures: A. First name in greeting,no formal title. B.Often uses fragments,contractions,slang. C.Often used in more relaxed situation as in domitory. D.There is a greater variation from region to region,from one social group to another than formal and other styles.
Example
“Daddy,where you been?” “Hunting for a rabbit's skin to wrap my little Bonnie in.Give your best sweetheart a kiss,Bonnie---and you too,Ella.”
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Example
Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China.
Features: A.This vatiety reflects the most basic and common features among 5 varieties. B.Sentences are not too long,words are plain and are often arranged in normal order. C.Some grammatical phenomena not preferred like participles used as adverbials. D.No variation in diction. E.Sentences often begin with:well,but,so...
--------Gone with the Wind
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Thank you!
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Fatures: A. First name in greeting,no formal title. B.Often uses fragments,contractions,slang. C.Often used in more relaxed situation as in domitory. D.There is a greater variation from region to region,from one social group to another than formal and other styles.
文体学五种文体ppt课件
Example
"I've tried it,and it don't work;it don't work,Tom.It ain't for me...The widder eats by a bell;she goes to bed by a bell;she gits up by a bell---everything's so awful reg'lar a body can't Declaration of Independence
Formal style
Definition:Formal style is used before a large audience such as formal lectures,inaugural address of president elect,scientific reports.
Example
"Where's Van Bummel,the shoolmaster? " "He went off to the war too,was the great militia
general,and is now in Congress." ——Rip Van Winkle
Casual style
Example
Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China.
文体学课件2
Lexical analysis, lexicology
Semantics
Pragmatics, discourse analysis
These basic levels of language can be identified and obtained in the stylistic analysis of text, and they in turn make the analysis itself more organized and principled. What is absolutely central to our understanding of language (and style) is that these levels are interconnected: they interpenetrate and depend upon one another, and they represent multiple and simultaneous linguistic operations in the planning and production of an utterance.
Illustration of levels of language
Activity 1: analyze the following simple sentence.
E.g. That puppy’s knocking over those potplants!
Task: Try to see what linguistic operations are included in the production and delivery of such a simple sentence.
《文体学五种文体》课件
3 写作技巧
运用场景描写和人物心 理刻画，增强故事吸引 力。
描写文
定义：以物体、人物、景色等为对象，对其进行详细的描写和刻画的文体。
特点
通过精细描写绘制生动画面，让读者感受到事物的形态和特点。
常见类型
风景描写、人物描写、物品描写等。
写作技巧
使用比喻、拟人等修辞手法，增加描写的艺术性和感染力。
说明文
定义：通过解释、说明或展示某一事物或现象的特点、性质、原理等的文体。
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特点
结构清晰明了，注重事实陈述和逻辑推理。
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常见类型
科普文章、说明书、教程等。
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写作技巧
简洁明了、通俗易懂的语言，Illustrated Or Descriptive PPT Slides，帮助读者更好理解。
议论文
定义：通过明确论点，分析论证和阐述观点的文体。
《文体学五种文体》PPT 课件
通过《文体学五种文体》PPT课件，我们将深入探讨不同文体的定义、特点、 常见类型和写作技巧，帮助您更好地理解和运用这些不同的文风。
记叙文
定义：一种以时间为基础，叙述事件发展和人物故事的文体。
1 特点
注重事件顺序和时间表 达，具有连贯性。
2 常见类型
小说、故事、传记等。
1
特点
提出明确立场，辩证论证和回应不同观点。
2
常见类型
论述，评论，辩论等。
3
写作技巧
运用论据和例证，具体分析问题，提出合理观点。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
诗歌
定义：以表达情感和思想为目的，通过艺术语言创作的文体。
特点
押韵，节奏感强，富有声音美 和意象美。
常见类型
古体诗、现代诗、民间诗等。
文体学课件Chapter1
English Stylistics: A New Course Book
Instructed by Zhuying
Course related Questions
Who
– Who is the founder of stylistics?
What
– What does stylistics study?
Why is the course needed?
(1) Style is an integral part of meaning. Without the sense of style we cannot arrive at a better understanding of an utterance;
Questions
– What is style and stylistics?
Why
– Why do we study stylistics?
How
– How do we make stylistic analysis?
Who is the founder of stylistics?
The founder of stylistics: Chs the most influential linguist in the first generation in Geneva School which was founded by Saussure.
The study of English Stylistics will be done from Phonetics语音学 Phonology 音系学 Morphology 形态学，词态学 Syntax句法学 and Semantics 语义 学
Instructed by Zhuying
Course related Questions
Who
– Who is the founder of stylistics?
What
– What does stylistics study?
Why is the course needed?
(1) Style is an integral part of meaning. Without the sense of style we cannot arrive at a better understanding of an utterance;
Questions
– What is style and stylistics?
Why
– Why do we study stylistics?
How
– How do we make stylistic analysis?
Who is the founder of stylistics?
The founder of stylistics: Chs the most influential linguist in the first generation in Geneva School which was founded by Saussure.
The study of English Stylistics will be done from Phonetics语音学 Phonology 音系学 Morphology 形态学，词态学 Syntax句法学 and Semantics 语义 学
文体学 课件
A brief summaryStylistics is a newly-born study, it was in the 1960s that stylistic study really began to flourish in Great Britain and the United States. Professor Wang Zuoliang is the first person in China to study it.The stylistics we are discussing here is Modern Stylistics, a discipline that applies concepts and techniques of modern linguistics to the study of styles of language use. It has two subdivisions: General Stylistics and Literary Stylistics, with the latter concentrating solely on unique features of various literary works, and the former on the general features of various types of language use.1.2.1 Speech Acts1.2.2 Speech Events1.2.3 Text / Message / Discourse1. Substantial2. Formal3. SituationalIt is this contextual relationship between the substance and form of a speech event on the one hand and the situation in which it occurs on the other, which gives what is normally called ―meaning‖ to utterance. In other words, context determines meaning of features in situation.e.g.My beloved grandfather has just passed to his heavenly reward.My dear grandfather has just expired.My grandfather has just passed away.My grandfather has died.同是表达―死‖这个概念，但场合不同，表达方式也不同。
文体知识.ppt
至于：由上文引出下文结果，以致，以至于
颠覆：灭亡。 固：本来。
以：用。 事：侍奉。
宜：应当，应该。 得：得当，适宜
译文：以至于发展到颠覆的结局，从道理 上说本来应该这样。古人说：“用土地来侍奉 秦国，好像抱着木柴去救火，木柴不烧完，火 就不会熄灭。”这话是说对了。
秦以攻取之外， 小则获邑，大则 得城。较秦之所 得，与战胜而得 者，其实百倍； 诸侯之所亡，与 战败而亡者，其 实亦百倍。则秦 之所大欲，诸侯 之所大患，固不 在战矣。
地 有 限 ， 欲 无 厌
奉 之 弥 繁 ， 侵 之 愈
至 于 颠 覆
急
小邑
大城
赂
得百倍 失百倍
数量上
秦
者
对
大欲
大患
力
得难
献易
程度上
亏 ，
比
有限
无厌
破
奉繁
侵急
灭 之
不尽
不灭
道理上
道 也
本段除了突出以对比论证为主， 还用了哪些论证手法？
引证法
以地事秦, 犹抱薪救火, 比喻形象生动 薪不尽 火不灭
齐人未尝赂秦，终继五国迁灭，何哉？
译：五国灭亡之后，齐国也就难免要灭亡 了。燕国与赵国的君主，起初有长远的谋 略，能够坚守国土，施行正义而不贿赂秦 国。
是故燕虽小国而后亡，斯用兵之效也。 至丹以荆卿为计，始速祸焉。
斯：这。 以：用 始：才。
效：效果，结果。 以…为：把…作为 速：招致。
译：所以燕国虽然是个小国却能后灭亡，这就是 用兵抗敌的功效。等到燕太子丹用派遣荆轲刺杀 秦王作为对付秦国的策略，才招致了祸患。
小学学习课件
文体知识
• 论，是古代常用的一种文体，分为两种：一 种是政论，主要用于发表作者对于时政的见解 和主张；一种是史论，通过评论历史，总结历 史教训，为当时统治者提供治国借鉴。本文属 于史论文。 “六国论”是一个省略式短语， 实际上应是“六国破灭之论”，“六国论”是 倒装省略句，是“论六国灭亡的根本原因” 。
文体学第三课PPT课件
Making sure of the denotative meaning of a word sometimes must depend on the context.
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e.g. : “It is your boy, my Lord.”
“是伺候你的小伙计， 大人”
“ It is your Lord, my boy”
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Contextualization requires proper words in proper situation and the texts of different styles demand different words which in their long time use acquire stylistic coloring.
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Connotation is much more complicated than denotation.
sun------ warm and bright
flower ------ beautiful
Connotation of a word is not fixed , but undergoes changes with the passage of time.
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e.g.
Hiroshima My spoon was lifted when the bomb came down That left no face, no hand , no spoon to hold. Two hundred thousand died in my home town. This came to pass before my soup was cold.
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e.g. : “It is your boy, my Lord.”
“是伺候你的小伙计， 大人”
“ It is your Lord, my boy”
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Contextualization requires proper words in proper situation and the texts of different styles demand different words which in their long time use acquire stylistic coloring.
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Connotation is much more complicated than denotation.
sun------ warm and bright
flower ------ beautiful
Connotation of a word is not fixed , but undergoes changes with the passage of time.
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9
e.g.
Hiroshima My spoon was lifted when the bomb came down That left no face, no hand , no spoon to hold. Two hundred thousand died in my home town. This came to pass before my soup was cold.
文体学五种文体(课堂PPT)
8
Example
"Where's Van Bummel,the shoolmaster? " "He went off to the war too,was the great militia general,and is now in Congress."
——Rip Van Winkle
9
Casual style
Features: A.This vatiety reflects the most basic and common features among 5 varieties. B.Sentences are not too long,words are plain and are often arranged in normal order. C.Some grammatical phenomena not preferred like participles used as adverbials. D.No variation in diction. E.Sentences often begin with:well,but,so...
6
Example
Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China.
——Declaration of Independence
Example
"Where's Van Bummel,the shoolmaster? " "He went off to the war too,was the great militia general,and is now in Congress."
——Rip Van Winkle
9
Casual style
Features: A.This vatiety reflects the most basic and common features among 5 varieties. B.Sentences are not too long,words are plain and are often arranged in normal order. C.Some grammatical phenomena not preferred like participles used as adverbials. D.No variation in diction. E.Sentences often begin with:well,but,so...
6
Example
Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China.
——Declaration of Independence
文体学课件
What is antithesis? Antithesis is the use of opposing words arranged in parallel construction (排比结构, 平行结构) in a sentence. More examples: 1. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.
Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities)
Question: What is the difference between paradox and antithesis? And the difference from oxymoron? And from contrast?
Find out the figure of speech used in each sentence: 1. More haste, less speed. 2. One has to be cruel to be kind. 3. 善游者溺,善骑者堕. 4. 巧娘生拙女. 5. Despised substance of divinest show…; A damned saint, an honorable villain.
Unit 16 Antithesis 反对 对偶 反对,对偶
Examples:
To err is human; to forgive, divine. Speech is silver; silence is golden. Crafty men contemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them. 狡猾者轻视学问;无知者崇拜学问;聪明人 利用学问. If the economy stays down, can the conservatives stay up? It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature. (Henry James)
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Thank you for listening!
Using questions or commands to involve hearers. Hearers will have corresponding reactions in the way of laughter or applause etc.
Example
Dialogue
A: Oh my gosh, Jason, is that you? B: Andrew! Hey! What's up! A: I am thrilled to see you here! What a surprise!
A written text More careful than speaking. Having a clear subject (or clue). Making logical arrangement of their thought. Otherwise, the author cannot write a exquisite coherent essay.
A:--I er-er- that er- I want you possibly… to do me a favor. B:--What？ A:--er- can you lend me 200 dollars? B:--er- er(created by myself and used between two Chinese.)
Part3,Differences in preparedness
Speech Spontaneous Do not concentrate only on one subject, they can talk about whatever they want to.( random shift of topics) There is phenomenon of “normal nonfluency” in conversational language.
Written language
That is, A spoken text consists of a succession of constantly varying noises in the air; A written text consists of groups of small black signs on paper.
A written text Has no direct context for understanding. Readers don’t share author’s personal background knowledge. The author has to explicit necessary information for readers to understand.
Three striking differences
Part1,Differences in hearer/reader involvement
Speeches Assuming the presence of the hearer; Using signals like oh, well, you know etc.
What is “normal non-fluency”
Hesitation pauses, false starts and syntactic anomalies(异常) are feathers of being non-influent in the sense of lacking an ideal delivery, and yet normal in the sense of occurring habitually in speech, as illustrated in the following conversation:
Pay attention to how the speaker begin a conversation.
A written text Presuming the absence of the reader. The author can’t get direct feedback from the reader. Sometimes, the author may create potential reader and put this feedback into the text.
Part2,Differences in linguistic explicitness
Speech The speaker rely on their common background knowledge and immediate context.( something don’t need to say clearly ) Example: --Are you coming back for supper, Jane? --It’s Monday, mom.
The girl’s answer appears to be irrelevant, (vioet the mother understood her—Jane had to go an evening school on Monday and would not come back for supper. (this may be a convention or thing known by mom and Jane)
Chapter6 Spoken vs. Written Language
6.1 Striking differences
Review
Language is transmitted by means of audible sound waves in the air or visible marks on a surface. Spoken language