肿瘤抗原的分类、免疫机制和治疗方法(英文版)
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肿瘤抗原的分类、免疫机 制和治疗方法（英文版）
Questions:
你所认识的人中没有没因为肿瘤离你而去的？ 你对肿瘤的态度是什么？恨or绝望无耐or无所
谓……？ 你认为人类最终能战胜肿瘤吗？ 你猜测治疗肿瘤最有希望的方法将会是什么？
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cervical cancer
2.Etiology of tumor
（1）External causes
Chemical agents (toxicant) Physical agents (radiation) Biologic agents (virus)
（2）Internal causes
Gene (mutation) Hormone (sexual hormone) Immunity (immunodeficiency)
Features of cancer cells
1. Escape normal intercellular communication 2. Allow for rapid growth 3. Increased mobility of cells 4. Invade tissues 5. Metastasis 6. Evade the immune system
Gene Sex hormone
Immunodeficiency
How does a tumor form?
3. 肿瘤抗原（Tumor antigens）
研究表明，肿瘤细胞尽管来源于宿主细胞，但 能诱发机体产生免疫应答，这说明肿瘤细胞可 能存在着与正常组织细胞不同的抗原成分，即 肿瘤抗原。
This is a funБайду номын сангаасamental issue for tumor immunology and its clinical applications.
Concept
Tumor antigens are: the antigenic molecules that newly-present or over-expressed in the neoplastic tissues or cells, which usually as the targets inducing the immune responses against the tumors.
免疫编辑（Immunoediting）
人体的免疫系统具备一套精细的防止肿瘤抗原 产生和肿瘤生长的机制，可分为三个阶段： 1.清除 elimination 2. 相持 equilibrium 3. 逃逸 escape
Phases of Immunoediting: three “E”s
肿瘤发生
肿瘤抗原
Spontaneous regression occurs
Melanoma, breast, lung cancers
Hallmarks
There may be tumor immunity, there was
a high frequency of ‘aberrant germs’(tumor), which if not kept in check by the immune system, would overwhelm us.
了解 自身
战胜 肿瘤
了解 肿瘤
Tumor immunology
肿瘤免疫学（tumor Immunology）:是 研究肿瘤的抗原性、机体的免疫功能与肿 瘤发生、发展的相互关系，机体对肿瘤的 免疫应答及其抗肿瘤免疫的机制、肿瘤的 免疫诊断和免疫防治的科学。
Evidence for Tumor Immunity
肿瘤免疫学中的“孙子兵法”
免疫系统
抗肿瘤机制
肿瘤的 免疫学
防治
肿瘤逃逸
略 篇
策
一、知彼篇
1.What is Tumor?
肿瘤: 是人体器官组织的细胞，在外来和内在有害因 素的长期作用下所产生的一种以细胞过度增殖为主 要特点的新生物 (neoplasm)。
Concepts
Tumor means a swelling or mass. A tumor can be benign (良性的) or malignant (恶性 的).
Lung cancer
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Lymphoma
Pancreatic carcinoma
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in USA
引自：2008年中国卫生事业统计公报
①知可以战与不可以战者胜，②识众寡之用者胜，③上下 同欲者胜，④以虞待不虞者胜，⑤将能而君不御者胜。此 五者，知胜之道也。《孙子·谋攻》
Cancer (癌) refers to any malignant tumor.
Benign refers to a tumor which does not have the potential to spread beyond the organ it arises.
Malignant refers to a tumor which has the ability to spread or metastasize (转移) beyond the organ it arises.
The high frequency of cancers in immunosuppressed patients
Extremes of age Primary and secondary immunodeficiency Immunosuppressive drugs
Tumors that are infiltrated by T cells have an improved prognosis
(1906)
Paul Ehrlich
免疫监视（Immunosurveillance）
Burnett FM
Lewis Thomas
1957年，Burnet和Thomas提出免疫监视 学说,认为机体免疫系统通过细胞免疫机 制能识别并特异地杀伤突变细胞，使突 变细胞在未形成肿瘤之前即被清除，从 而维持机体的稳态。
Questions:
你所认识的人中没有没因为肿瘤离你而去的？ 你对肿瘤的态度是什么？恨or绝望无耐or无所
谓……？ 你认为人类最终能战胜肿瘤吗？ 你猜测治疗肿瘤最有希望的方法将会是什么？
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cervical cancer
2.Etiology of tumor
（1）External causes
Chemical agents (toxicant) Physical agents (radiation) Biologic agents (virus)
（2）Internal causes
Gene (mutation) Hormone (sexual hormone) Immunity (immunodeficiency)
Features of cancer cells
1. Escape normal intercellular communication 2. Allow for rapid growth 3. Increased mobility of cells 4. Invade tissues 5. Metastasis 6. Evade the immune system
Gene Sex hormone
Immunodeficiency
How does a tumor form?
3. 肿瘤抗原（Tumor antigens）
研究表明，肿瘤细胞尽管来源于宿主细胞，但 能诱发机体产生免疫应答，这说明肿瘤细胞可 能存在着与正常组织细胞不同的抗原成分，即 肿瘤抗原。
This is a funБайду номын сангаасamental issue for tumor immunology and its clinical applications.
Concept
Tumor antigens are: the antigenic molecules that newly-present or over-expressed in the neoplastic tissues or cells, which usually as the targets inducing the immune responses against the tumors.
免疫编辑（Immunoediting）
人体的免疫系统具备一套精细的防止肿瘤抗原 产生和肿瘤生长的机制，可分为三个阶段： 1.清除 elimination 2. 相持 equilibrium 3. 逃逸 escape
Phases of Immunoediting: three “E”s
肿瘤发生
肿瘤抗原
Spontaneous regression occurs
Melanoma, breast, lung cancers
Hallmarks
There may be tumor immunity, there was
a high frequency of ‘aberrant germs’(tumor), which if not kept in check by the immune system, would overwhelm us.
了解 自身
战胜 肿瘤
了解 肿瘤
Tumor immunology
肿瘤免疫学（tumor Immunology）:是 研究肿瘤的抗原性、机体的免疫功能与肿 瘤发生、发展的相互关系，机体对肿瘤的 免疫应答及其抗肿瘤免疫的机制、肿瘤的 免疫诊断和免疫防治的科学。
Evidence for Tumor Immunity
肿瘤免疫学中的“孙子兵法”
免疫系统
抗肿瘤机制
肿瘤的 免疫学
防治
肿瘤逃逸
略 篇
策
一、知彼篇
1.What is Tumor?
肿瘤: 是人体器官组织的细胞，在外来和内在有害因 素的长期作用下所产生的一种以细胞过度增殖为主 要特点的新生物 (neoplasm)。
Concepts
Tumor means a swelling or mass. A tumor can be benign (良性的) or malignant (恶性 的).
Lung cancer
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Lymphoma
Pancreatic carcinoma
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in USA
引自：2008年中国卫生事业统计公报
①知可以战与不可以战者胜，②识众寡之用者胜，③上下 同欲者胜，④以虞待不虞者胜，⑤将能而君不御者胜。此 五者，知胜之道也。《孙子·谋攻》
Cancer (癌) refers to any malignant tumor.
Benign refers to a tumor which does not have the potential to spread beyond the organ it arises.
Malignant refers to a tumor which has the ability to spread or metastasize (转移) beyond the organ it arises.
The high frequency of cancers in immunosuppressed patients
Extremes of age Primary and secondary immunodeficiency Immunosuppressive drugs
Tumors that are infiltrated by T cells have an improved prognosis
(1906)
Paul Ehrlich
免疫监视（Immunosurveillance）
Burnett FM
Lewis Thomas
1957年，Burnet和Thomas提出免疫监视 学说,认为机体免疫系统通过细胞免疫机 制能识别并特异地杀伤突变细胞，使突 变细胞在未形成肿瘤之前即被清除，从 而维持机体的稳态。