英美文学

英国文学
1、T he Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)
1)Beowulf 最早epic ( national epic 民族史诗) 隐喻（Metaphor）手法
2)Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）
3)这个时期的文学英雄半人半兽（Half man and half beast）
4)Three tribes: Anglo、Saxons、Jutes
2、G eoffrey Chaucer ( 1343-1400)
1)the father of English peotry英国诗歌之父
2)代表作：
●the Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷
●The House of Fame
●Troilus and Criseyde（Troilus and Cressida）
●《公爵夫人之书》（The Book of the Dutchess）
3)音步
●the iamb (iambic)(抑扬格):
●the anapest (anapestic) (抑抑扬格)
●the trochee (trochaic) (扬抑格)
●the dactyl (dactylic) (扬抑抑格)
●Monometer，Dimeter ，Trimeter ，Tetrameter
●Pentameter: most commonly used
●Hexameter，Heptameter，Octameter
3、T he Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期
1)(Greek and Roman) 戏剧drama 诗章canto
2)humanism 人文主义：admire human beauty and human achievement
●Humanism is based on such a conception that man is the measure of
all things.
●Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justi-fication to exalte
human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious
creatures capable of individual development in the direction pf
perfection.
●They placed great emphasis on the dignity of man
3)代表人物：
●Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia 乌托邦
●Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家(essayist)
●Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人
sonnet(十四行诗)：form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in
14 lines iambic pentameter
●Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人)
作品：The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史诗)
●Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛
作品：Blank Verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英
国戏剧的主要表现形式。

●William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧drama
四大悲剧（Tragedy）：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King
Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)
四戏剧：The Merchant of Venice ，A Midsummer Night's Dream
Twelfth Night ，As You Like It
悲喜剧：The Romantic Tragedy: Romeo and Juliet
4、t he period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪)资产阶级革命王权复辟)
1)文学形式：Prose 散文
2)文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of
the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.
清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。

3)代表人物
●John Donne 约翰.多恩metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人) 代表人物
作品：sonnet 十四行诗《Death be not proud》
作品特点：
①strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and
penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)
②novelty of subject matter and point(新颖的题材和视角)
③novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)
●John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿a great poet（poem 诗歌blank verse ）
《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护
《Paradise Lost》失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人
《Paradise Regained》复乐园
●metaphysical poets (玄学派)
特点：
①With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break
away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love
poetry.
②The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is
frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with
God, or with himself.
5、T he Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动Neo-Classicism(1700-1764)
1)英国玄学派诗人Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress ？？
2)Rise of English novel
3)Characteristics of neo-classicism
●Poetic diction (elevated style and use of schemes and tropes (修辞)).
●Learning are important. Distrust of human nature
●Imitation—distrust of individual genius.
●Taste for satire and irony: e.g., mock epic (讽刺叙事诗)
●Emphasis on order and the “rules”
●Assumption of an ordered, structured society, modeled on the chain
of being
●Faith in reason
4)代表人物
●Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福realistic novel现实主义小说
Novel：《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记
《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德
《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯
Robinson is not common sailor. He is a businessman who takes
overseas business as his cause.
Robinson is
a bourgeoisie with adventurous spirit,
a bourgeoisie of practical spirit,
a bourgeoisie of colonizing character.
●Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特
《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记novel 反讽
In which the horses, superior and intelligent, govern human beings.
Yahoo s, members of a race of brutes having human form, live in
unspeakable degradation. This part shows how mean the human
beings are.
●Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)
6、P re-Romantic Period(1764-1798)
1)(dry reasoning emotional nature)
2)Experimenters before the Romantic Movement:
Thomas Gray, Robert Burns and William Blak
3)代表人物：
●Thomas Gray
代表作：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (墓园挽歌）
●William Blake 威廉.布莱克诗人poet
代表作：Songs of Innocence《纯真之歌》
Songs of Experience《经验之歌》
●Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人poet A great “peasant
poet”
代表作：Auld Lang Syne
A Red, Red Rose
第1段：a freshly bloomed rose and a pleasing melody sight
and hearing
第2段：sea drying up and rocks melting with the sun to
show the strength of his love.
第3段：overcome any obstacles of time and distance to
come back and will be with her again.
4)Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the
French Revolution
前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。

7、T he Romantic Period (1798-1837)
1)An Age of Passion, Rebellion, and Creativity
2)教育意义Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱
3)开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s
《Lyrical Ballads》
从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"抒情歌谣"开始
4)Romanticism
●定义：A revolution in literature and art，Away from the structured,
intellectual, reasoned approaches of the 18th century towards ways
of looking at the world which recognized the importance of the
emotions and imagination.
●特点：
An emphasis on the emotions;
Exploring the relationship between nature and human life;
A stress on the importance of personal experiences and a desire
to understand what influences the human mind;
A belief in the power of the imagination;
An interest in mythological, fantastical, Gothic and supernatural themes;
Emphasis on rural life;
Focus on individual, private, subjective and spontaneous
expression;
An emphasis on the sublime;
The use of natural diction.
5)Fathers of Romanticism:
William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge
6)First Generation：lake poets(湖畔诗人) passive
●Wordsworth: 1770-1850 poet-laureate (桂冠诗人)
代表作：The Rainbow
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
A lyric is typically a poem that ex presses the speaker’s thoughts
and emotions;
A ballad is a dramatic narrative, a poem that tells a story.
Lyrical Ballads is an innovative attempt by Wordsworth and
Coleridge to bring together the two poetic genres to develop a
new poetry to encompass the new realities.
●“Golden” suggests more than a color; it connotes light.
“continuous”---The vast number of the daffodils is emphasized
●Dora Wordsworth, William’s daughter, died in 1847 ，This field
located at Rydal Mount was built by William, Dorothy, and Mary
in memory of Dora
●Coleridge: 1772-1834
7)Second Generation
●代表人物
●Byron: 1788-1824
作品：
《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德?哈罗德游记Cantos 诗章
成名作《Don Juan》唐璜poem 诗
satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻
poem 诗the first volume of poem 首卷诗
Metrical pattern：
a combination of iambic (抑扬）and anapestic （抑抑扬）feet
rhyme scheme: ababcdcd
She Walks in Beauty ：
Iambic tetrameter (四音步）
Alliteration (头韵法）
●Shelley: 1792-1822 （革命，抒情）
作品：
Love's Philosophy：“The fountains mingle with the river”
iambic tetrameter rhyme scheme: ababcdcd
《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯drama 戏剧
Ozymandias (1817) (sonnet)
《doe to the West Wind》
西风颂poem 诗destroyer and a preserver
ode：Structure，images，Sounds: Meter, Rhyme
●Keats: 1795-1821（brighter）
作品：
《The Eve of St. Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜poem
《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂poem
《ode To a Nightingale》致夜莺poem
On First Looking in Chapman’s Homer初读查普曼译荷马史诗
有感
Bright Star 明亮的星
“Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则
●Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁女
作品：
《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in
possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”
《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感
《Emma》爱玛
●Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特
He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是
创造者和历史小说大师
8、C ritical Realism 批判现实主义，Victorian Period 维多利亚时期humanism 人
文主义
1)An age of critical realism，
2)realism, the truthful, accurate and objective description of the ordinary,
observable world.
浪漫主义：idea，image
自由主义：Mankind is Victim
3)代表人物：
●harles Dickens 狄更斯
作品：
《Hard Times》艰难时刻
《Pickwick Papers》匹克威克外传
《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿
《David Kopofield》大卫科波菲尔
《A Tale of Two Cities》双城记(描述了法国大革命French
Revolution)
特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描
述苦难和苦难的群众。

●The Brontë Sisters
Charlotte Brontë
《Shirley》雪利
《Jane Eyre》简.爱
Our protagonist
Orphaned as a child
Becomes governess at Thornfield
A feisty young child, who grows into a strong woman.
Embodies the English middle-class working woman.
Rochester
Emily Brontë
《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄
Anne Bronte 小说
美国文学
1、美国文学的阶段
1)Early American Literature
2)American Romanticism
3)American Realism
4)American Modernism
2、E arly American Literature早期美国文学
1)Colonial and Puritan Literature (Religion) (1607-1765)
●Belief---Puritanism
religious,practical,doctorine,?
●英国最早移民到美国的女诗人：Anne Bradstreet
●在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is
Edward Tayor.
2)Enlightenment and Revolution(Politics) (1765-1800)
●Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)’s Autobiography encourages
American dream
●Thomas Paine (1737-1809) Common Sense calls for liberty
●Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) Declaration of Independence
3、A merican Romanticism (1800-1865)
1)Symbolism：小说的基石（The cornerstone）
2)Early Romantics
●Washington Irving (1783-1859), The Sketch Book 开始
He was the father of American literature
第一个被世人公认
美国小说之父
《The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow》
《Rip Van Winkle》
3)The Transcendentalism：
As an intensified expression of Romanticism
As a type of Romanticism peculiar to the New England, assumed a specific moral and philosophical tone.
As a way of knowing, believes that individuals can intuitively receive higher truths otherwise unavailable through common methods of knowing,
thus transcending the limits of rationalism.
●Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882): Self-reliance, Nature
●Henry David Thoreau: Walden
4)High Romantics
●Walt Whitman (1819-1892),
《Leaves of Grass 》结束
《Song of Myself》自我之歌Free verse
Father of modern poetry
Singer of the Great Public
called the father of free verse.
Whitman's democratic ideas：
openness, freedom, and above all, individualism (the belief
that the rights and freedom of individual people are most
important)
brings the hard-working farmers and laborers into American
literature
●Nathaniel Hawthorne
《young goodman brown》
●Emily Dickinson
I’m Nobody iambic trimeter抑扬三步格abcb
Success Is Counted Sweetest iambic trimeter抑扬三步格abcb
If I read a book and it makes my whole body so cold no fire
ever can warm me, I know that is poetry. If I feel physically as if
the top of my head were taken off, I know that is poetry.
4、A merican Realism(1865-1918)
1)The Civil War was a watershed, after which American literature entered a
period of full blooming.
They wrote about local life, critical realism and unveiled the dark side of the
society.
2)Realism：
The American realistic writers paid a great interest in the realities of life and
described the integrity (honesty, truthfulness) of human character reacting
under various circumstances and pictured the pioneers of the Far West, the
new immigrants and the struggles of the working classes.
3)Naturalism：
More conscious of their philosophical foundations
Naturalist writers tend to produce literature that is pessimistic, expressing
the belief that humans react to things they cannot control, such as the
biological need for sex and self-preservation, internal stresses, and
environmental forces.
4)Local Color Fiction
●Mark Twain’s
work was regarded the witness of America’s pure local life.
Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865)《卡拉维拉斯
县驰名的跳蛙》成名作
《Adventures of Tom Sawyer》《汤姆·索耶历险记》
《The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn》All American literature
comes from one book
写作特点：colloquial language, vernacular language, dialects
Humour，Tall tales (highly exaggerated)，Social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)，Local colour
5)Literary naturalism
●Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)
《Sister Carrie》美国的无情被拒
<An American Tragedy>
5、A merican Modernism (1918-1945)
1)Modernism：
Modernism shows the artistic opposition to and rejection of the tradition,
especially Victorian modes of expression. It serves to encourage a cultural
relativism which destroyed the Victorian myths of reliability, continuity and
order.
Modernist believe that reality is experienced from different perspectives and at different levels.
2)After WWI, Americans were at a loss, and the Modern American literature
began.
3)People of 1920s were named “The Lost Generation”, and the works had a
pessimistic and disconsolate feeling
4)Modern poetry
●Robert Frost
The Road Not Taken《未选择的路》abaab
Fire and Ice《火与冰》
He was traditional in form, and his poetic language was plain,
clearly conveying a feeling in harmony with nature.
形式简单？simplistic->philosophical
resisit
●Ezra Pound
leader of the Imagist Movement
A poetic movement that flourished in the U.S. and England
between 1908-1917
It advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on
reforming the medium of poetry
rejected the effusive (感情横溢的) nature of Romantic and
Victorian poetry
focused on directness of idea and economy of language
emphasized the importance of using the “exact” word to
create a clear image
contemporary with and in harsh contrast to Georgian poetry
Cathay 华夏集
In a Station of the Metro
5)Modern novels
●Ernest Hemingway
Lost Generation
the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954
《The Old Man and the Sea》
（The Sun also Rises, 1926）《太阳照常升起》 William Faulkner
The Southern Renaissance
Soldier’s Pay（1926）first novel
《Rose for Emily》
The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》(1929) Nobel Prize for Literature。