第一章语言学导论

第一章语言学导论

Chapter1 Invitations to Linguistics

Linguistics is nowadays coming into wide use with combination of theories and practice as well as linguistics and other disciplines.

Linguistics is of great use with very wide application. —人工智能，人机对话，机器翻译

The research of linguistics has already gone beyond language itself.

Definition of Linguistics

How do you define linguistics? What is linguistics?

——Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a science in the sense that it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human language. What are we going to learn about linguistics? 1. It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely, phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. These can be called microlinguistics.

语音学(phonetics); 音系学(phonology); 形态学(morphology); 句法学(syntax) —Schools of Modern Linguistics 现代语言学流派; 语义学(semantics) ; 语用学(pragmatics) (chapter2-6)

2. Macrolinguistics ——interdisciplinary learning

Saussure, father of modern linguistics( 现代语言学之父) were intended to establish the autonomy of linguistics, giving it a well-defined subject of study and freeing it from reliance on other disciplines. However, the interactive links between linguistics and other sciences are developing fast.

尽管索绪尔的目的是给予语言学自主性，给它定义明确的研究对象，将它从对其他学科的依赖中解放出来。然而，随着时间的推移，语言学和其他学科的联系越来越密切。

Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics, as implied by the name, is the study of psychological aspects of language. It usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.

心理语言学，顾名思义，是对语言的心理方面的研究，它通常研究的是与语言使用相关的心理状态和心理活动。比如语言习得，语言的理解，语言的生成等等。(chapter 9/chapter11) Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics, as implied by the name, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. Sociolinguistics attempts to look at language structures by paying attention to language use in a social context and on the other hand tries to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.

这就是社会与语言的关系，一方面通过社会语境中语言使用情况的调查了解语言结构的问题，另一方面又通过语言现象的分析了解社会构成的问题。

Research Focus1

Cross-cultural Communication

There exists a close relationship between language and culture. Language is an indispensable carrier of culture. Culture finds a better representation through language use.

语言是文化的载体，具有不可替代的重要性；文化通过语言得以凸现，其表现力得到充分展示。

心理学家罗杰斯(Rogers,1961), 真正的交流建立在理解基础上的倾听。

Anthropological Linguistics 人类语言学

Anthropological linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly un writte n Ian guages.

They are concerned with the emerge nee of Ian guage and also with the diverge nee of Ian guages over thousa nds

of years. They start with the comparis on of con temporary Ianguages in order to draw inferences about the kinds of change in Ianguage that may have occurred in the past. This is the “ diachronic ” study of Ianguage.

人类语言学家主要对历史和早期无文字语言的结构感兴趣，他们关注语言的出现和上千年