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机械类英语论文及翻译翻译

High-speed millingHigh-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.1 One of the advantages of high-speed machiningHigh-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.1.1 Increase productivityHigh-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface qualityHigh-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.1.3 Cutting reduce the heatBecause the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled partsHigh-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the company's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processingHigh-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of ahardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs .High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.2 High-speed millingHigh-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements.2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machiningGeneral use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 ~ 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magneticbearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled.High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 ~ 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.2.2 High-speed machining toolHigh-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 ℃ would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting toolHRC35 ~ 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC <5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 ~ 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.2.3 High-speed processing technologyHigh-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fullyplay its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.3 Die in high-speed milling processing ofMilling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,inMould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~ 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basicmeans of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology;(5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.5 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently,such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it e nter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further .5.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realizethe inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.。

英语议论文范文带翻译

英语议论文范文带翻译As we all know, English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. It is the official language of many countries and is also widely used as a second language in many others. English plays a crucial role in international communication, business, science, and technology. Therefore, it is important for us to master English and be able to express our opinions and ideas effectively in this language.英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一，它是许多国家的官方语言，并且在许多其他国家也被广泛用作第二语言。

英语在国际交流、商业、科学和技术领域起着至关重要的作用。

因此，我们掌握英语，能够有效地用这种语言表达我们的观点和想法非常重要。

When writing an English argumentative essay, it is important to have a clear thesis statement that presents your main argument. This thesis statement should be supported by evidence and examples to strengthen your argument. It is also important to consider the opposing viewpoints and address them in a respectful and persuasive manner.在写英语议论文时，重要的是要有一个清晰的论点陈述，表达你的主要论点。

英语小论文翻译

一、英文原文Compensation of temperature drift of MEMSgyroscope using BP neural networkQintuo Zhang，Zhenfan Tan，Lidong GuoCollege f AutomationHarbin Engineering universityNantong Street 145，Harbin，Heilongjiang,China Abstract:In order to solve the temperature change on the impact of MEMS gyroscope output, through self-development MEMS IMU temperature test, we used BP neural network to predict the temperature drift of MEMS gyroscope and compensation it. After using BP neural network to compensate three gyroscopes, we compared the results with the traditional least-squares method that the output error variance respectively reduced from 0.4242, 0.3506 and 0.4335 to 0.0758, 0.1024 and 0.1122. The results indicate the correctness and validity of the method, so as to offer a new method to improve the performance of MEMS gyroscope .Keywords:MEMS Gyroscope; BP Neural Network; Temperature DriftI. INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, a promising technology, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) based inertial sensors has been developed[9], however, due to the small size and weight of it, the performance characteristics are highly dependent on the temperature variations[1]. Due to the production process and other reasons, the gyroscope frequency or AGC are tested to simulate MEMS gyroscope temperature changes, which inevitably bring additional error [2-3]. We researched on ADXL150 MEMS gyroscope made by Analog Devices Inc, and which can give the temperature, while its sensitivity is only information of it, the temperature coefficient is 8.4mv/°necessary a nd practical to compensate temperature drift 12.5mv/°/s. Therefore, it’sthrough temperature test. Some researchers focuses on the impact of temperature on the MEMS gyroscope zero bias, in which the zero bias voltage is converted to angular rate value, but it is not clear how to select the scale factor with temperature changes[4]; Reference[5] shows temperature impact on scale factor is not as important as on zero bias of gyroscope; Reference[7] presents the system identification of MEMS vibratory gyroscope designed by JPL, and analyze gyroscope error through changing structural resonant frequency made by temperature. In this paper, BP neural network was used to predict temperature drift of gyroscope, through in-hand MEMS IMU temperature test, the results show that the method is obviously superior to the traditional least-squares method.II. METHODOLOGYA. Temperature Character of MEMS GyroscopeFirst, with the change of temperature, changes of microstructure of gyroscope mainly two kinds: the change in size and change in material elastic modulus. Because change in size with temperature has little effect on the performance of gyroscope, heremainly discuss the elastic modulus changes.Changes in elastic modulus will change the system stiffness, the resonant frequency of the gyroscope will change with the system stiffness. Therefore, temperature changes will lead to resonant frequency drift.Elastic modulus varies with temperature linearly as follows[8]:Where E(T) , E0 is elastic modulus for the silicon material at temperature of T and 0 T respectively.System stiffness is proportional to elastic modulus:Where K , K0 is system stiffness at temperature of T and T0 respectively.We can get the formula between resonant frequency of gyroscope with temperature as follows:Where Wn（T）is resonant frequency of gyroscope at temperatureT .Change of resonant frequency of gyroscope impact on the driven mode and test mode of it, so we can get the output of driven axis:Where y(t) is output of driven axis and F is driven force[5].B. BP Neural NetworktheMinsky and Papert showed a two layer feed-forward network which can overcome many restrictions, but did not present a solution to the problem of how to adjust the weights from input to hidden units in 1969. An answer to this question was presented by Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams in 1986, and similar solutions appeared to have been published earlier. The central idea behind this solution is that the errors for the units of the hidden layer are determined by back-propagating the errors of the units of the output layer. For this reason the method is often called the back-propagation learning rule. Back-propagation can also be considered as a generalization of the delta rule for non-linear activation functions and multilayer networks.A feed-forward network has a layered structure. Each layer consists of units which receive their input from units from a layer directly below and send their output to units in a layer directly above the unit. There are no connections within a layer.Multi-layer neural network model using BP algorithm is commonly known as the BP algorithm. Multi-layer model topology is shown as Fig.1. Network consists of input layer, hidden layer and output layer nodes. Hidden layer can also be multi-layer, the former layer after layer of nodes to connect through the connection weights, that is, topological structure of directed acyclic graph feed-forward network.III. TEST SETUPBefore In this paper, a self-development MEMS IMU(Fig.2) was chosen for the trial, in which gyroscope is ADXRS150, its performance shows as Table I. Three gyroscopes were installed orthogonally as shown in Fig.3. As temperature of gyroscope is not the temperature of environment, so temperature in this paper is the internal temperature of gyroscope, which was got by data acquisition circuit. At the same time, impact of temperature on scale factor of every gyroscope was negligible. We obtained scale factors of MEMS gyroscopes installed in each axis through calibration tests , which are x k = 11.9665mv/ ° / s, y k = 11.8281 mv / ° / s and z k = 12.1239 mv / °/ s. We put the entire MEMS IMU into temperature chamber with the environment temperature was changed from -20 ° C to 20 °C[6]. In order to make the gyroscopes temperature close to environment temperature, we began to record data 30 minutes after the system started.Figure 1. Multi-layer Forward BP NetworkTABLE I Specifications for ADXRS150 gyroFigure 2. MEMS IMUFigure 3.Installment of MEMS gyroscopesIV. TEST RESULTSBefore using BP neural network, Here we first give three gyroscopes output varies time as show in Fig.4temperature versus time curve as shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6 shows gyroscope’s output varies with temperature.Figure 4. Gyroscope outputFigure 5.Temperature vs.timeTemprature/degCFigure 6. Gyroscope output vs. TemperatureWe used a single hidden layer design in this article. In the MATLAB neural network toolbox, we apply the function newff to establish BP network. Network transfer function of hidden layer neurons using symmetric tangent function tansig, and the output layer neurons use a linear function of the transfer function purelin, this is because w e must first return a handle, and a linear function of the network just to meet the output requirements. Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for network training is corresponds to trainlm function in MATLAB toolbox. Here are some parameters we chose in BP neural network prediction.a) Largest training times 1000b) 3 training targets 0.001c) Shows number of train travel stack 100d) The number of hidden layer neurons 6BP neural network prediction is shown below as Fig .7, where the blue line represents the gyroscopes origin output, while green line represents p rediction of it. The three gyroscopes forecast error variances are as follows: 0.0758, 0.1024 and 0.1122.To illustrate the superiority of this method, here we give the results forecasted by traditional least-squares method as Fig.8 shows. Here we chose second –degree polynomial. In Fig.8, blue line represents outputs of gyroscopes and green line represents p rediction of least-squares. T hree gyroscopes forecast error variance are 0.4242, 0.3506 and 0.4335 respectively.Temperature/degCFigure 7. Forecast curve of BP neural networkTemprature/degCFigure8. Least-squares curveV. CONCLUSIONSTemperature has a great impact on zero-bias of MEMS gyroscope, and is showing a non-linear characteristic. This paper presents a BP neural network to forecasting the temperature drift. Test proved that the neural network can compensate t emperature drift effectively, with the use of neural network training data, gyroscope and temperature data was directly input to the neural network, and then output data would be gotten. Through the neural network model, high precision simulation models could be out. The whole process is stable, relatively fast speed, and finally the results compared with traditional least-squares m ethod, the estimation error variance from the gyroscope reduced from 0.4242, 0.3506 and 0.4335 to 0.0758, 0.1024 and 0.1122. Through the software compensation method, the method can successfully reduce the temperature drift of the gyroscope. Deficiency is that the text does not consider the scale factor affected by temperature as well as gyro temperature drift characteristics in dynamic cases.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors would like to thank Beijing Aerospace Control Instrument Research Institute for providing temperature chamber as well as hardware interfaces to collect test data given in this paper.二、英文翻译基于BP神经网络算法的MEMS陀螺仪的温度漂移补偿谭振藩，张勤拓，郭立冬自动化学院哈尔滨工程大学南通街145号，哈尔滨，黑龙江，中国摘要：为了解决温度变化对MEMS陀螺仪输出的影响，通过对自主开发的MEMS IMU的温度测试，我们使用BP神经网络对MEMS陀螺仪的温度漂移进行补偿。

英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）

英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，小编整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！英语作文范文带中文翻译Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular, everyyear,wecanseeman yhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’spassedyouth.Peopleliketorec alltheirpassedyouth, whichmakessuchmoviessellgood.ButIfindthecommonthingsabo utthesemovies,alltheprotagonists’youthareaboutfighting,loveandothernegativethin gs.Iunderstandthedirectors’intention,they wanttotellpeopleyouthisnotperfectandhav ingpities.Ofcoursemovieisexaggerating,therealyouthisaboutstudying,atleast,mostp eoplehaveworkedsohardtogetintotheiridealcolleges.Whatthemoviesdescribemakeup somepeople’syouth,forwhichtheydon’thavethechancetoexperienc e.Weshouldnot bemisledbythesemovies,fortheteenagers,theirjobistostudy,sothattheycanhaveabright future.【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。

英文论文翻译软件

英文论文翻译软件
目前市面上有很多英文论文翻译软件可供选择。

以下是几个常见的英文论文翻译软件：
1. Google翻译： Google翻译是一个免费在线翻译工具，可以翻译多种语言，包括英语。

它使用机器翻译技术，可以快速翻译大量文本。

然而，由于机器翻译的限制，有时会出现语法和语义错误。

2. DeepL：DeepL是一种基于神经网络的翻译软件，具有较高的翻译质量。

它可以翻译多种语言，包括英语。

DeepL能够更好地理解上下文，提供更准确的翻译。

它提供了免费和付费版本。

3. 百度翻译：百度翻译是一种免费在线翻译工具，提供多种语言翻译，包括英语。

它使用机器翻译和统计翻译方法，能够提供基本的翻译服务。

然而，由于机器翻译的限制，翻译质量可能有限。

总的来说，这些英文论文翻译软件提供了便捷的翻译服务，但在翻译质量和准确性方面可能存在一定的限制。

对于重要的论文翻译，仍然建议寻求专业翻译服务或母语人士的协助，以确保最准确和流畅的翻译结果。

机械类英语论文及翻译

Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design ；Rules for Design ；Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fullyto display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whetherdone formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to thesuitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of thematerial, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved.This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainlycannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.外文论文翻译译文机械设计摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。

毕业论文英语翻译及原文

in the station orthogonal coordinate system origin of a random point can begotthrough the translation androtation of its WGS-84 position vector
=H（ - ）（1）
respectively, the expression can be easily gained as follows
Then, the relation equation between the two baseline vectors is expressedas
There are two steps in the GPS observation data processing course. They are baseline calculationand network adjustment. The baseline vectors in WGS-84 can be firstly got using baseline calculation.Secondly, the baseline vector transformation from WGS-84 to the station orthogonal coordinatesystem can be done with (3). At last, the adjustment of GPS deformatihestation orthogonal coordinate system can be successfully finished.
If the position vector of the station orthogonal coordinate system originP0inWGS-84 isexpressed as = , according to thegeodetic latitude and longitude（，）, theposition vector

机械类英语论文及翻译

机械类英语论文及翻译Mechanical design involves the n of machines。

which are composed of mechanisms and other components that can transform and transmit ___ machines include engines。

turbines。

vehicles。

hoists。

printing presses。

washing machines。

and ___ and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to ___。

the term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design.When ___。

___ to take into account。

The n and structural aspects of the device。

as well as the ___。

___ apply not only to machines but also to other mechanical devices。

such as switches。

cams。

valves。

vessels。

and mixers.Mechanical design is a critical field in ___ disciplines。

It plays an essential role in the ___ the success of a mechanical design project。

it is essential to follow a set of rules for design。

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心理辅导缺失数据管理的最佳实践加布里埃尔·l·Schlomer施瑞鲍曼和诺尔卡亚利桑那大学这篇文章敦促咨询心理学研究人员识别和报告丢失的数据处理,因为消费者的研究不能准确地解释发现不知道数量缺失的数据和模式或策略被用来处理这些数据。

缺失的数据模式综述了,和一些常见的策略来处理他们。

作者提供一个例子,数据模拟和评估3处理缺失数据的方法:意味着替代,多个归罪,完整的信息极大似然。

结果表明,意味着替代是一个贫穷的方法处理缺失数据,而多个归责和完整信息极大似然推荐这种方法。

作者建议,研究人员充分考虑并报告缺失数据的数量和模式和策略在心理咨询研究和处理这些数据,编辑建议研究人员期望。

关键词:缺失数据、最佳实践、咨询心理学、多个归罪,完整的信息最大似然缺失的数据出现在大多数研究行为科学(翘起的,2005;埃里森,2005;Orme &里斯,1991;Pigott,2001;史蒂文斯,1996;Streiner,1996),APA特遣部队在统计推断(威尔金森&特遣部队在统计推断,1999)建议研究人员报告失踪的模式数据和统计技术用来解决问题这些数据创建。

虽然适当的报告和处理缺失的数据对于理解至关重要的结果,这个元素从报告的研究数据分析通常省略(彭,哈维尔,宾利,&伊曼,2006;桑德斯et al .,2006)。

与增加计算内存和处理速度、复杂现在可以通过对缺失数据的分析研究人员没有昂贵的专用软件。

然而,许多研究人员不知道报告的重要性和管理缺失的数据,和编辑基本上没有坚持作者提供这些基本信息。

最佳实践与研究要求两个缺失的数据项目的基本信息,应该在每一个报道研究:(一)缺失数据的范围和性质和(b)程序用于管理缺失的数据,包括使用方法选择的基本原理。

在本文中,我们首先检查最近完成的《咨询Psychologyto确定作者在这个杂志上有解决这两个项目。

然后我们提出建议改善缺失数据报告的期刊文章。

最后,我们提供一个对几种常见的管理方法缺失的数据为调整的方法和现在的指导方针处理缺失数据的具体情况研究。

目前在网上的咨询心理学我们检查了所有的文章在最新的完整的卷(卷55 2008年)的《咨询Psychologyto定位文章定量数据分析报告。

我们发现37(这样的文章46卷的文章),检查每一个决定缺失数据的比例是否报道,是否指定的方法来处理这些数据,是否方法提供了理论基础。

只有14个文章报道缺失数据的百分比(其中一个指出没有失踪数据),尽管三其他物品丢失的数据的数量从其他资料可以推断。

在11日的文章中,方法(陈述或推断)listwise删除;病例从分析与缺失的数据了。

在一篇文章中,10%以上的情况下缺失的数据被删除listwise,但是中并未提及nonresponse项是如何处理的剩余的病例。

另外,作者(年代)listwise的合理使用删除(9%的病例)指出,因为没有意义排除变量和之间的关系被发现感兴趣的其他变量,下降情况下没有偏见的结果。

Listwise删除被用在另一项研究与解释缺失数据的数量并不可观,虽然没有指定的数量。

在另一项研究中,意味着替代丢失的数据时使用小于预定的截止加布里埃尔·l·Schlomer和诺埃尔卡,家庭研究和划分亚利桑那大学人类发展,施瑞鲍曼的残疾和心理教育研究,亚利桑那大学。

作者要感谢黛博拉·m·卡斯珀托马斯c . DeBaca和阿什利·c·王对他们有用的评论本文的草稿。

我们还要感谢保罗Allison为他计算的建议吗本文的早期版本。

通信有关这篇文章应该寄给雪莉鲍曼,残疾和心理教育研究,210069年邮政信箱,图森市亚利桑那大学阿兹85721 - 0069。

在三篇文章中并未提及丢失数据,但建议所有与会者都包含在表所有的分析。

在另一篇文章没有includeNs表,没有被提及的缺失数据文本;本研究涉及多个管理措施,它是很困难的想象,每一个项目完成了每一个参与者。

在然而另一篇文章中,没有提到的丢失的数据文本,但是检查表显示,缺失数据的存在。

中值替换使用在一项研究中,除了当一个大数量的丢失的数据点被发现在一个变量中,这种情况下,回归归责方法;这些决定的理由是不提供的。

一个额外的文章指出,缺失值成对地删除,没有解释这一决定。

最引人注目的是,在只有一篇文章缺失数据的百分比报告,处理的方法这些数据描述,包括方法的理由。

这个调查表明,尽管普遍缺失的数据全面考虑缺失的数据和建议,咨询心理学尚未采纳这些建议。

我们建议研究人员报告缺失数据的数量在一项研究中,考虑的潜在来源和模式缺失的数据,并使用适当的方法来处理和报告缺失的数据分析。

在附录中,总结了这些建议,我们详细说明这些建议下一个。

最佳实践在报道缺失的数据丢失的数据量至少,研究者应该报告的比例缺失的数据(见附件)。

正如报道的响应利率在考虑潜在的调查研究是很重要的普遍性,丢失的数据量的报告参与者是很重要的。

框架报告的数量缺失的数据,研究人员应该考虑两个常见的来源missingness。

在很多研究中,将丢失的数据项nonresponse。

这里,参与者完成一项调查,但是测试或其他措施不给回应每一个项目。

在这种情况下,它是理想的报告失踪的比例为每一个项目的反应测量,可以包含在表连同手段和标准偏差等基本的描述性数据。

然而,如果空间限制和物品的数量使这个选项不切实际,至少,缺失数据的范围应该报道(见附件为例)。

当数据项级的比例缺失的数据不是报道的一篇文章中,我们鼓励作者在项目级别报告缺失的数据在网上补充表。

第二个缺失的数据来源是参与者磨损。

为在纵向研究,数据收集多次从相同的参与者,有些人可能不可用数据收集的至少一个波。

这可能发生摩擦无论是纵向自然的研究(如。

,在一个学校调查中,一个孩子在第一年可能已经离开了学校第二年)或实验/准实验设计,采用多种措施(如。

,一些参与者退出预防计划pre -和期末测验)。

参与者摩擦也可以发生在摄取横断面设计。

在这种情况下,参与者常常无法完成整个调查问卷由于疲劳或无聊。

在任何设计中,这是至关重要的报告的比例在每个波,在整个磨损研究(见附录)。

专家关于比例并没有达成共识缺失的数据,成为问题。

谢弗(1999)推荐的5%,截止。

然而,班尼特(2001)建议当超过10%的数据缺失,统计分析可能有偏见,和其他人(如使用20%。

彭,et al .,2006)。

在显示一个特定的截止日期的人相比,我们相信两个因素确定确定missingness是有问题的。

第一个是合成数据集有足够的统计能力检测的影响的兴趣。

我们稍后将讲述Nonstochastic归责方法部分和随机归责方法部分,现代归责程序保留的最大数量可能的统计力量,因此比删除方法。

第二个需要考虑的因素是missingness的模式。

我们接下来讨论,missingness说话的模式潜在的偏压对数据的影响。

缺失数据的模式研究人员应该考虑,除了和数量缺失的数据来源,缺失数据的模式。

这种考虑涉及以下问题:是数据失踪的随机的,还是非随机的和潜在的偏置?定量研究者扩展这个基本问题描述三个missingness模式:完全缺失随机(MCAR),随机缺失(3月),而不是失踪随机(NMAR)。

失踪的完全随机。

有MCAR数据没有缺失数据的模式和缺失值任何变量相关研究(歪斜着,2005;班纳特,2005;罗斯,1994)。

如果一个检查一个大表的所有数据的数据集,丢失的数据点是随机分布的在桌子上。

的含义完全随机missingness缺失数据的情况下,相当于整个样本的随机子集。

在实践中,很难确定数据是否MCAR;然而,小(1988)开发了一个综合的统计测试MCAR(见附录)。

谢弗和格雷厄姆(2002)认为MCAR是3月的一个特例,描述下一个。

失踪的随意。

randomis误导的termmissing不随机丢失,数据拟合这一模式至少不完全。

3月数据的概率缺失的数据点相关数据集,但另一个变量与感兴趣的变量(Allison,2001)。

把不同,在3月,缺失数据与观测数据相关(另一个变量的数据集),但不丢失数据(Graham& Elek-Fisk Cumsille,2003;罗斯,1994;谢弗和格雷厄姆,2002)。

在这种情况下,研究者必须包括观察变量的分析,以避免偏见。

例如,在一个问卷完成的咨询心理学家,假设一个项目要求受访者表示他们的兴趣进行家长教育项目。

关于这个项目反应失踪一些受访者表示在调查(另一个变量)是否有特定的培训deliver-2 SCHLOMER,鲍曼和卡片荷兰国际集团(ing)的教育项目。

如果反应项询问父母教育的兴趣3月在每个组(培训与没有培训),然后他们失踪随机的,即使数据没有丢失以同样的速度集团(罗斯,1994)。

换句话说,如果丢失的数据家长教育项目相关参与者的反应在培训经验变量(观察)但不相关感兴趣的家长教育水平变量(失踪),然后3月数据(歪斜着,2005)。

这可能是那些没有培训取消了这个项目,但在两个模式是随机的组。

可以区分MCAR和MAR计算一个虚拟变量代表数据是否丢失感兴趣的一个变量,然后检查这是否哑变量与其他变量在模型中(见附录)。

如果这哑变量(missingness)无关其他变量,那么这个模式不被认为是3月而MCAR或NMAR(参见下一节)。

然而,如果哑变量确实是与其他相关变量,然后我们结论3月而不是MCAR,虽然我们仍然不能完全排除NMAR。

这种可能性的NMAR意味着研究人员不能确定3月或明确数据MCAR。

但是,正如我们描述下,研究人员通常认为3月或MCAR没有相反的迹象。

不是随机缺失。

当有一个模式失踪数据,这样的可能性missingness分数有关相同的变量有参与者回应,这些数据NMAR,也称asnonignorable nonresponse。

最明显的很难确定NMAR之间的联系missingness和参与者如何回应不能被评估,因为我们没有缺失值。

所以,NMAR成为概念的可能性考虑:就是参与者可能高(或低)的变量更有可能缺失的数据(例如,跳过项或离开研究)?虽然无法实证评估NMAR是不满意,这并不意味着我们可以忽视这种可能性。

例如,我们可能会注意到,有一个高速度缺失的数据项询问参与者的年收入。

可能的情况是,参与者与高收入更容易忽略这个项目,因为他们是不舒服与别人知道他们的收入。

我们鼓励研究人员总是考虑NMAR的合理性和承认这一点当这个模式是合理的可能性。