[研究生入学考试]考研英语阅读理解真题全文翻译
1997年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文
1997年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文Text 1凌晨3点45分，投票最终举行。
经过6个月的争论以及最后16个小时激烈的国会辩论，澳大利亚的北部地区成为世界上第一个允许医生对希望结束生命的绝症患者事实安乐死的合法政府机构。
该议案以令人信服的15票比10票的优势得以通过。
消息几乎立刻就出现在了互联网上，并被半是世界之外的加拿大死亡权协会执行主席约翰?豪夫塞斯所捕捉。
他接着通过该组织的在线服务——死亡网——把该消息发送了出去。
豪夫塞斯说：“我们整天在邮寄公告，因为当然这不仅仅是发生在澳大利亚的事。
它是世界历史。
”议案的全部意义也许还需要一段时间来被公众理解。
北部地区的绝症患者权益法案促使医生和公民一起去努力探索其道德及实际方面的意义。
一些人宽慰地松了一口气。
另一些人，包括教会、生存权组织及澳大利亚医疗协会则严厉抨击该议案及其通过之仓促，但潮流已不太可能逆转。
在澳大利亚，人口老龄化、生命延长技术及变化着的社群观念都起到了它们的作用。
别的州也将考虑制定一个类似的法令来处理安乐死。
在死亡权运动愈加强劲的美国和加拿大，观望者正等待着多米诺骨牌开始倒下。
根据新的北部地区法案，成年患者可以要求死亡——很可能通过注射或药片致死——来结束痛苦。
病人必须被两名医生诊断为患有不治之症。
经过七天的“冷静思考”期后，病人可以签署一份申请书。
48小时后其死亡意愿即可得到满足。
对劳埃德?尼克森，一位54岁饱受肺癌之苦的达尔文市市民来说，北部地区的绝症患者权益法案意味着他可以摆脱萦绕心间的对痛苦的强烈恐惧感而无畏地继续活下去，不再忧虑其呼吸状况导致的可怕的死亡。
他说：“精神的角度来说，我并不惧怕死亡，但我惧怕如何走向死亡，因为我看到过很多病人在医院死亡之时因缺氧而狠抓面罩的情形。
”Text 2从美国访问归来的人都一致称赞大多数美国人对他们是如何友善、客气和乐于助人。
公平地说，加拿大人也常常受到这样的赞誉。
因此，最好把他们合为北美来考虑。
1995年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文
1995年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文Text 1花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别的方面的钱一样是值得的，它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立起稳固的国内市场，并使得以有竞争力的价格提供出口成为可能。
通过向公众推出新思想，它极大地促进生活水准的提高。
通过帮助增加商品需求，它确保对劳动力的更大需求，因此成为对付失业的一项有效措施。
它降低了许多服务费用：没有广告，日报的价格将是现在的四倍，电视许可证价格会翻一番，乘汽车或地铁出行也将贵出20%。
也许最重要的是，广告对你所购买的产品和服务的合理价值提供了一种保障。
除了有27个国会法案来监控广告内容外，常做广告者也不敢促销与其广告上的许诺不相符的产品。
他也许会通过误导人的广告暂时愚弄一些人。
但他这样做长不了，因为所幸的是，公众很明智，不会再次购买劣质商品。
如果你看见一种商品不断地打广告，我认为这就是最可靠的证明，商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。
广告对社会的物质利益所作的贡献比我能想到的任何其他力量都要大。
有一点我觉得应该在此提及。
最近我听到一位电视知名人士宣称，他反对广告，因为广告不重信息而重煽情。
他在此划了一条过于清晰的界线。
当然广告总是试图以情相劝。
如果广告内容仅局限于信息——这一点本身也难以做到，如果不是不可能的话，因为即使选择一件衬衫颜色这样的细节也多少隐含劝说之意——广告将变得味同嚼蜡、无人理会了。
但也许这就是那位电视名人所希望的结果。
Text 2看待成长有两种基本态度：一种视其为结果，一种视其为过程。
人们通常视个人成长为易被识别和衡量的一种外在结果或成果。
工人得到提升，学生成绩进步，外国人学会一门新语言——所有这些都是人们取得反映出其努力的可测量的成果之例证。
对比之下，测定个人成长的过程却要艰难得多。
因为从定义来看，它只是一个旅程，而不是沿途特定的路标或标志物。
过程并非道路本身，而是当遭遇新经历和意想不到的坎坷时人们所持的态度和情感，他们的谨慎或勇气。
考研英语阅读全文翻译
考研英语阅读全文翻译考研英语阅读全文翻译阅读能力的测试包括阅读速度,理解程度以及记忆能力等。
要想获得满意的考研英语成绩,最根本的方法就是提高词汇量,加强阅读训练,下面就是店铺给大家准备的考研英语的阅读真题及全文翻译，欢迎大家阅读参考!Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word 'amateur' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenthcentury, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.1. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.[A] sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry2. We can infer from the passage that ________.[A] there is little distinction between specialisation andprofessionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones3. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs4. The direct reason for specialisation is ________.[A] the development in communication [B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge [D] the splitting up of academic societies>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<重点词汇：1.specialisation(专业化)即special+is(e)+ation，special(特别的;额外的)，-ise动词后缀(specialise即v.专业化)，-ation名词后缀;specialist(专家;专科医生)←special+ist后缀表“人”。
考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译
2009Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative implication.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try---the more we step outside our comfort zone---the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth, “habit” is claimed by being[A] casual [B] familiar [C] mechanical [D] changeable.22. Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habit can be[A] predicted [B] regulated [C] traced [D] guided23. The word “ruts” (Line 1, paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to[A] tracks [B] series [C] characteristics [D] connections24. Dawna Markova would most probably agree that[A] ideas are born of a relaxing mind[B] innovativeness could be taught[C] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas[D] curiosity activates creative minds25. Ryan ’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing[A] prevents new habits from being formed[B] no longer emphasizes commonness[C]maintains the inherent American thinking model[D] complies with the American belief system全文翻译：Text 1习惯是一种有趣的现象。
考研英语阅读真题全文有译文
考研英语阅读真题全文有译文时代在变,考研也在变。
但无论怎么变,英语在研究生入学考试中的重要性没有变，阅读理解在考研英语中的重要性更是有增无减。
下面就是店铺给大家整理的考研英语阅读真题全文有译文，希望对你有用! 考研英语阅读原文In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency,"George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront work search" scheme.Only if the jobless arrive at the job-center with a CV, register for online job search,and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit —and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.What could be more reasonable? More apparent reasonableness followed.There will now be a seven-day wait for the job-seeker's allowance."Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on," he claimed."We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster."Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better,complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness.What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for "fundamental fairness"protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborne land, your first instinct is to fall into dependency--permanent dependency if you can get it supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.Even the very phrase "job-seeker's allowance" is about redefining the unemployed as a "job-seeker" who had no fundamental right to a benefit,he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited "allowance," conditional on actively seeking a job;no entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 pounds a week, one of the least generous in the EU.考研英语阅读翻译为了"让生活变得更好"，减少"依赖"，财政大臣乔治·奥斯本引进了"前期工作搜索"方案。
考研英语阅读真题全文翻译
考研英语阅读真题全文翻译考研英语阅读真题全文翻译众所周知,英语几乎是所有考生最头疼、难度最大的科目,而阅读理解又是英语各题型中的重中之中。
下面是店铺给大家准备的考研英语阅读的真题及全文翻译，欢迎大家阅读练习!Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby)surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today ---everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring---means thatnatural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years--- even the past 100year ---our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.5. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A]A lack of mates. [B]A fierce competition.[C]A lower survival rate. [D]A defective gene.6. What does the example of India illustrate?[A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C]The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D]India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.7. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because____ .[A]life has been improved by technological advance[B]the number of female babies has been declining[C]our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D]the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing8. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A]Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution [B]Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution[C]The Evolutionary Future of Nature [D]Human Evolution Going Nowhere>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<重点词汇：1.maturity (成熟)←matur(e)+ity，mature(成熟的v.成熟)，-ity 名词后缀。
考研英语真题阅读翻译全文
考研英语真题阅读翻译全文很多时候,考研英语阅读文章乍看上去与四、六级的形式相似,不少考生一开始便想当然地认为,只要掌握了考研英语大纲所指定词汇,考研阅读就可轻松拿下。
殊不知,考研英语阅读理解题中还有很多玄机下面就是店铺给大家整理的考研英语真题阅读翻译全文，希望对你有用! 考研英语阅读原文Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch's daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the "unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions".Integrity had collapsed, she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market.But "it's us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit".Driving her point home, she continued:"It's increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous own goals for capitalism and freedom."This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to5,500 people.This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking.Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom,how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run.Perhaps we should not be so surprised.For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value,business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World under Rupert Murdoch was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any commonhumanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories,but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.考研英语阅读翻译两年前，鲁伯特·默多克之女伊丽莎白曾说“太多的新闻机构有令人不安的正直缺失。
考研英语阅读真题正文 全文翻译[1995_2010][1]
![考研英语阅读真题正文 全文翻译[1995_2010][1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/5a773afe6137ee06eff918b5.png)
2010 Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will e njoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.在过去的25年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。
考研英语阅读真题全文翻译
考研英语阅读真题全文翻译考研英语阅读理解你复习如何?能够在这一般快拿到高分吗?下面就是店铺给大家整理的考研英语阅读真题全文翻译，希望对你有用! 考研英语阅读原文For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country.In Britain this has had a curious result.While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever."It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience "a refreshing air."Hill's pressures later led to the creation of national parks and green belts.They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it.It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing "off-plan" building where local people might object.The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable.Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning wherecouncils oppose development.The Liberal Democrats are silent.Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land.Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place.The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt.What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk.The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them.Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal.He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets.This is not a free market but a biased one.Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow.They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character.We do not ruin urban conservation areas.Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip.After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowded country.Half a century of town and country planning has enabled itto retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living.There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland.Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.考研英语阅读翻译与乡村人口相比，人类历史上第一次有更多的人居住在城镇。
考研英语二阅读理解全文翻译
英语二Text 11---Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising( 修改) their thinking on his educational ritual( 例行公事). Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible ( 不可变更的) policy which mandates( 批准) that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student ’s academ。
ic grade家庭作业从来就没有受到学生甚至家长的真正欢迎，但最近几年来，家庭作业却受到人们的鄙视。
全国的学校都在修改家庭作业的相关惯例做法。
不幸的是，洛杉矶学区通过了一项不可变更的政策：除了高等课程，家庭作业在学分中所占比例不可以超过10%。
21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____ 。
[A] is receiving more criticism[B] is no longer an educational ritual （绝对）[C] is not required for advanced courses （正反）[D] is gaining more preferences （正反）2---This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children 。
考研英语一阅读真题全文翻译及答案
2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案（七绝俗手版）2011-01-1621-25 CBDBA26-30 BDCAC31-35 DCBAA36-40 CDADB41-45 BDACFSection IIReading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], , [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic。
2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦·吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。
退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。
如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托姆西尼就这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him。
考研英语真题阅读翻译全文
考研英语真题阅读翻译全文很多时候,考研英语阅读文章乍看上去与四、六级的形式相似,不少考生一开始便想当然地认为,只要掌握了考研英语大纲所指定词汇,考研阅读就可轻松拿下。
殊不知,考研英语阅读理解题中还有很多玄机下面就是给大家整理的考研英语真题阅读翻译全文，希望对你有用!考研英语阅读原文Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch's daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the "unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions".Integrity had collapsed, she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market.But "it's us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit".Driving her point home, she continued:"It's increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or businesscould become one of the most dangerous own goals forcapitalism and freedom."This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes;finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge;the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people.This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking.Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom,how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run.Perhaps we should not be so surprised.For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value,business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World under Rupert Murdoch was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions abouthow her journalists got their stories,but she asked no questions, gave no instructions;nor received traceable, recorded answers.考研英语阅读翻译两年前，鲁伯特;默多克之女伊丽莎白曾说“太多的新闻机构有令人不安的正直缺失。
考研英语阅读及翻译(精品)
考研英语阅读（1）To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.18世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“被误导的运动要想成功，所需的只是好人不作为。
考研英语阅读理解译文
考研英语阅读理解译文考研英语阅读理解译文临近考研冲刺阶段，英语阅读不能只局限在单词和句型的把握。
熟练掌握解题技巧，把有限的精力放在问题的解答上做到事半功倍的效果，下面是店铺整理的考研英语的阅读理解真题以及译文和答案解析，一起来练习一下吧!“I've never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “It's a stupid endeavor.” That's an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this year—or perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproductive system of man's best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.Westhusin's experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy's DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you're dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. “Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says.Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin's phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy'smysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. He's plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy?s fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy's owner and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.”The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusin's work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. “Why would you ev er want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks, “when we?re not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?” [397 words]6. Mr. Westhusin thinks cloning is dangerous because_____ .[A] animals are tortured to death in the experiments[B]the public has expressed strong disapproval[C] too many lives are wasted for laboratory use[D] cloning becomes a quest only for profit7. What is the problem confronting the Missyplicity project?[A] The client holds a suspicious view toward it.[B] There is a lack of funds to support the research.[C] The owner is unwilling to disclose the information.[D] Cloning dogs is a difficult biological problem.8. Which of the following is true about animal cloning?[A]Few private cloning companies could afford it[B]Few people have realized its significance.[C] An exact copy of a cat or bull can be made.[D] It is becoming a prosperous industry.9. From the passage we can infer that _____.[A] Mr. Westhusin is going to clone a dog soon[B] scientists are pessimistic about human cloning[C] human reproductive system has not been understood[D] rich people are only interested in cloning animals10. Mr. Westhusin seems to believe that cloning______.[A] is stupid and should be abandoned [B] has been close to success[C] should be taken cautiously [D] is now in a dilemma全文翻译“我还没有遇到一个值得克隆的人。
考研英语阅读理解真题附翻译
考研英语阅读理解真题附翻译考研英语阅读理解,关键是扩大英语阅读量还有要多些做练习题真题。
下面就是给大家整理的考研英语阅读理解真题附翻译，希望对你有用!考研英语阅读原文In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher's me, here,now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involvedtransforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search, not re-search.Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincingwill always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as"seeing what everybody has seen and thinking whatnobody has thought."But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claima process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind."We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions of reason."考研英语阅读翻译在科学研究的理想状态下，关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者来观察和搜集，研究者们会用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。
考研英语一阅读真题全文翻译及答案
考研英语一阅读真题全文翻译及答案Title: Translation and Answers for Complete Text of Question 1 in the Reading Section of the First English Proficiency Test for Graduate StudiesNote: As per your request, I will avoid using any specific headings or subheadings within the article to maintain a clean and coherent text.-----The aim of this article is to provide an accurate and fluent translation of the complete text of Question 1 in the Reading section of the English Proficiency Test for Graduate Studies. Additionally, the article will also provide the corresponding answer to the question. Please note that the formatting will adhere to the conventional essay format.[Translation][Introduction]In this section, we will provide a translated version of the complete text followed by the answer to the question.[Translation][Text of Question 1][Answer to Question 1]In conclusion, the translation and answer provided above for Question 1 in the Reading section aim to meet the requirements mentioned in the title. The article has maintained a clean and neat template while ensuring a fluent statement flow and avoiding any hinderance to the reader's experience. Theformat used for presentation follows a suitable style as per the topic and the specific request given.。
考研英语真题阅读理解试题带翻译
考研英语真题阅读理解试题带翻译考研英语一直是研究生入学考试的难点,其中阅读题的难度与分值都很可观。
下面就是店铺给大家整理的考研英语真题阅读理解试题带翻译，希望对你有用!考研英语阅读原文King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted "kings don't abdicate, they die in their sleep."But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.When public opinion is particularly polarized,as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above "mere" politics and "embody" a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state.And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history —and sometimes the way they behave today —embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come,it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service,as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy's worst enemies. 考研英语阅读翻译西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯曾坚称“国王不会退位，他们在睡眠中死去。
2000年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文
2000年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文Text 1长期的、不费力气的成功史可能成为一种可怕的障碍，但是如果处理得当，它也可能成为一种动力。
美国二战后进入这样辉煌的历史时期时，它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。
它的科学家是世界上最优秀的，它的工人是世界上最具技能的。
美国和美国人的富庶是被大战破坏了经济的欧洲人和亚洲人所无法想象的。
当其他国家逐渐富有起来时，这种差距的缩小是必然的。
同样必然的是，绝对优势的缩小也是痛苦的。
在80年代中期，美国人为他们工业竞争力的减退感到困惑。
有些巨型的美国工业，如消费电子工业，在外国的竞争面前萎缩或者崩溃。
到1987年，只剩下一家美国电视机制造企业——Zenith（现在已经完全没有了：Zenith已经被韩国的LG电子兼并）。
外国汽车和纺织品横扫着国内市场。
美国的机械工业岌岌可危。
在一段时期，好像半导体制造业，这个美国发明的并且对新的计算机时代极为关键的工业，也将成为下一个牺牲品。
所有这些造成了一种信心危机。
美国人已经不再将繁荣视为自然而然的事。
他们开始怀疑他们的经营方法出了问题，怀疑他们的收入很快就会下降。
80年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因进行一次又一次的调查。
这些调查的发现，有的是耸人听闻的，它们都充满了对海外竞争加剧的警示。
现在情况已经完全改变！在1995年美国可以回顾在过去五年中稳步的增长而日本却步履维艰。
很少有美国人把它的原因归结为美元的贬值或经济周期的转折。
对自己的怀疑已经被盲目的自豪所代替。
“美国的工业结果已经改变了，它经过了一段节食期，已经变得更加机智，”哈佛大学肯尼迪行政学院执行院长理查德?卡凡纳指出。
“看到美国经济如此地提高生产力，我为自己是美国人而感到自豪，”华盛顿特区的智囊机构之一凯托研究院的史蒂芬?莫尔说。
哈佛经管学院的威廉?萨尔曼相信，人们将来会把这个时期视为“美国经济管理的黄金时期”。
Text 2做一个男人从来都充满危险。
考研英语真题阅读理解译文
考研英语真题阅读理解译文批判思维是考研英语阅读测试中重要考察的思维能力，想在阅读理解中拿高分吗?下面就是店铺给大家整理的考研英语真题阅读理解译文，希望对你有用!考研英语阅读原文That everyone's too busy these days is a cliche.But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There's never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't seem sufficient.The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with you at all times".But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work.Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning — or else you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need.The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication...It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption".Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact, "becoming more efficient" is part of the problem.Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally,judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal.Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing torisk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting.Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focused reading — useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind."The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt," writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time,and "we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes)as they pass,for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them".No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work?Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading.You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set,but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us "step outside time's flow" into "soul time".You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers."Carry a book with you at all times" can actually work, too —providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down.On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you're "making time to read," but just reading, and making time for everything else.考研英语阅读翻译如今人人都抱怨自己很忙，这已经是人们口中的陈词滥调了。
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1997Text 1难句解析：①After six months of arguing and final 16hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.▲句子的主体结构是Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority...，其中，句首是表示时间的介词词组作状语：after six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates，后面的动词不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die 相当于定语从句which allows doctors to...，修饰legal authority，who引导定语从句who wish to die 修饰前面的patients。
△理解句子的关键在于剔除庞杂的修饰成分，抓住句子的主干。
②Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.▲第一句话中，有用逗号松散地连接的两个表示对比的句子：Some have breathed... others... bitterly attacked...，其中others之后是介词词组：including churches，right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association对others进行进一步的解释。
its passage中的its指代前面提到的the bill。
第二句使用了被动语态，与第一句是转折关系。
△tide本意是"潮水，潮汐"的意思，这里的引申含义是"趋势，趋向"；turn the tide使形式转变，改变局面。
bill这里是"法案"的意思。
另外要理解some和others的对比关系。
③In Australia - where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part - other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.▲这个句子的主体结构是... other states are going to consider...。
句首的In Australia是介词词组表示地点状语，后面where引导定语从句where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part，进一步解释Australia的具体情况。
△注意破折号中说各种因素都发挥了作用，是指对其它州考虑制定关于安乐死的法律这件事而言的。
另外注意consider的用法，consider后面一般接v.-ing的形式或that引导的宾语从句。
④After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met.▲两个句子都是简单句。
第一句中前面是介词词组作时间状语：After a "cooling off" period of seven days。
第二句使用了被动语态。
△"cooling off"这里是指"给病人充足的考虑时间以做出冷静的决定"。
meet这里是"满足"的意思，可以和demand，need，requirement等和wish类似的词连用。
全文翻译：凌晨3:45进行了最终表决。
经过6个月争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区（澳北州）成为世界上第一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法当局。
这一法案是以令人信服的15票对10票通过。
几乎同时，该消息就出现在互联网上。
身处地球另一端的加拿大死亡权利执行主席约翰·霍夫塞斯在收到该消息后便通过协会的在线服务"死亡之网"发了公告。
他说："我们整天都在发布公告，因为这件事的意义不在于它是在澳大利亚发生的事情，而是因为这是世界历史的一件大事。
"要充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间。
澳北州晚期病人权利法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都同样地力图从道义和实际意义两方面来对待这一问题。
一些人如释重负，另一些人，包括教会，生命权利组织以及澳大利亚医学会成员都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击。
但这一潮流已无法逆转。
在澳大利亚，人口老龄化，延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用。
其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。
在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量。
观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌产生的效应。
根据澳北州所通过的这项新法案，成年病人可以要求安乐死--可能是通过注射致死药剂或服用致死药片--来结束痛苦。
但此前病人必须由两名医生诊断其确实已病入膏肓，然后再经过7天的冷静思考期，方可签署一份申请证明。
48小时后，才可以满足其安乐死的愿望。
对于居住于达尔文现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德·尼克森来说，这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去。
"从思想上说，我并不害怕死，但我怕的是怎样死，因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣扎，用手抓他们的面罩时的情景。
"他说。
1997Text 2难句解析：①There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.▲第一个句子使用了there be句型，其中of course是插入语。
第二句是主语+系动词+表语结构。
第三句话中使用了so... that结构：其中made so frequently是过去分词作定语，修饰前面的observation。
△第一句中的of course作插入语，用逗号与句子的其它部分分开，在开始阅读的时候可以不看。
注意第二句话中使用了双重否定表示肯定：hardly unknown等于pretty well-known。
另外注意so... that结构的用法：太......以至于。
另外observation这里的意思是"因观察而得出的意见"。
另外it deserves comment中的it指代前面的observation。
②Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.▲句子的主干结构是Strangers and travelers were... and brought...。
△注意diversion在这里的含义是"解闷，取乐的事情，消遣，娱乐"，而不是"转移，转向"的意思。
③Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.▲这是一个简单句。
traveling alone是现在分词作定语修饰前面的someone，if hungry, injured, or ill...实际上是简略的if引导的状语从句，相当于if (he is) hungry, injured, or ill，这里作插入成分。
另外have sth.+动词不定式，这一结构中的动词不定式通常是相当于定语部分，修饰前面的sth.，这里就是：没有可以投靠（to turn to/动词不定式）的地方（nowhere/sth.）。
△注意turn to这里的引申含义是"投靠，求助于，求教于"的意思。
④It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.▲句子的主干结构是It was not a matter of choice... or merely a charitable impulse...，是主语+系动词+表语的结构。
表语由并列的两部分组成，由or来连接。
△on the part of相当于前面的for，意思是"在......方面，对......而言"。
⑤The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.▲这个句子的主干结构是The casual friendliness should be interpreted neither as A nor B, but as C，使用了被动语态。