英语论文翻译
机械类英语论文及翻译翻译
High-speed millingHigh-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.1 One of the advantages of high-speed machiningHigh-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.1.1 Increase productivityHigh-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface qualityHigh-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.1.3 Cutting reduce the heatBecause the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled partsHigh-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the company's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processingHigh-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of ahardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs .High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.2 High-speed millingHigh-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements.2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machiningGeneral use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 ~ 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magneticbearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled.High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 ~ 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.2.2 High-speed machining toolHigh-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 ℃ would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting toolHRC35 ~ 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC <5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 ~ 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.2.3 High-speed processing technologyHigh-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fullyplay its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.3 Die in high-speed milling processing ofMilling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,inMould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~ 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basicmeans of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology;(5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.5 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently,such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it e nter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further .5.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realizethe inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.。
英语议论文范文带翻译
英语议论文范文带翻译As we all know, English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. It is the official language of many countries and is also widely used as a second language in many others. English plays a crucial role in international communication, business, science, and technology. Therefore, it is important for us to master English and be able to express our opinions and ideas effectively in this language.英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一，它是许多国家的官方语言，并且在许多其他国家也被广泛用作第二语言。
英语在国际交流、商业、科学和技术领域起着至关重要的作用。
因此，我们掌握英语，能够有效地用这种语言表达我们的观点和想法非常重要。
When writing an English argumentative essay, it is important to have a clear thesis statement that presents your main argument. This thesis statement should be supported by evidence and examples to strengthen your argument. It is also important to consider the opposing viewpoints and address them in a respectful and persuasive manner.在写英语议论文时，重要的是要有一个清晰的论点陈述，表达你的主要论点。
英语小论文翻译
一、英文原文Compensation of temperature drift of MEMSgyroscope using BP neural networkQintuo Zhang，Zhenfan Tan，Lidong GuoCollege f AutomationHarbin Engineering universityNantong Street 145，Harbin，Heilongjiang,China Abstract:In order to solve the temperature change on the impact of MEMS gyroscope output, through self-development MEMS IMU temperature test, we used BP neural network to predict the temperature drift of MEMS gyroscope and compensation it. After using BP neural network to compensate three gyroscopes, we compared the results with the traditional least-squares method that the output error variance respectively reduced from 0.4242, 0.3506 and 0.4335 to 0.0758, 0.1024 and 0.1122. The results indicate the correctness and validity of the method, so as to offer a new method to improve the performance of MEMS gyroscope .Keywords:MEMS Gyroscope; BP Neural Network; Temperature DriftI. INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, a promising technology, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) based inertial sensors has been developed[9], however, due to the small size and weight of it, the performance characteristics are highly dependent on the temperature variations[1]. Due to the production process and other reasons, the gyroscope frequency or AGC are tested to simulate MEMS gyroscope temperature changes, which inevitably bring additional error [2-3]. We researched on ADXL150 MEMS gyroscope made by Analog Devices Inc, and which can give the temperature, while its sensitivity is only information of it, the temperature coefficient is 8.4mv/°necessary a nd practical to compensate temperature drift 12.5mv/°/s. Therefore, it’sthrough temperature test. Some researchers focuses on the impact of temperature on the MEMS gyroscope zero bias, in which the zero bias voltage is converted to angular rate value, but it is not clear how to select the scale factor with temperature changes[4]; Reference[5] shows temperature impact on scale factor is not as important as on zero bias of gyroscope; Reference[7] presents the system identification of MEMS vibratory gyroscope designed by JPL, and analyze gyroscope error through changing structural resonant frequency made by temperature. In this paper, BP neural network was used to predict temperature drift of gyroscope, through in-hand MEMS IMU temperature test, the results show that the method is obviously superior to the traditional least-squares method.II. METHODOLOGYA. Temperature Character of MEMS GyroscopeFirst, with the change of temperature, changes of microstructure of gyroscope mainly two kinds: the change in size and change in material elastic modulus. Because change in size with temperature has little effect on the performance of gyroscope, heremainly discuss the elastic modulus changes.Changes in elastic modulus will change the system stiffness, the resonant frequency of the gyroscope will change with the system stiffness. Therefore, temperature changes will lead to resonant frequency drift.Elastic modulus varies with temperature linearly as follows[8]:Where E(T) , E0 is elastic modulus for the silicon material at temperature of T and 0 T respectively.System stiffness is proportional to elastic modulus:Where K , K0 is system stiffness at temperature of T and T0 respectively.We can get the formula between resonant frequency of gyroscope with temperature as follows:Where Wn（T）is resonant frequency of gyroscope at temperatureT .Change of resonant frequency of gyroscope impact on the driven mode and test mode of it, so we can get the output of driven axis:Where y(t) is output of driven axis and F is driven force[5].B. BP Neural NetworktheMinsky and Papert showed a two layer feed-forward network which can overcome many restrictions, but did not present a solution to the problem of how to adjust the weights from input to hidden units in 1969. An answer to this question was presented by Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams in 1986, and similar solutions appeared to have been published earlier. The central idea behind this solution is that the errors for the units of the hidden layer are determined by back-propagating the errors of the units of the output layer. For this reason the method is often called the back-propagation learning rule. Back-propagation can also be considered as a generalization of the delta rule for non-linear activation functions and multilayer networks.A feed-forward network has a layered structure. Each layer consists of units which receive their input from units from a layer directly below and send their output to units in a layer directly above the unit. There are no connections within a layer.Multi-layer neural network model using BP algorithm is commonly known as the BP algorithm. Multi-layer model topology is shown as Fig.1. Network consists of input layer, hidden layer and output layer nodes. Hidden layer can also be multi-layer, the former layer after layer of nodes to connect through the connection weights, that is, topological structure of directed acyclic graph feed-forward network.III. TEST SETUPBefore In this paper, a self-development MEMS IMU(Fig.2) was chosen for the trial, in which gyroscope is ADXRS150, its performance shows as Table I. Three gyroscopes were installed orthogonally as shown in Fig.3. As temperature of gyroscope is not the temperature of environment, so temperature in this paper is the internal temperature of gyroscope, which was got by data acquisition circuit. At the same time, impact of temperature on scale factor of every gyroscope was negligible. We obtained scale factors of MEMS gyroscopes installed in each axis through calibration tests , which are x k = 11.9665mv/ ° / s, y k = 11.8281 mv / ° / s and z k = 12.1239 mv / °/ s. We put the entire MEMS IMU into temperature chamber with the environment temperature was changed from -20 ° C to 20 °C[6]. In order to make the gyroscopes temperature close to environment temperature, we began to record data 30 minutes after the system started.Figure 1. Multi-layer Forward BP NetworkTABLE I Specifications for ADXRS150 gyroFigure 2. MEMS IMUFigure 3.Installment of MEMS gyroscopesIV. TEST RESULTSBefore using BP neural network, Here we first give three gyroscopes output varies time as show in Fig.4temperature versus time curve as shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6 shows gyroscope’s output varies with temperature.Figure 4. Gyroscope outputFigure 5.Temperature vs.timeTemprature/degCFigure 6. Gyroscope output vs. TemperatureWe used a single hidden layer design in this article. In the MATLAB neural network toolbox, we apply the function newff to establish BP network. Network transfer function of hidden layer neurons using symmetric tangent function tansig, and the output layer neurons use a linear function of the transfer function purelin, this is because w e must first return a handle, and a linear function of the network just to meet the output requirements. Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for network training is corresponds to trainlm function in MATLAB toolbox. Here are some parameters we chose in BP neural network prediction.a) Largest training times 1000b) 3 training targets 0.001c) Shows number of train travel stack 100d) The number of hidden layer neurons 6BP neural network prediction is shown below as Fig .7, where the blue line represents the gyroscopes origin output, while green line represents p rediction of it. The three gyroscopes forecast error variances are as follows: 0.0758, 0.1024 and 0.1122.To illustrate the superiority of this method, here we give the results forecasted by traditional least-squares method as Fig.8 shows. Here we chose second –degree polynomial. In Fig.8, blue line represents outputs of gyroscopes and green line represents p rediction of least-squares. T hree gyroscopes forecast error variance are 0.4242, 0.3506 and 0.4335 respectively.Temperature/degCFigure 7. Forecast curve of BP neural networkTemprature/degCFigure8. Least-squares curveV. CONCLUSIONSTemperature has a great impact on zero-bias of MEMS gyroscope, and is showing a non-linear characteristic. This paper presents a BP neural network to forecasting the temperature drift. Test proved that the neural network can compensate t emperature drift effectively, with the use of neural network training data, gyroscope and temperature data was directly input to the neural network, and then output data would be gotten. Through the neural network model, high precision simulation models could be out. The whole process is stable, relatively fast speed, and finally the results compared with traditional least-squares m ethod, the estimation error variance from the gyroscope reduced from 0.4242, 0.3506 and 0.4335 to 0.0758, 0.1024 and 0.1122. Through the software compensation method, the method can successfully reduce the temperature drift of the gyroscope. Deficiency is that the text does not consider the scale factor affected by temperature as well as gyro temperature drift characteristics in dynamic cases.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors would like to thank Beijing Aerospace Control Instrument Research Institute for providing temperature chamber as well as hardware interfaces to collect test data given in this paper.二、英文翻译基于BP神经网络算法的MEMS陀螺仪的温度漂移补偿谭振藩，张勤拓，郭立冬自动化学院哈尔滨工程大学南通街145号，哈尔滨，黑龙江，中国摘要：为了解决温度变化对MEMS陀螺仪输出的影响，通过对自主开发的MEMS IMU的温度测试，我们使用BP神经网络对MEMS陀螺仪的温度漂移进行补偿。
英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）
英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，小编整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！英语作文范文带中文翻译Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular, everyyear,wecanseeman yhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’spassedyouth.Peopleliketorec alltheirpassedyouth, whichmakessuchmoviessellgood.ButIfindthecommonthingsabo utthesemovies,alltheprotagonists’youthareaboutfighting,loveandothernegativethin gs.Iunderstandthedirectors’intention,they wanttotellpeopleyouthisnotperfectandhav ingpities.Ofcoursemovieisexaggerating,therealyouthisaboutstudying,atleast,mostp eoplehaveworkedsohardtogetintotheiridealcolleges.Whatthemoviesdescribemakeup somepeople’syouth,forwhichtheydon’thavethechancetoexperienc e.Weshouldnot bemisledbythesemovies,fortheteenagers,theirjobistostudy,sothattheycanhaveabright future.【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。
英文论文翻译软件
英文论文翻译软件
目前市面上有很多英文论文翻译软件可供选择。
以下是几个常见的英文论文翻译软件：
1. Google翻译： Google翻译是一个免费在线翻译工具，可以翻译多种语言，包括英语。
它使用机器翻译技术，可以快速翻译大量文本。
然而，由于机器翻译的限制，有时会出现语法和语义错误。
2. DeepL：DeepL是一种基于神经网络的翻译软件，具有较高的翻译质量。
它可以翻译多种语言，包括英语。
DeepL能够更好地理解上下文，提供更准确的翻译。
它提供了免费和付费版本。
3. 百度翻译：百度翻译是一种免费在线翻译工具，提供多种语言翻译，包括英语。
它使用机器翻译和统计翻译方法，能够提供基本的翻译服务。
然而，由于机器翻译的限制，翻译质量可能有限。
总的来说，这些英文论文翻译软件提供了便捷的翻译服务，但在翻译质量和准确性方面可能存在一定的限制。
对于重要的论文翻译，仍然建议寻求专业翻译服务或母语人士的协助，以确保最准确和流畅的翻译结果。
机械类英语论文及翻译
Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design ；Rules for Design ；Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fullyto display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whetherdone formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to thesuitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of thematerial, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved.This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainlycannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.外文论文翻译译文机械设计摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。
毕业论文英语翻译及原文
=H（ - ）（1）
respectively, the expression can be easily gained as follows
Then, the relation equation between the two baseline vectors is expressedas
There are two steps in the GPS observation data processing course. They are baseline calculationand network adjustment. The baseline vectors in WGS-84 can be firstly got using baseline calculation.Secondly, the baseline vector transformation from WGS-84 to the station orthogonal coordinatesystem can be done with (3). At last, the adjustment of GPS deformatihestation orthogonal coordinate system can be successfully finished.
If the position vector of the station orthogonal coordinate system originP0inWGS-84 isexpressed as = , according to thegeodetic latitude and longitude（ ， ）, theposition vector
机械类英语论文及翻译
机械类英语论文及翻译Mechanical design involves the n of machines。
which are composed of mechanisms and other components that can transform and transmit ___ machines include engines。
turbines。
vehicles。
hoists。
printing presses。
washing machines。
and ___ and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to ___。
the term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design.When ___。
___ to take into account。
The n and structural aspects of the device。
as well as the ___。
___ apply not only to machines but also to other mechanical devices。
such as switches。
cams。
valves。
vessels。
and mixers.Mechanical design is a critical field in ___ disciplines。
It plays an essential role in the ___ the success of a mechanical design project。
it is essential to follow a set of rules for design。
议论文英语翻译
议论文英语翻译Discussion Paper: Climate Change and Its Impact on the EnvironmentIntroductionClimate change is a pressing issue that has garnered significant attention and concern globally. It refers to long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns, primarily caused by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. This paper aims to discuss the impact of climate change on the environment, highlighting its consequences and potential strategies to mitigate its effects.Impact on EcosystemsClimate change poses a significant threat to ecosystems around the world. Rising temperatures alter the delicate balance of ecosystems, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and habitat destruction. Many species are unable to adapt to the rapid changes in their environment, leading to their extinction. Furthermore, the melting of polar ice caps due to global warming threatens marine life, as it reduces the availability of suitable habitats for various species. The loss of biodiversity has far-reaching implications for human society, as it disrupts the intricate web of life on which we depend for food, water, and other essential resources.Impact on Natural DisastersClimate change also contributes to an increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters. Warmer temperatures lead to the melting of glaciers and ice caps, which, in turn, leads to rising sea levels. As a result, coastal areas become more vulnerable toflooding and storm surges. Furthermore, higher temperatures contribute to the formation of more severe hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones. These extreme weather events cause immense damage to infrastructure and human settlements, displacing communities and resulting in economic losses.Impact on AgricultureChanges in climate patterns have a significant impact on agricultural productivity. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events can lead to crop failures and reduced yields. This poses a serious threat to food security, particularly in developing countries where agriculture is a key source of livelihood. Moreover, climate change also affects livestock and aquaculture, resulting in reduced production and increased vulnerability to diseases. The impact on agriculture not only affects the availability of food but also has socio-economic implications for rural communities and global economic stability. Mitigation StrategiesTo mitigate the effects of climate change, it is crucial to adopt sustainable practices and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, afforestation and reforestation efforts can help absorb excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and protect natural habitats. Promoting energy efficiency in industries, transportation, and buildings can also contribute to reducing emissions. International cooperation is essential in developing and implementing these strategies, as climate change is a global issue that requires a collective effort.ConclusionIn conclusion, climate change has wide-ranging and profound effects on the environment, ecosystems, natural disasters, and agriculture. It is imperative that immediate actions are taken to address these challenges through sustainable practices and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This requires global cooperation and a commitment to preserving our planet for future generations. By taking proactive measures, we can mitigate the impacts of climate change and work towards a more sustainable future.。
英语毕业论文翻译方向
英语毕业论文翻译方向The Direction of Translation for English Graduation ThesisTranslation is an essential aspect of cross-cultural communication, and it plays a significant role in promoting mutual understanding and cooperation between different nations. English graduation thesis translation is a specific area of translation that requires specialized skills and techniques in order to effectively convey the meanings and intentions of the original text. In this paper, we will explore the direction of translation for English graduation thesis.Firstly, English graduation thesis translation should prioritize accuracy and faithfulness to the original text. It is crucial for the translator to fully comprehend the content and context of the original thesis to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the translation. The translation should faithfully reflect the author's ideas, arguments, and findings, without introducing any unnecessary interpretations or biases. This requires a deep understanding of the subject matter and academic conventions. Secondly, English graduation thesis translation should consider the target audience. Translating a thesis involves adapting the language and style to suit the target readers, who may have different academic backgrounds and cultural contexts. The translator should carefully consider the level of formality, technicality, and clarity required in the translation, ensuring that it is understandable and accessible to the intended readership. Adapting the language appropriately is crucial to facilitate effective communication and comprehension.Thirdly, English graduation thesis translation should maintain the original structure and organization of the text. A thesis typically follows a particular structure, including an introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. The translator should ensure that the translated thesis follows the same logical flow and organization, allowing readers to navigate and comprehend the content seamlessly. This requires careful attention to detail and meticulous editing to ensure coherence and consistency.Lastly, English graduation thesis translation should be conducted with professionalism and ethical considerations. Translators should comply with ethical guidelines, such as respecting the original author's intellectual property rights and maintaining confidentiality. It is important to cite and reference the original work accurately to avoid any potential plagiarism issues. The translator should also ensure the accuracy of citations and references, as this is crucial for the credibility and academic integrity of the translated thesis.To summarize, the direction of translation for English graduation thesis should prioritize accuracy, consider the target audience, maintain the original structure, and be conducted with professionalism and ethical considerations. By adhering to these principles, translators can effectively convey the meanings and intentions of the original text, facilitating cross-cultural communication and promoting academic exchange.。
英语作文议论文带翻译
英语作文议论文带翻译英文回答：1. The advent of the internet and the proliferation of social media have revolutionized the way we communicate and connect with each other. However, this digital revolution has also brought forth a plethora of challenges, one of which is the rampant spread of misinformation. Misinformation, defined as false or inaccurate information that is unintentionally spread, has become an insidious threat to our society, eroding trust, polarizing communities, and undermining informed decision-making.2. The spread of misinformation is facilitated by a number of factors. The anonymity of the internet allows individuals to disseminate false information without fear of retribution. Moreover, the algorithms used by social media platforms often prioritize engagement and virality over accuracy, leading to the amplification and spread of misinformation. Additionally, the confirmation bias that weall possess, which is the tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing beliefs, further contributes to the spread of misinformation.3. The consequences of misinformation are far-reaching and severe. Misinformation can have a detrimental impact on public health, as evidenced by the spread of false information about vaccines and the COVID-19 pandemic. It can also lead to political polarization, as individuals who are exposed to misinformation may become entrenched in their views and less likely to consider alternative perspectives. Furthermore, misinformation can undermine trust in institutions and experts, making it difficult to address complex societal challenges.4. Addressing the challenge of misinformation requires a multi-faceted approach. Media literacy initiatives are essential to equip individuals with the skills to critically evaluate information and identify misinformation. Social media platforms must also take responsibility for combating misinformation by implementing stricter fact-checking mechanisms and promoting credible sources. Additionally, governments can play a role by supporting research on misinformation and developing policies that encourage transparency and accountability.5. Combating misinformation is not just about protecting ourselves from false information; it is about protecting our democracy and preserving the integrity of our collective knowledge. In an era where information is more accessible than ever before, it is more important than ever to be discerning consumers of information and to promote a culture of critical thinking and evidence-based decision-making.中文回答：1. 互联网的兴起和社交媒体的普及彻底改变了我们交流和联系的方式。
英语议论文范文带翻译
英语议论文范文带翻译In the modern era, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, and its influence on education is profound and multifaceted. The integration of technology in classrooms has transformed the way teachers teach and students learn. It has opened up new avenues for interactive and personalized learning experiences that were previously unimaginable.Firstly, the use of educational technology, such as interactive whiteboards and tablets, has made learning more engaging for students. These tools allow for dynamic presentations and real-time interaction, which can cater to different learning styles and pace of understanding.Secondly, online learning platforms have democratized education by providing access to a wealth of knowledge and resources to students regardless of their geographical location. This has been particularly beneficial for students in remote areas who previously had limited educational opportunities.Thirdly, the advent of artificial intelligence in education has introduced adaptive learning systems that can tailor the learning experience to the individual needs of each student. These systems analyze student performance and adjust the difficulty level and pace of learning accordingly, ensuring that no student is left behind.However, it is also important to acknowledge the challenges that come with the integration of technology in education. Issues such as digital divide, where some students lack access to necessary technological resources, and concerns over student privacy and data security, need to be addressed.In conclusion, while the integration of technology in education presents challenges, its benefits in enhancing the learning experience and providing equal opportunities for all students are undeniable. As we move forward, it is crucial to find a balance that maximizes the advantages of technology while mitigating its potential drawbacks.在现代社会，科技已经成为我们日常生活不可或缺的一部分，它对教育的影响深远且多方面。
毕业论文英语翻译
Title: English Translation ofGraduation ThesisAbstract:1. IntroductionThe introduction section provides a background to thetopic of English translation of graduation theses. Itoutlines the purpose of the study, the research questions,and the significance of the topic. [Please note: This section is a placeholder for the introduction and should be filled in the author.]1.1 BackgroundGraduation theses represent the culmination of astudent's academic journey, often showcasing their research skills and knowledge in a specific field. With the increasing globalization of education, there is a growing need for these theses to be translated into English to reach a wider audience. This section will discuss the reasons behind this need and the challenges associated with the translation process.1.2 Purpose of the Study1.3 Research QuestionsWhat are the main challenges faced translators when translating graduation theses?What are the most effective methodologies and tools for ensuring the quality of translated graduation theses?1.4 Significance of the StudyThe findings of this study will contribute to the understanding of the translation process in the academic context. It will provide insights for translators, researchers, and educators on how to improve the quality and accessibility of translated graduation theses.2. Literature ReviewThis section reviews existing literature on the topic of English translation of graduation theses. It includes studies on translation theory, the challenges of translating academic texts, and the role of cultural adaptation in translation. [Please note: This section is a placeholder for theliterature review and should be filled in the author.]3. MethodologyThis section describes the research methodology employed in the study. It includes the data collection process, the participants, and the tools used for analysis. [Please note: This section is a placeholder for the methodology and should be filled in the author.]3.1 Data CollectionDescription of the data collection methods used (e.g., surveys, interviews, case studies)Information on the participants involved in the study3.2 Data AnalysisExplanation of the analytical techniques used (e.g., qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis)Description of the tools and software employed for data analysis4. Results5. DiscussionThe discussion section interprets the results in the context of the existing literature and theories. It explores the implications of the findings for translators, researchers, and educators, and suggests areas for future research. [Please note: This section is a placeholder for thediscussion and should be filled in the author.]6. ConclusionThe conclusion summarizes the key findings of the study and reiterates the importance of accurate and culturally sensitive translation of graduation theses. It alsohighlights the limitations of the study and suggestsdirections for future research. [Please note: This section is a placeholder for the conclusion and should be filled in the author.]ReferencesThis section lists all the sources cited in the paper, formatted according to the relevant citation style. [Please note: This section is a placeholder for the references and should be filled in the author.][Please note: The above content is a template and should be filled in with specific details relevant to the author's research.]Title: English Translation of Graduation ThesisAbstract:1. Introduction1.1 Background1.2 Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the English translation of graduation theses addressing the following objectives:To identify the linguistic and cultural challenges encountered translators during the translation process.To assess the effectiveness of various translation strategies in addressing these challenges.1.3 Research QuestionsWhat are the primary linguistic and cultural challenges faced translators when translating graduation theses?How do different translation strategies impact the quality and accuracy of translated theses?What are the most effective tools and techniques for ensuring the consistency and quality of translated graduation theses?2. Literature ReviewThe literature review section synthesizes existing research on the topic of English translation of graduation theses. It discusses the theoretical frameworks underpinning translation studies, the role of cultural adaptation in translation, and the impact of translation technology on the quality of translations. The review also highlights the limitations of previous studies and identifies gaps in the existing literature that this study aims to address.3. Methodology3.1 Data CollectionThe data collection process involved the following steps: Selection of a diverse sample of graduation theses from various disciplines.Translation of the selected theses into English professional translators.Collection of feedback from both the translators and the original authors regarding the quality of the translations.3.2 Data AnalysisThe data analysis process involved the following steps: Quantitative analysis of the translated theses to evaluate the consistency and accuracy of the translations.Comparative analysis of the translations against the original theses to identify areas of improvement.4. ResultsThe results section presents the findings of the study, focusing on the challenges faced translators, the effectiveness of translation strategies, and the impact of translation technology on the quality of translations.4.1 Linguistic ChallengesThe study identified several linguistic challenges encountered translators, including:The use of specialized terminology in the source language.The presence of cultural references and idiomatic expressions.4.2 Cultural ChallengesCultural challenges were also identified, such as:The need for cultural adaptation to ensure that the translated text resonates with the target audience.The potential for misunderstandings due to differences in cultural norms and values.4.3 Translation StrategiesThe study evaluated various translation strategies employed translators to address the challenges identified, including:The use of glossaries and terminology databases.The adoption of cultural adaptation techniques.The application of advanced translation technology, such as machine translation and postediting tools.4.4 Impact of Translation TechnologyThe study found that the adoption of advanced translation technology had a positive impact on the quality and consistency of translations. However, it also highlighted the need for human oversight to ensure the accuracy and appropriateness of the translations.5. DiscussionThe discussion section interprets the results in the context of the existing literature and theories. It explores the implications of the findings for translators, researchers, and educators, and suggests areas for future research.5.1 Implications for Translators5.1 Implications for Translators5.2 Implications for ResearchersFor researchers, the study highlights the significance of clear and concise writing, as well as the use of universally understood terminology. It also emphasizes the need forthorough review and editing of translated theses to ensure accuracy and to avoid potential misinterpretations.5.3 Implications for Educators5.4 Limitations and Future ResearchThe study acknowledges several limitations, including the small sample size and the potential for bias in the data collection process. Future research could address these limitations expanding the sample size and employing more rigorous data collection methods. Additional areas for future research include the impact of translation quality on the perceived credibility of the research and the development of standardized evaluation metrics for translated academic texts.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, this study has provided valuable insights into the challenges and strategies involved in the English translation of graduation theses. The findings demonstratethe need for a holistic approach to translation thatconsiders linguistic, cultural, and technical factors. By addressing these challenges, translators can contribute tothe global dissemination of academic knowledge and facilitate international collaboration in research.References[Please note: The following is a placeholder for the references section and should be filled in with actual citations according to the relevant citation style.]1. Baker, M. (1992). In other words: A coursebook on translation. London: Routledge.2. Hatim, B., & Mason, I. (1990). Translation as encounter: A narrative account. London: Pinter.3. Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation. London: Prentice Hall International.4. SnellHorn, M. (1993). Translation Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge.5. Toury, G. (1995). Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.References2. Hatim, B., & Mason, I. (1990). Translation as encounter: A narrative account. London: Pinter. This book offers a unique perspective on translation as a dynamic encounter between cultures, emphasizing the importance of cultural sensitivity and the translator's role in mediating between source and target languages.3. Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation. London: Prentice Hall International. Newmark's textbook is a classic in the field of translation studies, providing a clear andconcise overview of the key concepts and techniques involvedin translating both literary and nonliterary texts.4. SnellHorn, M. (1993). Translation Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge. This resource book is an invaluable tool for advanced students and professionals in translation studies, offering a wide range of articles and case studies that explore various aspects of translationtheory and practice.5. Toury, G. (1995). Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Toury's book delves into the theoretical foundations of descriptive translation studies, examining the relationship between translation norms and the cultural context in which translations are produced.6. Albrecht, J. (2006). Translating Academic Texts: A Practical Guide. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.Albrecht's guide is a practical resource for translators working on academic texts, offering practical advice and examples to help navigate the specific challenges oftranslating this genre.7. Jirousek, P. (2004). The Translation of Academic Texts. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Jirousek's book provides a detailed analysis of the translation of academic texts,focusing on the linguistic and cultural factors that influence the translation process.8. Koller, W., & Jäger, T. (Eds.). (2003). Specialized Translation: A European Perspective. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. This collection of essays offers a European perspective on specialized translation, exploring the challenges and strategies involved in translating texts across various disciplines.10. Muñoz, J. (2003). The Translation of Academi c Texts. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Muñoz's book focuses on the translation of academic texts, offering practical advice and insights into the specific challenges faced translators in this domain.11. Neubert, A., & Shlesinger, M. (Eds.). (1998). Translation as Text. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. This collection of essays examines the relationship between translation and textuality, exploring the ways in which translation can influence the reception and understanding ofa text.13. Toury, G. (1995). Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book is a foundational text in descriptive translation studies, providing a detailed analysis of the relationshipbetween translation norms and the cultural context in which translations are produced.16. Jirousek, P. (2006). The Translator's Invisibility: A Practical Guide to Translating Academic Texts. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Jirousek's guide offers practical adviceon how to achieve transparency in translation, ensuring that the translated text is as clear and accessible as theoriginal.17. Koller, W., & Jäger, T. (2003). Specialized Translation: A European Perspective. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. This collection of essays provides a European perspective on specialized translation, covering a variety of disciplines and exploring the challenges faced translatorsin these areas.18. Lederer, E. (2002). Translation Studies: An Advanced Reader. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Lederer's reader brings together key texts from the field of translation studies, offering a critical analysis of the discipline's major theories and debates.20. Newmark, P. (2001). About Translation. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Newmark's book is a collection of essays that reflect on his extensive experience as a translator and translation theorist. It offers valuable insights into the nature of translation and the translator's craft.21. Olohan, M. (2005). Translation and Cognition:Focusing on the Reader. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Olohan's work explores the cognitive processes involved in translation, with a particular focus on the reader's role in understanding and interpreting translated texts.22. Pym, A. (2004). Translation and Cognition: The Cognitive Approach Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Pym's book provides a clear and accessible introduction to the cognitive approach in translation studies, explaining how cognitive theory can inform our understandingof the translation process.23. Reiss, K., & Vermeer, H. J. (1984). Grundzüge einer Theorie der Übersetzung. Berlin: Erich Schmidt. This foundational text Koller and Vermeer introduces the Skopos Theory, which emphasizes the purpose or goal of translationas central to the translation process.24. Schäffner, C. (2006). Specialized Translation: A Discourse Approach. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.Schäffner's book offers a discourse approach to specialized translation, analyzing how language use is shaped specific social contexts and purposes.25. SnellHorn, M. (2006). Translation Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge. This updated resource book provides an extensive overview of translationstudies, including new developments and case studies that reflect the evolving nature of the field.。
英文论文及中文翻译格式(附件1)
附件1南京工程学院英文论文及中文翻译英文论文题目：Multilevel Inverters for ElectricVehicle Applications中文翻译题目：多电平逆变器在电动汽车中的应用专业：车辆工程（车辆电子电气）班级：车电气101学号：215100439学生姓名：许兵指导教师：朱华教授张开林副教授说明：本页开始可直接附上打印好的pdf格式英文论文（注：不要把pdf格式的英文论文转化为word文档或其它格式），选择英文论文的要求如下：1.选择与你毕业设计（论文）内容相关或与你所学专业相关且公开发表的英文论文。
2.所选英文论文的页数4—5页为宜。
3.不要选择英文产品说明书或英文教材上的内容。
4.不要选择由中国学者翻译发表的英语论文。
多电平逆变器在电动汽车中的应用莱昂·托尔伯特，彭方Z. 托马斯·G. Habetler美国橡树岭国家实验室* 佐治亚理工学院邮政信箱2009 电气和计算机工程学院橡树岭，TN37831-8038 亚特兰大,佐治亚州30332-0250电话：（423）576-6206 电话：（404）894-9829传真：（423）241-6124 传真：（404）894-9171邮箱：tolbertlm@邮箱：tom.habetler 邮箱：pengfz@摘要：本文介绍了多电平逆变器在纯电动汽车（EV）和混合动力汽车（HEV）电机驱动上的应用。
二极管钳位逆变器和串联H桥型逆变器（1）能够产生只含基频近似的正弦电压，（2）几乎没有任何电磁干扰（EMI）和共模电压，（3）使得电动汽车更方便/更安全和对大多数电动汽车动力系统可能的开放性线路。
本文探讨了电动汽车的好处并讨论了使用电动汽车马达驱动或并联式混合动力汽车驱动和二极管钳位逆变器的一系列混合动力汽车电机驱动的串联逆变器的控制方案。
分析、仿真和实验结果表明了这些多电平逆变器在这个新领域中的优越性。
1．背景电动和混合动力汽车的发展，尤其是以牵引电机驱动为主的发展[1]，为电力电子行业提供了众多新机遇和挑战。
毕业论文外文翻译范例
外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。
英语翻译论文范文
英语翻译论文范文In the contemporary era, the role of technology in education is undeniably significant. The integration of digital tools and platforms has transformed the way educators teach and students learn. This paper aims to explore the multifaceted impact of technology on modern education, focusing on bothits advantages and challenges.Firstly, technology has democratized access to education. With the proliferation of online learning platforms, students from diverse backgrounds can access a wealth of educational resources. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have made it possible for individuals to learn from renowned professors without the constraints of geographical location or financial limitations.Secondly, the use of technology in classrooms has enhanced the interactive and collaborative nature of learning. Interactive whiteboards, educational apps, and virtualreality (VR) are some of the tools that have made learning more engaging and immersive. These tools not only cater to different learning styles but also promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills.However, the integration of technology in education is not without its drawbacks. One of the primary concerns is the digital divide, where unequal access to technology can exacerbate existing educational disparities. Additionally,there is a risk of students becoming overly reliant on technology, potentially neglecting the development of essential skills such as critical reading and analytical thinking.Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological advancement presents challenges for educators. It requires continuous professional development to stay abreast of new tools and pedagogical approaches. The balance between traditional teaching methods and technology-assisted learning must be carefully considered to ensure that the educational experience remains holistic and well-rounded.In conclusion, technology has undeniably reshaped the landscape of modern education. While it offers numerous opportunities for enhancing learning experiences, it also presents challenges that need to be addressed. The key lies in harnessing the power of technology to supplement, not supplant, the educational process, ensuring that it serves as a tool for empowering students to become lifelong learners.。
英文学术论文翻译-中英文对照(三)
•These new measures will, we believe, increase the people’s purchasing power and lead to thriving financial and commercial conditions rather than make a mess of the country’s finances as some people argue.
一、主谓单句
汉语的主谓单句，从外形结构 上来看，跟英语的“主谓”结构是 相似的，但它的主语和谓语表达却 与英语有许多不同的地方。所以翻 译汉语主谓单句时，至少应注意几 个问题。
1、防止主语的机械对应。 中国近几年来发生了巨变。 ①There have been great changes in China these years. ②These years have seen (witnessed) great changes in China. ③Great changes have taken place in China these years. ④China crackles with the dynamics of changes these years.
汉语的基本句型及其翻译
汉语造句以名词为重心，以词组、散句和 分句为手段，善于按时间、逻辑顺序进行横 排式叙述，有时断句不严，外形松散。有人 称汉语是时间型的动态结构，主要体现于形 式自由，富于弹性。
英语则以“主—谓”主干结构为重心来统 领各种语言成分，句界分明，外形严密。 因此，汉语各种句型译成英语时，不仅在 逻辑关系上而且在外形上都应该体现出英语 句法结构的特点。
2-3 Reversing • 1）沿路都是小商店。 Small shops dot the way. • 2）他这样悍然行事使我们非常气恼。 Hot anger burned in our minds against him at his rashness.
Transportation 英语论文中英文翻译
TransportationTransportation (Sum up)There are two types of transportation: public transportation and private transportation. Examples of public transportation are: buses, trains, tramways, subways, cable cars, ships etc. Examples of private transportation include: private cars, bicycles, motorbikes, as well as walking on foot. Many people prefer means of private transportation to the public transportation, because it is a lot more comfortable, even though it’s pricier: you don’t have to get crammed in a crowded in a crowded wagon if you are driving your own vehicle. Also, riding a bike or a motorbike permits to avoid the traffic on the streets, since in the big cities there are special biking lanes which don’t allow buses or cars. On the other hand, using means of public transportation also has its advantages; first of all, it’s really cheap, nowadays you can purchase a special IP card, and then swipe it every time you get on and get off the bus and save up additional money on cost of transportation. Second, subways are built underground so if you use it, you don’t have to experience the congested streets on the ground. They are fast, and there are many different lines so if you transfer you can get almost anywhere you need. Third, using cable cars or special buses that don’t emit carbon dioxide into the air helps protecting the environment and the ozone layer above.Traffic jams (traffic congestion) is a big problem in big and developed cities all over the world. The situation could be improved if the public transportation system is radically changed; if the subway and train system gets more developed it will be more attractive to the citizens, than purchasing private cars that pollute the air and are responsible of the growing traffic jam problem. In consequence, the streets wouldn’t be jammed with private cars going in all the possible directions.To improve the situation on the streets of the big cities, the government should take various measures; for example, try to relocate some of the companies into the suburbs in order to make the centre of the city less crowded. This reorganization of a densely populated area could be one of the crucial solutions to the traffic congestion problem. The officials should also think of creating new projects to make new subway lines, bus routes and biking lanes so that the means of public transportation are more appealing to the citizens. Also, creating green tax (the kind of tax that the citizens pay the government for them to take measures to protect the environment) is one of the possibilities to help the traffic congestion and resulting from it, air pollution (smog). Unfortunately, these projects cost a lot of money, and take a lot of time and effort, so the situation on the streets can only improve gradually and in a very slow pace.Should Government Spend Money On PublicTransportations Or Roads?Polluted air, sun heated temperature, and poor quality of public transportations are Jakarta’s traffic condition. It’s worsen by the road traffics cause by the increasing amount in the usages of personal cars, that always take part in the crowds. Although there are many options of transportations and the access of highways and roads to shortened the amount of time consuming, Jakarta inhabitants are still dealing with the same problem continually.Well-improved public transportations will decrease the amount of personal cars usages. The public transportation companies have very poor services for jakarta’s citizens which served as their loyal customers. If the facility has been reconditioned, it will attract more attentions from the new and potential customers who never use it before. As a result from the growth of public transportations usages, the rush-hour traffic will be lessened. As an instance, Jakarta has many options for public transportations. Although reconsidered as a metropolitan city, the condition of the public transportation facilitiy is a tragic. Corroded iron bench, non air conditioner applied, unclean passengers area, and high lists of criminalities “performed” in the facilities show the credibility of Jakarta’s publ ic transportation image. But, the government surprised the citizens by launching the new alternative transportation that offers safety, comfort, and hygiene for their customers. The most wanted facility to enjoy is the Busway. When Busway was first introduced to Jakarta inhabitants, the public joyfully welcome the new alternative transportation and hoped that it will be the solution for road traffics which are their main problem.Improving roads and highways cost more funds and time. To recondition and to build roads and highways will pressure the government to strategically planned the budget. Highway constuctions budget usually does not refund until long period of time usages. If the funds are not available to support the roads and highways constructions, the result will not be as what the citizens expect of. Building roads and highways are a time consuming project that includes a lot of proffesional architects and workers, the project will provoked the comfort of roads and highways users and causing more road traffics problem. The example is the project to broaden the highway to Soekarno-hatta international airport. The project cause more road traffic for the customers who want to arrive as fast as they can in the airport to avoid lateness. Huge construction machines, constructionworkers, and the restricted area for the customers that reserved as the construction workers workstation are the main cause that annoyed the customers.Highways and roads are not accessible for all vehicles and all communities. Highways and roads access are not approachable to those who only have two-wheel drive. They will not receive the same conveniences that the government supplied for those who have more than two-wheel drive. Furthermore, the toll for using highways and roads are costly for middle to low class society. As an illustration, from the first time three years ago, Busway has influenced the highest admiration from the Jakarta citizens because Busway offers comfort, safety, and the efficiency of time to reach vary destinations in Jakarta with affordable prices that fits into all communities.Improving roads and highways can induce the society to use personal transportations. When the constructions of the highways are increasing, the citizens are captive in a situation with no options. The citizens are forced to use the highways to reach their destinations. Despite of the unflexible rule that restrict two-wheel drive vehicles and high priced tickets, highways are constructed to link the route from one place to another. In the end, the society will be addicted in using expressway and the construction of highways will happen in cycles and wasting a lot of funds. For example, the first highway constructed in Jakarta is the Jagorawi highway which links the route from Jakarta to Bogor and in the opposite way. The Jagorawi highway has reached the success in facilitating the citizens especially commuters to move from one city to another in a short amount of time. When the government realized how much the benefits and popularity gained from the Jagorawi highway, they immediately formed PT. Jasamarga as the management of Indonesia’s highways and planned for the forthcoming highway projects.In conclusion, public transportations have a very remarkable reputation amongst the society. Therefore, government should pay more attention on improving and creating public transportation facilities that offer safety, comfort, hygienic space, affordable prices, and accessible for all communities.Transportation SafteyTransportation SafetyFor my third and final paper regarding the transportation bill that President Barack Obama has brought to the table. According to , there are nearly 1,800 interest groups both public and private that are lobbying on transportation infrastructure. From these groups there are primarily cities, counties, transit agencies or construction interests that are searching for government funding from congress to create new highways and more efficient transitsystems. There are two major umbrella groups who have enacted a campaign to persuade voters to get their representatives to finish thebill to help their local transportation roadways. These two groups are called Americans for Transportation Mobility and the Transportation Construction Coalition. These two groups also account for members that are included in the Associated General Contractors as well as the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.This major campaign is a nationwide effort to enlighten voters about how the passing of this transportation bill will, among many issues, help road conditions throughout the country and the safety of people using the roadways. This nationwide effort with many different sectors involved includes but not limited to business, labor and transportation organizations throughout the United States. The mission statement of the Americans for Transportation Mobility states that the decline in the transportation infrastructure of our nation is dangerous to our safety, jeopardizes our quality of life, undermines the economy and finally, harms the environment substantially. According to their website, a recent study estimated that $225 billion is needed annually to maintain our surface transportation system and currently there is a $60 billion gap in that much needed investment. In 2006, there was a death on our nation’s roads every five hours and one-third of these fatalities are due to under maintained roads. This major inter est group is heavily interested in fixing America’s roads also because the cost of the millions of traffic crashes accounted for over $162 billion a year.Within the Americans for Transportation Mobility there is a management committee comprised of many different associations, each that have their own president. Three of the major management committees are the American Public Transportation Association headed by William Millar, American Road Transportation Builders Association headed by Pete Ruane, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce run by Thomas J. Donohue. Each of these associations has major interest in different sectors, and all of which want to have their own input on this dominant bill.The American Public Transportation Association is an international organization that has been representing the transit industry since 1882. Their mission is to strengthen and improve public transport and has a very diverse membership that is trying to make public transportation available and accessible for all Americans across the country. This interest group is very open to ideas and suggestions on the improvement of America’s public transportation and over ninety percent of passengers using transit in both the United States and Canada are sustained by the American Public Transportation Association. According to their membership handbook, the APTA is your voice in Washington and they represent your issues and interests while providing members consistent updates on those interests as well as legislative issues. The APTA has many business opportunities to obtain contacts, exposure and focuspotential customers on your particular products and services you provide. The APTA has many conferences across the country in which you are able to obtain information and training so that you are able to further your career as well as business opportunities. As a member you are also entitled to unlimited use of their resources and information as well as participate in their many committees and audit programs to benefit you and your career. To join this interest group there are dues based upon their criteria and which category you will join. The annual minimum fee is $1,250 and from there, there are additional charges based upon criteria such as how many buses your company runs as well as the amount of operating expenses you incur.The American Road Transportation Builders Association is a major player in the U.S. transportation and design sector of transportation infrastructure which goes before congress, the White House and the Executive Brand and federal agencies. The primary reason for joining this group is the impressive track record of growing the federal transportation construction and is involved in every major piece of federal transportation legislation. In order to become a member and to view the membership benefits, you must contact their National Field Director Kenyon Gleason. Their dues also fluctuate into which category you and your company falls in such as the amount of annual volume to dues for a single executive from a government agency.The U.S. Chamber of Commerce website states that they believe that without proper investment and attention to the infrastructure systems, the economic stability of our nation, the potential for job growth and America’s competitiveness globally are in jeopardy. The Chamber’s plans are to motivate private spending, invest in the declining transportation infrastructure and modernize and protect the energy infrastructure. They believe that by removing legal and regulatory barriers, this will help protect public health as well as public safety and improving the environment. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is fighting for the improvement of allowing industries to make investments with confidence and by making efficiently timed decisions on energy projects to avoid pricey delays. To become a member you need to identify what type of organization you are whether it is business, chambers or associations. In order to obtain information regarding fees, you must provide name, e-mail and which membership type you want to join. There are many membership benefits such as discounts on services like car renta ls and memberships to Sam’s club.Overall these are just a few of the hundreds of transportation infrastructure interest groups available to the public to become a member. All of these interest groups have major influence on Congress and to become a member there are many stipulations and fees involved. By having to pay these fees, I believe that the peopleinvolved with these groups have much more involvement with the transportation issues this country needs to address and fix. Our transportation is sub-par especially locally in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Many of the roads are extremely rugged and take a serious toll on cars, buses and trucks. Another major local issue is the public bus system. The availability of buses at night are non-existent so if someone were to take a bus to a movie at night, they would not be able to get back home by bus.。
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心理辅导缺失数据管理的最佳实践加布里埃尔·l·Schlomer施瑞鲍曼和诺尔卡亚利桑那大学这篇文章敦促咨询心理学研究人员识别和报告丢失的数据处理,因为消费者的研究不能准确地解释发现不知道数量缺失的数据和模式或策略被用来处理这些数据。
缺失的数据模式综述了,和一些常见的策略来处理他们。
作者提供一个例子,数据模拟和评估3处理缺失数据的方法:意味着替代,多个归罪,完整的信息极大似然。
结果表明,意味着替代是一个贫穷的方法处理缺失数据,而多个归责和完整信息极大似然推荐这种方法。
作者建议,研究人员充分考虑并报告缺失数据的数量和模式和策略在心理咨询研究和处理这些数据,编辑建议研究人员期望。
关键词:缺失数据、最佳实践、咨询心理学、多个归罪,完整的信息最大似然缺失的数据出现在大多数研究行为科学(翘起的,2005;埃里森,2005;Orme &里斯,1991;Pigott,2001;史蒂文斯,1996;Streiner,1996),APA特遣部队在统计推断(威尔金森&特遣部队在统计推断,1999)建议研究人员报告失踪的模式数据和统计技术用来解决问题这些数据创建。
虽然适当的报告和处理缺失的数据对于理解至关重要的结果,这个元素从报告的研究数据分析通常省略(彭,哈维尔,宾利,&伊曼,2006;桑德斯et al .,2006)。
与增加计算内存和处理速度、复杂现在可以通过对缺失数据的分析研究人员没有昂贵的专用软件。
然而,许多研究人员不知道报告的重要性和管理缺失的数据,和编辑基本上没有坚持作者提供这些基本信息。
最佳实践与研究要求两个缺失的数据项目的基本信息,应该在每一个报道研究:(一)缺失数据的范围和性质和(b)程序用于管理缺失的数据,包括使用方法选择的基本原理。
在本文中,我们首先检查最近完成的《咨询Psychologyto确定作者在这个杂志上有解决这两个项目。
然后我们提出建议改善缺失数据报告的期刊文章。
最后,我们提供一个对几种常见的管理方法缺失的数据为调整的方法和现在的指导方针处理缺失数据的具体情况研究。
目前在网上的咨询心理学我们检查了所有的文章在最新的完整的卷(卷55 2008年)的《咨询Psychologyto定位文章定量数据分析报告。
我们发现37(这样的文章46卷的文章),检查每一个决定缺失数据的比例是否报道,是否指定的方法来处理这些数据,是否方法提供了理论基础。
只有14个文章报道缺失数据的百分比(其中一个指出没有失踪数据),尽管三其他物品丢失的数据的数量从其他资料可以推断。
在11日的文章中,方法(陈述或推断)listwise删除;病例从分析与缺失的数据了。
在一篇文章中,10%以上的情况下缺失的数据被删除listwise,但是中并未提及nonresponse项是如何处理的剩余的病例。
另外,作者(年代)listwise的合理使用删除(9%的病例)指出,因为没有意义排除变量和之间的关系被发现感兴趣的其他变量,下降情况下没有偏见的结果。
Listwise删除被用在另一项研究与解释缺失数据的数量并不可观,虽然没有指定的数量。
在另一项研究中,意味着替代丢失的数据时使用小于预定的截止加布里埃尔·l·Schlomer和诺埃尔卡,家庭研究和划分亚利桑那大学人类发展,施瑞鲍曼的残疾和心理教育研究,亚利桑那大学。
作者要感谢黛博拉·m·卡斯珀托马斯c . DeBaca和阿什利·c·王对他们有用的评论本文的草稿。
我们还要感谢保罗Allison为他计算的建议吗本文的早期版本。
通信有关这篇文章应该寄给雪莉鲍曼,残疾和心理教育研究,210069年邮政信箱,图森市亚利桑那大学阿兹85721 - 0069。
电子邮件:咨询心理学杂志》©2010美国心理协会2010年,57卷,1号,1 - 10 0022 - 0167/10 / 12.00美元DOI:12.00 /a0018082SCHLOMER、鲍曼和卡片率,例如果缺失数据的下降测量结果。
在三篇文章中并未提及丢失数据,但建议所有与会者都包含在表所有的分析。
在另一篇文章没有includeNs表,没有被提及的缺失数据文本;本研究涉及多个管理措施,它是很困难的想象,每一个项目完成了每一个参与者。
在然而另一篇文章中,没有提到的丢失的数据文本,但是检查表显示,缺失数据的存在。
中值替换使用在一项研究中,除了当一个大数量的丢失的数据点被发现在一个变量中,这种情况下,回归归责方法;这些决定的理由是不提供的。
一个额外的文章指出,缺失值成对地删除,没有解释这一决定。
最引人注目的是,在只有一篇文章缺失数据的百分比报告,处理的方法这些数据描述,包括方法的理由。
这个调查表明,尽管普遍缺失的数据全面考虑缺失的数据和建议,咨询心理学尚未采纳这些建议。
我们建议研究人员报告缺失数据的数量在一项研究中,考虑的潜在来源和模式缺失的数据,并使用适当的方法来处理和报告缺失的数据分析。
在附录中,总结了这些建议,我们详细说明这些建议下一个。
最佳实践在报道缺失的数据丢失的数据量至少,研究者应该报告的比例缺失的数据(见附件)。
正如报道的响应利率在考虑潜在的调查研究是很重要的普遍性,丢失的数据量的报告参与者是很重要的。
框架报告的数量缺失的数据,研究人员应该考虑两个常见的来源missingness。
在很多研究中,将丢失的数据项nonresponse。
这里,参与者完成一项调查,但是测试或其他措施不给回应每一个项目。
在这种情况下,它是理想的报告失踪的比例为每一个项目的反应测量,可以包含在表连同手段和标准偏差等基本的描述性数据。
然而,如果空间限制和物品的数量使这个选项不切实际,至少,缺失数据的范围应该报道(见附件为例)。
当数据项级的比例缺失的数据不是报道的一篇文章中,我们鼓励作者在项目级别报告缺失的数据在网上补充表。
第二个缺失的数据来源是参与者磨损。
为在纵向研究,数据收集多次从相同的参与者,有些人可能不可用数据收集的至少一个波。
这可能发生摩擦无论是纵向自然的研究(如。
,在一个学校调查中,一个孩子在第一年可能已经离开了学校第二年)或实验/准实验设计,采用多种措施(如。
,一些参与者退出预防计划pre -和期末测验)。
参与者摩擦也可以发生在摄取横断面设计。
在这种情况下,参与者常常无法完成整个调查问卷由于疲劳或无聊。
在任何设计中,这是至关重要的报告的比例在每个波,在整个磨损研究(见附录)。
专家关于比例并没有达成共识缺失的数据,成为问题。
谢弗(1999)推荐的5%,截止。
然而,班尼特(2001)建议当超过10%的数据缺失,统计分析可能有偏见,和其他人(如使用20%。
彭,et al .,2006)。
在显示一个特定的截止日期的人相比,我们相信两个因素确定确定missingness是有问题的。
第一个是合成数据集有足够的统计能力检测的影响的兴趣。
我们稍后将讲述Nonstochastic归责方法部分和随机归责方法部分,现代归责程序保留的最大数量可能的统计力量,因此比删除方法。
第二个需要考虑的因素是missingness的模式。
我们接下来讨论,missingness说话的模式潜在的偏压对数据的影响。
缺失数据的模式研究人员应该考虑,除了和数量缺失的数据来源,缺失数据的模式。
这种考虑涉及以下问题:是数据失踪的随机的,还是非随机的和潜在的偏置?定量研究者扩展这个基本问题描述三个missingness模式:完全缺失随机(MCAR),随机缺失(3月),而不是失踪随机(NMAR)。
失踪的完全随机。
有MCAR数据没有缺失数据的模式和缺失值任何变量相关研究(歪斜着,2005;班纳特,2005;罗斯,1994)。
如果一个检查一个大表的所有数据的数据集,丢失的数据点是随机分布的在桌子上。
的含义完全随机missingness缺失数据的情况下,相当于整个样本的随机子集。
在实践中,很难确定数据是否MCAR;然而,小(1988)开发了一个综合的统计测试MCAR(见附录)。
谢弗和格雷厄姆(2002)认为MCAR是3月的一个特例,描述下一个。
失踪的随意。
randomis误导的termmissing不随机丢失,数据拟合这一模式至少不完全。
3月数据的概率缺失的数据点相关数据集,但另一个变量与感兴趣的变量(Allison,2001)。
把不同,在3月,缺失数据与观测数据相关(另一个变量的数据集),但不丢失数据(Graham& Elek-Fisk Cumsille,2003;罗斯,1994;谢弗和格雷厄姆,2002)。
在这种情况下,研究者必须包括观察变量的分析,以避免偏见。
例如,在一个问卷完成的咨询心理学家,假设一个项目要求受访者表示他们的兴趣进行家长教育项目。
关于这个项目反应失踪一些受访者表示在调查(另一个变量)是否有特定的培训deliver-2 SCHLOMER,鲍曼和卡片荷兰国际集团(ing)的教育项目。
如果反应项询问父母教育的兴趣3月在每个组(培训与没有培训),然后他们失踪随机的,即使数据没有丢失以同样的速度集团(罗斯,1994)。
换句话说,如果丢失的数据家长教育项目相关参与者的反应在培训经验变量(观察)但不相关感兴趣的家长教育水平变量(失踪),然后3月数据(歪斜着,2005)。
这可能是那些没有培训取消了这个项目,但在两个模式是随机的组。
可以区分MCAR和MAR计算一个虚拟变量代表数据是否丢失感兴趣的一个变量,然后检查这是否哑变量与其他变量在模型中(见附录)。
如果这哑变量(missingness)无关其他变量,那么这个模式不被认为是3月而MCAR或NMAR(参见下一节)。
然而,如果哑变量确实是与其他相关变量,然后我们结论3月而不是MCAR,虽然我们仍然不能完全排除NMAR。
这种可能性的NMAR意味着研究人员不能确定3月或明确数据MCAR。
但是,正如我们描述下,研究人员通常认为3月或MCAR没有相反的迹象。
不是随机缺失。
当有一个模式失踪数据,这样的可能性missingness分数有关相同的变量有参与者回应,这些数据NMAR,也称asnonignorable nonresponse。
最明显的很难确定NMAR之间的联系missingness和参与者如何回应不能被评估,因为我们没有缺失值。
所以,NMAR成为概念的可能性考虑:就是参与者可能高(或低)的变量更有可能缺失的数据(例如,跳过项或离开研究)?虽然无法实证评估NMAR是不满意,这并不意味着我们可以忽视这种可能性。
例如,我们可能会注意到,有一个高速度缺失的数据项询问参与者的年收入。
可能的情况是,参与者与高收入更容易忽略这个项目,因为他们是不舒服与别人知道他们的收入。
我们鼓励研究人员总是考虑NMAR的合理性和承认这一点当这个模式是合理的可能性。