6th edition(伯南克教材习题答案)_Bernanke_IM_C13
《国际经济学》教师手册及课后习题答案(克鲁格曼,第六版)imch13
HAPTER 13EXCHANGE RATES AND THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET: AN ASSET APPROACHChapter OrganizationExchange Rates and International TransactionsDomestic and Foreign PricesExchange Rates and Relative PricesBox: A Tale of Two DollarsThe Foreign Exchange MarketThe ActorsCharacteristics of the MarketSpot Rates and Forward RatesForeign Exchange SwapsFutures and OptionsThe Demand for Foreign Currency AssetsAssets and Asset ReturnsRisk and LiquidityInterest RatesExchange Rates and Asset ReturnsA Simple RuleReturn, Risk, and Liquidity in the Foreign Exchange MarketEquilibrium in the Foreign Exchange MarketInterest Parity: The Basic Equilibrium ConditionHow Changes in the Current Exchange Rate Affect Expected ReturnsThe Equilibrium Exchange RateInterest Rates, Expectations, and EquilibriumThe Effect of Changing Interest Rates on the Current Exchange RateThe Effect of Changing Expectations on the Current Exchange RateBox: The Perils of Forecasting Exchange RatesSummaryAppendix: Forward Exchange Rates and Covered Interest ParityCHAPTER OVERVIEWThe purpose of this chapter is to show the importance of the exchange rate in translating foreign prices into domestic values as well as to begin the presentation of exchange-rate determination. Central to the treatment of exchange-rate determination is the insight that exchange rates are determined in the same way as other asset prices. The chapter begins by describing how the relative prices of different countries' goods are affected by exchange rate changes. This discussion illustrates the central importance of exchange rates for cross-border economic linkages. The determination of the level of the exchange rate is modeled in the context of the exchange rate's role as the relative price of foreign and domestic currencies, using the uncovered interest parity relationship.The euro is used often in examples. Some students may not be familiar with the currency or aware of which countries use it; a brief discussion may be warranted. A full treatment of EMU and the theories surrounding currency unification appears in Chapter 20.The description of the foreign-exchange market stresses the involvement of large organizations (commercial banks, corporations, nonbank financial institutions, and central banks) and the highly integrated nature of the market. The nature of the foreign-exchange market ensures that arbitrage occurs quickly, so that common rates are offered worldwide. Forward foreign-exchange trading, foreign-exchange futures contracts and foreign-exchange options play an important part in currency market activity. The use of these financial instruments to eliminate short-run exchange-rate risk is described.The explanation of exchange-rate determination in this chapter emphasizes the modern view that exchange rates move to equilibrate asset markets. The foreign-exchange demand and supply curves that introduce exchange-rate determination in most undergraduate texts are not found here. Instead, there is a discussion of asset pricing and the determination of expected rates of return on assets denominated in different currencies.Students may already be familiar with the distinction between real and nominal returns. The text demonstrates that nominal returns are sufficient for comparing the attractiveness of different assets. There is a brief description of the role played by risk and liquidity in asset demand, but these considerations are not pursued in this chapter. (The role of risk is taken up again in Chapter 17.)Substantial space is devoted to the topic of comparing expected returns on assets denominated in domestic and foreign currency. The text identifies two parts of the expected return on a foreign-currency asset (measured in domestic-currency terms): the interest payment and the change in the value of the foreign currency relative to the domestic currency over the period in which the asset is held. The expected return on a foreign asset is calculated as a function of the current exchange rate for given expected values of the future exchange rate and the foreign interest rate.The absence of risk and liquidity considerations implies that the expected returns on all assets traded in the foreign-exchange market must be equal. It is thus a short step from calculations of expected returns on foreign assets to the interest parity condition. The foreign-exchange market is shown to be in equilibrium only when the interest parity condition holds. Thus, for given interest rates and given expectations about future exchange rates, interest parity determines the current equilibrium exchange rate. The interest parity diagram introduced here is instrumental in later chapters in which a more general model is presented. Since a command of this interest parity diagram is an important building block for future work, we recommend drills that employ this diagram.The result that a dollar appreciation makes foreign currency assets more attractive may appear counterintuitive to students -- why does a stronger dollar reduce the expected return on dollar assets? The key to explaining this point is that, under the static expectations and constant interest rates assumptions, a dollar appreciation today implies a greater future dollar depreciation; so, an American investor can expect to gain not only the foreign interest payment but also the extra return due to the dollar's additional future depreciation. The following diagram illustrates this point. In this diagram, the exchange rate at time t+1 is expected to be equal to E. If the exchange rate at time t is also E then expected depreciation is 0. If, however, the exchange rate depreciates at time t to E' then it must appreciate to reach E at time t+1. If the exchange rate appreciates today to E" then it must depreciate to reach E at time t+1. Thus, under static expectations, a depreciation today implies an expected appreciation and conversely.D om estic C urrencyF oreign C urrency E 'EE "Figure 13-1This pedagogic tool can be employed to provide some further intuition behind the interest parity relationship. Suppose that the domestic and foreign interest rates are equal. Interest parity then requires that expected depreciation is equal to zero and that the exchange rate today and next period is equal to E. If the domestic interest rate rises, people will want to hold more domestic-currency deposits. The resulting increased demand for domestic currency drives up the price of domestic currency, causing the exchange rate to appreciate. How long will this continue? The answer is that the appreciation of the domestic currency continues until the expected depreciation that is a consequence of the domestic currency's appreciation today just offsets the interest differential.The text presents exercises on the effects of changes in interest rates and of changes in expectations of the future exchange rate. These exercises can help develop students' intuition. For example, the initial result of a rise in U.S. interest rates is a higher demand for dollar-denominated assets and thus an increase in the price of the dollar. This dollar appreciation is large enough that the subsequent expected dollar depreciation just equalizes the expected return on foreign-currency assets (measured in dollar terms) and the higher dollar interest rate.The appendix describes the covered interest parity relationship and applies it to explain the determination of forward rates under risk neutrality as well as the high correlation between movements in spot and forward rates.ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. At an exchange rate of $1.50 per euro, the price of a bratwurst in terms of hot dogs is 3hot dogs per bratwurst. After a dollar appreciation to $1.25 per euro, the relative price of a bratwurst falls to 2.5 hot dogs per bratwurst.2. The Norwegian krone/Swiss franc cross rate must be 6 Norwegian krone per Swissfranc.3. The dollar rates of return are as follows:a. ($250,000 - $200,000)/$200,000 = 0.25.b. ($216 - $180)/$180 = 0.20.c. There are two parts of this return. One is the loss involved due to the appreciation ofthe dollar; the dollar appreciation is ($1.38 - $1.50)/$1.50 = -0.08. The other part of the return is the interest paid by the London bank on the deposit, 10 percent. (The size of the deposit is immaterial to the calculation of the rate of return.) In terms of dollars, the realized return on the London deposit is thus 2 percent per year.4. Note here that the ordering of the returns of the three assets is the same whether wecalculate real or nominal returns.a. The real return on the house would be 25% - 10% = 15%. This return could also becalculated by first finding the portion of the $50,000 nominal increase in the house's price due to inflation ($20,000), then finding the portion of the nominal increase due to real appreciation ($30,000), and finally finding the appropriate real rate of return ($30,000/$200,000 = 0.15).b. Again, subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal return we get 20%- 10% = 10%.c. 2% - 10% = -8%.5. The current equilibrium exchange rate must equal its expected future level since, withequality of nominal interest rates, there can be no expected increase or decrease in the dollar/pound exchange rate in equilibrium. If the expected exchange rate remains at $1.52 per pound and the pound interest rate rises to 10 percent, then interest parity is satisfied only if the current exchange rate changes such that there is an expected appreciation of the dollar equal to 5 percent. This will occur when the exchange rate rises to $1.60 per pound (a depreciation of the dollar against the pound).6. If market traders learn that the dollar interest rate will soon fall, they also reviseupward their expectation of the dollar's future depreciation in the foreign-exchange market. Given the current exchange rate and interest rates, there is thus a rise in the expected dollar return on euro deposits. The downward-sloping curve in the diagram below shifts to the right and there is an immediate dollar depreciation, as shown in the figure below where a shift in the interest-parity curve from II to I'I' leads to a depreciation of the dollar from E 0 to E 1.E($/euro i E 0 E 1Figure 13-2 7. The analysis will be parallel to that in the text. As shown in the accompanyingdiagrams, a movement down the vertical axis in the new graph, however, is interpreted as a euro appreciation and dollar depreciation rather than the reverse. Also, the horizontal axis now measures the euro interest rate. Figure 13-3 demonstrates that, given the expected future exchange rate, a rise in the euro interest rate from R 0 to R 1 will lead to a euro appreciation from E 0 to E 1.Figure 13-4 shows that, given the euro interest rate of i, the expectation of a stronger euro in the future leads to a leftward shift of the downward-sloping curve from II to I'I' and a euro appreciation (dollar depreciation) from E to E'. A rise in the dollar interest rate causes the same curve to shift rightward, so the euro depreciates against the dollar. This simply reverses the movement in figure 13-4, with a shift from I'I' to II, and a depreciation of the euro from E' to E. All of these results are the same as in the text when using the diagram for the dollar rather than the euro.EE 0rates o f return (in euro s) (euroE 101Figure 13-3Ei E (euro/$)E ’Figure 13-48. a. If the Federal Reserve pushed interest rates down, with an unchanged expected futureexchange rate, the dollar would depreciate (note that the article uses the term "downward pressure" to mean pressure for the dollar to depreciate). In terms of the analysis developed in this chapter, a move by the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates would be reflected in a movement from R to R' in figure 13.5, and a depreciation of the exchange rate from E to E'.If there is a "soft landing", and the Federal Reserve does not lower interest rates, thenthis dollar depreciation will not occur. Even if the Federal Reserve does lower interest rates a little, say from R to R", this may be a smaller decrease then what peopleinitially believed would occur. In this case, the expected future value of the exchange rate will be more appreciated than before, causing the interest-parity curve to shift in from II to I'I' (as shown in figure 13.6). The shift in the curve reflects the "optimism sparked by the expectation of a soft landing" and this change in expectations means that, with a fall in interest rates from R to R", the exchange rate depreciates from E to E", rather than from E to E *, which would occur in the absence of a change in expectations.ER ’ EE*Rrates of return (in dollars)EE Rrates of return (in dollars) E ”E *R ”Figure 13-6b.The "disruptive" effects of a recession make dollar holdings more risky. Risky assetsmust offer some extra compensation such that people willingly hold them as opposed to other, less risky assets. This extra compensation may be in the form of a bigger expected appreciation of the currency in which the asset is held. Given the expected future value of the exchange rate, a bigger expected appreciation is obtained by a more depreciated exchange rate today. Thus, a recession that is disruptive and makes dollar assets more risky will cause a depreciation of the dollar.9. The euro is less risky for you. When the rest of your wealth falls, the euro tends toappreciate, cushioning your losses by giving you a relatively high payoff in terms of dollars. Losses on your euro assets, on the other hand, tend to occur when they are least painful, that is, when the rest of your wealth is unexpectedly high. Holding the euro therefore reduces the variability of your total wealth.10. The chapter states that most foreign-exchange transactions between banks (whichaccounts for the vast majority of foreign-exchange transactions) involve exchanges of foreign currencies for U.S. dollars, even when the ultimate transaction involves the sale of one nondollar currency for another nondollar currency. This central role of the dollar makes it a vehicle currency in international transactions. The reason the dollar serves as a vehicle currency is that it is the most liquid of currencies since it is easy to find people willing to trade foreign currencies for dollars. The greater liquidity of the dollar as compared to, say, the Mexican peso, means that people are more willing to hold the dollar than the peso, and thus, dollar deposits can offer a lower interest rate, for any expected rate of depreciation against a third currency, than peso deposits for the same rate of depreciation against that third currency. As the world capital market becomes increasingly integrated, the liquidity advantages of holding dollar deposits as opposed to yen deposits will probably diminish. The euro represents an economy as large as the United States, so it is possible that it will assume some of that vehicle role of the dollar, reducing the liquidity advantages to as far as zero. Since the euro has no history as a currency, though, some investors may be leary of holding it until it has established a track record. Thus, the advantage may fade slowly.11. Greater fluctuations in the dollar interest rate lead directly to greater fluctuations in theexchange rate using the model described here. The movements in the interest rate can be investigated by shifting the vertical interest rate curve. As shown in figure 13.7,these movements lead directly to movements in the exchange rate. For example, an increase in the interest rate from i to i' leads to a dollar appreciation from E to E'. A decrease in the interest rate from i to i" leads to a dollar depreciation from E to E". This diagram demonstrates the direct link between interest rate volatility and exchange rate volatility, given that the expected future exchange rate does not change.EE($/foreign currency)rates of return (in dollars)iE ’i"i'E ”Figure 13-712. A tax on interest earnings and capital gains leaves the interest parity condition thesame, since all its components are multiplied by one less the tax rate to obtain after-tax returns. If capital gains are untaxed, the expected depreciation term in the interest parity condition must be divided by 1 less the tax rate. The component of the foreign return due to capital gains is now valued more highly than interest payments because it is untaxed.13. The forward premium can be calculated as described in the appendix. In this case, wefind the forward premium on euro to be (1.26 – 1.20)/1.20 = 0.05. The interest-rate difference between one-year dollar deposits and one-year euro deposits will be 5 percent because the interest difference must equal the forward premium on euro against dollars when covered interest parity holds.FURTHER READINGSJ. Orlin Grabbe. International Financial Markets, 3rd Edition. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1996.Philipp Hartmann. Currency Competition and Foreign Exchange Rate Markets: The Dollar, the Yen, and the Euro. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.John Maynard Keynes. A Tract on Monetary Reform. Chapter 3. London: Macmillan, 1923.Paul R. Krugman. "The International Role of the Dollar: Theory and Prospect." in John F.O. Bilson and Richard C. Marston, eds. Exchange Rate Theory and Practice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984, pp. 261-278.Richard Levich. International Financial Markets: Prices and Policies. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1998.Richard K. Lyons. The Microstructure Approach to Exchange Rates. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001.Ronald I. McKinnon. Money in International Exchange: The Convertible Currency System. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.Michael Mussa. "Empirical Regularities in the Behavior of Exchange-rates and Theories of the Foreign-Exchange Market." in Karl Brunner and Allan H. Meltzer eds., Policies for Employment Prices and Exchange-Rates. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 11. Amsterdam: North-Holland Press, 1979.Julian Walmsley. The Foreign Exchange and Money Markets Guide. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1992.99。
英语专业综合英语教程-第六册-课后练习答案(全)
Key to the Exercises--- An Integrated English Course - Book 6Unit 1 Technology in Reverse●Text ComprehensionI. CII. 1. F. Not all technology makes things complicated and wasteful; it is only retarded technology that makes things complicated and wasteful. Refer to Paragraph 1.2. T. Refer to Paragraph 5.3. F. It is true that the author acknowledges the great changes brought about by new technology, buthe believes these advantageous changes are often offset by a lot of technology-related waste. Refer to Paragraph 7.4. T. Refer to Paragraph 7.5. F. The author expresses his doubt in a sarcastic tone that cellular phones could really improvemarriages and save “family values”. Refer to Paragraph 9.● Language WorkI. Explain the italicized part in each sentence in your own words.1. highly regarded, intricate, attractive2. a sudden increase3. an event that will make you feel upset for a long time4. can supposedly help, at the same time5. need to be able to use6. we receive so many press releases that we find it difficult to deal with them7. an age where hi-tech has brought us noticeably great changes8. supposed, get away from us/be unattainable9. consequence, people who know nothing about technology, impeding10. usually, insignificantII. Fill in the banks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1. customized2. traumatized3. promotional4. paradoxical5. frivolity6. subscribers7. successors8. inanities9. institutionalized10. subsidyIII. Fill in each of the blanks with a word or phrase taken from the box in its appropriate form.1. are clogged with2. purports to3. a vista of4. bombarded…with5. exulted over6. scribbled all over7. find… alluring8. make a comeback9. call up10. tossed … into11. was eliminated12. compress… intoIV. Explain the meaning of the underlined word or phrase in each sentence.1. weak2. entrance to3. full of4. be compensated for by having the same amount deducted from his tax5. shows all the signs of6. excitement and danger7. spent the afternoon discussing8. increase her confidence9. very often10. quick diveV. Correct the errors in the following passage.VI. Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE appropriate word.1. millionaires2. computer3. breed4. programs5. companies6. generation7. popularity8. provide9. sales10. times11. valuable12. life● Translation1.The program offers long-term care for the mentally retarded.2.He’s got a cumbersome, bulky, old computer—it’s slow and complicated to use.3. He tried not to look conspicuous and moved slowly along the back of the room.4. It would cause a tremendous upheaval to install a different computer system.5. The gold medal continues to elude her.6. Yo u’d be a fool not to embrace an opportunity as good as that.7. Her salary will go up by a hefty 10%.8. I scrawled a quick note to Hilary and put it under her door.9. There’s a smashing view from her office.10 The trip out there was swell, but the hotel was a bit crummy.II. Translate the following passage into Chinese.在我成长的房子里有一间屋子，我们把它称作图书馆。
Book6_Workbook答案
Book 6Unit1 Art1.虽然我不是现代艺术方面的学者，但是去看展览的主意对我很有吸引力。
Although I’m not a scholar in contemporary art, the idea of going to the exhibiti6on appeals to me.2.你知道几何学在传统的西方艺术中曾被用来勾画绘画作品吗？Do you know the geometry was used to plan paintings in tradition Western art?3.埃及文明吸引着来自全世界各地的旅游者。
The civilization of Egypt attracts tourists from all over the world.4.陶土罐非常脆弱，所以需要小心处理。
The clay vases are fragile and so should be handled with care.5.我不仅见过那个伟大的雕塑家本人，还亲眼目睹他如何雕刻大理石像。
I have not only seen the great sculptor in the flesh, but also watched him carve a marble figure.6.你说你住在西城区，能具体一点吗？在哪条大街或哪条路？You said you lived in the West City District. Could you be a bit morespecific? In which avenue or street? 7.文艺复兴时期的壁画作品的视觉效果到今天仍让人印象深刻。
The visual effect of Renaissance wall paintings is still impressive today.Unit2.Poems1.报告的第二部分提到很多具体的问题，需要马上解决。
6th edition(伯南克教材习题答案)Abel_Bernanke_IM_C11
product of labor when the effort level is determined by the efficiency wage 3. The difference between labor supply and labor demand is the amount of unemployment 4. The fact that there’s unemployment puts no downward pressure on the real wage, since firms
226 Abel/Bernanke/Croushore • Macroeconomics, Sixth Edition
b. Another possibility is that a firm may want to pay high wages to get a stable labor force and avoid turnover costs—costs of hiring and training new workers
Chapter 11
Keynesianism: The Macroeconomics of Wage and Price Rigidity
Learning Objectives
I. Goals of Chapter 11 A) Present the central ideas of Keynesian macroeconomics 1. Wages and prices don’t adjust quickly to restore general equilibrium 2. The economy may be in disequilibrium for long periods of time 3. The government should act to stabilize the economy B) Discuss the potential causes of wage and price rigidity
新编英语语法教程第六版课后答案全
1A 1B2AWithin the stricken area,not a single soul remained alive,and the city centre looked as if it had been razed by a monster steam-roller.The bomb exploded 1,000 the ground.On August 6,1945,an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Japanese town of Hiroshima.Three days later,yet another bomb of the same kind gave the town of Nagasaki the same fatal blow.The explosion made one and a half square miles of the city an expanse of reddish rub-ble.Within the fraction of a second,the bomb changed from a metal cylinder into an im-mense mass of expanding gas,millions of degrees hot.A tremendous blast of hot air whirled the debris of stone,concrete,metal,and woodover the ground.2BPond,once praised by Thoreau for its natural beauty,is now the site of manytourist stands.2. Almost every summer night the cooling northeast w ind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome./ Sweep-ing through our bedroom windows almost every summer night,the cooling northeast wind made...3. The steep surrounding slopes were capped with snow, which fed two streams plungingdown to join in the valley below.the river on one side and a large tree providing shade,this is a good spot for a pic-nic,and we can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll.for breath after running up the stairs,Mr Wood stood at his neighbour's door and knocked again and again till someone opened it.town folk envied Horace, who had come into a small fortune with which hebought a big house and obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in town.in front of the mirror,Jim looked at his image,wondering at the big changethat had come over him in recent years.idea that his only daughter whom he had greatly wronged might never forgive himalmost drove him mad.9. The story, written in plain language, consists of three parts with an interesting plot cen-tering round an aristocratic family living in 17th-century France.and shivering,John sat hunched over a bowl of hot broth prepared by hisfather to drive off the chill.above the waters of a beautiful lake and over the tops of the tall pine trees growingon the steep slopes of a hill stand five Chinese-style pavilions.12. Farther down the street,the old man stopped and leaned against a lamp-post, listeningto a cheerful song coming out of a restaurant on the opposite side of the street. sank in the nearest chair,completely exhausted,her limbs stiff with cold,her mind a piece of blank.the day Mrs Rymer behaved very properly,her pleasant,refined facewearing a grave look,her elegant figure wrapped in deep mourning while occasionally she uttered a sigh or a sob.thought it necessary to break the news to his family,that Mr Jacob,his former employer,had promised him a half-day job at 20 pounds a week.3A,I will have to...,I was...,there has been...,Roberts returned the cheque.5. Oddly enough, he did not...unreasonably, he protested...,he never knew that he...,the two sides may...9. Quite obviously, he does not want to...enough,the burglar had not taken...enough,a solution will be...,the Chinese people protested...more important, we ought to put...,I have met him before.15. To our regret,he refused our invitation. ,someone managed to find me.telephoned the hospital first,quite rightly. ,the girl did not ask your name.,her appointment has not been confirmed.20. Curiously, the dog never barked.3Bother wordsother words/That is to say5. In that caseallall thata result;Secondly;Thirdly and most importantly 4Ahavewere,arearewere4B,is,are,their,their ,It,wasThey,is/are,their,they,disapprove ,they5A5B 1.'s10.'s ,is,isare arepoint are5C are areare arehave caresis,has 6A6Bmuch work have you done this morningdig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour.'s done the least work.4. There are several methods of approaching this problem.know little French.must be less empty talk but more practical work.7. Were there many people at the receptionI have a few words with you9. There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday.made the fewest mistakes.'ve learnt more poetry and done more exercises than I have.'s done the most work and made the most mistakes.'s done a lot of work and made a lot of mistakes.millionaire has lots of money-and lots of worries.has enough worries because she hasn't got enough money.telephone rang every few minutes.have been persisting in making the experiment all these last few cold days.his next books on English linguistics will come out in 2020.we learned that we had to wait another three more weeks.brother spent $1,000 for a second-hand car,but I spent almost twice the amountfor the same stuff.7Aadviceimportant piece of information it is funnot numerousarehastimes,rivalry,wereisis7Bswarm7C1.... Dick's decision to emigrate to Australia.expansion of the Physics Department/The Physics Department's expansion...3....a novel of Jane Austen's.long report of Mr Allen's...new shoes of yours...6....the article of the student...7....Shakespeare's tragedies/the tragedies of Shakespeare8....a ship's carpenter.punishment of the offenders...10....the past decade's events/the events of the past decade11....the enemy's unconditional surrender/ the unconditional surrender of the enemy.12....other people's criticism of him.13....the younger generation's education/ the education of the younger generation.14....at John Wiley's,the bookseller's.15....an article of '...16....this policy of the government's...17....an idiot's tale.dog of Frank's...book of Joe Hill's...'...7Aleg of the table is broken.Key to Exercises 229and John's house is on the corner.3....on birds'nests.4....the students'problems.5. ... at the Joneses'.6./7.... Charles' car but someone else's.8....in ten years'time.9. The products'effectiveness...week's news...than the last two weeks'.11....others'problems.12....each other's worries.13. My brother and sister-in-law's house... friend of my father's...wheel of the car...16./17. The baseball players'wives...18....women's clothing only.ton's long poems.new shoes of yours...8A8B.,money,etc,ones,cause8C8A1....little opportunity to travel.2....many such novels.3..../ Neither sentence is correct English.4. He has many more problems...5....this kind of apple/ these kind(s)of apples.enjoy either kind,...7....every book in the fiction section.8....than in any other country in the world.9....a greater amount of rainfall this year than there was last year.10....all this luggage/all the luggage at the airport.11....such beautiful poetry/such a beautiful poem that it is hard to believe she has neverhad a formal education.12....a great many friends in New York.13. Whatever nonsense...third sister of his...can't for the life of me remember.there are fewer/ less diseases...17....than all other methods.18.... once every three months.19....study of language.20....some more soup8EOf all the things we eat and drink,water is the most many people un-derstand this,but it is quite human body can go without food for a long time, but two or three days without water will result in death.Many people do not understand how much water the human body needs to work properly,and many people do not drink people drink when they are thirsty,but often need much more,especially when they have been taking exercises.It is vital that people should drink enough water every can help people tokeep can also ease pain in case of habit of drinking water soon after getting up will bring a purging and refreshing effect;likewise,drinking some water before bedtimewill also do people,especially old people,a lot of good. When one is fainting, water willbring him back to consciousness;if one is badly wounded, water will help to lend him vig-a word,water means lack of water in the body is most harmful to health.9A,an,the,the,a,the,the,the,the,0,the,a,an,a,the,the,a,the,the,the,the,the,the ,0,0,0,0,0,0/a9Bthe9CM ichigan3. The Straits of Gibraltar4. Qomolangma5. The National GalleryWorld Cup8. The Olympic Games10. the BBC12. The Times14. the Finance Ministry16. the SenateJohn Spenceand SmithWatermans20. The White Houseuniversityhospitaltrain28. The hovercraft, the boat taxibusferrycinema35. The filmPopeworld9AI.15. Sam's II.9Ethe spottop to bottomhandur the fronta fashiona fancy tocase ofthe fancy oftrouble,lend a handthe boardreach oftop ofthe case ofthe shadea losspossession ofthe possession of18. under coverthe midnight oil20. at short notice9Ftravels faster than sound.quiet,'t let me hear a sound.writing English,after each word we leave a space.box occupies too much space.a big meal,you should take a rest.needs food,drink and rest.7. He did it out of kindness.have done me a kindness.9. He lives close at hand.10. The children suffered a lot at the hands of their stepfather.you got an English-French dictionary12. Have you got an English and a French dictionarydo you like the red and white roses in my gardenyou seen the red(roses)and the white roses in my garden is still in hospital.'m going to the hospital to see him.is a garden in front of the house.is a picture in the front of the book.style of dress is no longer in fashion.likes to read about the latest fashions.'t talk too much at table.friend was sitting at the table writing a letter.23. When we called, his family were at dinner.we called,his family was giving a dinner.students take/ took quite a fancy to their teacher.exhibits in the hall soon took the fancy of the visitors.old man is in possession of a huge fortune.island was once in the possession of Great Britain.must immediately consult a doctor in case of illness.is stupid,but it is different in the case of Mary;she is just lazy.10AWhen it comes to making a conscious effort to help keep a public place clean,most people just don't make the 'm a maintenance man for a department peopledid make the effort,I probably wouldn't have a job.The area that I have to spend the most time cleaning is the employees'lunchroom . Employees go there during breaks,lunch,and dinner. The maintenance department sup-plies containers for garbage and ashtrays for cigarette butts. But when they finish their food,the employees will either throw their papers on the floor or leave them on the employees will on occasion throw their papers in the garbage container,but most of themwho smoke will either flick their ashes on the floor or in the half-filled soda butts are found anywhere other than in the ashtray,because the ashtrays may have been sto-len or have been filled with gum. Sometimes an employee will remark,“Aren't these peo-ple pigs They don't even clean up after themselves,"as they proceed to walk away fromtheir littered table.10B,hehas,it has totheirthem(informal)is/ they are(informal)their(informal)'t ittakes(informal),their/his(informal)their(informal),her,his,themselves,itself10Csheherone's(too formal),he/ one(too formal),his/ one's(too formal)shehe or she(formal), shehe/ he or she(formal)her12. his/his or her,his/ his or her, his/ his or her himhim,it/hehe or shehershehe or shehe or she,he/he or she10Aelse's,her11A,ours,it'shisprofessor himself herself6. beside ourselveshimselfhe himself(no change in informal 10.(no change) style)she herself(no change in informal style), who (no change in informal style)arriving late(no change in informal style)28. he himselfheyou're11B,any,anyless,neither,all11C1....to teach the facts of life to their children.2....to change this situation...3....with great potentials which are not enhanced...4....major in accounting.Ellis challenged Jody Baker to a game of chess when they met at the Recreation Centre.morning's paper says that Route 4 can't be used until the flood damage is repaired.a hill was situated the cottage, which...8. Two weeks after his uncle moved to Florida, Ed sold...9....as if the jails were equipped with revolving doors.put the package of frozen strawberries...she left for Europe,Mother asked Mrs Spry to visit her.12....this vitamin, which is essential to sound teeth.'s being given the leading role in the play displeased the rest of the cast. 14....all the clothes stored in the attic were ruined.and Jan wouldn't even look at each other when they met...her arrival in New York,this was the first time that she had seen her mother.17.... pleased Mother tremendously.18.... Those/ The people interviewed are sometimes indignant.he spoke to the lawyer, Dad was extremely nervous...20....that the holiday makers can hardly find places to sit down,which is why those peoplewho hate crowds keep away from these places.11A12Ais likely to let you down.team is certain to win.appears to be no doubt about it.happened to be the only witness.chanced to be out of London at the time.doesn't seem to be coming after all.'re not supposed to play football on Sundays. is supposed to have arrived at five.9. He's sure to be there.are certain to need help.think it's going to rain this evening.am I to pay my debtsnew building is going to be six storeys high. 're not to talk like that.'s likely to see her.16. You've got to be joking.17. He tends to be stupid.fail to see what you mean.happened to be there.chanced to meet him in the park.appeared to enjoy the concert.22. They seemed not to notice it.23. The swimmer failed to reach the shore.were to have been married in May.purse was not to be found.26. He was never to see his wife or children again.'s going to be a long time before we can reduce our prices. is bound to be in the office.of us can say what our future is to be.did not fail to keep his word.12B2. called off3. carry out4. catch up with5. came round / to6. cutting down7. looked intoupupoffhim outyou off13. leave outupup16. blew it up17. Look out18. put off19. look on20. put up21. running into22. run up againstoutfor/ call in...in26. turned down27. turned outoutup30. took on,worn out,give...up12C1. This case is being looked into by the police.long the children had taken to their new teacher.3. We can't rely on other countries to help us tide over the difficulty.4. The First World War broke out in 1914.she came to,she found herself lying in a hospital.6. He was not really feeling sad. He was just putting on.new problems cropped up at the last minute.8. As most members were absent,the meeting had to be called off.you figure out a way to solve this problem10. When he was criticized, he flared up.'t be taken in.12. I got very angry that he should come out with that rude remark.must work hard,or you won't be able to keep up with the rest of the class. is going to take a day off tomorrow;I must fill in for her.15. We are going to bring up this question at the next meeting.'m looking forward to meeting you in Shanghai.17. We all look up to Doctor Lin,because she serves her patients selflessly.worked in the United States for three years,and he made the most of the opportu-nity to improve his English.was so lazy that she made a mess of her room.is a used car;it has changed hands several times.12A(1)finding(2)occurred (3)waiting(4)studied(5)stood(6)read(7)read(8)decided(9)satisfy(10)carried (11)colored (12)taste(13)watching (14)slipped (15)took (16)found(17)was(18)ran (19)shouted(20)drank(21)tasted (22)was(23)learned (24)to question13Awears out stones.2. Pride goes before a fall.speak louder than words.swallow doesn't make a summer.5. The Changjiang flows into the East China Sea.6. Water doesn't exist on the moon.isn't ever cold in Hawaii.in Paris isn't always nice;it sometimes rains a lot.9. He occasionally is wrong, but not often.never does any homework,but he does well in class.company doesn't always make very high profits.mother doesn't usually have coffee in the mornings.hardly ever goes to bed before midnight.,the capital of Arizona,is very dry;it hardly ever rains.parents seldom go to church on Sundays.earth revolves round the sun.lies to the south of China.Thames flows through London.usually vote for a Democrat,but my roommate almost always votes for a Republican. is an ill wind that blows nobody good.13Bwill see7. set to, did13. sleep / will sleep21. does not dislike(d)did,sat,began;is;is;sits;rubs;coughs 13Cliving...standinggetting...spendingboilinggettingalways writing...talking about13. writes,know,is doing, Does your son write;hear,seemsalways hammering;keeps,begins,hear,shakes; do,think,is coming,is probably ironing,irons, watches,gets,forgets,ispressing,is thinkingrunning; passes, kicks; heads, misses;hits,bounces;is happening;is lying;is hold-ing;is running;is running;is blowing13A1. arrived, was telephoning,telephoned...do;was(just)doing(always)ringing5. was burning, was sleeping; was playing, (was) singing; was; stopped; woke6. was drowning, dived, savedlistening,rang,did not hear,was landing,climbed;were waiting, witnessed;was going(still)moving,jumped;thought, was happening,ran11. Did...want;hoped/ was hoping12. (1) was (just) hanging out(2)started (3) was wiping (4) lost (5) fell off(6) waswashing(7)rushed (8)knocked over(9)let(10)was talking(11)managed(12)was doing(13) cut(14) was peeling (15) was reversing(16) forgot(17) bumped14Abeen telephoning,Haven't you nearly finished; haven't got,have been trying,has beenbeen playing,haven't playedbeen writing/ have written4. have...been learning / have...learnedbeen sleeping/ has sleptbeen coughing/has coughedknown,have been reading,haven't finishedbeen,have..ebeen learning, has masteredbeen raining,has stoppedtravelled...readbeen readingread.letbeen crying17. has injuredbeen assassinatedbeen working20. has been losing14BI.(1)struck(2)reached(3)lit(4)sat(5)had left(6)had had(7)put(8)undressed(9)got(10)fell(11)had put(12)had forgotten(13)dropped(14)burned(15)found(16)had burned(17)had...madeI.(1)opened(2)saw(3)had...been listening(4)wondered(5)had heard(6)asked(7)had been doing/ was doing(9)had dropped(10)had been looking(11)didn't see(12)found(13)had...dropped(14)opened(15)had been taking(16)were(17)turned(18)asked(19) pulled(20)ran(21)recovered(22)had disappeared(23)moved(24)found(25)had been standing(26)had been telling14Cwere't said4. hadn't drunk,hadn't drunk expected,had intended't losthad knowncomemeantwanted't't beennever seengivenseenasked't brokennever been invented14Aexplainedhad,drove,got,gave;has been breathalysed ,had visitedtried6. will be, have had togoing to stay,will be,haven't beenbe,have taught;teach,take,will be ...getting on;have done,learnt...been;went,went,was,had been,liked,go 14E[1]1. Do you...knowwould like3. have just heardexactly suit't apply6. won't get8. had just left10. was going12.(had)found13. have heard't even know17. should/ would be.18. would phonetried20. doesn't/ didn't seem [2]upheardbeginninggone10. Would/ Could you please checkreceived12. have received/ did receive/received13. haven't decided14. should/ would be15. would tellalready been17. should/ would like18. don't get19. will have to21. w ill have/ have15Ajust be coming out2. will be, will be wonderingcome4. will be doing, will be working5. will get, will still be, will be going, will ask6. will be melting,will be7:.won't start,will give8. will tell9. will be reading, will be ringing10. will be cooking, will ringgoing to shampoo12. is going to bake, will soon getseegoing to havegoing to bottleyou going to paint,am going to takegoing to ringgoing to start,Are you going to do,is going to help19. will start,will get,will bakegoing to make,will burnarriving,Is he spending,is he catching,is spending,is giving,is attendinggoing to dye,Are you going to do,are you going to have,am going to havegoing to rainyou doing,are coming,am going to show,Are you taking,am going to takegoing to send,am seeingmoving,Are you going to have,am going to paintgoing to buy,is going to beyou going to do,Are you going to sell,am going to learn,am getting,are starting,is cominggoing,is having,is looking,is coming31. will have finished, will be starting32. will have planted33. will have done, will be relaxing34. will have done, will soon be leavingbe trying,will have sent36. will be living, will have spent37. will be giving, will have given38. will be coming, will have picked39. will be fishing, will have been polluted, will be dying40. will be repairing, will have repaired15Bhave/were going to havegoing to swim/ were swimming/ were to swim3. was to discover4.(1)is going to catch/ is catching/ is to catch(2)is going to attend/is attending/is to attendgoing to show/ was about to show6. was going to be / was to benot to use8.(1) would be/ was going to be/ was to be(2) were going to discuss/ were to discuss9.(1) Are...going to watch(2)was going to watch(3)is arriving(4)am going to meet(5) was going to arrive10.(1)are...to be(2)were to be(3) were to have got(4)was to have taken place(5)are...to have15C。
新编英语教程6第三版练习册答案
新编英语教程6第三版练习册答案【篇一：新编英语教程第六册练习册paraphrase答案】nothing in life is more exciting and rewarding than the sudden flash of light that leaves you a changed person--not only changed, but changed for the better.the most inspiring and gratifying fact of life is the unexpected spark of enlightenment that makes you different and a better person than before.2. he came across the street, finally, muffled in his ancient overcoat, shapeless felt hat pulled down over his bald head, looking more like an energetic gnome than an eminent psychiatrist.at last he walked over from the other side of the street,wrapped in his old-fashioned overcoat, his bald head coveredby a shapeless felt hat. he looked like a dwarfish old man fullof energy rather than a well-known psychiatrist.3. the woman who spoke next had never married because of a sense of obligation to her widowed mother; she recalledbitterly all the marital chances she had let go by.the next speaker on the tape was a woman who had remained single because she thought she was obliged to take care of her mother who was a widow. she still remembered and told others miserably about all the chances of marriage she had missed.4. in the end, if you let it become a habit, it can become a real roadblock, an excuse for not trying any more.eventually, if you form a habit of saying “if only”, the phrasecan really turn to an obstruction, providing you with an excuse for giving up trying anything at all.5. ... you never got out of the past tense. not once did you mention the future.…you are always thinking of the past, regretting and lamenting. you did not look forward to what you can do in the future at all.6. my, my, said the old man slyly. if only we had come downten seconds sooner, wed have caught that cab, wouldnt we?the old man said to me trickily, using the phrase “if only” on purpose, “if only we’d got here ten seconds earlier, we’d havecaught the cab.” i laughed and understood what he meant. so i foll owed his advice and said, “next time i’ll run faster”.unit 21. moses pleaded a speech defect to rationalize his reluctance to deliver jehovahs edict to pharaoh. moses justified his unwillingness to pass jehovah’s order to pharaoh, saying that he was “slow of speech”.2. yet for all the trouble procrastination may incur, delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul.delay leads to problems. however, in many cases, it can often stimulate the creativity in an artist.3. he notes that speedy action can be embarrassing or extremely costly.he points out that hastiness may give rise to decision which turn out to be humiliating or expensive.4. bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother policymakers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal---and thereby prevent hasty decisions from being made.excessive red-tape(官样文章；繁文缛节) developed because public administration was expanding in scope and because society was growing more and more complicated. in this sense, red-tape helped those in charge of policy to be fully engaged in enormous amount of paperwork and judgment, thus making it impossible for an immature decision to result.5. ...many of my friends go through agonies when they face a blank page.…many of my friends have a hard time the moment they attempt to put pen to paper.unit 31. of course, my father is a gentleman of the old school, a member of the generation to whom a good deal of modern architecture is unnerving; but i suspect---i more than suspect, i am convinced---that his negative response was not so much to the architecture as to a violation of his concept of the nature of money.brought up in the old tradition, my father is naturally not prepared to accept the idea of modern architecture; his objection to it, i would assume, indeed i should say i am prettysure, is not a result of his strong dislike of the physical building itself, but rather that of his refusal to change his attitude towards money.2. if a buildings design made it appear impregnable, the institution was necessarily sound, and the meaning of the heavy wall as an architectural symbol dwelt in the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than in any aesthetic theory.if a building was made to look sturdy/invulnerable, it would be accordingly regarded as reliable, and the significance of the thick walls would be measured not by their artistic value, but by their seeming ability to provide a safe location for money.3. in a primitive society, for example, men pictured the world as large, fearsome, hostile, and beyond human control.people in a primitive society, for example, saw the world as an enormous planet full of fear, hatred and disorder.4.the principal function of todays wall is to separate possible undesirable outside air from the controlled conditions of temperature and humidity which we have created inside.today a wall serves mainly as a physical means to protect the desired atmosphere inside from being disturbed by anything unwelcome outside.5. to repeat, it is not our advanced technology, but our changing conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world that determine how we shall build our walls.again, the decisive factor that can influence the design of a wall is not the advancement of science and technology, but our ever-changing attitude towards our place in this world.unit 41. he was a man of exuberant fancy, and, withal, of an authority so irresistible that, at his will, he turned his varied fancies into facts.he was a man rich in whimsies, and intolerant of any act bold enough as to challenge his authority. when his mind caught upon something, absurd as it might be, he would do everything to make sure that it was done in the way he wished.2. when every member of his domestic and political systems moved smoothly in its appointed course, his nature was bland and genial; but whenever there was a little hitch, and some of his orbs got out of their orbits, he was blander and more genialstill, for nothing pleased him so much as to make the crooked straight, and crush down uneven places.when all his subjects behaved in such a manner as they were told to, he could be gentle and kind. and he could even be more so, if anything not conforming to what he expected should occur, because that offered a great chance for him to see the undesirable removed, a thing he was most delighted in doing.3. he could open either door he pleased: he was subject to no guidance or influence but that of the aforementioned impartial and incorruptible chance.he enjoyed total freedom to choose what to do: he was not directed or influenced by anyone as to which door to open. the only thing that was decisive in terms of his fate was the above-mentioned chance, granted to all the accused alike.4. this element of uncertainty lent an interest to the occasion which it could not otherwise have attained.the fact that no one could tell for sure what might happen (to the accused) made this from of trial more attractive than any other form of justice.5. thus the masses were entertained and pleased, and the thinking part of the community could bring no charge of unfairness against this plan; for did not the accused person have the whole matter in his own hands?thus people enjoyed coming here to watch, and those guided by reason in the society could not possibly question the fairness of this form of trial; for was it not the fact that all the accused were given equal chances to make decisions upon their won destiny?unit51. this semi-barbaric king had a daughter as blooming as his most florid fancies, and with a soul as fervent and imperious as his own.this semi-barbaric king had a daughter as exuberant as the wildest of his notions, a daughter who possessed a nature as fierce and tyrannical as his own.2. of course, everybody knew that the deed with which the accused was charged had been done.it was, of course, known to all that he was guilty of the offense of conducting an affair with the princess.3. ...; but the king would not think of allowing any fact of this kind to interfere with the workings of the tribunal, in which he took such great delight and satisfaction.…,even though the king was well aware that the love affair had taken place, he would still refuse to let the normal method of deciding guilt or innocence be disturbed, because he was extremely enthusiastic about his way of setting matters of this kind.4. ...; but gold, and the power of a womans will, had brought the secret to the princess..…; but because she had the money, and above all, because her determination was so irresistible, the princess was able to get access to the secret.5. he understood her nature, and his soul was assured that she would never rest until she had made plain to herself this thing, hidden to all other lookers-on, even to the king.he knew her so well that he was perfectly positive that she would never cease to search for the secret, which remained unknown to all other spectators, even to the king himself.unit 61. there seems to be a general assumption that brilliant people cannot stand routine; that they need a varied, exciting life in order to do their best.it is generally believed that a colorless life can freeze a creative mind, and that only a colorful life can inspire a man to creative work.2. the outstanding characteristic of mans creativeness is the ability to transmute trivial impulses into momentous consequences.one of the wonders human creativity works is that man can make full use of even insignificant feelings to produce far-reaching results.3. an eventful life exhausts rather than stimulates.a life full of diversions stops man’s creativity instead of activating it.4. it is usually the mediocre poets, writers, etc.,who go in search of stimulating events to release their creative flow.only literary artists of an average type rely on excitements in life as a source for their creative work./ great poets, writers, etc., create works of art out of trivial and common subject.5. people who find dull job unendurable are often dull people who do not know what to do with themselves when at leisure. people who are unable to see how to be patient with repetitious work are usually those who are unable to see where to find fun in life when it comes to relaxation.【篇二：新编英语教程6 练习与答案】txt>practice testsforadvanced english(2)主编张华鸿第五、六册本书的主要特点：1．2．前言编写本书的目的：目前英语专业三年级所使用的由上海外国语大学李观仪教授主编的〈新编英语教程〉紧扣精读课文编写练习，实用性、针对性强。
高级英语 book one unit6mark twain课后练习答案
II.B. (P.125)
• 1. The first paragraph functions as a general introduction to the whole passage, through which we can get a glimpse of the great American writer, MarkTwain, who was not only adventurous,patriotic,romantic,and humorous,but also cynical,bitter and unhappy.
• 2. His experience immensely enriched his writing and helped him depict various characters successfully in his works.
II. (P. 124) A
• 3 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. ’’
II. (P. 124) A
• 6. According to Twain, Americans should keep their daring and pioneering spirit by relaxing, resting,or staying away from the crazy struggle for success occasionally and keep their edges sharp.
• The author first makes the readers travel with Mark Twain to Nevada's Washoe region,where he succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever,and accepted the job as a newspaper reporter due to his mining failure. From then on,he began working hard to gain regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist. Then the author makes the readers board with Mark Twain for San Francisco, then and now a hotbed of hopeful young writers.But because of some scathing columns he wrote, Mark Twain fled to the goldfields in the Sacramento Valley. There in Angels Camp he kept a notebook from which his first successful short story “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” was born. Mark Twain’s national reputation was then well established as “the wild humorist of the Pacific slope. ”
信号与系统奥本海姆英文版课后答案chapter6
127Chapter 6 Answers6.6 (b) the impulse response h1[n] is as shown in figure s6.6,as was increase ,it is clear that the significant central lobe of h1[n] becomes more concentrated around the origin. consequently. h[n]=h1[n](-1)^n also becomes more concentrated about the origin.6.7 the frequency response magnitude |H(jw)| is as shown in figure s6.7.the frequency response of the bandpass filter G(jw) will be given by(){2()cos(4000)}G j FT h t t ωπ=))-6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000Figure S6.7(a) from the figure ,it is obvious that the passband edges are at 2000∏rad/sec and 6000∏rad/sec. thistranslates to 1000HZ and 3000Hz,respectively.(b) (b)from the figure ,it is obvious that the stopband edges are at 1600∏ rad/sec.this translates to 800Hz and3200 Hz, respectively.6.8 taking the Fourier transform of both sides of the first difference equation and simplifying, we obtain the frequency response H(e^jw)of the first filter.01()().()1Mj k j k j k j kk k b e Y e H e X e a eωωωω-=-===-∑∑ Taking the Fourier transform of both sides of the second difference equation and simplifying ,we obtain the frequency response H1(e^jw ) of the second filter.01(1)()().()1(1)Mk j kj kj k N j k j kk k b eY e H e X e a e ωωωωω-=-=-==--∑∑This may also be written as()()0()1()()().()1Mj kj k j j k N j j kk k b eY e H e H e X e a e ωπωωωπωωπ---=--====-∑∑Therefore .the frequency response of the second filter is obtained bu shifting the frequency response of the first filter by ∏.although the first fitter has its passband between-wp and wp. Therefore, the second filter will have its passband between ∏-wp and ∏+wp.6.9 taking the Fourier transform of the given differential equation and simplifying .we obtain the frequency of the LTI system to be()2()()5jj j Y e H e X e j ωωωω==+ Taking the inverse Fourier transform, we obtain the impulse response to be 5()2().t h t e u t -=Using the result derived in section 6.5.1,we have the step response of the system12852()()*()[1]().5t s t h t u t e u t -==-The final value of the step response is 2().5s ∞=We also have052()[1].5t s e -∞=- Substituting s(t0)=(2/5)[1-1/e^2],in the above equation ,we obtain t0=2/5 sec (a) we may rewrite H1(jw)to be 1()()(0.1).40H j j j ωωω=++we may then treat each of the two factors as individual first order systems and draw their bode magnitude plots .the final bode will then be asum of these two bode plots .this is shown in the figures6.10 mathematically. the straight-line approximation of the bode magnitude plot is101020,0.120log |()|20log (),0,14032,40H j ωωωωω-⎧⎪=⎨⎪⎩(b) Using a similar approach as in part (a),we obtain the Bode plot to be as shown in Figure S6.10.Mathematically, the straight-line approximation of the BODE magnitude plot is()101020,0.220log 20log (),0.25028,50H j ωωωωω<<⎧⎪≈-<<<<⎨⎪->>⎩6.10. (a) We may rewrite the given frequency response 1H (j ω) as 12250250()()50.525(0.5)(50)H j j j j j ωωωωω==++++. We may then use an approach similar to the one used in Example 6.5 and in Problem6.11 to obtain the Bode magnitude plot(with straight line approximations) shown inMathematically, the straight-line approximation of the Bode magnitude plot is129()10101020,0.520log 20log ()14,0.55040log ()48,50H j ωωωωωω<<⎧⎪≈-+<<<<⎨⎪-+>>⎩(b)We may rewrite the frequency response 2 H ( j ω) as2H ()j ω=20.02(50)()0.21j j j ωωω⎛⎫+ ⎪++⎝⎭. Again using an approach similar to the one used in Example 6.5,we may draw the Bode magnitude plot by treating the first and second order factors separately. This Givens us a Bode magnitude plot (using straight line) approximations as shown below: Mathematically , the straight-line approximation of the Bode magnitude plot is()1010100,120log 40log ,15020log ()34,50H j ωωωωωω<<⎧⎪≈-<<<<⎨⎪-->>⎩6.12. Using the Bode magnitude plot, specified in Figure P6.12(a). we may obtain an expressionFor 1H (j ω). The figure shows that 1H (j ω) has the break frequencies 1ω=1, 2ω=8,And3ω=40. The frequency response rises as 20dB/decade after 1ω. At 2ω,this rise is canceled by a -20 dB/decade contribution. Finally, at 3ω ,an additional -20 dB/decade. Contribution results in thesubsequent decay at the rate of -20 dB/decade, therefore, we may conclude that1H ()j ω=123()()()A j j j ωωωωωω+++.We now need to find A. Note that whenω=0, 20101log (0)H j =2.Therefore. 1H (0)j =0.05. From eq .(S6.12-1),we know that1H (0)j =320A . Therefore, A =640. This gives us1H ()j ω=640(1)(8)(40)j j j ωωω+++. Using a similar approach on Figure P6.12(b), we obtainH(j ω)=26.4(8)j ω+. Since the overall system (with frequency response H(j ω)) is constructed by cascading Systems with frequency responses 1H ()j ω and 2H ()j ω, H(j ω)=1H ()j ω2H ()j ω.Using the previously obtained expressions for H(j ω) and 1H ()j ω, 2H ()j ω= H(j ω)/1H ()j ω=0.01(40)(1)(8)j j j ωωω+++. 6.13. Using an approach similar to the one used in the previous problem, we obtainH(j ω)=320(2)(8)j j ωω++ .(a) Let us assume that we desire to construct this system by cascading two systems withfrequency responses 1H ()j ω and 2H ()j ω, respectively. We require that H(j ω)=1H ()j ω2H ()j ω. We see that 1H ()j ω=40(2)j ω+ and 2H ()j ω=8(80)j ω+ And1H ()j ω=32(2)j ω+ and 2H ()j ω=10(80)j ω+ are both valid combinations.(b) Let us assume that we desire to construct this system by connecting two systems with frequency responses 1H ()j ω and 2H ()j ω in parallel. We require that130H(j ω) = 1H ()j ω + 2H ()j ω Using partial fraction expansion on H(j ω) , we obtainH(j ω) =16039(2)j ω+ -16039(80)j ω+ From the above expression it is clear that we can define 1H ()j ω and 2H ()j ω in only one way6.14. Using an approach similar to the one used in Problem 6.12 ,we have H(j ω)= 25000(0.2)(50)(10)j j j ωωω+++.The inverse to this system has a frequency response1()H j ω= 1H(j )ω= 420.210(j 50)(j 10)(j 0.2)ωωω-⨯+++.6.15. We will use the results from Section 6.5 in this problem.(a) We may write the frequency response of the system described by the given differential Equation as1()H j ω=21()44j j ωω++.This may be rewritten as1()H j ω=21/4(/2)2(/2)1j j ωω++.From this we obtain the damping ratio to be ς=1.Therefore , the system is critically damped(b) We may write the frequency response of the system described by the given differential equation as2H ()j ω=275()45j j ωω++.This may be rewritten as2H ()j ω=27/5()2(2/5)()1j j ωω++.From this we obtain the damping ratio to be ς=2/5. Therefore , the system is under-damped.(c) We may write the frequency response of the system described by the given differential equation as3()H j ω=21()201j j ωω++. This may be rewritten as3()H j ω=21()2(10)()1j j ωω++.From this we obtain the damping ratio to be ς=10. Therefore , the system is under-damped.(d) We may write the frequency response of the system described by the given differential equation as 3()H j ω=27(1/3)5()45j j j ωωω+++.The terms in the numerator do not affect the ringing behavior of the impulse response of thissystem .Therefore , we need to only consider the denominator in order to determine if the system. is critically damped, under-damped ,or over-damped .We see that this frequency response has the same denominator as the one obtained in part (b).Therefore . this system is still under-damped. 6.16. The system of interest will have a difference equation of the form y[n] –ay[n-1] =b x [n].Making slight modifications to the results obtained in Section 6.6.1,we determine the step response of this system to be11[]1n a b u n a +⎛⎫- ⎪-⎝⎭.The final value of the step response will be b/(1-a). The step response exhibits oscillatory behavior only if a <ing this fact, we may easily show that the maximum overshoot in the step response occurs when n=0. Therefore , the maximum value of the step response is ()11b a a--=b.Since we are given that the maximum, overshoot is 1.5 times the final value, we have1311.51b a-=b ⇒ a= 12-Also ,since we are given that the final value us 1,1b a-=1 ⇒ b= 32Therefore, the difference equation relating the input and output will be y[n]+ 12y[n-1]= 32x[n]. 6.17. We will use the results derived in Section 6.6.2 to solve this problem. (a)Comparing the given difference equation with eq. (6.56),we obtain T = 12, and cos θ=-1.Therefore, θ=π,and the system has an oscillatory step response. (b) Comparing the given difference equation with eq. (6.56),we obtain T = 12, and cos θ=-1.Therefore, θ=0,and the system has non- oscillatory step response.6.18. Let us first find the differential equation governing the input and output of this circuit. Current through capacitor =C ()dy t dx.V oltage across resistor = RC ()dy t dx.Total input voltage =Voltage across resistor + V oltage across capacitor Therefore ,x(t)= RC ()dy t dx+y(t).The frequency response of this circuit is thereforeH(j ω)= 11RCj ω+.Since this is a first order system , the step response has to be non oscillatory.6.19. Let us first find the differential equation governing the input and output of this circuit . Current through resistor and inductor = Current through capacitor = C ()dy t dx.Voltage across resistor = RC ()dy t dx.Voltage across inductor = LC 22()d y t dt. Total input voltage = Voltage across inductor + Voltage across resistor + Voltage across capacitorTherefore ,x(t)= LC 22()d y t dt + RC ()dy t dx+y(t).The frequency response of this circuit is thereforeH(j ω)= 21()1LC j RCj ωω++. We may rewrite this to be H(j ω)= 212(/1j j R ωω+.Therefore, the damping constant= (/Roscillations, we must have ς≥1 .Therefore, we require R ≥6.20. Let us call the given impulse response h[n]. It is easily observed that the signal 1h [n]=h[n+2] is real and even . Therefore ,(using properties of the Fourier transform ) we know that the Fourier transform 1()j H e ω of 1h [n] is real and even . Therefore 1()j H e ω has zero phase, we have()j H e ω=2ω-.132Therefore , the group delay is()d d τωω= ()j H e ω=2.6.21. Note that in all parts of this problem Y(j ω)= H(j ω)X(j ω)=2j ω-X(j ω). Therefore ,y(t)=2()/dx t dt - .(a) Here, x(t)= jte .Therefore, y(t)=2()/2jt dx t dt je -=-.This part could also have been solved by nothing that complex exponentials are Eigen functions of LTI systems. Then when x(t)= jte ,y(t) should be y(t)=H(j1) jte =-2j jte . (b)Here ,x(t)=sin(0t ω)u(t).Then , ()dx t dt=0ωcos (0ωt)u(t)+ sin (0ωt) δ(t)= 0ωcos (0ωt)u(t). Therefore ,y(t)= -2()dx t dt=-20ωcos (0ωt)u(t). (c) Here , Y(j ω)=X(j ω)H(j ω)=-2/(6+j ω) .Taking the inverse Fourier transform we obtain y(t)= 62()t e u t --.(d)Here, x(jw)=1/(2+jw). From this we obtain x(t)= 2te -u(t). Therefore, y(t)= -2dx(t)/dt=42te-u(t) -2δ(t).6.22 Note that H(jw)= {/3,330,jw w otherwise πππ-≤≤(a)Since x(t)=cos(2πt+θ),X(jw)= i e θπδ(w-2π)+i e θ-πδ(w+2π). This is zero outside the region-3π< w<3π.Thus, Y(jw)=H(jw)X(jw)=(jw/3π)X(jw). This implies that y(t)=(1/3π)dx(t)/dt=(-2/3)sin(2πt+θ). (b)Since x(t)= cos(4πt+θ),X(jw)= i e θπδ(w-4π)+i e θ-πδ(w+4π). Therefore, the nonzero portions ofX(jw) lie outside the range -3π< w<3π. This implies that Y(jw)=H(jw)X(jw)=0.Therefore,y(t)=0.(c)The Fourier series coefficients of the signal x(t) are given byk a =01T 0T <>⎰x(t) 0jkw te - Where 0T =1 and 0w =2π/0T =2π, Also,X(jw)=2π()kk a w kw δ∞=-∞-∑The only impulses of X(jw) which lie in the region -3π< w<3π are at w=0,2π,and 2π.Defining thesignal lp x (t)= 0a =1/π, 1a =*1a -=-1/(4j).Putting these into the expression for lp x (t) we obtainlp x (t)=(1/π)+(1/2)sin(2πt). Finally, y(t)=(1/3π)d lp x (t)/dt=(1/3)cos(2πt).6.23. (a) From the given information, we have aH (jw)= {1,||0,cw w otherwise ≤Using Table 4.2, we geta h (t)=sin()c w t tπ. (b)Here,()b H jw = a H (jw) jwTe Using Table 4.1, we get()b h t = a h (t+T) Therefore,b h (t)=sin[()]()c w t T t T π++(c)Let us consider a frequency response 0H (jw) given by1330H (jw)= {1,||/20,c w w otherwise≤Clearly,c H (jw)=12π[0H (jw)*W(jw)], WhereW(jw)=j2πδ(w-/2c w )-j2πδ(w-/2c w ) Therefore , from Table 4.1c h (t)= 0h (t)w(t)=[ sin(/2)c w tπ][-2sin(c w t/2)].6.24. Ifτ(w)= 1k , where 1k is a constant, thenH(jw)=- 1k w+2kWhere 2k is another constant.(a) Note that if h(t) is real, the phase of the Fourier transform H(jw) has to be an odd function.Therefore, the value of 2k in eq. (S6.24-1) will be zero.Also, let us define 0H (jw)=|H(jw)|. Then 0h (t)= sin(200)t tππ(i) Here 1k =5. Hence, H(jw)=-5w. ThenH(jw)=|H(jw)|()j H jw e =0H (jw) 5j we -Therefore,H(t)= 0h (t-5)= sin[200(5)](5)t t ππ--(ii)Here 1k =5/2. Hence, H(jw)=-(5/2)w. Then,H(jw)=|H(jw)| ()j H jw e =0H (jw) (5/2)j we-Therefore,h(t)=0 h (t-5/2)=sin[200(5/2)](5/2)t t ππ-- (iii)Here 1k =-5/2. Hence, H(jw)=(5/2)w. Then,H(jw)=|H(jw)| ()j H jw e=0H (jw) (5/2)j weTherefore,h(t)=0 h (t+5/2)=sin[200(5/2)](5/2)t t ππ++ (b)If h(t) is not specified to be real, then H(jw) does not have to be an odd function. Therefore, the value of 2k in eq. (S6.24-1) does not have to be zero. Given only |H(jw)| and τ(w), 2k cannot be determined uniquely. Therefore, h(t) cannot be determined uniquely. 6.25 (a) We may write a H (jw) as a H (jw)=(1)1(1)(1)2jw jw jw jw --=+-Therefore,a H (jw)= 1tan []w -- And2()1()1a a d H jw w dww τ=-=+Since (0)12(1)a a ττ=≠=,()a w τ is not a constant for w. Therefore, the frequency respons hasnonlinear phase.(b) In the case, ()b H jw is the frequency response of a system which is a cascade combination of twosystem, each of which has a frequency response a H (jw). Therefore.134()()()b a a H jw H jw H jw =+And2()2()21a b d H jw w dww τ=-=+Since (0)24(1)b b ττ=≠=, ()b w τ is not a constant for all w. Therefore, the frequency response has nonlinear phase.(c)IN this case, ()c H jw is again the frequency response of a system which is a cascade combination of two systems. The first system has a frequency response ()a H jw .While the second system has a frequencyresponse 0()1/(2)H jw jw =+. Therefore,0()()b a H H jw H jw =+ And022()()12()14a cd H jw d H jw w dw dw ww τ=--=+++Since (0)(3/2)(3/5)(0)c c ττ=≠=, ()b w τ is not a constant for all w . Therefore, the frequency response has nonlinear phase.6.26. (a) Note that ()H jw =1-0()H jw , where 0()H jw is 0()H jw ={1,0||0,c w w otherwise ≤≤Therefore,0sin()()c w t h t tπ=Therefore,h(t)= δ(t)- sin()c w t tπ(b)A sketch of 0()h t is Figure S6.26. Clearly, as c w increase. h(t) becomes more concentrated about the origin.(c) Note that the step response is given byS(t)=h(t)*u(t)=u(t)-u(t)* 0()h tAlso, note that 0()h t is the impulse response of an ideal lowpass filter. If 0()s t = u(t)* 0()h t denotes the step response of the lowpass filter, we know from Figure 6.14 that 0(0)s =0 and s ∞=1. Therefore,S(0+)=u(0+)-0(0)s +=1-(1/2)=1/2 AndS(∞)=u(∞)-0()0s ∞=6.27. (a) Taking the Fourier transform of both sides of the given differential equation, we obtain H(jw)= ()1()2Y jw X jw jw=+The Bode plot is as shown in Figure S6.27(b)From the expression for H(jw) we obtain1()tan (/2)H jw w -=- Therefore,2()2()4d H jw w dww τ=-=+135(c) X(jw)= 11jw+ Therefore,Y(jw)=X(jw)H(jw)=1(1)(2)jw jw ++ (d) Taking the inverse Fourier transform of the partial fraction expansion of Y(jw), we obtain y(t)= 2()()t t e u t te u t --- (e) (i) Here,Y(jw)= 1(2)jw jw ++Taking the inverse Fourier transform of the partial expansion of Y(jw), we obtain y(t)= 22()()t t e u t te u t --- (ii) Here,Y(jw)= 1(1)jw + Taking the inverse Fourier transform of Y(jw), we obtainy(t)= ()te u t -(iii)Here,Y(jw)= 21(1)(2)jw jw ++Taking the inverse Fourier transform of the partial expansion of Y(jw), we obtainy(t)= ()t e u t -+221()()2t t e u t te u t ---6.28. (a) The Bode plots are as shown below(b) We may write the frequency response of (iv) as H(jw)= 11/101110jw -+Therefore.h(t)= 111()()1010t e u t t δ--ands(t)=h(t)*u(t)= 111(1)()()1010t e u t u t ---Both h(t) and s(t) are as shown in Figure S6.28. We may write the frequency response of (vi) as H(jw)= 9/101110jw ++Therefore,h(t)= 91()()1010t e u t t δ-+ ands(t)=h(t)*u(t)=91(1)()() 1010te u t u t--+Both h(t) and s(t) are as shown in Figure S6.28136137。
英语专业综合英语第六册课后问题
英语专业综合英语第六册课后问题Lesson One How to Get the Poor off Our Conscience1.What are the five historical solutions?(1)The first solution proposed in the Bible (圣经): the poor suffer in this world butare wonderfully rewarded in the next. Their poverty is a temporary misfortune. If they are poor and also meek（逆来顺受）, they eventually will inherit the earth.(2)The second solution is utilitarianism (功利主义) . (Utilitarianism is the idea thatthe morally correct course of action is the one that produces benefit for the greatest number of people.)(3)Next is Malthusianism (人口论). The poverty of the poor was the fault of the poor.And it was so because it was a product of their excessive fecundity (生育).(4)Social Darwinism (社会达尔文主义) is the fourth solution. The elimination of thepoor is nature’s way of improving the race. （物竞天择，适者生存。
bk6教师用书
Unit 7How to Get the Poor off Our ConscienceJohn Kenneth GalbraithStructure of the TextPart IThe author begins with an analysis of ways of “getting the poor off our conscience”.Part II (Paras. 3-9)Five solutions offered historically and the au thor’s critique of these solutions. The solutions are arranged in chronological order.1.The solution proposed in the Bible. (Para. 3)2.The solution offered by utilitarianism. (Para. 4)3.The solution offered by Malthusianism. (Paras. 5 and 6)4.The solution offered by Social Darwinism. and 8)5.The argument that public assistance to the poor interferes with the effectiveoperation of the economic system. (Para. 9)Part III(Paras. 10-11)Transition: Roosevelt’s New Deal and the social welfare policies of the po st-World War II presidents seemed to have solved the problem. But actually the matter was only temporarily held in place.Part IV(Paras. 12-19)A critical analysis of five current designs to get the poor off our conscience.1.The first design is that since the government is incompetent it should not beasked to aid the poor. (Paras. 12-13)2.The second design is that any form of public help to the poor hurts the poor.(Paras. 14-15)3.The third design is that public help to the poor will reduce the incentive ofthe rich to work and encourage the lethargy of the idle. (Para. 16)4.The fourth design is that public help to the poor will have an adverse effecton freedom. (Paras. 17-18)5.The fifth design is psychological denial. (Para. 19)Part V (Para. 20)Summary of the five designs and the popularity of the advocates of these designs.Part VI(Para. 21)Conclusion: The author points out that public assistance to the poor is in the interest of the rich. It is a conservative course of action.Detailed Study of the Text1. I would like to reflect on one of the oldest of human exercises... (Para. 1)Question: What does the author want to reflect on?The author wants to discuss how people have been trying not to feel guilty about the existence of poor people and justify the continuing existence of poverty.Paraphrase: I want to think seriously about one of the oldest practices of human beings...Translation: 我要严肃考虑一种人类最古老的实践活动。
新世纪大学英语综合教程第六册1-5单元课后习题答案
Unit 1WORD1)Only when we have weighed all the factors involved can we decide when would be the best time to take action.2)The management invited the employees to voluntarily submit proposals for projects to improve work performance.3)The new students were told that they must register with university before they could claim their grants.4)The club,which claimed to have found a suspicious package that might contain bombs,was still sealed off following a security alert earlier this morning.5)A crowd of people gathered round,outraged by the way the police officers were hitting the two men.6)Extensive conversations with native speakers form an integral part of the English language course in our university.7)In this chapter the author illustrate his marketing theory with lots of first-hand materials from his business career.8)After each group finish their presentation,the rest of the class should critique their performance and vote for the best speaker.EXPRESSION1)You don't need to dress up just to go to the pub--jeans and a T-shirt will do.2)Could you type up the questions and answers from the press conference,please?They are due to be carried in tomorrow's newspaper.3)As the training progressed to the advanced level,most of the students drifted away,while Melanie and several others stayed to the end.4)A group of teenagers put on a musical play about wildlife protection,which attracteda large audience every time they appeared on the stage.5)Economic recovery is already under way and business is becoming brisk again.6)After lying in hospital for two weeks,Jenny was afraid that she had fallen behind with her school work.CLOZEOnline teaching,a relatively recent instructional medium,is becoming more and more popular.At the same time,however,it has brought a lot of challenges to teachers who are used to giving traditional lectures.First of all,there is the challenge of delivering the subject matter via computer in the same enthusiastic,humorous and easy-to-understand way as in a regular classroom.Secondly,the teacher needs to do hours of typing and illustrating to make the subject matter clear for online students.Thirdly,for online education,interaction--with the teacher and with other students--is a more integral element of learning than it is in the classroom.Therefore,it is critical for the students to feel the teacher is always there ready to answer questions,willing to help develop a sense of community built around the subject matter.Finally,some students need the discipline of the classroom to stay involve or else they will fall behind and drift away in an online class as the online class provide too much flexbility.How to keep those students is probably the greatestchallenge to an online class teacher.TRANSLATIONWhen I first came into contact with online teaching, I had questions about the val idity of this instructional medium. I would not know whether the student submitting th e work was the same person who registered for the course.Online teaching also required rethinking how I deliver the subject matter. Withou t face-to-face communication, can I, via computer, make the students feel the same ki nd of enthusiasm and appreciate my sense of humor?My shy daughter’s experience proved to be very inspiring. She never spoke in cl ass, but in the two online courses she took, she dived into discussions and posted her opinions.The online course began and things ran better than I had expected. The students all followed the directions well, and the discussion board was lively. I’ve never met a ny of my students but I got to know them by their work and I saw their learning attitudes develop before my eyes.I found that online education worked best with students who were vcomfortable with the computer and willing to become part of a community built around the subject matter. And it required teachers to be willing to help build that sense of community a nd make the students feel the teacher was always there.UNIT 2WORD1)He was merely a boy;I wouldn't have expected him to understand those abstract formulas.2)Though leading a frugal life,Charles is very generous,contributing time and money to a number of charitable organizations.3)He wasn't the sort of person who kept things for sentimental reasons;he threw them away immediately after use.4)The fire had destroyed most the building,but we managed to salvage a few valuable items.5)He was looking through a pile of old newspaper clippings for the report on the 100th anniversary of the university.6)Reclining in a comfortable chair,David idly flipped through a sports magazine.7)How can you expect an 'A' for this course when you turn in an essay as sloppy as this?8)The project needs to be meticulously planned as we have a tight deadline and only a limited budget.EXPRESSION1)Due to the cleaners strike,the rubbish in my house had been left unattended for days and it began to pile up against the wall.2)I was thinking of giving away those baby clothes of my daughter's,but for sentimental reasons I couldn't bring myself to part with them.3)First apply shampoo to your hair and leave the shampoo for two minutes,then rinse it off with warm water.4)After months of preparation,Kate and her parter finally set up their own printing business.5)I put forward a number of suggestions to improve working efficiency,but the management just toyed with ideas for a while and then rejected them.6)When questioned about the high oil price at present,nearly all interviewees claimed they had been forced to cut down fuel and many reported inconvenience in their lives.7)Have you finished with scissor?We're waiting to have our paper-cutting done.8)Buried in mounds of files,I just wanted to get the whole thing over with sooner so that I could go away and enjoy my holiday with all my heart.9)The global financial crisis is cutting a swath through the country's economy,with companies going bankrupt and individuals cutting down on their expenditure.10)Paul is an easy-going fellow at heart though sometimes he is very harsh and strict with his students.CLOZEThe distinction between neat people and sloppy people boils down to this:neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people.For one thing,neat people are bums and clods at heart.They like results and do not care about process.Instead of carrying in their mind's eye a heavenly vision,they just handle everything once and for all and everything that is of no immediate use goes into the trash can.They are incredibly wasteful and put neatness before all else,even economics.By contrast,sloppy people take pains to develop ambitions plans.They may not be neat now but someday they will straighten out the world.Besides,neat people have cavalier attitudes toward everything,including such possessions as family heirlooms.And they are especially vicious with mail.They throw ads catalogs,and coupons into the trash can without opening them.They are so insensitive that people,animals,and things are all one to them.They would toy with the idea of throwing the children out of the house just to cut down on the clutter.On the other hand,sloppy people give loving attention to their possessions and find it impossible to part with anything.TRANSLATIONSloppy people are not really sloppy. It is just that the plan they carry in their mind’s eye is too precise, too stupendous and too perfect to be achieved in this world or the next. They aim too high and wide. They save everything, planning someday to file and order. When they finally set about handling things, sloppy people just can’t bear to part with anything. After hours of work, the place looks exactly the same. So sloppy never get neat.Neat people place neatness above everything else. They like results and don’t care about process. They have cavalier attitudes toward possessions. If anything collects dust, it’s got to go. They are incredibly wasteful. Anything that is not ofimmediate use goes into the trash. They are insensitive and there is no sentimental salvaging of birthday cards or the last letter a dying relative ever wrote. Neat peopleoperate on two unvarying principles: Never handle any item twice, and throw everythi ng away. So the only thing messy in a neat person’s house is the trash can.So neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people. The distinction betwee n them is moral.UNIT 3WORD1)Every year George gives his wife Gigi a huge bunch of red roses on her birthday.2)I tried to give up smoking several times before I realized I was addicted to it.3)Young people who abuse drugs regularly often end up as very immature adults because they never learn to cope with their problems.4)After long separation we finally had a family reunion where I saw relatives I hadn't seen for 20 years.5)He catches cold easily because his body's immune system is suppressed by the virus.6)His words have sown the seeds of suspicion in our minds and we are going tore-examine the evidence he has given in court.7)Miss Walker's father had gone bankrupt owing to a failed business venture with his dishonest partners.8)The invention of modern appliances such as washing machines and plug-in conveniences has liberated women from household chores and enabled them to enter the workforce.9)The Smiths adopted a poor little girl who had been starved of affection since her parents died in an accident.10)According to official statistics,there are 58 deaths per 1000 children born in that remote area of the country.EXPRESSION1)A reputation for quality,coupled with very competitive prices,has made these cars very popular.2)Many officials have been wondering aloud about the Prime Minister's competence in handling the current financial crisis.3)You can lose five pounds a week on this diet.And best of all,you never have to feel hungry.4)The doctor advised those with heart problems to put a first-aid kit close at hand the time.5)Several times it had crossed his mind to check on the car,but he never actually did it.6)I'm not going to sit by and watch a man go to prison for something I've done. CLOZETobacco smoking has been a popular practice for centuries.The tobacco industry,coupled with Hollywood movie in which both hero and heroine puff away,has successfully established a glamorous image of smokers.As a result,people take up smoking with the illusion of looking either dapper or fashionable and most ofthem end up hopelessly addicted to cigarettes.In some Third World countries,as in American ghettos and on reservations,money that should be spent for food goes instead to the tobacco companies.Indeed,smoking is nothing but self-poisoning,and watching their loved ones dying of smoking,family members are often overwhelmed with a feeling of futility.Meanwhile,we must feel empathy for the tobacco plant itself.Though for centuries the plant has been venerated by Native Americans as a sacred medicine to heal wounds and cure diseases,it has been captured and abused to enslave the world.And with its true nature suppressed,the tobacco plant has become deadly.Indeed,we should redeem tobacco's soul,restore its self-respect right away and promote the slogan:"Every home a smoke-free zone."TRANSLATIONHer daughter smoked and she felt a deep hurt as her mother. She remembered ho w as a child she sat by, through the years, and watched her father, who smoked like a chimney, wheeze through most of his life feeling half his strength, and she remembere d how carefully she ate when she was pregnant, how patiently she taught her daughter how to cross a street safely. She had a feeling of futility when she saw her daughter r epeating the mistake of her grandfather.She did not want to see in the family another victory for the tobacco companies, but she was faced with powerful rivals: the tobacco industry and Hollywood. The two collaborated to win over completely people like her father and made them hopelessly addicted to cigarettes.It is not easy to quit smoking, but things may become easier of smokers realize th at smoking is s form of self-battering that also batters those who must sit by, and if we can really make “every home a smoke-free zone.”UNIT 4WORD1)Smart and hardworking,Germen seemed destined for a successful career ahead.2)At 31,Peggy feels trap in the boring job of an office secretary and she has a yearning to escape.3)Yesterday a storm blasted the Florida coast with 75 m.p.h.winds and left two tourists missing.4)The couple hardly ever reach an agreement---their conversations often erupt into quarrels and shouting.5)The ballet company's new performance successfully blended tradition and creative innovation,which won great admiration from critics.6)Repeated exam failures had eroded her confidence and exerted an influence onher---she started to skip classes more often.7)Ever since our secretary resigned,our office has been in a state of total chaos.8)Parents are usually inclined to impose their own moral values on theirchildren,which might bring on rebellion from teenagers.9)Some fathers are jealous of the attention a newborn baby receives from its mother,even if they won't admit it.10)I have this strong yearning for open spaces from having lived in a crowed city for too many years.EXPRESSION1)The result of the survey is quite alarming---half the marriages in this country end in divorce.2)Being addicted to betting on horses,he had gambled away most of his inheritance by the time he was thirty.3)We cooked too much for lunch and had to take what was left over for supper.4)Many companies are now suffering from a chronic shortage of funds brought on in recent years by the financial crisis.5)She didn't quarrel with her husband when she found out about his infidelity,but her annoyance showed itself in her look.6)Inflation nibbles away at people's savings and reduces their value considerably.7)To show my affection for the little girl,I bent down and tried to kiss her on the forehead,but she pulled away in time,which made me rather embarrassed.8)As the advancing soldiers closed in on the town,people started running into the underground shelters for safety.CLOZEThe causes for marital despair are varied.Some marriages fail because of the outside weather:pressures such as job loss,illness,care of aging parents and all the other plagues of life may harshly hit marriage.Some other marriages fail because of a changed inner climate.At the tender beginnings of romance,each of us selects with unconscious accuracy a mate who will recreate with us the emotional patterns of our first homes,a mate who will help us rediscover both the psychological happiness and miseries of our past lives.And all marriages rely on the basic myth of meaning everything to each other,of merging together and solving all of life'sproblems.Yet,realities of life erode the visions of marital bliss.Now many marriages fall apart because those in the commitment are unwilling to exercise theself-discipline that marriage requires.Besides,an essential element for a good marriage,i.e.,communication between partners,is often missing.TRANSLATIONMarriage has always been difficult. Why has it become so hard for couples to sta y together in today’s society?On the one hand, our modern social fabric is thin, and the permissiveness of soci ety has created unrealistic expectations and thrown the family into chaos. On the other hand, marriage requires sexual, financial and emotional discipline, but people today a re unwilling to exercise the self-discipline that marriage requires. Besides, couples tod ay must also deal with all the cultural changes brought on in recent years by the wome n’s movement and sexual revolution. These and other realities of life erode the visions of marital bliss. If we lack adaptability, flexibility, genuine love and kindness, and an imagination strong enough to feel what the other is feeling, if we cannot bring difficu lties out into the open, then marriage may come to the end of the road.Of course, divorce id not an evil act. For some people, it provides salvation and it can be a step toward a good life. However, marriages that do not fail but improve, tha t persist despite imperfections, offer a wondrous shelter for our mutual humanity. UNIT 5WORD1)The police are constantly searching for new ways of steering young people away from criminal activities.2)The audience were thrown into a panic after a bomb exploded in the theatre.3)He explained later that he had refrained from commenting on hisopponents'anti-constitutional claims in order to avoid open confrontation at the meeting.4)Corporate executives should not be given the right to intrude into employees'private lives by monitoring their phone calls.5)To protect intellectual property rights,the governments is making a great effort to unify the KTV system in karaoke bars.6)As the factory is faced with the danger of being shut down,many workers are suffering from an inner sense of desperation.7)It is totally nonsense to assert that smoking can help prevent bird flu or swine flu.8)The bus was already full up but the old lady managed to squeeze in.9)Using too many pieces of electrical equipment at once may overload the circuit and cause power cut or fire.10)Despite all the treatment he has had over the past few months,Ashby is still suffering from skin rashes and recurring respiratory problems.EXPRESSION1)As I was shopping one day,a girl mistook me for the well-known actor Jackie Chan and asked for my autograph.2)The box has been left unattended in the cellar for years,and it came apart as we tried to lift it up.3)The government promised to the public that they shall keep close watch on the latest developments in relation to the disease.4)I can put up with your room being cluttered with paintings and prints,but I hate it if it's not clean.5)To prepare food for the elderly,make sure to cut out the fat and bone before you cook the meat.6)The pain of losing his only daughter still sweeps over him in waves though it has been two years since the traffic accident occurred.7)The people who got hurt in the collision were rushed to the only hospital in the vicinity of the scene of the accident.8)Detectives were searching the scene of the crime closely,being careful enough not to leave any details out.9)For some days he had been mulling over the new plan,trying to come up with something more constructive.10)According to the latest survey,only 5% of American adults engage in regular annual physical check-ups,which health scientists consider quite worrying.11)All of your achievements for the week should be gathered up in a ten-minute talk with the manager every Friday.12)Of the 88 locomotives on this railroad line,35 are out of commission,either awaiting repairs or being replaced.CLOZEWhen your mind is out of commission,desperation writing can help you write something usable.The first thing is to admit your condition:for some reason,your mind is incapable of considering anything in relation to anything else though it can put a simple feeling or perception into understandable words.Then try to write as much as possible.Don't refrain from writing about whatever that is on your mind.When you feel you have enough of it,read over what you wrote and every time you come to anything that could be squeezed into one sentence or one assertion,write it by itself on a little slip of paper.After you have done this,play solitaire with those littleslips,shifting them around and looking through in various sequences and getting them to distribute themselves in different piles.Often at this point,your sanity begins to return.And then you can finally come up with something workable. TRANSLATIONDo you have this lingering doubt that you won’t be able to write something when you need to? Do you feel it’s like a constant fog or static that clouds the mind and yo u can never get out of its clutches?As a matter of fact, it is possible to write something ---- not something great or pleasing but at least something usable, workable ---- when your mind is out of commission.The trick is to do all your cooking out on the table because your mind is incapable of doing any inside.Try simply to steer your mind in the direction or general vicinity of the thing you are trying to write about and start writing and keep writing. Be as loose, drifting, quirky and jerky as possible when you write. Don’t think about what you are writing or what you have written or else you will overload the circuit again.Then take some little pieces of paper and simply read over from the beginning of what you wrote, and see if you can gather up something useful into one sentence and write it by itself on a little sheet of paper. Then, read through the little slips of paper a number of times and build a relationship among them until they get into different piles. At this point, you find you can finally begin to think, and that lab report which has been occupying your mind is no longer unreachable.。
新视野大学英语读写教程6课后习题答案解析
新视野⼤学英语读写教程6课后习题答案解析第⼀单元Ⅲ 1. pursuit 2. conceive 3. dedicated 4. addict 5. cater6. Perplexing7. contemplating8. diversions9. foreseen 10. arbitrary 11. Petty 12. perpetual给"幸福"下定义是⼀个令⼈困惑的问题：最好的办法是先设定两个极端，然后寻求中庸。
认为幸福就是⾼⼈⼀等，住的是⼤理⽯豪宅，⾐柜⾥有上百套⾐服，这可成为贪婪的极端。
认为幸福就是印度圣⼈似的快乐，这将成为精神⽣活的极端。
圣⼈打坐，冥想着现实的本质，超脱于⾁⾝的拖累。
如果有崇敬者给他端上⾷物，他就吃；如果没⼈给，他就饿着。
何苦为此事烦恼？⼀切物质的东西对他都微不⾜道。
冥想就是他的快乐。
他凭借常⼈难以想像的⾃律达到⾼度的精神集中，对他来说，能够达到如此境界，这本⾝就是快乐。
Ⅵ1. The whole of life, so to speak, is involved in the pursuit of the good life. 可以说，⽣命的整体意义在于追求美好的⽣活。
2. It is hard to conceive of living without electricity and other modern conveniences. 很难想像没有电和其他现代便利设施的⽇⼦怎么过。
3. He dedicated his life to trying to find an appropriate architecture for his country which was realistic and integral to that society.他毕⽣致⼒于为他的祖国寻找合适的建筑风格。
这种风格既具有现实意义，⼜能融⼊社会。
4. He also highlighted the well-known dangers of people becoming addicted to computers.他还着重强调了⼈们玩电脑成瘾所造成的众所周知的危险。
平狄克微观经济学第六版第十四章课后答案
CHAPTER 14MARKETS FOR FACTOR INPUTSThe following two chapters examine the markets for labor and capital. Although the discussion in this chapter is general, most of the examples refer to labor as the only variable input to production, with the exception of Example 14.1, which discusses “The Demand for Jet Fuel” by airlines. Labor demand and supply are discussed in the first section, and the competitive factor market equilibrium and economic rent are discussed in the second section. Section 14.3 explores the factor market structure for the case where the buyer has monopsony power, and section 14.4 explores the case of monopoly power on the part of the seller of the factor.An understanding of this chapter relies on concepts from Chapters 4 through 8 and 10. If you have just covered Chapters 11-13, you might begin by reviewing marginal product, marginal revenue, and cost minimization. You should then discuss marginal revenue product and the profit-maximizing condition MRP= w. Explain why we are only interested in the portion of the MP curve below the average product Lcurve (the downward-sloping portion). The derivation of the firm’s demand curve for labor is straightforward when labor is the only factor, but becomes more complicated when there are several variablecurve shifts as the firm substitutes one input for inputs. In particular, you might explain why the MRPLanother in production in response to a price change by noting that the MRP L curve is drawn for a fixed level of the other variable input.When presenting the market labor demand curve, explain that since the input prices change as more inputs are demanded, the market demand curve is not simply the summation of individual demand curves. You can extend the presentation of price elasticity of input demand (see Example 14.1) by discussing the conditions leading to price sensitivity. Elasticity is greater (1) when the elasticity of demand for the product is higher, (2) when it is easy to substitute one input for another, and (3) when the elasticity of supply is higher for other inputs. Elasticity of supply, which was discussed in Chapter 2, is reintroduced in Example 14.2. You should also distinguish between short-run and long-run elasticity (see Figure 14.6).If you have already covered substitution and income effects, the students will be ready for the derivation of the backward-bending supply curve for labor. Although Figure 14.9 is a straightforward application of these tools, students are often confused by the plotting of income against leisure. Point out that this is just another type of utility maximization problem where the two goods are leisure and income. Income can be thought of as the consumption of goods other than leisure, in that more income buys more goods. You can also implicitly assume that the price of other goods is $1 and the price of leisure is the wage. The supply of labor curve is derived by changing the wage and finding the new level of hours worked. An individual’s supply curve of labor is back ward bending only when the income effect dominates the substitution effect and leisure is a normal good. Show typical supply curves for each group in Table 14.2. For an experimental study of the labor-leisure trade-off see Battalio, Green, and Kagel, “In come-Leisure Tradeoff of Animal Workers,” American Economic Review (September 1981).Section 14.2 brings together labor demand and supply for both competitive and monopolistic product markets. Although economic rent was presented in Chapter 8, it is reintroduced with more detail here. In Section 14.3, carefully explain why the marginal expenditure curve is above the average expenditure curve for a monopsonist (see Figure 14.14). You can discuss how a monopsonist would price discriminate, e.g., pay a different wage rate to each employee. With perfect price discrimination, the marginal revenue expenditure curve would coincide with the average expenditure curve. Although monopsony exists in some markets, the exercise of monopsony power is rare because of factor mobility. However, the employment of athletes by the owners of professional teams provides a good example (see Example 14.4 “Monopsony Power in the Market for Baseball Players”). On this same topic, see Sommers and Quinton, “Pay and Performance in Major League Baseball: The Case of the First Family of Free Agents,” Journal of Human Resources(Summer 1982). Section 14.4 discusses the case of unions to explore monopoly power on the part of the seller of the input.1. Why is a firm’s demand for labor curve more inelastic when the firm has monopoly power in the output market than when the firm is producing competitively?The firm’s demand curve for labor is determined by the incremental revenue from hiring an= additional unit of labor known as the marginal revenue product of labor: MRPL (MP)(MR), the additional output (“product”) that the last worker produced, times theLadditional revenue earned by selling that output. In a competitive industry, the marginalrevenue curve is perfectly elastic and equal to price. For a monopolist, marginal revenue isdownward sloping. As more labor is hired and more output is produced, the monopolistwill charge a lower price and marginal revenue will diminish. All else the same, marginalrevenue product will be smaller for the monopolist. This implies that the marginal revenueproduct for the monopolist is more inelastic than for the competitive firm.2. Why might a labor supply curve be backward bending?A backward-bending supply curve for labor may occur when the income effect of an increasein the wage rate dominates the substitution effect. Labor supply decisions are made byindividuals choosing the most satisfying combination of work and other (leisure) activities.With a larger income, the individual can afford to work fewer hours: the income effect. Asthe wage rate increases, the value of leisure time (the opportunity cost of leisure) increases,thus inducing the individual to work longer hours: the substitution effect. Because the twoe ffects work in opposite directions, the shape of an individual’s labor supply curve dependson the individual’s preferences for income, consumption, and leisure.3. How is a computer company’s demand for computer programmers a derived demand?A computer c ompany’s demand for inputs, including programmers, depends on how manycomputers it sells. The firm’s demand for programming labor depends on (is derived from)the demand it faces in its market for computers. As demand for computers shifts, thedemand for programmers shifts.4. Compare the hiring choices of a monopsonistic and a competitive employer of workers. Which will hire more workers, and which will pay the higher wages? Explain.Since the decision to hire another worker means the monopsonist must pay a higher wagefor all workers, and not just the last worker hired, its marginal expenditure curve lies abovethe input supply curve (the average expenditure curve). The monopsonist’s profit-maximizing input demand, where the marginal expenditure curve intersects the marginalrevenue product curve, will be less than the competitor’s profit-maximizing input choice,where the average expenditure curve intersects the demand curve. The monopsonist hiresless labor, and the wage paid will be less than in a competitive market.5. Rock musicians sometimes earn over $1 million per year. Can you explain such large incomes in terms of economic rent?Economic rent is the difference between the actual payment to the factor of production andthe minimum amount that the factor is willing to accept. In this case, you might assumethat there are a limited number of top-quality rock musicians who will continue to play rockmusic no matter what they are paid. This results in a perfectly inelastic supply curve, orsomething close to it. Given the high demand for rock music, the wage will be very highand there will be a lot of economic rent. If there was a larger supply of top-quality rockmusicians, or a more elastic supply, then the economic rent would be smaller.6. What happens to the demand for one input when the use of a complementary input increases?If the demand for the complementary input increases, the demand for the given input willincrease as well. When demand for the complementary input increases, there is anincrease in the quantity hired and possibly the price paid. Both of these changes willincrease the MRP of the given input, and hence will increase the quantity hired and possiblythe price paid. Whether the prices of the inputs increases depends on the degree ofmonopsony power on the part of the firm.7. For a monopsonist, what is the relationship between the supply of an input and the marginal expenditure on it?The decision to increase employment means the monopsonist must pay all units the higherprice, and not just the last unit hired. Therefore, its marginal expenditure curve lies abovethe input supply curve (the average expenditure curve). Hiring more labor will increase themarginal expenditure, which will increase the average expenditure. If the averageexpenditure is increasing, then the marginal expenditure must be greater than the averageexpenditure.8. Currently the National Football League has a system for drafting college players by which each player is picked by only one team. The player must sign with that team or not play in the league. What would happen to the wages of newly drafted and more experienced football players if the draft system were repealed, and all teams could compete for college players?The National Football League draft and reserve clause (a primary issue in the 1987-1988season’s strike) creates a monopsonist cartel among the owners of NFL teams. If the draftsystem were repealed, competition among teams would increase wages of football players tothe p oint where the marginal revenue product of each player would be equal to the player’swage.9. The government wants to encourage individuals on welfare to become employed. It is considering two possible incentive programs for firms.A. Give the firm $2 per hour for every individual on welfare who is hired.B. Give each firm that hires one or more welfare workers a payment of $1000 peryear, irrespective of the number of hires.To what extent is each of these programs likely to be effective at increasing the employment opportunities for welfare workers?Firms will hire additional labor as long as the extra benefit is greater than the extra cost ofhiring the worker, or until MRP L = w. Option A would be effective because if the firmreceives $2 per hour for every welfare worker hired then the effective wage paid, w, willfall and the firm will find it optimal to hire more labor until the benefits (MRP L) againequal the costs (w) at the margin. Option B would be effective at increasing employmentopportunities also in that if the firm hires an individual who has been on welfare they willthen receive $1000. However, plan B is not necessarily as effective as plan A given thefirm only receives one lump sum payment regardless of the number of welfare workershired. In this case the firm only has an incentive to hire the one welfare worker, thoughthey may of course choose to hire more than one welfare worker.10. A small specialty cookie company, whose only variable input is labor, finds that the average worker can produce 50 cookies per day, the cost of the average worker is $64 per day, and the price of a cookie is $1. Is the cookie company maximizing its profit? Explain.The marginal product of labor is 50 (cookies per day) and the price per cookie is 1 ($ percookie) so the marginal revenue product is $50/day. Since this is less than the wage of$64 per day the cookie company is not maximizing profit. They are employing too muchlabor since the cost of labor is greater than the benefit of labor at the margin, and aretherefore producing too many cookies.11. A firm uses both labor and machines in production. Explain why an increase in the average wage rate causes both a movement along the labor demand curve and a shift of the curve.An increase in the wage rate causes an upward movement along the labor demand curve.For any given marginal revenue product curve, the firm will find that they want to hirefewer workers when the wage increases (an upward movement). However, when thewage increases the marginal cost will increase which will reduce desired output. Whenoutput falls, the firm will not need as many machines and the marginal product of laborcurve will shift to the left, assuming machines and labor are complementary. This willalso reduce the demand for labor.1. Suppose that the wage rate is $16 per hour, and the price of the product is $2. Values for output and labor are in units per hour.q L0 020 135 247 357 465 570 6a.Find the profit-maximizing quantity of labor.From the information given above, calculate the marginal product of labor, the extraoutput produced by hiring one more unit of labor, and then multiply by price to get themarginal revenue product of labor. To find the profit-maximizing quantity of labor, usethe rule that the firm wants to hire labor only as long as the marginal revenue product oflabor is greater than the nominal wage, or up to the point where the marginal revenueproduct of labor is equal to the nominal wage. From the table below, the firm will hire 5units of labor.b.Suppose that the price of the product remains at $2 but that the wage rate increasesto $21. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.The above table does not change for this part of the problem. However, the firm nolonger wants to hire 5 units of labor because the benefit of the 5th unit ($16 per hour) isless than the cost of the 5th unit ($21 per hour). The firm would only hire 3 units of laborper hour since in this case the benefit still exceeds the cost at the margin. The firmwould stick with 3 units instead of 4 unless fractional units are possible. At L=4 the costis greater than the benefit so you lose profit by hiring the 4th unit of labor.c.Suppose the price of the product increases to $3 and the wage remains at $16 perhour. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.A change in the price of the product will not change the marginal product of labor, but itwill change the marginal revenue product of labor. The new marginal revenue productof labor is given in the table below. The firm will still want to hire 5 units of labor, as inpart a above. It will not hire the 6th unit because the extra benefit is less than the extracost. Profit will be greater than in part a.d.Suppose that the price of the product remains at $2 and the wage remains at $16, butthere is a technological breakthrough that increases output by 25% for any given level of labor. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.The technological breakthrough changes the number of units of output produced by agiven number of units of labor, and hence changes the marginal product and the marginalrevenue product of labor. The new output values are found by multiplying the old valuesby 1.25. This new information is given in the table below. The firm will still choose tohire 5 units of labor. Profit will be greater than in part a.2,000 1,000 4,000 5,0003,000 1,500 3,500 5,0004,000 2,000 3,000 5,0005,000 2,500 2,500 5,0006,000 3,000 2,000 5,0007,000 3,500 1,500 5,0008,000 4,000 1,000 5,0009,000 4,500 500 5,00010,000 5,000 0 5,0003. Using your knowledge of marginal revenue product, explain the following:a. A famous tennis star is paid $100,000 for appearing in a 30-second televisioncommercial. The actor who plays his doubles partner is paid $500., is equal to marginal revenue from an incremental Marginal revenue product of labor, MRPLunit of output multiplied by the marginal product from an incremental unit of labor, or inother words, the extra revenue generated by having the tennis star appear in the ad. Thefamous tennis star is able to help increase revenues far more than the actor, so he is paidmuch more than the actor. The wage of the actor is determined by the supply and demandof actors willing to play tennis with tennis stars.b. The president of an ailing savings and loan is paid not to stay in his job for the last twoyears of his contract.The marginal revenue product of the president of the ailing savings and loan is likely to benegative and therefore, the savings and loan is better off by paying the president not to showup. They have calculated that they will lose less (or gain more) by paying the president offand hiring someone else.c. A jumbo jet carrying 400 passengers is priced higher than a 250-passenger model eventhough both aircraft cost the same to manufacture.The ability of the larger jet to generate more revenue increases its value to the airline, andtherefore the airline is willing to pay more for it.4. The demands for the factors of production listed below have increased. What can you conclude about changes in the demand for the related consumer goods? If demands for the consumer goods remain unchanged, what other explanation is there for an increase in derived demands for these items?a. Computer memory chipsIn general, an increase in the demand for a good increases the demand for its factor inputs.The converse is not necessarily true; i.e., an increase in the demand for factor inputs doesnot necessarily imply an increase in the demand for the final product. The demand for aninput may increase due to a change in the use of other inputs in the production process. Asthe price of another input increases, its demand falls and the demand of substitutable inputsrises. In this case, the increase in the demand for computer memory chips must have beencaused by an increase in the demand for personal computers given that computer memorychips are used only in computers, and there are no substitutes for computer memory chips.b. Jet fuel for passenger planesWith an increase in the demand for jet travel, the demand for jet fuel will increase. Thereare no substitutes for jet fuel.c. Paper used for newsprintGiven the paper is being used to print newspapers then there must have been an increase inthe circulation of newspapers.d. Aluminum used for beverage cansWith an increase in demand for cold drinks in the summer, the seasonal demand foraluminum increases, so this is one possible explanation. Alternatively, if glass or plastichave become more expensive then this may affect the demand for aluminum. Finally,changes in the market for recycled aluminum may affect the demand for new aluminum.5. Suppose there are two groups of workers, unionized and nonunionized. Congress passesa law that requires all workers to join the union. What do you expect to happen to the wage rates of formerly nonunionized workers? of those workers who were originally unionized? What have you assumed about the union’s behavior?In general, we expect that nonunionized workers are earning lower wages than unionizedworkers. If all workers are forced to join the union, it would be reasonable to expect thatthe nonunionized workers will now receive higher wages and the unionized workers willreceive a wage that could go either way. There are a couple of items to consider. First, theunion now has more monopoly power in that there are no nonunion workers to act assubstitutes for union workers. This gives more power to the union, which means higherwages can in general be negotiated. However, the union now has more members to satisfy.If wages are kept at a high level, there will be fewer jobs, and hence some previouslynonunionized workers may end up with no job. The union may wish to trade off some ofthe wage for a guarantee of more jobs. The average income of all workers will rise if labordemand is inelastic and will fall if labor demand is elastic.soldiers are hired. Wages for volunteer soldiers fall, pushed down by the fact that wages ofthe draftees can be very low.8. The demand for labor by an industry is given by the curve L = 1200 - 10w, where L is the labor demanded per day and w is the wage rate. The supply curve is given by L = 20w. What is the equilibrium wage rate and quantity of labor hired? What is the economic rent earned by workers?The equilibrium wage rate is determined where quantity of labor supplied is equal to thequantity of labor demanded:20w = 1,200 - 10w, or w = $40.Substituting into either the labor supply or labor demand equations, we find the equilibriumquantity of labor is 800:= (20)(40) = 800,LSandL= 1,200 - (10)(40) = 800.DEconomic rent is the summation of the difference between the equilibrium wage and thewage given by the labor supply curve. Here, it is the area above the labor supply curve up toL= 800 and below the equilibrium wage. This triangle’s area is (0.5)(800)($40) = $16,000.9. This exercise is a continuation of Exercise 8. Suppose now that the only labor available is controlled by a monopolistic labor union that wishes to maximize the rent earned by union members. What will be the quantity of labor employed and the wage rate? How does your answer compare with your answer to Exercise 8? Discuss. (Hint: The union’s marginal revenue curve is given by L = 1200 - 20w.)Recall that the monopolist chooses output by setting marginal revenue equal to the marginalcost of supplying one more unit of output, as opposed to the competitive firm which choosesoutput by setting price equal to marginal cost, or in other words producing where supplyintersects demand. The monopolistic labor union acts in the same way. To maximize rentin this case, the union will choose the number of workers hired so that the marginal revenueto the union (the additional wages earned) is equal to the extra cost of inducing the workerto work. This involves choosing the quantity of labor at the point where the marginalrevenue curve crosses the supply curve of labor. Note that the marginal revenue curve hastwice the slope of the labor demand curve. Marginal revenue is less than the wage, becausewhen more workers are hired, all workers receive a lower wage.Setting the marginal revenue curve equal to the supply curve for labor, we find:1200 - 20w = 20w, or w* = 30.At w*, we may determine the number of workers who are willing to work by substituting w*into the labor supply equation:L* = (20)(30) = 600.Therefore, if the union wants to maximize the rent that the union members earn, the unionshould limit employment to 600 members.To determine the wage the members will earn, substitute L* into the labor demand equation:600 = 1,200 - 10w, or w = 60.The total rent the employed union members will receive is equal to:Rent = (60 - 30)(600) + (0.5)(30)(600) = $27,000.Notice that the wage is higher and the number of workers employed is lower than in Exercise (8).*10. A firm uses a single input, labor, to produce output q according to the production function . The commodity sells for $150 per unit and the wage rate is $75 per hour.a.Find the profit-maximizing quantity of L.There are two (equivalent) methods of solving this problem. Most generally, define theprofit function, where revenues and costs are expressed in terms of the input, calculatethe first order necessary condition (the first derivative of the profit function), and solvefor the optimal quantity of the input. Alternatively, use the rule that the firm will hirelabor up until the point where the marginal revenue product (p*MP L) equals the wage rate.Using the first method:b.Find the profit-maximizing quantity of q.From part a, the profit maximizing quantity of labor is 64 so substitute this quantity oflabor into the production function to find .c.What is the maximum profit?Profit is total revenue minus total cost or .d.Suppose now that the firm is taxed $30 per unit of output and the wage rate issubsidized at a rate of $15 per hour. Assume the firm is a price taker, so that theprice of the product remains at $150. Find the new profit-maximizing levels of L, q, and profit.After the $30 tax per unit of output is paid, the firm receives 150-30=$120 per unit ofoutput sold. This is the relevant price for the profit maximizing decision. The inputcost is now 75-15=$60 per unit labor after the subsidy is received. The profit maximizingvalues can be found as in parts a-c above:e.Now suppose that the firm is required to pay a 20% tax on its profits. Find the newprofit-maximizing levels of L, q, and profit.The profit maximizing values can be found as in parts a-c above, only here profit is 80% oftotal revenue minus total cost.。
现代大学英语第六册精读课后题答案全
Lesson 11. Virtue is......self-centered.By right action, we mean it must help promote personal interest.2. ... (poverty) was a product of their excessive fecundity...The poverty of the poor was caused by their having too many children.3....the rich were not responsible for either its creation or its amelioration.The rich should not be asked to solve the problem of the poverty as it is not their fault for the existence of poverty.4. It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God.It is only the result or effect of the law of the survival of the fittest applied to nature or to human society.5. It declined in popularity, and references to it acquired a condemnatory tone.People began to reject and criticize Social Darwinism because it seemed to glorify brutal force and oppose treasured values of sympathy, love and friendship6. ...the search for a way of getting the poor off our conscience was not at an end; it was only suspended.The desire to find a way to justify the unconcern for the poor had not been abandoned; it had only been put off.7. ...only rarely given to overpaying for monkey wrenches, flashlights, coffee makers, and toilet seats.Government officials, on the whole, are good; it is very rare that some would pay high prices for office equipment to get kickbacks.8. This is perhaps our most highly influential piece of fiction.It is a very popular story and has been accepted by many but it is not true.9. Belief can be the servant of truth--but even more of convenience.Belief can be useful in the search for truth. But more often than not it is accepted because it is convenient and self-serving.10. George Gilder...who tells to much applause that the poor must have the cruel spur of their own suffering to ensure effort...George Gilder advances the view that suffering is necessary to motivate and force the poor to work hard.1. An imbalance between the rich and poor is the oldest and most fatal ailment of republics.贫富不均乃共和政体最致命疾.2. Their poverty is a temporary misfortune, if they are poor and meek, they eventually will inherit the earth.他们的贫穷只是一种暂时性的不幸，如果他们贫穷但却温顺，他们最终将成为世界的主人.3. Couples in love should repair to R H Macy’s not their bedrooms.热恋的夫妇应该在梅西百货商店过夜,而不是他们的新房4. The American beauty rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance which bring cheer to its beholder only by sacrificing the early buds which grow up around it. And so is in economic life. It’s merely the working out of a law of the nature and a law of God. 美国这朵玫瑰花以其华贵与芳香让观众倾倒，赞不绝口，而她之所以能被培植就是因为在早期其周围的花蕾被插掉了，在经济生活中情况亦是如此。
English Book 6 课后翻译答案
LESSON 21.中国人和美国人打招呼的方式有什么不同之处？What is the difference between the Chinese and the American greeting rituals?2.他们再次向我们表示了他们的友谊。
They reassured us of their friendship.3.穿着节日盛装的村民们聚集在广场上，等待着庆祝活动的开始。
The villagers in their holiday attire gathered in the square, waiting for the celebration to begin.4.当他不能证明自己的身份时，银行暂时停止了付款。
When he was unable to (couldn’t) prove his identity, the bank suspended payment.5.他在宗教环境里感到极不自在。
He felt uncomfortable (ill at ease) in the religious setting.6.虽然我和他认识已经半年多了，但我们还是以姓氏相称。
Though I have known him for more than half a year, we are still on the TLN basis (we still call each other by the last name, family name, surname).7.这种老式的电话机已经不再使用了。
This kind of old-fashioned telephone is no more in use.8.他机敏的提出不同的看法，以致没有触怒任何人。
He put forth (forward) different opinion so adroitly that no one was offended.9.你应该对长者更尊敬一点。
布兰查德课后习题答案(1-13章)(毕博)
第1-13章课后习题答案（布兰查德）第一章世界之旅p14第1题a. True.b. True/Uncertain. Stock prices certainly fell around the world in the crisis. Emerging marketstock prices mostly recovered as of 2010, stock prices in the United States and other advanced companies had not reached their pre-crisis levels as of 2012.c. F alse.d. False. There are problems with the statistics, but the consensus is that growth in China has been high.e. False. European unemployment rates have been higher for several decades.f. True.g. True.h. False第3题a. 14.7(1.026)t=5.8(1.105)tt = ln(14.7/5.8)/[ln(1.105/1.026)]t ≈ 12.53 yrsThis answer can be confirmed with a spreadsheet, for students unfamiliar with the use of logarithms.b. No. At current growth rates, Chinese output will exceed U.S. output within 31 years, but Chineseoutput per person (the Chinese standard of living) will still be less than U.S. output per person.c. China has increased the amount of capital per person. This is possible in the UnitedStates. China has imported a lot of technology from the United States and other countries. This is more difficult to do in the United States since the number of technologies available for the United States to import that they do not already have is fewer.d. China does provide a model for other developing countries.第二章本书之旅p38第1题a. True/Uncertain. Real GDP increased by a factor of 5; nominal GDP increased by afactor of 28. We usually think of GDP in real termsb. False.c. True.d. False. The level of the CPI means nothing. The rate of change of the CPI is one measure of inflation.e. Uncertain. Which index is better depends on what we are trying to measure—inflation faced by consumers or by the economy as a whole.f. Trueg. Trueh. Falsei. F alse. The Phillips curve is a relation between the change in inflation and the level ofunemployment.第4题a. 2005 GDP: 10($2,000)+4($1,000)+1000($1)=$25,0002006 GDP: 12($3,000)+6($500)+1000($1)=$40,000Nominal GDP has increased by 60%.b. 2005 real (2005) GDP: $25,0002006 real (2005) GDP: 12($2,000)+6($1,000)+1000($1)=$31,000Real (2006) GDP has increased by 24%.c. 2005 real (2006) GDP: 10($3,000)+4($500)+1,000($1)=$33,0002006 real (2006) GDP: $40,000.Real (2006) GDP has increased by 21.2%.d. The answers measure real GDP growth in different units. Neither answer isincorrect, just as measurement in inches is not more or less correct thanmeasurement in centimeters.第5题a.2005 base year:b.Deflator(2005)=1; Deflator(2006)=$40,000/$31,000=1.29Inflation=29%c. 2006 base year:Deflator(2005)=$25,000/$33,000=0.76; Deflator(2006)=1Inflation=(1-0.76)/0.76=.32=32%d. Analogous to 4d.第6题a. 2005 real GDP = 10($2,500) + 4($750) + 1000($1) = $29,0002006 real GDP = 12($2,500) + 6($750) + 1000($1) = $35,500b. (35,500-29,000)/29,000 = .224 = 22.4%c. Deflator in 2005=$25,000/$29,000=.86Deflator in 2006=$40,000/$35,500=1.13Inflation = (1.13 -.86)/.86 = .31 = 31%.a.Yes, see appendix for further discussion.第三章商品市场p64第1题a. True.b. False. Government spending excluding transfers was 20.4% of GDP.c. False. The propensity to consume must be less than one for our model to make sense.d. True.e. False.f. False. The increase in equilibrium output is one times the multiplier.g. False.第9题a. Output will fall.b. Since output falls, investment will also fall. Public saving will not change. Privatesaving will fall, since investment falls, and investment equals saving. Sinceoutput and consumer confidence fall, consumption will also fall.c. Output, investment, and private saving would have risen.d. Clearly this logic is faulty. When output is low, what is needed is an attempt byconsumers to spend more. This will lead to an increase in output, andtherefore—somewhat paradoxically—to an increase in private saving. Note, however,that with a linear consumption function, the private saving rate (private savingdivided by output) will fall when c0rises.第四章金融市场p86第1题a. False.b. False.c. False. Money demand describes the portfolio decision to hold wealth in the form ofmoney rather than in the form of bonds. The interest rate on bonds is relevantto this decision.d. True.e. False.f. False.g. True.h. True.第5题a. B D = 50,000 - 60,000 (.35-i)If the interest rate increases by 10 percentage points, bond demand increases by $6,000.b. An increase in wealth increases bond demand, but has no effect on money demand, whichdepends on income (a proxy for transactions demand).c. An increase in income increases money demand, but decreases bond demand, since weimplicitly hold wealth constant.d. First of all, the use of “money” in this statement is colloquial. “Income” should be substituted for “money.” Second, when people earn more income, their wealth does not change right away. Thus, they increase their demand for money and decrease their demand for bonds.第8题a. All money is in checking accounts, so demand for central bank money equals demand forreserves. Therefore, demand for central bank money=0.1($Y)(.8-4i).b. $1000 = 0.1($5,000B)(.8-4i)i=15%c. Since the public holds no currency,money multiplier = 1/reserve ratio = 1/.1=10.M=(10)$1000=$1,0000M= M d at the interest derived in part (b).d. If H increases to $300B the interest rate falls to 5%.e. The interest rate falls to 5%, since when H equals $3000, M=(10)$300B=$3,0000.第五章商品市场和金融市场p107第1题a. True.b. True.c. False.d. False. The balanced budget multiplier is positive (it equals one), so the IS curveshifts right.e. False.f. Uncertain. An increase in government spending leads to an increase inoutput (which tends to increase investment), but also to an increase in theinterest rate (which tends to reduce investment).g. True.第4题a. Y=C+I+G=200+.25(Y-200)+150+.25Y-1000i+250Y=1100-2000ib. M/P=1600=2Y-8000ii=Y/4000-1/5c. Substituting from part (b) into part (a) gives Y=1000.d. Substituting from part (c) into part (b) gives i=5%.e. C=400; I=350; G=250; C+I+G=1000f. Y=1040; i=3%; C=410; I=380. A monetary expansion reduces the interest rate andincreases output. Consumption increases because output increases. Investmentincreases because output increases and the interest rate decreases.g. Y=1200; i=10%; C=450; I=350. A fiscal expansion increases output and the interestrate. Consumption increases because output increases. Investment is affected intwo ways: the increase in output tends to increase investment, and the increase inthe interest rate tends to reduce investment. In this example, these two effectsexactly offset one another, and investment does not change.第六章劳动力市场p132第1题a. False. The participation rate has increased over time.b. False.c. False.d. True.e. False.f. Uncertain/False. The degree of bargaining power depends on the nature of the job andthe employee’s skills.g. True.h. False.第3题a. W/P=1/(1+ )=1/1.05=0.952b. Wage setting: u=1-W/P=1-0.952=4.8%c. W/P=1/1.1=.91; u=1-.91=9%. The increase in the markup lowers the real wage.Algebraically, from the wage-setting equation, the unemployment rate must rise for thereal wage to fall. So the natural rate increases. Intuitively, an increase in the markupimplies more market power for firms, and therefore less production, since firms will usetheir market power to increase the price of goods by reducing supply. Less productionimplies less demand for labor, so the natural rate rises.第七章所有市场集中：AS－AD曲线p160 第1题a. True.b. True. In the AS relation, if P=P e, Y=Y n. Note that P e must be known to graph the AS curve.c. False. The AD curve slopes down because an increase in P leads to a fall in M/P, so thenominal interest rate increases, and I and Y fall.d. False. There are changes in autonomous expenditure and supply shocks, both of whichcause output to deviate from the natural level in the short run.e. True.f. False. Fiscal policy affects the interest rate in the medium run and therefore affectsinvestment.g. False. The natural level of output changes in response to a permanent supply shock(other than a change in P e). The price level changes in the medium run inresponse to either a demand or a supply shock.第4题a. Money is neutral in the sense that the nominal money supply has no effect onoutput or the interest rate in the medium run. Output returns to its naturallevel. The interest rate is determined by the position of the IS curve and thenatural level of output. Despite the neutrality of money in the medium run, anincrease in the money supply will increase output and reduce the interest rate inthe short run. Therefore, expansionary monetary policy can be used to speedup the economy's return to the natural level of output when output is low.b. In the medium run, fiscal policy affects the interest rate and investment, so fiscal policy is not considered neutral.c. False. Labor market policies, such as the degree of unemployment insurance, canaffect the natural level of output.第5题a. SR:short runMR: medium runb-c.In the medium run, consumption must lower than its original level becausedisposableincome is unchanged, but consumer confidence is lower.The short-run change in investment is ambiguous, because the interest rate falls,whichtends to increase investment, but output also falls, which tends to reduceinvestment. Inthe medium run, investment must rise (as compared to its short-run and originallevels),because the interest rate falls but output returns to its original level.Since the budget deficit does not change in this problem, the change in privatesaving equals the change in investment. It is possible that private saving willfall in the short run, but private saving must rise (above its short-run and originallevels) in the medium run.第八章菲利普斯曲线、自然失业率和通货膨胀p182第1题a. True.b. False.c. False.d. True.e. False.f. True.g. Falseh. Falsei. Truej. True第4题. The neutrality of money revisiteda.Fill in the empty spaces in the chart below:b.5% per yearc.5% per yeard.0% per yeare.Output growth is zero ( the economy is at a constant natural level ofoutput).第九章次贷危机（略）第十章增长的事实第1题，快速测试a. True.b. False.c. Uncertain – earlier evidence suggested this was false but more recent evidencesuggests it may be true.d. False.e. True.f. False.g. True.第3题a. Y=63b. Y doubles.c. Yes.d. Y/N=(K/N)1/2e. K/N=4 implies Y/N=2. K/N=8 implies Y/N=2.83. Output less than doubles.f. No.g. No. In part (f), we are essentially looking at what happens to output when weincrease capital only, not capital and labor in equal proportion. There are decreasingreturns to capital.h. Yes.第十一章储蓄、资本积累和产出P248第1题，快速测试a. True, in a closed economy, and if saving includes public and private saving.b. False.c. True. In the model without depreciation, there is no steady state. A constantsaving rate produces a positive but declining rate of growth. In theinfinite-time limit, the growth rate equals zero. Output per worker risesforever without bound. In the model with depreciation, if the economy beginswith a level of capital per worker below the steady-state level, a constant savingrate also produces a positive but declining rate of growth, with a limit of zero.In this case, however, output per worker approaches a fixed number, defined bythe steady-state condition of the Solow model. Note that depreciation is notneeded to define a steady state if the model includes labor force growth ortechnological progress.d. Uncertain. See the discussion of the golden-rule saving rate.e. Uncertain/False. It is likely that the U.S. rate is below the golden rule rate andthat transforming Social Security to a pay-as-you-go system would ultimatelyincrease the U.S. saving rate. These premises imply that such atransformation would increase U.S. consumption in the future, but notnecessarily in the present. Indeed, if the only effect of such a transformationis to increase the saving rate, we know that consumption per worker will fall inthe short run. Moreover, moving to a pay-as-you-go system requires transitioncosts. If these costs are borrowed, then the reduction in public saving willoffset the increase in private saving during the transition. If these costs are notborrowed, then transitional generations must suffer either a reduction inpromised benefits or an increase in taxes to finance their own retirement inaddition to the retirement of a previous generation. Thus, whether the U.S.“should” move to a pay-as-you-go system depends on the likely resolution ofintergenerational distributional issues and your view about the equity of such aresolution.f. Uncertain. The U.S. capital stock is below the golden rule, but that does not necessarily imply that there should be tax breaks for saving. Even if the tax breaks were effective in stimulating saving, the increase in future consumption would come at the cost of current consumption.g False. Even if you accept the premise that educational investment increasesoutput, it does not necessarily follow that countries should increase educationalsaving, since future increases in output will come at the expense of currentconsumption. Of course, there are other arguments for subsidizing education,particularly for low-income households.第9题b. K/N = (0.15/.075)2 = 4Y/N= (4)1/2=2c. K/N=(0.2/0.075)2 =7.11Y/N=(7.11)1/2=2.67Capital per worker and output per worker increase.第十二章技术进步与增长P266第1题，快速测试a. True.b. True.c. False. I n steady state, there is no growth of output per effective worker.d. True.e. False. The steady-state rate of growth of output per effective worker is zero. A highersaving rate leads to higher steady-state level of capital per effective worker, buthas no effect on the steady-state rate of growth of output per effective worker.f. True.g. False.h. False/Uncertain. Even pessimists about technological progress typically argue that therate of progress will decline, not that it will be zero. Strictly, however, the truthof this statement is uncertain, because we cannot predict the future.i.F alse, rapid growth in China has been due to both increases in technology and increasesin capital.第6题a. i. K/(AN) = (s/(δ+g A+g N))2 = 1ii. Y/(AN)= (K/AN)1/2=1iii. g Y/(AN) = 0iv. g Y/N= g A=4%v. g Y= g A+g N=6%b. i. K/(AN) = (s/(δ+g A+g N))2 = 0.64ii. Y/(AN)= (K/AN)1/2=0.8iii. g Y/(AN) = 0iv. g Y/N= g A=8%v. g Y= g A+g N=10%An increase in the rate of technological progress reduces the steady-state levels of capital and output per effective worker, but increases the rate of growth of output per worker.c. i. K/(AN) = (s/(δ+g A+g N))2 = 0.64ii. Y/(AN)= (K/AN)1/2=0.8iii. g Y/(AN) = 0iv. g Y/N= g A=4%v. g Y= g A+g N=10%People are better off in case a. Given any set of initial values, the level oftechnology is the same in cases (a) and (c), but the level of capital per effectiveworker is higher at every point in time in case (a). Thus, sinceY/N=AY/(AN)=A(K/(AN))1/2=A1/2(K/N)1/2, output per worker is always higher in case(a).第7题a. Probably affects A. Think of climate.b. Affects H and possibly A, if better education improves the fertility of research.c. Affects A. Strong protection tends to encourage more R&D but also to limitdiffusion of technology.d. May affect A through diffusion.e. May affect K, H, and A. Lower tax rates increase the after-tax return oninvestment, and thus tend to lead to more accumulation of K and H and to moreR&D spending.f. If we interpret K as private capital, then infrastructure affects A(e.g., bettertransportation networks may make the economy more productive by reducingcongestion time).g. Assuming no technological progress, a reduction in population growthimplies an increase in the steady-state level of output per worker. Areduction in population growth leads to an increase in capital per worker. Ifthere is technological progress, there is no steady-state level of output perworker. In this case, however, a reduction in population growth implies thatoutput per worker will be higher at every point in time, for any given path oftechnology. See the answer to problem 6(c).第十三章技术进步、短期和长期p288第1题a. False. Productivity growth is unrelated to the natural rate of unemployment. If theunemployment rate is constant, employment grows at same rate as the labor force.b. False.c. True.d. True.e. True.f. True.g. False.h. False第3题An increase in labor productivity has no effect on the natural rate of unemployment, because the wage ultimately rises to capture the added productivity. The increase in the wage also implies that an increase in labor productivity has no permanent effect on inflation. From the price setting equation, P=(1+ m)W/A. If the wage (W) increases by the same proportion as productivity (A), the price level will not change.。
新编英语语法教程(第6版)练习参考答案
新编英语语法教程（第 6 版）第 21 讲练习参考答案Ex. 21A1. I was sorry to learn ⋯2. You will be sad tohear⋯3. They would be very surprised to receive ⋯4. She is happy to havefound ⋯5. I was afraid to go ⋯6. Bob was pleased to hear ⋯7.I am very anxious to meet you.8.We were delighted to receive your telegram.9.You were sensible to stay indoors.10.The clerk was prompt to answer the call.11.This rule is easy to remember.12.We are reluctant to leave this neighbourhood.13.Our house is difficult to heat.14.Are you ready to leave?15.You would be foolish to go out in this weather.16.John is quick to see the point.17.He is very keen to get on.18.We are proud to have him as a friend.19.I was rude not to answer your letter.20.We are happy to have you with us this evening.Ex. 21B1.His decision to resign surprised all of us.2.He showed no inclination to leave.3.Her resolution never to marry baffled all offers of love.4.The City Council approved the proposal to build a new dam on the river.5.Their readiness to accept the peace arrangement really surprised thediplomatic world.6.He refused the invitation to write another article on the subject.7.The people of a country should have the freedom to choose their ownsocial system.8.There is no need for you to start so early.9.I am not under the obligation to render him any financial support.10.They have the ability to wage biological warfare.11.He is not a man to be frightened by the threat of war.12.There are plans to be made at once.13.This is a day never to be forgotten.14.Give me the names of the people to contact.15.The next train to arrive is from Edinburgh.16.The last problem to be considered at our next meeting is how to invest themoney.17.Was Cortes the first European ever to see the Pacific Ocean?18.The best man to see for your eye trouble is the professor of ophthalmology.19.The way to get into the building is to slip in through the kitchen.20.The first man to fly non-stop across the Atlantic was John Alcock.Ex. 21C1.Environmental pollution is a hard problem to be coped with.2.There is no time to lose. We must start at once.3.This is an infectious disease to be wiped out in a few years.4.There was no sound to be heard.5.I ’ ve spent two days here. There is nothing to see.6.This is a good book in which there is much to be learnt.7.This is an item of information not to say to any other people.8.This is a difficult question to answer.9.At the sound of footsteps outside the window, I stole out of the room,but there was nothing to be seen.10.He is a man to be reckoned with.11.She was firm in her refusal to accept his offer of marriage.12.I have accepted the invitation to go to their school for an exchange of experience.13.I need a box to hold the chessmen.14.What is there to be proud of?15.He always thinks that the bed is a good place to read detective stories.16.Every day I have a lot of question to consider.17.The only way to deal with her is not to give an inch.18.She is not a woman to be trifled with.19.My brother was the third person to be interviewed.20.You have left me very little to say.Ex. 21D1.⋯ supposed her to be a widow.2.⋯ felt the plan to be unwise.3.⋯ admit him to be a genius.4.⋯ declared the book to be obscene.5.⋯ found the overhead projector to be invaluable as a teaching aid.6.⋯ thought the film to be highly original.7.⋯ considered the speaker to have overstated his case.8.⋯ showed the man ’ s alibi to be a complete fabrication.9.⋯ assumed the construction of such a building to beimpracticable whereas ⋯ believed it to be perfectly feasible.10.⋯ revealed himself to be a master of the keyboard.11.⋯ knew him to be a man of integrity.12.⋯ discovered ￡20,000 worth of precious stones to be missing.13.⋯ thought it to be impossible ⋯14.⋯ understands it to beimpossible ⋯15.⋯ acknowledge many of their predictions to have been over-optimistic.16.⋯ that their informant was reliable.17.⋯ that the situation is now under control.18.⋯ that it wasunlikely ⋯19.⋯ that it was cruel ⋯20.⋯ that what he said was based on fact.21.⋯ that it was likely ⋯22.⋯ that his long-term optimism was justified.23.⋯ that his party has little chance of ⋯24.⋯ that the ascent had taken nearly five and a half hours.25.⋯ that his evidence had been perjured.26.⋯ that earlier theories were incorrect.27. ⋯ the gain in reserves was / has been ⋯28.⋯ knowing that they had been stolen.29.⋯ that their candidate was unacceptable to them.30.⋯ that its implementation was desirable.Ex. 21Ea) 1. so that it should / might look2.so that there should be3.so as not to get4.so as not to leave5.so that the room should look6.so as to avoid7.so as to have8.so that we should not have9.so as to have10.So that I should not have11.so that it should not get12.so that it should be13.so as not to get14.so as to cover15.so that my arms should not get16.so as not to get17.So that the brush should not get18.so that it may / can be used19.so that it shall not get20.so as to useb) 1. so kind as to invite2.so (that) I was3.so happy that I danced4.to get5.so unfortunate as not to have6.for the snow to be7.so thick as to cover8.cold enough to freeze9.so (that) I had10.so kind as to send11.for it to arrive12.too excited to untie13.so (that) I cut14.for me to wear。
大学英语六级阅读理解及答案
Reading Comprehension for CET 6Passage 1In the 1962 movie Lawrence of Arabia,one scene shows an American newspaper reporter eagerly snapping photos of men looting a sabotaged of the looters,Chief Auda abu Tayi of the Howeitat clan,suddenly notices the camera and snatches I in thishe asks,before smashing it the dismayed reporter,Lawrence explains,He thinks these things will steal his thinks you're a kind of thief.As soon as colonizers and explorers began taking cameras into distant lands,stories began circulating about how indigenous peoples saw them as tools for black ignorant natives may have had a photography first became available,scientists welcomed it as a more objective way of recording faraway societies than early travelers' exaggerated in some ways,anthropological photographs reveal more about the culture that holds the camera than the one that stares into the 1950s and 1960s,many ethnographers sought pure pictures of primitive cultures,routinely deleting modern accoutrements such as clocks and Western paid men and women to re-enact rituals or to pose as members of war or hunting parties,often with little regard for Curtis,the legendary photographer of North American Indians,for example,got one Makah man to pose as a whaler with a spear in 1915--even though the Makah had not hunted whales in a generation.These photographs reinforced widely accepted stereotypes that indigenous cultures were isolated,primitive,and instance,National Geographic magazine's photographs have taught millions of Americans about other Catherine Lutz and Jane Collins point out in their 1993 book Reading National Geographic,the magazine since its founding in 1888 has kept a tradition of presenting beautiful photos that don't challenge white,middle-class American dark-skinned women can be shown without tops,for example,white women's breasts are that could unsettle or disturb,such as areas of the world torn asunder by war or famine,are discarded in favor of those that reassure,to conform with the society's stated pledge to present only kindly visions of foreign result,Lutz and Collins say,is the depiction of an idealized and exotic world relatively free of pain or class conflict.Lutz actually likes National Geographic a read the magazine as a child,and its lush imagery influenced her eventual choice of anthropology as a just thinks that as people look at the photographs of other cultures,they should be alert to the choice of composition and images. main idea of the passage is______________.[A]Photographs taken by Western explorers reflect more Westerners’ perception of the indigenous cultures and the Western values.[B]There is a complicated relationship between the Western explorers and the primitive peoples.[C]Popular magazines such as National Geographic should show pictures of the exotic and idealized worlds to maintain high sales.[D]Anthropologists ask the natives to pose for their pictures,compromising the truthfulness of their pictures.can infer from the passage that early travelers to the native lands often_________.[A]took pictures with the natives[B]gave exaggerated accounts of the native lands[C]ask for pictures from the natives[D]gave the natives clocks and Western dressesauthor mentions the movie Lawrence of Arabia to___________.[A]show how people in the indigenous societies are portrayed by Westerners.[B]illustrate how people from primitive societies see cameras as tools of black magic that steal their virtues.[C]show how anthropologists portray untruthful pictures of native people.[D]show the cruel and barbarian side of the native people.4.“But in some ways,anthropological photographs reveal more about the culture that holds the camera than the one that stares back.”In this sentence,the“one[culture]that stares back”refers to_______.[A]the indigenous culture[B]the Western culture[C]the academic culture[D]the news business culturewhich of the following statements would Catherine Lutz most probably agree[A]Reporters from the Western societies should routinely delete modern elements in pictures taken of the indigenous societies.[B]The primitive cultures are inferior to the more advanced Western culture.[C]The western media are not presenting a realistic picture of the faraway societies.[D]People in the Western news business should try not to challenge the well-established white middle-class values.答案: A B B A CPassage 2The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon,its prevention,or its effective management,much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity.There is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly withpatients,colleagues,insurers,and government.The behaviours under question are multifactorial in are familial,religious,and cultural values that are acquired long before medical example,countries,cultures,and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behaviour are almost a are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is rampant;there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behaviour and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a selection process of medical students might be expected to favour candidates with integrity and positive ethical behaviour—if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in schools should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical there are troubling,if inconclusive,data that suggest that during medical school the ethicalbehaviour of medical students does not necessarily improve;indeed,moral development may actually stop or even regress.The creation of a pervasive institutional culture of integrity is is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day development of a school's culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and ,the school's examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as ,the treatment of infractions must be firm,fair,transparent,and consistent.does the author say about cheating in medical schools[A]Extensive research has been done about this phenomenon.[B]We have sufficient data to prove that prevention is feasible.[C]We are safe to conclude that this phenomenon exists on a grand scale.[D]Reliable data about the extent,prevention and management of the phenomenon is lacking.to the author,it is important to prevent cheating in medical schools because____________.[A]The medical profession is based on trust.[B]There is zero tolerance of cheating in medicine.[C]The medical profession depends on the government.[D]Cheating exists extensively in medical schools.does the author say about the cause(s)of cheating[A]Family,culture and society play an active part.[B]Bad school environment is the leading cause of student cheating.[C]Parents are always to blame for their children’s cheating behaviour.[D]Cheating exists primarily because students learn bad things from TV.to the author,what precautions should medical schools take to prevent students from cheating [A]Medical schools should establish a firm moral standard to weed out applicants with low integrity.[B]Medical schools should make efforts to remedy the ills of a society.[C]Medical schools should teach future doctors integrity and ethical values.[D]There is nothing medical schools can do to improve the ethical behaviour of their students. author will probably agree with which of the following statements[A]Medical schools should make exams easier for the students to alleviate the fierce competition.[B]Prominent figures in the medical institution should create a set of moral standards to be applied in medical schools.[C]Medical students should play an active role in the creation and preservation of a culture of integrity.[D]Those students who cheat in the exams should be instantly expelled from school.答案: D A A C CPassage 3A big focus of the criticism of computer games has concerned the content of the games being the narratives of the games are analyzed they can be seen to fall into some genres. The two genres most popular with the children I interviewed were‘Platformers’ and‘Beat-them-ups.’Platform games such as Sonic and Super Mario involve leaping from platform toplatform,avoiding obstacles,moving on through the levels,and progressing through the different stages of the are the games which have caused concern over their violent games involve fights between animated many ways this violence can be compared to violence within children’ s cartoons where a character is hit over the head or falls of a cliff but walks away unscathed.Controversy has occurred in part because of the intensity of the game play,which is said to spill over into children’ s everyday are worries that children are becoming more violent and aggressive after prolonged exposure to these computer games involves feelings of intense frustration and anger which often expresses itself in aggressive‘yells’ at the is not only the‘Beat-them-up’ games which produce this aggression;platform games are just as frustrating when the characters lose all their‘lives’ and‘die’ just before the end of the level is gaming relies upon intense concentration on the moving images on the screen and demands great hand-to-eye the player loses and the words‘Game over’ appear on the screen,there is annoyance and frustration at being beaten by the computer and at having made an anger and aggression could perhaps be compared to the aggression felt when playing football and you take your eye off the ball and enable the opposition to annoyance experienced when defeated at a computer game is what makes gaming‘addictive’:the player is determined not to make the same mistake again and to have‘one last go’ in the hope of doing better next time.Some of the concern over the violence of computer games has been about children who are unable to tell the difference between fiction and reality and who act out the violent moves of the games in fight on the problem with video games is that they involve children more than television or films and this means there are more implications for their social these games can lead to anti-social behavior,make children aggressive and affect their emotional stability.is the topic of this article[A]How does playing computer games affect the level of violence in children[B]There is no difference between Platform games and‘Beat-Them-Ups’.[C]How to control anger while playing computer games[D]How to make children spend less time on computer gamesof the following games is supposed to contain violent content[A]Sonic[B]Super Mario[C]Platformer[D]Beat-Them-Updoes unscathed(Paragraph 1,Last line)probably mean[A]unsettled[B]unbeaten[C]unharmed[D]unhappyto the second paragraph,how does violence relate to playing computer games[A]When losing computer games children tend to experience frustration and anger.[B]Beat-Them-Ups are more popular with children therefore more likely to produce violent behavior.[C]People who have good hand-eye-coordination tend to be more violent than others.[D]The violent content in the games gets children addicted to the games.to the author,why do video games lead to violence more than TV or movies[A]Because children cannot tell fiction from reality.[B]Because children like to act out the scenes in the games on the playground.[C]Because computer games involve children more than TV or films.[D]Because computer games can produce more anti-social behavior.答案: A D C A CPassage 4In Brazil,the debate over genetically modified organisms,or GMOs, affects mostly soybean is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.Non-governmental organizations(NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions,Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health,their fields and their are not saying that genetic engineering is,in principle,something bad;we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future,said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der is both for health and environmental other question is on we think is that in Brazil,if we approve the GMOs,we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have are selling more to the international market,mostly for Europe and Asia,than we have done in our history,because we are not GMO contaminated.Another opposition group,Action Aid,has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against Aid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed,this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals,which control intellectual property rights over these seeds,he said.Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do,but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be says fears over their usage are the official ban, Dr. Pavan says up to one third of Brazil's soy crop is genetically modified,because GM seed is being smuggled from 's government has invested heavily in a GM project by the . biotech company,Monsanto,but the project was put on ice following a successful court challenge by consumers.The anti-GMO groups are hoping the politicians’ preoccupation with the October presidential election will give them time to gather enough support to defeat any future attempts to legalize genetically altered crops.to the passage,the issue in dispute in Brazil is___________.[A]contamination of the environment by genetically modified crops.[B]Brazil’s standing in the international market[C]the October presidential election[D]the legalization of genetically modified organismsto the passage,Brazil is the world’s_____________soybean producer.[A]largest[B]second largest[C]third largest[D]fourth largestof the following statements is NOT true about NGOs in Brazil[A]They believe genetically modified crops will harm the farmers’ health.[B]They believe genetic engineering is altogether a bad practice.[C]They believe scientific methods should be introduced to ensure GM brings no harm.[D]They believe GMOs will harm Brazil economically.of the following statements is true about the organization called Action Aid[A]They encourage the farmers to produce genetically modified products.[B]They encourage the farmers to depend on themselves for seeds.[C]They strongly support the legalization of genetically modified products.[D]They encourage the farmers to upgrade their farms to bigger ones.does the Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan say about genetically modified products[A]Genetically modified seeds should be banned.[B]Brazil government should crack down on the smuggling of genetically modified seeds.[C]The fear over the use of genetically modified seeds is uncalled for.[D]Consumers should file more law suits to protect their rights.答案: D B B B CPassage 5The Guidford Four,freed last week after spending 15 years in prison for crimes they did not commit,would almost certainly have been executed for the pub bombing they were convicted had the death penalty been in force at the time of their may now be a decent interval before the pro-hanging lobby,which has the support of the Prime Minister,makes another attempt to reintroduce the noose.Reflections along these lines were about the only kind of consolation to be derived from this gross miscarriage of justice which is now to be the subject of a judicial(司法的) the meantime,defense lawyers are demanding compensation and have in mind about half a million pounds for each of their clients.The first three to be Conlon, Armstrong and Richardson-left prison with the 34 pounds which is given to all departing fourth, Hill,was not released immediately but taken to Belfast,where he lodged an appeal against his conviction for the murder of a former British this conviction,too,was based on the now discredited statements allegedly made to the Survey police,he was immediately let out on bail(保释).But he left empty-handed.The immediate reaction to the scandal was renewed demand for the re-examination of the case against the Birmingham Six, who are serving life sentences for pub bombings in that city. Thus far the Home secretary, Mr. Douglas Hurd, is insisting that the two cases are not comparable; that what is now known about the Guilford investigation has no relevance to what happened in Birmingham.Mr. Hurd is right to the extent that there was a small-though flimsy andhotly-contested-amount of crime evidence in the Birmingham disturbing similarity is that the Birmingham Six,like the Guilford Four,claim that police officers lied and fabricated evidence to secure a conviction.Making scapegoats(替罪羊)of a few rogue police officers will not be sufficient to eliminate the Guilford miscarriage of are already demands that the law should be changed;first to make it impossible to convict on“confessions”a lone;and secondly to require that statements from accused persons should only be taken in the presence of an independent third patty to ensure they are not made under punishment.It was also being noted this week that the Guilford Four owe their release more to be persistence of investigative reporters than to the diligence of either the judiciary or the investigative reports-particularly on television-have recently been a particular target for the condemnation of and some of her ministers who seem to think that TV should be muzzled(钳制言论的手段) in the public interest and left to get on with soap operas and quiz shows.word“noose”(Line 7,has the closest meaning to________.[A].death penalty[B].hanging[C].trial[D].punishmentcompensate the miscarriage of justice,the defense lawyers may_________.[A].demand 500,000 pounds for the Guilford Four.[B].demand 500,000 pounds for each of the Guilford Four.[C].demand 1,000,000 pounds for each of the Guilford Four.[D].demand a re-examination of the Birmingham pub bombings.was there a renewed demand for the re-examination of the case against the Birmingham Six[A].The Birmingham Six were believed to have criminal connections with the Guilford Four.[B].The two cases were similar in that both were about pub bombings.[C].The bombings in Birmingham happened at the same time.[D].The Birmingham Six also claimed that there were police malpractice’s in their case.existing law states that________.[A].convictions can be made on confessions and statements taken by police officers from accused persons are valid legal evidence.[B].convictions can’t be made on confessions alone and there should be a third party when taking statements from accused persons.[C].convictions can be made on confessions and a third party should be present when taking statements from accused persons.[D].convictions can’t be made on confessions alone and the statements taken by police officers from accused persons are valid legal evidence.to the article,which of the following parties contributed most to the release of the Guilford Four[A].Reporters[B].Lawyers[C].The police[D].The judiciary答案: B B D A APassage 6The"standard of living"of any country means the average person's share of the goods and services which the country country's standard of living,therefore,depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealth."Wealth"in this sense is not money,for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy:"goods"such as food and clothing,and"services"such as transport and entertainment.A country's capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors,most of which have an effect on one depends to a great extent upon a country's natural resources,such as coal,gold,and other minerals,water supply and so regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals,and have a fertile soil and a favorable climate;other regions possess perhaps only one of these things,and some regions possess none of is one of the wealthiest regions of the world because she has vast natural resources within her borders,her soil is fertile,and her climate is Sahara Desert,on the other hand,is one of the least wealthy.Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to is perhaps as well off as the natural resources,but suffered for many years from civil and external wars,and for this and other reasons to develop her and stable political conditions,and freedom from foreign invasion,enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily,and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well important factor is the technical efficiency of a country's countries that have,through many centuries,trained up numerous skilled craftsmen and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely also produces a country becomes wealthier,its people have a large margin for saving,and can put their savings into factories and machines which will help workers to turn out more goods in their working day.country's wealth depends upon______.,[A].its standard of living[B].its money[C].its ability to provide goods and services[D].its ability to provide transport and entertainmentword"foremost"means______.[A].most importantly[B].firstly[C].largely[D].for the most partmain idea of the second paragraph is that______.[A].a country's wealth depends on many factors[B]].the one of the wealthiest countries in the world[C].the Sahara Desert is a very poor region[D].natural resources are an important factor in the wealth or poverty of a countrythird paragraph mentions some of the advantages which one country may have over another in making use of its many such advantages are mentioned in this paragraph[A].2[B].3[C].4[D].5second Paragraph 3 is______.[A].the main idea of the paragraph[B].an example supporting the main idea of the paragraph[C].the conclusion of the paragraph[D].not related to the paragraph答案:C A A B BPassage 7The productivity of Americans employed in private businesses has productivity of workers in countries such as Japan and Germany is machine tools,on average,are old,relatively inefficient,and rapidly becoming obsolete,whereas those of our competitors overseas,in comparison,are newer and more are no longer the most productive workers in the are no longer the leaders in industrial innovation(革新).We are an immenselywealthy nation of educated men and women who seem to have lost sight of the fact that everything—from the simplest necessities to the finest luxuries—must be produced through our own collective hard have come to expect automatic increases in our collective standard of living,but we seem to have forgotten that these increases are possible only when our productivity continues to grow.One thing that must change is the rate at which we substitute capital equipment for human put,our labor force has increased at a far greater rate than has our stock of capital seem to have forgotten that our past productivity gains,to a large extent,were realized from substitutions of capital for human ,3 times as many robots are listed as capital assets by Japanese firms as by United States firms.There is no doubt that robots will become a common sight in American a new generation of technology,robots will replace factory labor much as the farm tractor replaced the technology has much to offers higher levels of productivity and quality at lower costs;in promises to free men and women from the dull,repetitious toil of the factory,it is likely to have an impact on society comparable to that made by the growth of computer technology. word"obsolete"most probably means_______.[A].weak[B].old[C].new[D].out of dateauthor is anxious about_______.[A].his people no longer taking the lead in industrial innovation[B].his country no longer being a wealthy nation[C].his people forgetting to raise their productivity[D].his country falling behind other industrial nationsto the author,in his country_______..[A].the proportion of labor force to capital investment is quite low[B].the growth rate of labor force should be greater than that of capital investment[C].the productivity increases should be achieved by the increases of labor force[D].capital investment should have increased more rapidly than labor forcefar as the influence on society is concerned,_______.[A].robot technology seems to be much more promising than computer technology[B]puter technology has less to offer than robot technology[C].robot technology can be compared with computer technology[D].robot technology cannot be compared with computer technologypurpose of the author in writing this passage is to show that_______.[A].robots will help increase labor productivity[B].robots will rule American factories[C].robots are cheaper than human laborers[D].robots will finally replace humans in factories答案: D C D C APassage 8Pronouncing a language is a normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language;but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign there are many reasons for this,some obvious,some perhaps not so I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce,and consequently never set about tackling it in the right too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill—one that needs careful training of a special kind,and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of think even teachers of language,while recognizing the importance of a good accent,tend to neglect,in their practical teaching,the branch of study concerned with speaking the the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught;the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this,and should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close ,there should be occasions when other aspects of English,such as grammar or spelling,are allowed for the moment to take second place.Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation,there are two other requirements for the teacher:the first,knowledge;the second,technique.It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary can generally be obtained from is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech,and of what we call general phonetic is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages,between the speech habits of English people and those,say,of your the teacher has such a picture,any comments he may make on his students' pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use,and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time wasted.does the writer actually say about pronouncing foreign languages[A].Only a few people are really proficient.[B].No one is really an expert in the skill.[C].There aren't many people who are even fairly good.[D].There are even some people who are moderately proficient.writer argues that going about the problem of pronunciation in the wrong way is[A].an obvious cause of not grasping the problem correctly[B].a fundamental consequence of not speaking well[C].a consequence of not grasping the problem correctly。
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Chapter 13Exchange Rates, Business Cycles, andMacroeconomic Policy in the Open EconomyLearning ObjectivesI. Goals of Chapter 13A) Two primary aspects of interdependence between economies of different nations1. International trade in goods and services2. Worldwide integration of financial marketsB) Interdependence means that nations are dependent on each other, so policy changes in onecountry may affect other countriesII. Notes to Fifth Edition UsersA) The IEB-IRP model from the first edition of the textbook appears following the answers to theanalytical problems in this instructor’s manualB) A new application, “The Recent Behavior of the Dollar,” was prepared for the textbook butdeleted because of space considerations. It is available following the IEB-IRP model in thisinstructor’s manual and provides graphs showing the fluctuations in the value of the dollaragainst the euro and the yenC) The application “The Asian Crisis” has been deleted, but is available following the applicationon “The Recent Behavior of the Dollar” in this instructor’s manualD) The application on “Policy Coordination Failure and the Collapse of Fixed Exchange Rates:The Cases of Bretton Woods and the EMS” has been has been deleted, but is availablefollowing the application on “The Asian Crisis” in this instructor’s manualE) A new application, “The Yuan,” was prepared for the textbook but deleted because ofspace considerations. It is available following the application “Policy Coordination Failureand the Collapse of Fixed Exchange Rates: The Cases of Bretton Woods and the EMS” in thisinstructor’s manual and provides graphs showing the value of the yuan against the dollar andthe yenF) A new appendix, Appendix 13.A, provides a worked-out numerical exercise for the open-economy IS-LM model280 Abel/Bernanke/Croushore • Macroeconomics, Sixth EditionTeaching NotesI. Exchange Rates (Sec. 13.1)A. Nominal exchange rates1. The nominal exchange rate tells you how much foreign currency you can obtain with oneunit of the domestic currencya. For example, if the nominal exchange rate is 110 yen per dollar, one dollar can beexchanged for 110 yenb. Transactions between currencies take place in the foreign exchange marketc. Denote the nominal exchange rate (or simply, exchange rate) as e nom in units of the foreign currency per unit of domestic currency2. Under a flexible-exchange-rate system or floating-exchange-rate system, exchange rates aredetermined by supply and demand and may change every day; this is the current system formajor currencies3. In the past, many currencies operated under a fixed-exchange-rate system, in whichgovernments determined exchange ratesa. The exchange rates were fixed because the central banks in those countries offered tobuy or sell the currencies at the fixed exchange rateb. Examples include the gold standard, which operated in the late 1800s and early 1900s,and the Bretton Woods system, which was in place from 1944 until the early 1970sc. Even today, though major currencies are in a flexible-exchange-rate system, somesmaller countries fix their exchange ratesB) Real exchange rates1. The real exchange rate tells you how much of a foreign good you can get in exchange forone unit of a domestic good2. If the nominal exchange rate is 110 yen per dollar, and it costs 1100 yen to buy a hamburgerin Tokyo compared to 2 dollars in New York, the price of a U.S. hamburger relative to aJapanese hamburger is 0.2 Japanese hamburgers per U.S. hamburger3. The real exchange rate is the price of domestic goods relative to foreign goods, ore = e nom P/P For (13.1)4. To simplify matters, we’ll assume that each country produces a unique good5. In reality, countries produce many goods, so we must use price indexes to get P and P For6. If a country’s real exchange rate is rising, its goods are becoming more expensive relative tothe goods of the other countryC) Appreciation and depreciation1. In a flexible-exchange-rate system, when e nom falls, the domestic currency has undergone a nominal depreciation (or it has become weaker); when e nom rises, the domestic currency has become stronger and has undergone a nominal appreciation2. In a fixed-exchange-rate system, a weakening of the currency is called a devaluation, astrengthening is called a revaluation3. We also use the terms real appreciation and real depreciation to refer to changes in the realexchange rate Numerical Problem 1 is a simple example of appreciation and depreciation.Chapter 13 Exchange Rates, Business Cycles, and Macroeconomic Policy in the Open Economy 281D) Purchasing power parity1. To examine the relationship between the nominal exchange rate and the real exchange rate,think first about a simple case in which all countries produce the same goods, which arefreely tradeda. If there were no transportation costs, the real exchange rate would have to be e= 1, orelse everyone would buy goods where they were cheaperb. Setting e= 1 in Eq. (13.1) givesP=PFor /enom(13.2)c. This means that similar goods have the same price in terms of the same currency, aconcept known as purchasing power parity, or PPPd. Empirical evidence shows that purchasing power parity holds in the long run but not inthe short run because in reality, countries produce different goods, because some goods aren’t traded, and because there are transportation costs and legal barriers to trade2. When PPP doesn’t hold, using Eq. (13.1), we can decompose changes in the real exchangerate into parts∆e/e=∆enom /enom+∆P/P – ∆PFor/PFor3. This can be rearranged as∆enom /enom=∆e/e+πFor– π (13.3)4. Thus a nominal appreciation is due to a real appreciation or a lower rate of inflation thanin the foreign country5. In the special case in which the real exchange rate doesn’t change, so that ∆e/e= 0, theresulting equation in Eq. (13.3) is called relative purchasing power parity, since nominalexchange rate movements reflect only changes in inflationa. Relative purchasing power parity works well as a description of exchange-ratemovements in high-inflation countries, since in those countries, movements in relativeinflation rates are much larger than movements in real exchange rates6. Box 13.1: McParitya. As a test of the PPP hypothesis, the Economist magazine periodically reports on theprices of Big Mac hamburgers in different countriesb. The prices, when translated into dollar terms using the nominal exchange rate, rangefrom just over $1 in China to over $4 in Switzerland (using 2003 data), so PPP definitelydoesn’t holdc. The hamburger price data forecasts movements in exchange rates(1) Hamburger prices might be expected to converge, so countries in which Big Macsare expensive may have a depreciation, while countries in which Big Macs are cheapmay have an appreciationE) The real exchange rate and net exports1. The real exchange rate (also called the terms of trade) is important because it represents therate at which domestic goods and services can be traded for those produced abroada. An increase in the real exchange rate means people in a country can get more foreigngoods for a given amount of domestic goods2. The real exchange rate also affects a country’s net exports (exports minus imports)a. Changes in net exports have a direct impact on export and import industries in thecountryb. Changes in net exports affect overall economic activity and are a primary channelthrough which business cycles and macroeconomic policy changes are transmittedinternationally282 Abel/Bernanke/Croushore • Macroeconomics, Sixth Edition3. The real exchange rate affects net exports through its effect on the demand for goodsa. A high real exchange rate makes foreign goods cheap relative to domestic goods, sothere’s a high demand for foreign goods (in both countries)b. With demand for foreign goods high, net exports declinec. Thus the higher the real exchange rate, the lower a country’s net exportsData ApplicationHow sensitive are U.S. manufacturing firms to changes in the value of the dollar? LindaGoldberg and Keith Crockett provide an interesting overview of the data in their article “TheDollar and U.S. Manufacturing” in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Current Issues inEconomics and Finance, November 1998.4. The J curvea. The effect of a change in the real exchange rate may be weak in the short run and caneven go the “wrong” wayb. Although a rise in the real exchange rate will reduce net exports in the long run, in theshort run it may be difficult to quickly change imports and exportsc. As a result, a country will import and export the same amount of goods for a time, withlower relative prices on the foreign goods, thus increasing net exportsd. Similarly, a real depreciation will lead to a decline in net exports in the short run and arise in the long rune. This pattern of net exports is known as the J curve (Figure 13.1)Figure 13.15. The analysis in this chapter assumes a time period long enough that the movements alongthe J curve are complete, so that a real depreciation raises net exports and a real appreciationreduces net exportsNumerical Problem 2 gives an example of how a real depreciation can cause net exports to fall.Chapter 13 Exchange Rates, Business Cycles, and Macroeconomic Policy in the Open Economy 283F) Application: The value of the dollar and U.S. net exports1. Our theory suggests that the value of the dollar and U.S. net exports should be inverselyrelated2. Looking at data since the early 1970s, when the world switched to floating exchange rates,confirms the theory, at least in the 1980s (text Figure 13.2)a. From 1980 to 1985 the dollar appreciated and net exports declined sharplyb. The dollar began depreciating in 1985, but it wasn’t until late 1987 that net exportsbegan to rise(1) Initially, economists relied on the J curve to explain the continued decline in netexports with the decline of the dollar(2) But two and one-half years is a long time for the J curve to be in effect(3) A possible explanation for this long lag in the J curve is a change in competitiveness(a) The strength of the dollar for such a long period in the first half of the 1980smeant U.S. firms lost many foreign customers(b) Foreign firms made many inroads into the United States(c) This is known as the “beachhead effect,” because it allowed foreign producersto establish beachheads in the U.S. economy(4) The U.S. real exchange rate and net exports moved in opposite directions from1997 to 2001(a) The strong dollar reduced net exports(b) But a bigger factor was weak growth in foreign economiesII. How Exchange Rates Are Determined: A Supply-and-Demand Analysis (Sec. 13.2)A) What causes changes in the exchange rate?1. To analyze this, we’ll use supply-and-demand analysis, assuming a fixed price level2. Holding prices fixed means that changes in the real exchange rate are matched by changesin the nominal exchange rate3. The nominal exchange rate is determined in the foreign exchange market by supply anddemand for the currency4. Demand and supply are plotted against the nominal exchange rate, just like demand andsupply for any good (Figure 13.2; like text Figure 13.3)Figure 13.2284 Abel/Bernanke/Croushore • Macroeconomics, Sixth Editiona. Supplying dollars means offering dollars in exchange for the foreign currencyb. The supply curve slopes upward, because if people can get more units of foreigncurrency for a dollar, they’ll supply more dollarsc. Demanding dollars means wanting to buy dollars in exchange for the foreign currencyd. The demand curve slopes downward, because if people need to give up a greater amountof foreign currency to obtain one dollar, they’ll demand fewer dollars5. Why do people demand or supply dollars?a. People need dollars for two reasons:(1) To be able to buy U.S. goods and services (U.S. exports)(2) To be able to buy U.S. real and financial assets (U.S. financial inflows)b. These transactions are the two main categories in the balance of payments accounts: thecurrent account and the capital and financial accountc. People want to sell dollars for two reasons:(1) To be able to buy foreign goods and services (U.S. imports)(2) To be able to buy foreign real and financial assets (U.S. financial outflows)6. Factors that increase demand for U.S. exports and assets will increase demand for dollars,shifting the demand curve to the right and increasing the nominal exchange ratea. For example, an increase in the quality of U.S. goods relative to foreign goods will leadto an appreciation of the dollar (Figure 13.3; like text Figure 13.4)Figure 13.3B) In touch with the macroeconomy: Exchange rates1. Trading in currencies occurs around-the-clock, since some market is open in some countryany time of day2. The spot rate is the rate at which one currency can be traded for another immediately3. The forward rate is the rate at which one currency can be traded for another at a fixed datein the future (for example, 30, 90, or 180 days from now)4. A pattern of rising forward rates suggests that people expect the spot rate to be rising in thefutureChapter 13 Exchange Rates, Business Cycles, and Macroeconomic Policy in the Open Economy 285C) Macroeconomic determinants of the exchange rate and net export demand1. Look at how changes in real output or the real interest rate are linked to the exchange rateand net exports, to develop an open-economy IS-LM model2. Effects of changes in output (income)a. A rise in domestic output (income) raises demand for goods and services, includingimports, so net exports declineData ApplicationHow do movements in the value of the dollar affect U.S. firms’ ability to compete internationally?Data and analysis of this issue are provided by Thomas Klitgaard and James Orr in their article“Evaluating the Price Competitiveness of U.S. Exports,” Federal Reserve Bank of New York,Current Issues in Economics and Finance, February 1998.Analytical Problem 4 looks at the effects of a supply shock on net exports.b. To increase purchases of imports, people must sell the domestic currency to buy foreigncurrency, increasing the supply of foreign currency, which reduces the exchange ratec. The opposite occurs if foreign output (income) rises(1) Domestic net exports rise(2) The exchange rate appreciates3. Effects of changes in real interest ratesa. A rise in the domestic real interest rate (with the foreign real interest rate held constant)causes foreigners to want to buy domestic assets, increasing the demand for domesticcurrency and raising the exchange rateb. The rise in the exchange rate leads to a decline in net exportsc. The opposite occurs if the foreign real interest rate rises(1) Domestic net exports rise(2) The exchange rate depreciatesD) Summary Table 16: Determinants of the exchange rate (real or nominal)1. A rise in domestic output (income) or the foreign real interest rate causes the exchange rateto fall2. A rise in foreign output (income), the domestic real interest rate, or the world demand fordomestic goods causes the exchange rate to riseE) Summary Table 17: Determinants of net exports1. A rise in domestic output (income) or the domestic real interest rate causes net exportsto fall2. A rise in foreign output (income), the foreign real interest rate, or the world demand fordomestic goods causes net exports to riseIII. The IS-LM Model for an Open Economy (Sec. 13.3)A) Only the IS curve is affected by having an open economy instead of a closed economy; the LMcurve and FE line are the same1. Note that we don’t use the AD-AS model because we need to know what happens to the realinterest rate, which has an important impact on the exchange rate2. The IS curve is affected because net exports are part of the demand for goods3. The IS curve remains downward sloping4. Any factor that shifts the closed-economy IS curve shifts the open-economy IS curve in thesame way286 Abel/Bernanke/Croushore • Macroeconomics, Sixth Edition5. Factors that change net exports (given domestic output and the domestic real interest rate)shift the IS curvea. Factors that increase net exports shift the IS curve up and to the rightb. Factors that decrease net exports shift the IS curve down and to the leftB) The open-economy IS curve1. The goods-market equilibrium condition isS d – I d=NX (13.4)a. This means that desired foreign lending must equal foreign borrowingb. Equivalently,Y =C d+I d+G + NX (13.5)c. This means the supply of goods equals the demand for goods and is derived using thedefinition of national saving, S d=Y – C d – G2. Plotting S d – I d and NX illustrates goods-market equilibrium (Figure 13.4; like text Figure 13.5)Figure 13.4a. Net exports can be positive or negativeb. The net export curve slopes downward, because a rise in the real interest rate increasesthe real exchange rate and thus reduces net exportsc. The S – I curve slopes upward, because a rise in the real interest rate increases desirednational saving and reduces desired investmentd. Equilibrium occurs where the curves intersectChapter 13 Exchange Rates, Business Cycles, and Macroeconomic Policy in the Open Economy 2873. To get the open-economy IS curve, we need to see what happens when domestic outputchanges (Figure 13.5; like text Figure 13.6)Figure 13.5a. Higher output increases saving, so the S – I curve shifts to the rightb. Higher output reduces net exports, so the NX curve shifts to the leftc. The new equilibrium occurs at a lower real interest rate, so the IS curve is downwardslopingC) Factors that shift the open-economy IS curve1. Any factor that raises the real interest rate that clears the goods market at a constant level ofoutput shifts the IS curve up and to the righta. An example is a temporary increase in government purchases (Figure 13.6; like textFigure 13.7)Figure 13.6b. The rise in government purchases reduces desired national saving, shifting the S – Icurve to the left, shifting the IS curve up and to the rightc. Anything that reduces desired national saving relative to investment shifts the IS curveup and to the right288 Abel/Bernanke/Croushore • Macroeconomics, Sixth Edition2. Anything that raises a country’s net exports, given domestic output and the domestic realinterest rate, will shift the open-economy IS curve up and to the right (Figure 13.7; like textFigure 13.8)Figure 13.7a. The increase in net exports is shown as a shift to the right in the NX curveb. This raises the real interest rate for a fixed level of output, shifting the IS curve up and tothe rightc. Three things could increase net exports for a given level of output and real interest rate(1) An increase in foreign output, which increases foreigners’ demand for domesticexports(2) An increase in the foreign real interest rate, which makes people want to buy foreignassets, causing the exchange rate to depreciate, which in turn causes net exports to rise(3) A shift in worldwide demand toward the domestic country’s goods, for example, asoccurs if the quality of domestic goods improvesAnalytical Problem 1 looks at the effect of trade barriers that reduce imports.3. Summary Table 18: International factors that shift the IS curvea. An increase in foreign output, the foreign real interest rate, or the demand for domesticgoods relative to foreign goods all shift the IS curve up and to the rightD) The international transmission of business cycles1. The impact of foreign economic conditions on the real exchange rate and net exports is oneof the principal ways by which cycles are transmitted internationally2. What would be the effect on Japan of a recession in the United States?a. The decline in U.S. output would reduce demand for Japanese exports, shifting theJapanese IS curve down and to the leftb. In a Keynesian model, or in the classical misperceptions model, this leads to recession inJapanc. In a classical (RBC) model, the decline in net exports wouldn’t affect Japanese output3. A similar effect could occur because of a shift in preferences (or trade restrictions) forJapanese goodsIV. Macroeconomic Policy in an Open Economy with Flexible Exchange Rates (Sec. 13.4)A) Two key questions1. How do fiscal and monetary policies affect a country’s real exchange rate and net exports?2. How do the macroeconomic policies of one country affect the economies of other countries?B) Three steps in analyzing these questions1. Use the domestic economy’s IS-LM diagram to see the effects on domestic output and thedomestic real interest rate2. See how changes in the domestic real interest rate and output affect the exchange rate andnet exports3. Use the foreign economy’s IS-LM diagram to see the effects of domestic policy on foreignoutput and the foreign real interest rateC) A fiscal expansion1. Look at a temporary increase in domestic government purchases using the classical (RBC)modela. The rise in government purchases shifts the IS curve up and to the right and the FE lineto the right (Figure 13.8; like text Figure 13.9)Figure 13.8b. The LM curve shifts up and to the left to restore equilibrium as the price level risesc. Both the real interest rate and output rise in the domestic countryd. Higher output reduces the exchange rate, while a higher real interest rate increases theexchange rate, so the effect on the exchange rate is ambiguouse. Higher output and a higher real interest rate both reduce net exports, supporting the twindeficits ideaNumerical Problems 3 and 4 illustrate the effects of an increase in government purchases on the exchange rate and net exports.2. How do these changes affect a foreign country’s economy?a. The decline in net exports for the domestic economy means a rise in net exports for theforeign country, so the foreign country’s IS curve shifts up and to the rightb. In the classical model, the LM curve shifts up and to the left as the price level rises to restoreequilibrium, thus raising the foreign real interest rate, but foreign output is unchangedc. In a Keynesian model, the shift of the IS curve would give the foreign country higheroutput temporarily3. In either the classical or Keynesian model, a temporary increase in domestic governmentpurchases raises domestic income (temporarily) and the domestic real interest rate, as in aclosed economya. It also reduces domestic net exports, so government spending crowds out bothinvestment and net exportsb. The effect on the exchange rate is ambiguousc. The foreign real interest rate and price level rised. In the Keynesian model, foreign output rises temporarilyD) A monetary contraction1. Look at a reduction in the domestic money supply in a Keynesian model2. Short-run effects on the domestic and foreign economies (Figure 13.9; like text Figure 13.10)Figure 13.9a. The domestic LM curve shifts up and to the leftb. In the short run, domestic output is lower and the real interest rate is higherc. The exchange rate appreciates, because lower output reduces demand for imports, thusreducing the supply of the domestic currency to the foreign exchange market, andbecause a higher real interest rate increases demand for the domestic currencyd. How are net exports affected?(1) The decline in domestic income reduces domestic demand for foreign goods,tending to increase net exports(2) The rise in the real interest rate leads to an appreciation of the domestic currency andtends to reduce net exports(3) Following the J curve analysis, assume the latter effect is weak in the short run, sothat net exports increasee. How is the foreign country affected?(1) Since domestic net exports increase, foreign net exports must decrease, shifting theforeign IS curve down and to the left(2) Output and the real interest rate in the foreign country decline(3) So a domestic monetary contraction leads to recession abroad3. Long-run effects on the domestic and foreign economiesa. In the long run, wages and prices in the domestic economy decline and the LM curvereturns to its original positionb. All real variables, including net exports and the real exchange rate, return to theiroriginal levelsc. As a result, the foreign IS curve returns to its original level as welld. Thus there is no long-run effect on any real variables, either domestically or abroade. This result holds in the long run in the Keynesian model, but it holds immediately inthe classical (RBC) model; monetary contraction affects only the price level even in the short runf. Though a monetary contraction doesn’t affect the real exchange rate, it does affect thenominal exchange rate because of the change in the domestic price levelg. Since enom =ePFor/P, the decline in P raises the nominal exchange rate by the samepercentage as the decline in the price level and the money supplyAnalytical Problem 2 uses a classical model to show what happens to capital flows in a classical model with circumstances similar to those of the United States in the 1980s.V. Fixed Exchange Rates (Sec. 13.5)A) Fixed-exchange-rate systems are important historically1. The United States has been on a flexible-exchange-rate system since the early 1970s2. But fixed exchange rates are still used by many countries3. There are two key questions we’d like to answera. How does the use of a fixed-exchange-rate system affect an economy andmacroeconomic policy?b. Which is the better system, flexible or fixed exchange rates?B) Fixing the exchange rate1. The government sets the exchange rate, perhaps in agreement with other countries2. What happens if the official rate differs from the rate determined by supply and demand?a. Supply and demand determine the fundamental value of the exchange rate (Figure 13.10;like text Figure 13.11)Figure 13.10b. When the official rate is above its fundamental value, the currency is said to beovervaluedc. The country could devalue the currency, reducing the official rate to the fundamentalvalued. The country could restrict international transactions to reduce the supply of its currencyto the foreign exchange market, thus raising the fundamental value of the exchange rate(1) If a country prohibits people from trading the currency at all, the currency is said tobe inconvertiblee. The government can supply or demand the currency to make the fundamental valueequal to the official rate(1) If the currency is overvalued, the government can buy its own currency(a) This is done by the nation’s central bank using its official reserve assets to buythe domestic currency in the foreign exchange market(b) Official reserve assets include gold, foreign bank deposits, and special assetscreated by agencies like the International Monetary Fund(c) The decline in official reserve assets is equal to a country’s balance of paymentsdeficitData ApplicationAn interesting examination of intervention by the U.S. government in the foreign exchange market is reported by Michael T. Belongia, “Foreign Exchange Intervention by the United States: A Review and Assessment of 1985–89,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review,May/June 1992, pp. 32–51. Intervention appears to be more successful (there’s a larger changein the exchange rate) when both the Federal Reserve and a foreign central bank intervene on the same day.。