英语国家社会与文化作业
英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)-答案
Key to Exercises 001
UNIT ❶
I. 1. 毛利人，毛利人的 2. 库克海峡 3. 绿党 4. 《21 世纪议程》 5. 沉浸式强化学习（外语）
II.
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. F
5. T
6. F
7. T
8. F
III. 1. Southwest Pacific; Australia 2. Байду номын сангаасothern; July 3. English, Maori 4. isolation 5. Waitangi Tribunal 6. East Polynesia 7. nuclear-free 8. South Pacific; European
UNIT ❸
I. 1. 中世纪 2. 清教徒 3. 五月花号 4. （白人）契约奴 5. 贵格会，教友派 6. 波士顿倾茶党
II.
1. T
2. T
3. F
6. F
7. T
8. F
III. 1. Letters from An American Farmer 2. Asia, Europe, Africa 3. the Incas, the Mayas 4. 1492 5. John Cabot 6. Martin Luther, John Calvin 7. Virginia 8. tobacco 9. Maryland, Catholic 10. The American Revolution
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. F
6. T
7. F
8. F
III. 1. melting pot; salad bowl 2. New York; Wall 3. Mississippi; Missouri 4. antebellum; agricultural 5. breadbasket; salad bowl 6. colonists; Northern Europeans; Southern Europeans 7. Ireland; Potato Famine 8. literacy 9. Protestant; Catholic 10. John F. Kennedy
英语国家社会与文化(美1)
n. n. n. v. n.
遗产，传统 封建主，勋爵，贵族 庄园 熔化 商人
migration
militia mission mobility
n.
n. n. n.
迁移
民兵 使命 流动
mode
Montreal moral moralism naturalization nobility oath observe Old World
The USA --American Beginning
Preface
Hello Class! In today's class we are going to deal with the first chapter on the history of the United States of America. As is known to all, America is a new nation and the product of the Western civilization. In fact, the American continent was first discovered by an Italian sailor called Christopher Columbus in 1492. And the United States was not officially founded until 1776 when 13 former British colonies rose up against the British Empire and fought a war for their independence. But, before we start, let's take the time to preview some of the questions regarding the history of the United States. Please see if you can answer the following questions. Please supply the correct answers, if you happen to know them, in the space bellow.
英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案
Book1 Unit 11.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field?The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.In the international field, Britain has great voice in politics, economy and culture and so on.2.Why impossible to sum up British people with a few simple phrases: The UK is made up of different elements. It includes 4 parts within the one nation-state. It is now a multiracial society with different religion believes. It is divided economically and it is a society with a class-structure. And within each of the four countries there are different regions. Since this country was so complicated both in history or humanity, it is impossible to sum up their people.3.A history of invasions: (1) Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kindoms of Celtic people. They brought the central Europen culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled itfor slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism. (2)However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English.(3)In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the nothern and eastern England. A Anglo-Saxon herio, king Alfred the Great fought against the vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England (4)Later, the Nomans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England. They imported a rulling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rulled Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.How did they influence culture:[接着上边一起看] (2) a lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, novelists and filmmakers.Places associated with his legend. Round table was ween as an indicator of the way in which the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator. (3)anglo-saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English. By Vikings' settlements the Enlish heroes were truly English. There remains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in england. (4)Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. the legend of Robin Hood.4.General characteristic of Scotland: Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. (1) rugged. (2) not conquered by the Romans (3) maintain its separate political identity for more than a hundred years.(4) eager for independence.How Scotland became part of the union of Great Britain: in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. In 1745 there was a brutal military response from the British army. The rebel army was destroyed at the battle of Culloden in northern Scotland.5.Describe Wales and the unification with Britain: (1) wales was an important element in Britain's industrial revolution, as it had rich coal deposits. It is successful in attracting investment from abroad. Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. (2)Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. In 1536, wales was brought legally, administratively, and politically into the UK by an act of the British parliament. This close long-standing relationship means that modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses --- its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England.6.Differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition: [书上说的比较散，建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较] (1) English character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. But young people are not all stereotypes. But it is certainly true that the lifeless fronts of many english houses conceal beautiful back gardens. (2)The dream of an independentScotland has not vanished. They are always eager for freedom. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. "Superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity." Some people speak Gaelic.(3)Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that diffenece is the Welsh language -- the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. Modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses. (its legal system and education system are exactly the same as in England)Unit 21.Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK: Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.Its political problem: The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Ireland North and South following the separation of issues left over by history, mixed it with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex. Ireland’s independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pro-British Protestant majority (about 51%), the Catholic nationalist minority (about 38%), as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On thecontrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict. [因为发现实在太难sum up了，所以就搜了一下，以下是wikipedia版本]Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict —the Troubles —which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom,[6]while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule. [网络其它版本]Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.2.Factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today: Along with the political campaign for home-rule there weregroups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.3.Sum up solutions to NI's political problems of different parties and groups in the UK: Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".4.What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland: I think they can ask the UN for help. / Keep the present status. Turn to other countries for help. [自由发挥啦]Unit 31.Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy: The monarch of the country has limited rights because of Bill of Right. For example, while the official head of state is the queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles.How the English monarchy evolved to present constitutional monarchy: Originally the power of the monarch was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the "divine right of kings". For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of the state. While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power. King John was unwilling to receive advice from prominent men, which led battles between the king and other powerful groups. Finally the king granted them a charter, named Magna Carta, of liverty and political rights. The civil war2.The civil war was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-a-vis Parliament. James I and his successor Charles I both insisted on their divine right as kings. They felt Parliament had no real political right to exist, but only existed because the king allowed it to do so. It was the effort toreassert the rights of parliament that led to the civil war.English Revolution: "English Revolution" has been used to describe two different events in English history. The first was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy established, was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution.[1]In the twentieth-century, however, Marxist historians used the term "English Revolution" to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period (1640-1660), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649. This was followed by a ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the "Commonwealth", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660.3.History of English parliament: Traditionally, when medieval kings wanted to raise money he would try to persuade the Great Council, a gathering of leading, wealthy barons which the kings summoned several times a year. Later kings found this group was so small that they could not make ends meet. So they widened the Great Council to include representatives of counties, cities and towns and get them to contribute. It was in this waythat the Great Council came to include the House of Lords(who were summoned) and the House of Commons(representatives of communities).What role did the parliament play in the Civil War: Since James I and Charles I both thought that Parliament didn't need to exist, the Parliament was enraged. Leading politicians and church authorities asked William of Orange to replace them two. In 1689 Parliament passed the bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.4.Characteristics of British constitution: Unlike many nations, Britain has no core constitutional documents.Contents: Statute laws(laws passed by Parliament); the common laws(laws which have been established through common practice in the courts); and conventions(rules and practices which do not exist legally but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government).5.Why parliament is supreme: because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.Parliament's function: First, it passes laws. Second, it provides the means ofcarrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Third, it scrutinises government policy, administration and expenditure. Fourth, it debates the major issues of the day.Queen/King's role: To symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state. To represent Britain at home and broad. To set standards of good citizenship and family life. She is legally head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England.PM's role: The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party which wins the most seats in a general election. He/She chose usually around 20 MPs to become government ministers in the Cabinet. Together they carry our the functions of policy-making, the coordination of government departments and the supreme control of government.6.The House of Lords: It was below the Queen, consisting of the Lords Spiritual(who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal(which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers of they have been appointed). The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public. It is the upper house of the Parliament of the UnitedKingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. It remains the relationship with government, debates legislation and has some power to amend or reject bills (has some legislative functions).Unit 41.Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds.Why small parties and independent candidates powerless: Voters will see it as a wasted vote because even if they were to win the seat they would be powerless in parliament against the big parties' representatives. Voting them will prevent the voters from contributing to the competition between the big parties as to which of them will form a government.2.Three big parties in the UK: the Labour party, the Conservative party, the Liberal Democrats.Similarities: Since Conservative began to have a "fartherly" sense of obligation to the less fortunate in society, they didn't dismantle principles the Labour set up. That indicates that thus the difference between the Labour and Conservative is one of degree, not an absolute.Dissimilarities: (1) Labour is a socialist party. They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms and that part of the role of government is to act as a "redistributive" agent. They think government should provide a range of public services, therefore high taxes. (2) Conservative is the party that spent most time in power. They are seen as the party of the individual, protecting individual's right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, therefore low taxes. (3) Liberal Democrats is a party of the "middle", occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties. They are comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social.3.Recent political trends [注意下一小问]: (1) Conservatives won the election under their leader Margaret Thatcher in the 1970s. During that time the economy did badly, with high inflation and low growth. (2) she dismissed being "fartherly", encourages entrepreneurship. One of the major policies was the privatisazion of nationalised industry. (3)part of the mechanism of change was a less redistributive taxation system. Tax rate were cut to allow people to keep more of what they earned.Author's opinion: The 1980s have seen British politics move to the "right", away from the "pulic" and toward the "private"; away from the "social", andtoward the "individual", and all parties have had to adjust to those changes.4.How people are divided into different classes: (1) employment: manual(or blue-collar) workers usually call themselves working-class, and office(or white-collar) workers would usually call themselves middle-class. (2) cultural differences: like what newspaper they read. Working-class often read THE SUN, a newspaper with little hard news and more about soap operas, royal family and sports. Middle-class often read THE GUARDIAN, a larger newspaper with longer stories, covering national and international events. (3) education: private school or public school. (4) the UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. (5) the way they speak.Compare with the US and China: not similar at all. The UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. Among the students at the private schools attended by the upper-middle-class above would be a thin scattering of aristocratic children, who will inherit titles like baronets. This is due to Britain's different history and convention.Unit 51.Absolute decline means recession, developing in a minus speed.Relative decline means that although the UK improved, other countries developed more rapidly than the UK, which made it slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.Reasons: (1) The UK had gone into debt after WWII. (2) Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military than most of its competitors. (Joining NATO and UN Security Council) (3)The era of empire was over. Former colonial countries announced independence, leaving Britain as a medium-size Euporean country. (4)Britain's industry survived comparatively unaffected, but its competitors did not. So the competitors invested in modern equipment and new products while British industry still continue with older ones. (5) Low rates of investment. The UK lacks a close relationship between industry and banks due to its history. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment.2.What did the conservative party under Mrs. Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979: A radical programme of reform.What was her radical reform programme: Bureaucracy was reduced, (foreign exchange controls were lifted, rules governing banks loosened, for example). Throughout the 1980s an extensive programme of privatisationwas carried out.Was is successful: It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and business made profits. The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors.3.Main areas in national economies: Primary industries such as agriculture, fishing and mining; secondary industries which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; tertiary/service industries such as banking, insurance, tourism and the retailing.Development of each: (1) agricultural sector is small but efficient. Energy production is an important part of the UK economy. (2)in the secondary sector, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. (3)tertiary or service industries produce 65% of national wealth.4.Why relatively shrinking of the important secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries: A lot of the tertiary or service industries is domestic activity, accounting for about 10% of theworld's exports of such services. 70% of the UK's workforce are employed in the service sector.Compare tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years or so: Chinese tertiary industries didn't grow as fast as the UK, though the portion was increasing.How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world: China was famous for the name of "world factory", which means Chinese workforces can produce products at low paid. China is a developing country, experiencing the transfer of manufacturing is reasonable. However, as China is developing, wages of workforces are also increasing. Comparing to India, we may lose our "advantage" gradually.Unit 61.Why Geoffrey Chaucer's work written in Middle English can still read and studied today: It is notable for its diversity, both in the range of social types amongst the 31pilgrims, and the range in style of the stories they tell.2.Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature: Yes. Elizabethan drama, and Shakespeare in particular, isconsidered to be among the earliest work to display a "modern" perception of the world: full of moral doubts and political insecurities, where the right of those who wield power to do so is put in question.The most important figure in Elizabethan Drama: William ShakespeareSome of his well-known plays: (tragedies)Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth; (comedies)The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, the Tempest; (history plays)Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V jJulius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra.3.Some of the features of Romantic Literature: writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.4.Modernism: it refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often they seem disorganized, hard to understand. Itoften portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action.Postmodernism: After WWII. Postmodernist can be thought of as abandoning the search of buried meaning below confusing surfaces.Examples to illustrate: (modernist) Virginia Woolf "Mrs.Dalloway""to the Lighthouse""Orlando"; wrence "Sons and Lovers" and E.M.Forster "a Passage to India"; (postmodernist)George Orwell "1984", John Fowles "the French Lieutenant's woman"Book I Unit 7, British Education System1.What are the purposes of the British education system? Please commenton these purposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?Schools in Britain do not just teach the students 3 Rs, (reading, writing and arithmetic), but to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society.2.How does the British education system reflect social class?Firstly, in Britain, the school you attend can refer to your social status.And the school tie is a clear market of social class,3.What are the major changes that have taken place since World War II? IsBritish education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.1)The old education system has disrupted due to the war. So with the help ofthe church and newly powerful trade unions began to reconstruct a new education system.2)The new system emphasizes equality. 1944 education act made entry tosecondary schools and universities meritocratic. Children would be able admitted to schools not because they were of a certain social class or because their parents possessed a certain amount of money, but because of the abilities they displayed. All children were given right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education.3)1989, a national curriculum was introduced by the government.4.Why does the author say that universities in Britain have rather elitist?Most students in British universities are from the middle classes, attend good schools, perform well in their A-levels and receive a fully-funded place in a university. And when they graduate, they can become very influential in banking, the media, the arts, education or even thegovernment.5.What is the Open University in Britain? What do you think of this system?The opening university offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can register without having any formal educational qualifications. They follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre.I think the system has been quite successful. Thanks to the system, tens ofthousands of Britons, from various statuses attend the Open University each year. And this has improve the equality in Britain’s high education.Unit 8 British Foreign Relations1.What and how did the British Empire end? How did the Britain react to thisreality? How did the end of British imperialism influence the psychology of the British and the making of Britain’s foreign policy?1)After the World War II the British could no longer afford to maintain itsempire; while Britain had won the war, it had paid a terrible price in terms of lives and in terms of economic destruction. And the British realized that countries should be granted the independence and left to run their own affairs. People and territory should not just be treated as a source of economic resources for the ruling centers of commerce in Europe.2)Many people are still alive who can remember when Britain was one of themost powerful and rich nations on earth. It is sometimes hard to thinkabout Britain as it really is today.3)Because Britain lost its empire so recently, british policy makers frequentlyforget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.Historians argue that the British foreign policy makers retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain’s role as a world power and point to many major foreign policy decisions as examples.2.What are the foundations of Britain’s foreign policy?It is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.Britain’s imperial history made the policy maker very conservative and traditional.And its geopolitical traits created a sense of psychological isolation in its inhabitants. And as Britain is an island state, it naturally developed as a nation of seafarers who roamed the globe looking for territory and economic opportunities.3.How is Britain’s foreign policy made? Does the government’s foreignpolicy represent the desires of British citizen?1)The prime minister and cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’sforeign policy. The main government department involved is of course the foreign and commonwealth office but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government’s decisions.。
英语国家社会与文化入门第三版朱文涛答案
英语国家社会与文化入门第三版朱文涛答案1、Since we have _____ money left,we can't afford the expensive computer. [单选题] *A. a littleB. a fewC. little(正确答案)D. few2、( ) ________ large the library is! [单选题] *A. WhatB. What aC. How(正确答案)D. How a3、If it _______ tomorrow, I won’t go there. [单选题] *A. rains(正确答案)B. is rainingC. will rainD. would rain4、_______ your help, I passed the English exam. [单选题] *A. ThanksB. Thanks to(正确答案)C. Thank youD. Thank to5、I like the food very much.It is _______. [单选题] *A. terribleB. expensiveC. delicious(正确答案)D. friendly6、In 2019 we moved to Boston,（）my grandparents are living. [单选题] *A. whoB. whenC. where(正确答案)D. for which7、Tom didn’t _______ his exam again. It was a pity. [单选题] *A. failC. pass(正确答案)D. beat8、He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones. [单选题] *A. anyB. someC. few(正确答案)D. many9、I have only two tickets for TF Boys’concert. ______ you ______ he can go with me.（）[单选题] *A. Either; or(正确答案)B. Either; norC. Both; andD. Not only; but also10、In the closet（）a pair of trousers his parents bought for his birthday. [单选题] *A. lyingB. lies(正确答案)c. lie11、12．That is a good way ________ him ________ English. [单选题] *A．to help；forB．helps；withC．to help；with(正确答案)D．helping；in12、The man called his professor for help because he couldn’t solve the problem by _______. [单选题] *A. herselfB. himself(正确答案)C. yourselfD. themselves13、When you have trouble, you can _______ the police. They will help you. [单选题] *A. turn offB. turn to(正确答案)C. turn onD. turn over14、76．—Could you tell me ________the bank?—Turn right and it's on your right. [单选题]* A．how get toB．how to getC．how getting toD．how to get to(正确答案)15、The organization came into being in 1 [单选题] *A. 开始策划B. 进行改组C. 解散D. 成立于(正确答案)16、72．—? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??—Yes, please. I want a sweater. [单选题] *A．How muchB．Can I help you(正确答案)C．Excuse meD．What will you take17、He held his（）when the results were read out. [单选题] *A. breath(正确答案)B. voiceC. soundD. thought18、( ) My mother told me _____ in bed. [单选题] *A. not readB. not readingC. don’t readD. not to read(正确答案)19、_____ rooms are both large and comfortable. [单选题] *A. Jack's and Jane's(正确答案)B. Jack and Jane'sC. Jack's and JaneD.Jack and Jane20、They all choose me ______ our class monitor.（）[单选题] *A. as(正确答案)B. inC. withD. on21、67．—What can I do for you?—I'm looking at that dress.It looks nice.May I ________？[单选题] *A．hold it onB．try it on(正确答案)C．take it offD．get it off22、Tom and Mary's house bought last year is（）Lucy, s. [单选题] *A. the three size ofB. three times the size of(正确答案)C. as three times large asD. three times as larger as23、The street was named _____ George Washington who led the American war for independence. [单选题] *A. fromB. withC. asD. after(正确答案)24、Have you kept in（）with any of your friends from college? [单选题] *A. contractB. contact(正确答案)C. continentD. touching25、Li Jing often helps me ______ my geography.（）[单选题] *A. atB. inC. ofD. with(正确答案)26、63．There will be? ? ? ? ??? water on the road after the heavy rain. [单选题] * A．too much(正确答案)B．much tooC．too manyD．many too27、A little learning is a dangerous thing, _____ the saying goes. [单选题] *A. likeB. as(正确答案)C. withD. if28、The twins _______ us something about their country. [单选题] *A. told(正确答案)B. saidC. talkedD. spoke29、Mum is ill. I have to _______ her at home. [单选题] *A. look after(正确答案)B. look forC. look outD. look forward to30、47．Yao Ming is tall. That's one of his ________. [单选题] * A．advantageB．advantages(正确答案)C．disadvantageD．disadvantages。
10英语一班英语国家社会与文化入门UNIT7 American Literature作业The Lost generation
Gertrude Stein with Ernest Hemingway's son,
Definition
The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who were rebelling against what American had become by 1900"s
Born in 1896 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to an upper-middle-class family, Fitzgerald was named after his famous second cousin, three times removed, Francis Scott Key, but was referred to as "Scott." He was also named after his deceased sister, Louise Scott, one of two sisters who died shortly before his birth. Fitzgerald spent the first decade of his childhood primarily in Buffalo, New York(1898–1901 and 1903–1908, with a short interlude in Syracuse, New York between January 1901 and September 1903).His parents, both practicing Catholics, sent Fitzgerald to two Catholic schools on the West Side of Buffalo, first Holy Angels Convent (1903–1904, now disused) and then Nardin Academy(1905–1908). His formative years in Buffalo revealed him to be a boy of unusual intelligence and drive with a keen early interest in literature, his doting mother ensuring that her son had all the advantages of an upper-middle-class upbringing. In a rather unconventional style of parenting, Fitzgerald attended Holy Angels with the peculiar arrangement that he go for only half a day—and was allowed to choose which half .Broad Sense
英语国家社会与文化入门A
闭卷考试时间：90分钟所有答案都必须写在答题纸上，答在试卷上一律无效共2页第1页Ⅰ.Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). （本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）1. Britain is no longer an imperial country. ( )2. When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britainsometimes. ( )3. It is no doubt that Britain is the oldest representative democracy in theworld. ( )4. It is incorrect to say that class and educational differences are reflectedin the newspaper. ( )5. The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’sforeign policy.( )Ⅱ. Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question.（本大题共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）1.Which of the following is not considered a characteristic of London?A.The cultural center.B. The business center.B. C. The financial center. D. The sports center.2.Which of the following is not true about Britain?A.It used to be a powerful imperial country in the world.B.It plays an active role as a member of the European Union.C.It is a relatively wealthy and developed country.D.It used to be one of the superpowers in the world.3.Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations in the UK, but isquite well-known in the world for_______.A.its most famous landmarkB. its rich cultural lifeC. its low living standardsD.its endless political problems4.Which of the following statements is not correct?A.There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.B.Strictly speaking, the Queen is part of the Parliament.C.Parliament has the supreme power of passing laws.D.Parliament has no power to change the terms of the Constitution.5.Which group of people cannot vote in the general election?A.Members in the House of Commons.B.Lords in the House of Lords.C.The UK citizens above the age of 18.D.The UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic.6.By whom is a “vote of no confid ence” decided?A.The House of Commons.B.The House of Lords.C. The two major parties.D.The Prime Minister.7.How many seats in the House of Commons should a party hold at least inorder to win the election?A.651.B.326.C.626.D.351.8.Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK?A.Beef cattleB.Dairy cattleC.ChickenD.Sheep9.Which of the following countries is the last to come out of recession?A.GermanyB.JapanC.BritainD.France10.Which of the following is a tragedy written by Shakespeare?A.Doctor FaustusB.MacbethC.FrankensteinD.The Tempest11.Which of the following is not involved in making the British foreign policy?A.The Queen of BritainB.The Foreign and Commonwealth OfficeC.The Prime Minister and the Cabinet.D.The Minister of Defense and the Treasury.12.Why does Britain have its nuclear naval force?A.Because it is one of the developed countries in the world.B.Because it is a traditional sea power.C.Because it has an advanced industry.D.Because it is able to produce submarines.13.In Britain most advertising is carried_______.A.in newspaperB.in magazinesC.on televisionD.on radio14.Which of the following sports was not invented in Britain?A.FootballB.tennisC.basketballD.cricket15.Which of the following is truly a sport of the royal family?A.CricketB.skiingC.golfingD.horse racing16.On which day is Halloween celebrated?A.October 31stB.November 5thC.March 17thD.December 25th17.Northern Ireland includes________.A. 6 countriesB.26 countriesC.32 countriesD.The whole island off the northwest coast of Great Britain.18.In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to______.A.private schoolsB.independent schoolsC.state schoolsD.public schools19.In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16________.A.can legally receive partly free education.B.can legally receive completely free education.C.can not receive free education at all.D.can not receive free education if their parents are rich.20.Which of the following schools would admit children without referenceto their academic abilities?prehensive schoolsB.secondary schoolsC.independent schoolsD.grammar schoolsⅢ. Tell what you know about the following in your own words.（本大题共4小题，每小题5分，共20分）1.London2.The functions of Parliament3.The importance of general elections4.The three traditions of Christmas in Britain闭卷考试时间：90分钟所有答案都必须写在答题纸上，答在试卷上一律无效共2页第2页Ⅳ. Answer the following two questions.（本大题共2小题，每小题15分，共30分）1.What are the purposes of British education system? Please commenton these purposes.2.What are the foundations of Britain’s foreign policy?ANSWER SHEET 答题纸Ⅰ.Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1. _____2. _____3. _____4. _____5. _____Ⅱ. Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question.1. ____2. _____3. ___4. ___5. ___6. ____7. ___8. ___9. ___ 10. ___11. ___ 12. 13. ____ 14. ____15. __ 16. ___ 17. ___ 18. ___ 19. ____ 20. ___Ⅲ. Tell what you know about the following in your own words.1. London2. The functions of Parliament3. The importance of general elections4. The three traditions of Christmas in BritainⅣ. Answer the following two questions.1.2.。
英语国家社会与文化试题与答案
英语国家社会与文化1. The Norman Conquest of_____is perhaps the best - known event in English history. [单选题] *A. 1063B. 1064C. 1065D. 1066*2. Apart from a break during the Second World War, the BBC has been providing regular television broadcasts since _______. [单选题] *A.1935B.1936*C.1937D.19383. The first blacks were brought to North America as in 1619. [单选题] *A. adventurersB. slaves*C. servantsD. explorers4. Two years after the ending of the Hundred Years ’War with France, England was thrown into another series of civil wars, _____ . [单选题] *A.the War of the CeltsB.Norman ConquestC.the War of the Roses*D.Battle of Hastings5. Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses of which the most important matters could be seen in three of the following except . [单选题] *A.no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council;B.no serf should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of his property except by the law of the land*C.London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privilegesD.There should be the same weights and measures through - out the country.6. The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century, and the Scottish inventor modified and improved the design in 1765. [单选题] *A. Abraham DarbyB. James Watt*C. John KayD. Richard Arkwright7. Soon after, Britain not only gave up its economic hegemony but also suffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership. [单选题] *A. 1900B. the First World WarC. the Second World War*D. 19608. The House of Lords is presided over by . [单选题] *A. the Lord Chancellor*B. the QueenC. the Archbishop of CanterburyD. the Prime Minister9. The Prime Minister is appointed by and he or she always sits in . [单选题] *A.the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB.the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC.the Queen, the House of Commons*D.the Queen, the House of Lords10. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in . [单选题] *A. the QueenB. the CabinetC. the House of LordsD. the House of Commons*11. The first immigrants in American history came from and . [单选题] *A. Ireland/FranceB. England/ChinaC. Scotland/EnglandD. England/ Netherlands*12. According to American historians and specialists in demography, there are great population movement in the history of the United States. [单选题] *A. twoB. threeC. four*D. five13. The victory of was the turning point of the War of Independence. [单选题] *A. GettysburgB. TrentonC. YorktownD. Saratoga*14. The Wars of Roses lasted for years and king was replaced by king . [单选题] *A. 30, Richard III, Henry Tudor*B. 50, Richard III, Henry TudorC. 30, Richard I, Henry TudorD. 50, Richard I, Henry Tudor15. In , a small group of Puritans sailed and arrived at in the Mayflower to be the first settlers in the New Land. [单选题] *A. 1620, Plymouth*B. 1620, LondonC. 1720, LondonD. 1720, Plymouth16. In the 18th century, there appeared in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines. [单选题] *A. the Bourgeois RevolutionB. the Wars of the RosesC. the Industrial Revolution*D. the Religious Reformation17. The Declaration of Independence came from the theory of British philosopher . [单选题] *A. Paul RevereB. John Locke*C. CornwallisD. Frederick Douglass18. The ________ marked the establishment of feudalism in England. [单选题] *A. Viking invasionsB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman Conquest*D. adoption of common law19. Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the ―Big Three with the exception of . [单选题] *A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The Observer*D. The Daily Telegraph20. The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is . [单选题] *A. poetryB. drama*C. novelD. pamphlet21. People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. [判断题] *对错*22. The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flows through western England. [判断题] *对*错23. The Hundred Years'War (1337-1453) was a series of wars fought between the British and the Vikings for trade and territory. [判断题] *对错*24. In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, Queen Elizabeth Iactually defended the fruit of the Reformation. [判断题] *对*错25. America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after Columbus. [判断题] *对*错26. The second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, and the Continental Army and Navy were founded under the command of Thomas Jefferson. [判断题] *对错*27. The Civil War not only put an end to slavery, but also decided that America was a single, indivisible nation. [判断题] *对*错28. San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world famous Hollywood and Disneyland are located here. [判断题] *对错*29. When selecting a college or university, undergraduate students have a great concern for its size, location and academic quality. [判断题] *对*错30. The America government regarded Iraq a nation among the "'axis of evil”. [判断题] *对*错31. The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history. [判断题] *对错*32. In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers. [判断题] *对错*33. The British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations. [判断题] *对错*34. The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament. [判断题] *对*错35. The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected. [判断题] *对错*36. After the Civil War, Oliver Cromwell declared England a , later, he became Lord Protector. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Commonwealth)37. The Constitution of the United States follows two principles: the federal system and the of powers. [填空题]_________________________________(答案：Separation)38. In legislation the President of U.S. has a veto power over bills passed by . [填空题]_________________________________(答案：Congress)39. The Conservative Party developed out of the Party, while the Liberal party developed out of the Whig. [填空题]_________________________________(答案：Tory)40. The present sovereign of Britain is Queen , and Prince Charles is the heir to the throne. [填空题]_________________________________(答案：Elizabeth II)B1. Christopher Columbus discovered America in the year of 1492. [单选题] *T*F2. "No taxation without representation" was the rallying cry of the American Civil War. [判断题] *TF*3. 3. President F. D. Roosevelt's Policy to fight the Great Depression was called "War on Poverty".[判断题] *TF*4. The most dramatic crisis of the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis. [单选题] *T*F5. In the aftermath of the September 11 terroist attack, President Bush ordered the invasion of Iraq in 2001, and then Afghanistan in 2003. [单选题] *TF*6. People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. [判断题] *对错*7. The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flows through western England. [判断题] *对*错8. The Hundred Years'War (1337-1453) was a series of wars fought between the British and the Vikings for trade and territory. [判断题] *对错*9. In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Reformation. [判断题] *对*错10. America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after Columbus. [判断题] *对*错11. The second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, and the Continental Army and Navy were founded under the command of Thomas Jefferson. [判断题] *对错*12. The Civil War not only put an end to slavery, but also decided that America was a single, indivisible nation. [判断题] *对*错13. San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world famous Hollywood and Disneyland are located here. [判断题] *对错*14. When selecting a college or university, undergraduate students have a great concern for its size, location and academic quality. [判断题] *对*错15. The America government regarded Iraq a nation among the "'axis of evil”. [判断题] *对*错16. The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history. [判断题] *对错*17. In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers. [判断题] *对错*18. The British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations. [判断题] *对错*19. The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament. [判断题] *对*错20. The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected. [判断题] *对错*21. The terms for a Senator and Representative are _______ and _______ years. [单选题] *two, fourtwo, threetwo, sixsix, two*22. __________ is the capital city of Scotland. [单选题] *BelfastEdinburgh*LondonCardiff23. The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is . [单选题] *A. poetryB. drama*C. novelD. pamphlet24. Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the ―Big Three with the exception of . [单选题] *A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The Observer*D. The Daily Telegraph25. 10. Which of the following did NOT take place in the Nixon administration? [单选题] *A. VietnamizationB. Cuban Missile Crisis*C. Watergate ScandalD. Re-establishing US relations with China26. The Norman Conquest of is perhaps the best - known event in English history. [单选题] *A. 1063B. 1064C. 1065D. 1066*27. The first blacks were brought to North America as in 1619. [单选题] *A. adventurersB. slaves*C. servantsD. explorers28. Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses of which the most important matters could be seen in three of the following except . [单选题] *A.no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council;B.no serf should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of his property except by the law of the land*C.London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privilegesD.There should be the same weights and measures through - out the country.29. The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century, and the Scottish inventor modified and improved the design in 1765. [单选题] *A. Abraham DarbyB. James Watt*C. John KayD. Richard Arkwright30. Two years after the ending of the Hundred Years ’War with France, England was thrown into another series of civil wars, . [单选题] *A.the War of the CeltsB.Norman ConquestC.the War of the Roses*D.Battle of Hastings31. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in . [单选题] *A. the QueenB. the CabinetC. the House of LordsD. the House of Commons*32. In the 18th century, there appeared in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines. [单选题] *A. the Bourgeois RevolutionB. the Wars of the RosesC. the Industrial Revolution*D. the Religious Reformation33. The ________ marked the establishment of feudalism in England. [单选题] *A. Viking invasionsB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman Conquest*D. adoption of common law34. The Prime Minister is appointed by and he or she always sits in . [单选题] *A.the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB.the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC.the Queen, the House of Commons*D.the Queen, the House of Lords35. The Wars of Roses lasted for years and king was replaced by king . [单选题] *A. 30, Richard III, Henry Tudor*B. 50, Richard III, Henry TudorC. 30, Richard I, Henry TudorD. 50, Richard I, Henry Tudor36. In , a small group of Puritans sailed and arrived at in the Mayflower to be the first settlers in the New Land. [单选题] *A. 1620, Plymouth*B. 1620, LondonC. 1720, LondonD. 1720, Plymouth37. The first immigrants in American history came from and . [单选题] *A. Ireland/FranceB. England/ChinaC. Scotland/EnglandD. England/ Netherlands*38. The founders wanted the branch to be the dominant branch of the federal government. [单选题] *executivelegislative*judicialmedia39. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of _______. [单选题] *Yale UniversityHarvard College*Princeton UniversityMassachusetts Institute of Technology40. The Declaration of Independence came from the theory of British philosopher . [单选题] *A. Paul RevereB. John Locke*C. CornwallisD. Frederick Douglass。
英语国家社会与文化三版下册
UNIT 31.what is an American? Comment on the answer to the question by crevecoeur?(1)American is either a European, or the descendant of a European , hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country.He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holdsThe American is a new man ,who acts upon new principles. He must therefore entertain new ideas and form new opinions...this is an American.(2)According to Crevecoeur, The American in those days had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants without taking into consideration other nationalities such as American Indians ans blacks. But today , the picture of an American is more complex.4 In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?The Puritans believed that governments should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath and other religious believers different from themselves. Roger Williams, one of the Puritans who protested that the state should not interfere with religion, was driven out of Massachusetts. In 1635, he set up Rhode Island colony, which guaranteed religious freedom and the separation of church and state. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.5.what were some causes of the American RevolutionLong-term social, economic, and political changes in the colonies before 1750 provided the basis for an independent nation with representatives political institutions.More immediately, the French and Indian War (1754-1763) changed the relationship between the colonies and their mother country.Finally, a decade of conflicts between the British government and the colonist, beginning with the Stamp Act crisis in 1765, led to the outbreak of war in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence inUnit43.What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the US government How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?The legislative branch can make federal laws,levy federal taxes,declare war or put f oreign treaties into effect.The centre of the executive branch is the president.The president can propose legislation to Congress,can issue regulations and directives regarding the work of t he federal government’s many departments and agencies,can veto bills passed by Congr ess,appoint federal judges,the heads and senior officials of the executive branch a gencies as well as ambassadors and other officials.He also is commander-in-chief of the armed forces.The judicial branch applies and explains the laws.Federal courts have jurisdiction o ver cases arising out of the Constitution,laws and treaties of the US;maritime case; issues involving foreign citizens or governments;and cases in which the federal gov ernment itself is a party.The Supreme Court determines whether congressional legisl ation or executive action violates the Constitution.The Supreme Court can declare a law passed by the Congress or an action by the Presid ent to be unconstitutional.The President can veto a law passed by Congress.Congress can pass a law overriding the President's veto.The President appoints S upreme Court justices.Congress can refuse to confirm appointments and ratify treaties made by the Preside nt4.What is the Bill of Rights?Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of R ights explicitly into the U.S.Constitution?The Bill of Rights:the first10amendments,collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were added within two years of the adoption of the U.S.Constitution.These amendment s remain intact today,as they were writtentwo centuries ago.The first guarantees freedom of worship,speech and press,the rig ht of peaceful assembly,and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs.T he Bill of Rights and subsequent constitutional amendments guarantee the American pe ople the fullest possible opportunity to enjoy fundamental human rights.legislation to Congress,can issue regulations and directives regarding the work of t he federal government’s many departments and agencies,can veto bills passed by Congr ess,appoint federal judges,the heads and senior officials of the executive branch agencies as well as ambassadors and other officials.He also is commander-in-chief of the armed forces.The judicial branch applies and explains the laws.Federal courts have jurisdiction o ver cases arising out of the Constitution,laws and treaties of the US;maritime case; issues involving foreign citizens or governments;and cases in which the federal gov ernment itself is a party.The Supreme Court determines whether congressional legisl ation or executive action violates the Constitution.The Supreme Court can declare a law passed by the Congress or an action by the Presid ent to be unconstitutional.The President can veto a law passed by Congress.Congress can pass a law overriding the President's veto.The President appoints S upreme Court justices.Congress can refuse to confirm appointments and ratify treaties made by the Preside nt5.What are the two political parties in the united states？Do you think they are fun damentally different?The Democratic Party and the Republican Party.They are different in some specific policies,but they’re not fundamentally differen t.(1)It is general considered that the Democratic Party is more liberal and more center -left;The Republican Party is more conservative and center-right.For example:in economic policies,the Democrats believe that the government should b e active in alleviating poverty and social injustice,and it also supports progressiv e taxation and social service;the Republican Party places more emphasis on private e nterprise and individual initiative,and it supports tax cuts.In social policies,th e Democratic Party is divided on the subject of same-sex marriage and focus on methods crime prevention;The Republican Party,however,opposes the legislation of same sex marriage and favor capital punishment.（可适当删减）（2）Despite those differences,they are not fundamentally different.Firstly,both of th em advocate the basic American values like individualism and capitalism and are on be half of the bourgeoisies.Secondly,both of them advocate the political party system. Neither of them wants to change this political system.Thirdly,the aims of both part ies are the same.They all want to win the president election and to form a majority in the congress.In this regard,the two parties are tools for election.Finally,as new conservatism and new liberalism emerge in recent decades,the parties tend to be moreand more alike in their ideology.They keep absorbing new ideals from each other which they think are beneficial to the whole country.So,fundamentally speaking,they are the same.UNIT 61 In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs. Many traditional Protestants and deists could agree, however,"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights," and that "the laws of Nature and Nature's God" entitled them to form a new nation. Among the rights that the new nation guaranteed, as a political necessity in a religiously diverse society, was freedom of religion. The First Amendment insured that American government would not meddle in religious affairs or require any religious beliefs of its citizens.2 What is the relationship between government and religion in America?In some ways, the government supports all religions. Religious groups do not pay taxes in the United States. But government does not pay ministers' salaries or require any belief—not even a belief in God—as a condition of holding public office. Oaths are administered, but those who, like Quakers, object to them, can make a solemn affirmation, or declaration, instead4. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?First of all, Americans with different religions live together under the same law.Secondly, the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress.In Europe, scientific and economic advance and rising material prosperity have accompanied by a decline in religious observance bu in the US, this has not happened.Thirdly, in the United States every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.There has beenlittle concentration on doctrine or religious argument such as in European history,UNIT 81. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.The goal is—and has been since the early decades of the republic—to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public. Though this goal has not yet been fully achieved, it remains an ideal toward which the American educational system is directed. The progress which has been made is notable both for its scope and for the educational methods which have been developed in the process of achieving it.2. How did American education begin to develop?In 1634, they opened a “lateen grammar” school, a school for those who wanted to prepare for college.In 1636, Harvard College was founded for the training of religious ministers.In 1634 and 1638, the Puritans passed laws declaring that all property could be taxed for the common good, which included the support of school.In 1642 and 1647, the Bay Colony passed laws requiring all parents to provide reading educating for their children.At the end of the 18th century, elementary education throughout the United States was in local hands.3. What are the major characteristics of education in America?(1)Different education laws for different states.(2)Several levels of schooling：Elementary Schooling，Secondary Schooling and High Schooling.(3)curricula for students: there is no national curriculum in the United States.(3)Compulsory education for all students.(4)Equal education opportunities for minority groups.(5)Strong demand for higher education.(6)The complex system of higher education.Some states play a strong role in the selection of learning material for theirstudents.Schools were asked not only to teach this new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it. The “inquiry” method of learning , focusing on solving problems rather than memorizing facts, became popular.Unit 101.The author says that the United States was founded on the principle of human equality,but in practice the nation has fallen far short of that ideal.Illustrate t his point with what you have learned from this book.For example,the racial discrimination,sex discrimination,class structure,e tc.1. The black "underclass"The majority of the blacks today have failed to share in the general gains of progress made recently. The urban ghettos now contain a permanently impoverished "underclass" of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people. May of them are young and unskilled. They live in cities where the unemployment rate for teen-age black workers runs as high as % or about 8 times the rate for the American work force as a whole. This "underclass" could continue to persist, ever in the absence of racial discrimination, in much the same way as other pockets of poverty persist-that is, for reasons of social- class inequality. Living in an environment of poverty. Decay, crime, drug addiction, joblessness, and hopelessness, this ghetto underclass offers an explosive potential for the future.2. Poverty as a social problemThe United States is one of the most wealthy countries in the world. Yet over 24 million people or about 10% of the population are living at or below the official poverty line, in incomes that the federal government considers insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing, and shelter. There are millions more. Living slightly above the poverty line, whose plight is not much better. Also, the social services in the United States compare unfavorably with those in most industrialized societies. Furthermore, the affluent majority seems indifferent to the problems of the poor. This raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies. Therefore, poverty in the United States becomes a social problem.3. Socially stratified American societyAmerican society is a stratified one in which power; wealth and prestige are unequally distributed. It is divided into social classes that have varying degrees of access to the reward the society offers. For example, the richest fifth of American individuals and families owns more than three-quarters of the wealth in the United States, whereas the lowest fifth owns only 0.2% of the wealth. The richest fifth of American families receives over 40% of the national income, whereas the poorest fifth receives only 5.2%.4. Drug abuseDrug abuse in the United States has come to be regarded as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation, The drug issue always excites strong emotions of Americans because drug abuse is perceived as a major threat to American society, particularly to its younger members. Drug abuse is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs. For example, drug is closely related with crime, automobile accidents. It has serious effects on individuals physically and mentally. And the economic losses caused by drug abuse are great.5. The profile of a typical criminalAccording to the reports given by the FBI, those arrested for crimes are disproportionately likely to be male, young, a member of a racial minority, and a city resident. For example, more blacks are arrested for crime than white people because a higher proportion of the black populations poor or unemployed and there are high correlations between poverty and the types of crime classified by the FBI as most serious. Also, racial discrimination in the enforcement of law causes more arrests of racial minority people. But if the white-collar crimes are included and if the authorities are more vigorous in their enforcement, the profile of a typical criminal would be older, wealthier, whiter and more suburban than suggested by the FBI.6. White-collar crimesWhite-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as the crimes of fraud, false advertising, corporate price fixing, bribery, embezzlement, industrial pollution, tax evasion and so on. Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overlook white-collar crimes. In fact, white-collar crimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies. Some sociologists argue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.7. The abuse of power by governmentPeople believe that public organizations in the United States sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people. Government in America is widely distrusted for the lack of answerability. Americans were convinced that the Johnson and Nixon administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal. The FBI and the CIA are responsible for thousands of illegal acts. All these acts show the abuse of power by government.8. The abuse of power by corporationsThe abuse of power by corporations is shown in the fact that these corporations are concerned with their own profits than with social responsibility, the quality or price of their products, or the truth of their advertising. They maintain professional lobbyists in Washington to influence public officials behind the scenes. They argue for legislation to serve their own ends, influence the appointment of officials, block reforms they consider undesirable, and often seem to have more say in the councils of government than the ordinary voters. Many Americans believe that "big business has taken the reins of government away from Congress and theAdministration", and that "government is run by a few by interest groups looking after themselves."Welcome To Download欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。
英语国家社会与文化
英语国家社会与文化上Unit 1 1. Britain is no longer an imperial(帝国) country. T2. The Commonwealth(共和国，民主国) of Nations includes all European countries. F3. 1 in 10 of the British population are of non-European ethnicity(种族地位，种族特点). F4. The stereotype(陈规，刻板模式) of the English gentleman never applied(使适用) the majority of the British people. T6. Northern Ireland is part of Great Britain. F7. When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes. T8. The Scots and Welsh have a strong sense of being British. F9. Scotland was never conquered by the Romans. T10. Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called “Gaelic”. F11. Scotland was unified with England through peaceful mean. T12. Wales is rich in coal deposits. T13. Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is a large city. F14. The title of Prince of Wales is held by a Welsh according to tradition. F上Unit21. Ireland is part of Great Britain. F2. “U referr ing to Northern Ireland, was once an ancient Irish Kingdom. T3. The capital of Belfast is a large city with half a million people. F4. Northern Ireland is significant because of itsmanufacturing industry. F5. The majority of Irish people were descendants子孙，后裔of the original Celtic凯尔特people who inhabited British Isles before the Romans arrived 2000 years ago. T6. Most British people are Protestants新教徒 while most Irish people are Catholic天主教徒. T7. The British government does not have direct rule from London over Northern Ireland. F8. Sinn Fein 新芬党（爱尔兰共和军的政治组织）is a legal politicalparty in Northern Ireland. T9. The Anglo-Irish Agreement《英爱协议》of 1985 guaranteed the loyalist Protestant community their right to decide their future in N orthern Ireland. T10. The Good Friday Agreement《北爱和平协议》was approved on 10 April 1998.T11. Northern Ireland today is governed by separate jurisdictions: that of Republic of Ireland and t hat of Great Britain.F 目前北爱由爱尔兰政府、英国政府及北爱执行委员会三方共同参与管理。
英语国家社会与文化unit 1-2
4.The introduction of Christianity
A. Time: late 6th century
B. Event: English was united under one wellorganized church with bishop & cathedral.
1. The Norman Dukes Normandy was the most highly organized
state, and the Norman ruling class were Vikings. The most important class was the knights.
2. Fuse:
B. Baron system: To restrain the growth of the power of the barons, all landowners took the oath that they would be faithful to the king against all other men.
A. Land policy: He owned all the land personally. He gave the landlords lands in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce.
Guthrum
4. Significance:
The social system advanced towards feudalism. Class polarization became marked with the peasants becoming more servile.
英语国家社会与文化作业
英语国家社会与文化作业引言:随着全球化的不断发展，西方国家的社会与文化也开始引起越来越多人的关注。
而英语国家作为全球最重要的文化输出和交流中心之一，其社会与文化也备受人们关注。
本文将围绕英语国家的社会与文化展开探讨，包括社会结构、价值观念、礼仪习俗等方面，旨在帮助人们更好地了解英语国家的社会与文化。
一、社会结构:英语国家的社会结构经历了漫长的历史和发展，形成了独特的体系。
通常情况下，英语国家的社会结构分为上流社会、中产阶级和工人阶级三个主要阶层。
上流社会通常由富有的商人、政治家和名人组成，享有高度的社会地位和经济优势。
中产阶级则由专业人士、教师和小企业主等组成，他们在社会中享有一定的地位和经济收入。
工人阶级则通常是从事劳动工作，收入和社会地位相对较低。
此外，在英语国家中，还有着不同的种族、宗教和文化群体，这些群体共同构成了英语国家的多元化社会。
这种多元化使英语国家具有不同的文化习俗、宗教信仰和社会价值观念，也为社会的发展增添了色彩。
二、价值观念:英语国家的价值观念主要受到个人主义、自由和民主的影响。
个人主义强调个人权利和个人自由，鼓励人们追求自己的利益和发挥个人才能。
自由是英语国家社会的核心价值观念，包括言论自由、宗教自由、思想自由等。
民主是英语国家政治制度的基石，重视人民的权利和利益，通过选举和参与政治决策来实现。
此外，诚实和诚信也是英语国家的重要价值观念。
在商业活动和人际关系中，诚信和信任被认为是维持社会秩序和稳定的关键。
三、礼仪习俗:英语国家的礼仪习俗体现出其独特的文化特色。
在商务交往方面，英语国家有着一套严格的礼仪规范。
比如，在英国，人们在商务场合通常保持正式的穿着，注重面部表情和手势的控制，态度要谦和有礼。
在澳大利亚和新西兰，商务交往则更加轻松和自由，但仍需要遵守一定的礼貌规范。
在日常生活中，英语国家也有着丰富多样的节日和庆典。
例如，英国有圣诞节和复活节等重要节日，人们会通过家庭聚会和礼物交换来庆祝。
英语国家社会与文化(英5)
n. vt. n. n. adj. adj. vi.
设备；设施 保证；担保 圣歌；赞歌 第一步；着手 完全的；缺一不可的 伊斯兰教的 开始
literacy
on an ad hoc basis participate peers polytechnics prayer proficient
n.
vi. n. n. n. adj.
识字；有学问
临时权宜地 参加；参与 同事；伙伴 工艺学校 祷告者；恳求者 熟练的；精通的
Part III Words & Expressions
register
religion sociologist truancy
vt.
n. n. n.
登记
宗教；信仰 社会学家 逃学；旷课
Part IV Language Points
11. GNVQs --- General National Vocational Qualifications
(国家专业资格证书) 12. Old Universities (古老的大学)
13. Open University (开放大学)
abolish access ad hoc
vt. n. a.
*To attend the “” universities is still the single best way to guarantee a successful career.
Public Schools — Eton College 伊顿公学
2) the school tie is a clear marker of social class 校服的领带是社会阶级的一个明显标志 * Educational opportunities for working-class and middle-class people can be very different. * In Britain, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class.
英语国家社会与文化入门上册答案
英语国家社会与文化入门上册答案英语国家社会与文化入门上册答案【篇一：英语国家社会与文化入门上册第三版】p> 1、britain is no longer an imperial（帝国） country(t)2、the commonwealth（英联邦）of nations includes all european countries(f)3、1 in 10 of the british population are of non-european ethnicity（种族）(f)4、the stereotype（刻板印象）of the english gentleman never applied to the majority of the british people(t)5、when people outside the uk talk about england, they mistake it as britain sometimes(t)6、the scots and welsh（苏格兰和威尔士）have a strong sense of being british(f)7、scotland（苏格兰） was never conquered by the romans （罗马人）(t)8、most people in scotland speak the celtic（凯尔特）language, called “gaelic”(f)9、scotland was unified with england through peacefulmeans(t)10、wales（威尔士） is rich in coal（煤炭） deposits（存款）(t)11、cardiff（卡迪夫）, the capital of wales, is a large city(f)12、the title of prince（王子） of wales is held by a held by a welsh according to tradition(f) 第二单元1、ireland is part of great britain(f)2、“ulster（阿尔斯特）”, referring to northern ireland, was once an ancient irish kingdom（王国）(t)3、the capital of belfast（贝尔法斯特） is a large city with halfa million people(f)4、northern ireland is significant（重要的）because of its manufacturing（制造业） industry(f)5、the majority of irish people were descendants（后代） of the original celtic（凯尔特）people who inhabited british isles （群岛） before the romans arrived 2000 years ago(t)6、most british people are protestants（新教徒） while most irish people are catholics（天主教徒）(t)7、the british government does not have direct rule from london over northern ireland(t)8、sinn fein（新芬党）is a legal political party in northern ireland(t)9、the anglo-irish（岗格鲁-爱尔兰）agreement of 1985 guaranteed the loyalist（政府军） protestant community（社区）their to decide their future in northern ireland(t)10、the good friday agreement（协议） was approved on 10 april 1998(t)11、northern ireland today is governed by separate jurisdictions（司法管辖区）: thatf republic（共和国）of ireland that of great britain(f)第三单元1、it is no doubt that britain is the oldest representative democracy（民主） in the world(f)2、in britain, the process of state-building（国家建设） has been one of evolution rather than revolution, contrast to france and the us（与法国和美国相比）(t)3、the oldest institution（机构） of government in britain isthe monarchy（君主政体）(t)4、the divine（神圣的）right of the king means the sovereign （主权） derived（派生的） his authority（权威） fromhis subjects（主题）(f)5、as the king in theory had god on his side, it was thoughtthat he should exercise absolute（绝对） power(f)6、the term “parliament（议会）” was first officially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons（封建贵族）and representatives from counties and towns(f)7、britain is both a parliamentary democracy（议会民主制）and a constitutional monarchy（君主立宪制）(t)8、britain, like israel, has a written constitution of the sort which most countries have(f)9、common laws are laws which have been established（建立）through common practice（实践） in the courts（法院）(t) 第四单元1、in the uk, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances（情况下）(t)2、anyone who is eligible（符合条件的）to vote with 500 pounds as deposit（存款） can stand as an mp（国会议员）(f)3、each main party is given some time on national tv to “sell” their policies. the time is not given free and has to be paid by the party(t)4、the amount spent in national campaign（运动）is not limited other than that on tv(f)5、secrecy（保密）is not an important part of the voting process(t)6、there are two major national parties in the u.k. according to the text(f)7、liberal democratic（自由民主） party is the newest of the major national parties(f)8、children from the upper-middle-class（中上层阶级）usually have a better education than those from the working or middle-class(t)9、the majority of middle-class people today have working class parents or grandparents(t)10、one of the distinctive features（独特的特征） about the british class-system is that it has also retained（保留） a hereditary aristocracy（世袭的贵族）(t)11、the majority of britain’s recent immigrants have mainly come from north asia（北亚）and caribbean（加勒比）countries(f)12、most immigrants earn a living by opening restaurants or becoming musicians(f)13、the majority have problems of unemployment publishedits household energy management strategy（家庭能源管理策略）(t)14、on march 2, 2010, the british government publish its household energy management strategy(t)15、on december 27, 2009 the tn climate（气候）change conference was held in copenhagen(t)16、according to the kyoto protocol（京都议定书）, the government has agreed that the uk will meet tough targets（艰难的目标） to reduce carbon emissions incrementally（增量）between now and 2020(f)第五单元1、by the 1880’s the british economy was dominant（主导）in the world(t)2、both the us and canada overtook britain in economy by 1900(f)3、by the end of world war ii, britain had gone heavily into debt（债务） in order to develop its manufacturing industry andborrowed large amounts from the us and france(f)4、another reason for british decline is the loss of its colonies （殖民地）, especially india, which gained its independence in 1947(t)5、in the 1970s, with the soaring（飙升的） price of oil and high rates of inflation（通货膨胀）, britain went through a bad period. in 1979, the labour party had to step down（下台）from the government (t)6、the leader of the conservatives（保守派）, margaret thatcher（玛格丽特-撒切尔）started a series of reforms. an extensive（广泛的）programme of privatization（私有的）was carriedout, and she was successful in an all-round（全面的） way (f) 7、tertiary（三级）industries include banking, insurance（保险）, tourism（旅游）, agriculture and the selling of goods (f)8、britain has a large sector（部门） of agriculture producing 11.6% of its national wealth (f)9、according to the text, the tertiary（三级）industry produces approximately（大约）two-thirds of the national wealth (t)10、the service industry in the uk employs 70% of the total work force (t)11、as a member of the world trade organization, the uk is playing a very important role in the world trade (t)12、the uk is the third biggest international investor（投资者）in the world (f)第六单元1、much early british literature was concerned with christianity（基督教）, and anglo-saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）produced many versions（版本） of the bible（圣经） (t)2、beowulf（贝奥武夫） was a sea monster（海怪） killed bya swedish warrior（瑞典战士） (f)3、“the wife of bath（浴的妻子）” is one of the tales（故事）contained in the canterbury tales（坎特伯雷故事集） (t)4、there was a general flowering of culture and intellectual （知识） life in europe during the 17th and 18th century which is known as “the renaissance（文艺复兴时期）” (f)6、keats, shelley and byron（济慈、雪莱和拜伦） brought the romantic movement（浪漫主义运动） to its height (t)7、robinson crusoe（鲁宾逊漂流记）tells the story of a shipwreck and solitary survival（海难和孤独的生存） (t)8、writers of romantic literature（浪漫主义文化）are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason (t)第七单元1、the purpose of british education is not only to provide children with literacy（读写能力） and the other basic skills but also to socialize（社交） children (t)2、the state seldom interferes（干扰） with the decision of when, where, how and what children are taught (f)3、the enduring feature（持久特征） of british education is the continuing debate over what should be taught in schools (f)4、the 1944 education act made entry to secondary schools （中学）and universities “meritocratic（精英）” (t)5、public schools are part of the national education system and funded by the government (f)6、british universities are public bodies which receive funds from central government (t)7、all secondary schools in britain are run and supervised （监督） by the government (t)8、in oxford and cambridge the ba converts to an ma several years later, upon payment of a fee (t)9、independent schools get money mainly through the private sector（部门） and tuition（学费）rates, with some government support (t)10、grammar schools select children at the age of 11 and provide them with a general education (f)第八单元1、when the second world war ended, britain no longer wasthe largest military（军事） power in western europe (f)2、the uk was awarded（授予） a seat on the un（联合国）security council（安理会）in recognition（识别）of its contribution in setting up the united nations (f)3、according to the text, the most important single factorwhich influences british policy-maker is its history (t)4、the prime minister and cabinet（内阁）decide on the general direc tion of britain’s foreign policy (t)5、the main government department involved is the foreignand commonwealth office（外交和联邦事务部）(fco) (t)6、britain is a parliamentary monarch（议会君主） (f)7、there are about 60 members of the commonwealth（英联邦）(f)8、the british host a large american military（军事）presence and there are 63 american military bases in the uk (t)9、britain is not a member of the nato（北约）due to its disagreement with some european countries on defence policy (f)第九单元1、on an average day, an overwhelming（压倒性的）majorityof britons over the age of 15 red a nation or local paper（报纸）(t)2、the british media play an important role in shaping（塑造）a national culture (t)3、in the late seventeenth and early 18th century, as thebritish economy began to industrialise, and as literacy levels rose through the introduction of mass education, more and newspapers began to appear (f)4、free press has the function of keeping an eye on the government, and therefore it is called the watchdog（监管机构）of parliamentary democracy（议会民主制） (t)5、the advertising code（广告代码）ensures that advertisements are legal, decent（体面地）, honest and truthful; have a sense of responsibility for consumer and society; and respect the principles of fair competition（竞争）(t)6、it is incorrect to say that class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read (f)7、the telegraph readers, for example, will be soft on crime（犯罪）, be quite feminist（女权主义）and interested in green politics (f)8、the tabloids（小报） are smaller format（格式）newspapers with colour photos and catchy headlines（吸引人的标题）. they are often called “the gutter press（黄色小报）” (t) 9、the british broadcasting corporation is funded by licence （许可证） fees and viewers must buy a licence each year for their tv set (t)10、the bbc（英国广播公司） world service, the internationalbranch of the bbc, broadcasts in english and 42 other languages throughout the world (t)第十单元1、the tradition of having sunday off derived from（来自）the christian church（基督教堂）(t)2、the origin of bowling（打保龄球）lies in the victory celebration ceremony（仪式） by the ancient warriors (t)3、tennis（网球） is usually regarded as a winter and spring sport (f)4、the game of golf was invented by the scottish（苏格兰）(t)5、the animal-lovers’ groups would like to have horse racing banned（禁止） (t)6、easter（复活节）is the biggest and best loved british holiday (f)7、christmas pantomime（哑剧）is one of the three christmas traditions that are particularly british (t)8、it is commonly believed that boxing day involves the sport of boxing (f)9、the biggest bonfire night（篝火之夜） celebration is held in london (f)10、in ireland, new year’ eve called hogma除夕）(december 31st) is the major winter celebration (t)选择题第一单元1、which of the following is not considered a characteristic of london? (d/the sports centre)2、which of the following is not true about the characteristics of britain? (b/differences of social systemsbetween scotland and wales（威尔士）)3、which of the following is not true about britain? (d/it used to be one of the superpowers in the world)4、three of the following are characteristics of london. which of the four is the exception? (c/london is not only the largest city in britain, but also the largest in the world)5、the tower of london, a historical sight, located in the centre of london, was built by (d/william the conqueror)6、who were the ancestors of the english and the founders of england? (a/the anglo-saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）)7、which is the largest city in scotland? (c/glasgow（格拉斯哥）)8、why did the scottish kings decide to form an independent singular scottish（奇异的苏格兰）state in the century? (a/they needed a unified independent nation to fight against viking raids （维京人袭击）)9、where do the majority of people in scotland live? (b/in the lowlands（低地）)10、which of the following statements is not true? (b/wales was occupied by the anglo-saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）)11、which of the following parties in scotland still wants an independent scotland? (c/the scottish nationalist（民族主义）party)12、when did scotland join the union by agreement of the english and scottish parliaments（议会）?(d/in 1701)13、llywelyn ap gruffudd is not a simple historical figure forthe welsh. he is almost considered the legendary（传奇）hero of welsh nationalism because (d/he unified wales as an independent nation)第二单元1、in the 17th century the english government encouraged people from scotland and northern england to emigrate to the north of ireland, because (a/they wanted to increase its control over ireland)【篇二：英语国家社会与文化入门_上册_翻译】united kingdom 该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
英语国家社会与文化 America 1答案
1.W hat’s the official name of America? The United States of America.2.W hat’s the capital of the U.S.? Washington D.C.3.W hat’s the name of the national flag of the United States?The American flag.4.W hat do the 13 stripes stand for and what about the 50 stars?The 13 stripes stand for the 13 colonies that became the earliest states of the United States and the 50 stars represent 50 states today. 5.W hat’s the name of the national Anthem of the U. S.?“Star Spangled Banner”.（星条旗）6.W hat’s the location of the United States?The United States lies in central North America with Canada to its North, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.7.H ow large is an area does the United States cover?It has a land area of some 9.4 million square kilometers.8.I s it true that America is the fourth largest country in the world in sizeafter Russia, China and Brazil?No, America is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.9.W hich state is the largest one and which is the smallest?Alaska is the largest state and Rhode Island （罗德岛）the smallest. 10.What mountains are the biggest mountain ranges in the United States?The Appalachian Mountain （阿巴拉契亚）and the Rocky mountains.11.What is the backbone of the North American continent?The Rockies.12.What’s the other name of the Rockies?The Continental Divide. （大陆分水岭）13.Is it true that the United States is rich in water resources?Yes, it is.14.What are the five Great lakes? Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Eric, and Lake Ontario.五大湖（Great Lakes）是位于加拿大与美国交界处的几座大型淡水湖泊，按面积从大到小分别为：苏必利尔湖（Lake Superior）、休伦湖（Lake Huron）、密歇根湖（Lake Michigan）、伊利湖（Lake Erie）和安大略湖（Lake Ontario）。
英语国家社会与文化
英语国家社会与文化1.How many mountain ranges are there in America? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 42.How many states are there in America? A. 40 B. 25 C. 50 D. 353.What year was America discovered A. 1592 B. 1692 C. 1392 D4.Who discovered AmericaA.ColumbusB. WashingtonC. AngeloD. JacksonWhat are the names of the original people in America?A.SalvadoriansB. CanadiansC. UtopiansD. IndiansWhat was the reason for people leaving Europe and moving to America?A. Political differencesB. Religious FreedomC. WarD. SlaveryWhich country helped America escape from the British governmentA. GermanB. SpainC. FrenchD. RomanWhat is the main natural disaster in the west cost of the USAA.EarthquakesB. HurricanesC. FloodsD. SnowWhat happened to the Indians in the USA bought their landB. KilledC. Given powerD. Given freedom What was the reason for civil war in America？B.A. Slavery B. GunsC.C. ReligionD. FreedomWhich American president won the civil war and freed the black slaveA. WashingtonB. JeffersonC. LincolnD. ObamaWhat is industrialization?A. Building factoriesB. Building roadsC. Building citiesD. All are trueIn World War 1, who forced America into the war?A. ChinaB. FrenchC. GermanyD. EnglandIn World War 2, who forced America into the war?A. JapanB. MexicoC. ChinaD. IndiaWhat is Pearl Harbor?A. Germany armyB. War about drugsC. Capitol of CaliforniaD. Location japan attached in WWIIDuring WW2, who was being killed during the Holocaust?A. IndiansB. FrenchC. JewsD. AfricanHow many people died in the Holocaust?A. 6,000,000B. 200,000C. 3,000,000D. 60,000What is the name of the bomb that America used to end the war with Japan (WW2) A. Nuclear Bomb B. Dooms Day C. Red Bomb D. Pretty LadyWhich American war lasted 45 years?A. Hot WarB. Cold WarC. African-American WarD. French WarWhat was the reason for the Cold War?A. SlaveryB. End the HolocaustC. Russia had nuclear bombD. Bring Peace to the Middle EastIn American history, what happened on September 11, 2001?A.Women could voteB. Black people became FreeB.C. WWII ended D. Terrorist attacked New York CityIn America, when was the Great Depression?A. 1950 B. 1910 C. 1930 D. 1960 What was the purpose of the America civil rights movement?A. War on terrorismB. Religious freedomC. Equality of black peopleD. Woman became presidentWhich one is not a branch of the US GovernmentA. CongressB. Supreme courtC. PresidentD. House of CommonsWhy does America have three branches of governmentA. Balance of PowerB. Equal treatmentC. FreedomD. No TaxesBecause of American history, why did they create the idea of balance of power?A. We did not want a kingB. freedom of speechC. Killing the IndiansD. support slaveryWhat is the most important piece of paper of the US government, the foundation of the government?A.life, liberty, freedomB. ConstitutionB.C. Equality D. Declaration of IndependenceIn America, how many years can 1 person be president? A. 2 B. 6 C. 8 D. 12In American government, who has the most power to create a new law?A. Congress (mom)B. Supreme Court (grandpa)C. President (dad)D. The little brotherWhat does Laissez-faire mean?A. HelloB. freedomC. Leave it aloneD. Do not wasteWhy did America choose Laissez-faire for the relationship between the government and businesses?A. America is greedyB. Britain Taxes were too highC. no reasonD. Do not trust the governmeWhat is a recession?A. Too many jobsB. Economy becomes slowC. Too much moneyD. Economy becomes fastWhat American businesses were hit the hardest in the 2008 economy crash?A. Housing industryB. clothes IndustryC. Food industryD. Computer IndustryWhat does “Go Green” mean for businessesA.No pollution/wasteB. high taxesC.heap productsD. cheap employeesB.For America, what is the problem of outsourcing?A. No JobsB. low taxesC. Cheap productsD. New businesses What is consumerism?A. Buy and SellingB. No slaveryC. Freedom of Speechcation for everyone Who pays for the children’s education in America?A. GovernmentB. StudentsC. ParentsD. Grandma and Grandpa What is the official religion of America?A. No ReligionB. HinduC. MuslimD. ChristianWhat does “separation of church and state” mean?A. Freedom of speechB. Government is separate from religionC. Freedom to have a gunD. Churches give money to the govt.What percentages of people are divorced in America?A. 25%B. 75%C. 50%D. 5%Which one is not an American sport?A. American footballB. basketballC. BaseballD. badmintonWhich holiday is a religious holiday?A. 4th of JulyB. ChristmasC. Valentines DayD. Halloween43 .What percent of Americans live in poverty?A. 1% B. 27% C. 3% D. 14%44.Which country game the England the name “Britain”?A. GermanB. RomeC. FrenchD. Spain45.What is the name of the original people in Britain?A. White peopleB. IndiansC. European peopleD. Celts46.What country does English language come from?A. FrenchB. RomeC. GermanyD. Spain47.Who were the first people to take control of Britain?A. RomansB. GermanyC. FrenchD. Spain48.Which one does not make up “Great Britain”?A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland49.Who controlled Britain after the Germans?A. FrenchB. SpainC. RomeD. America50.What was the name of the German people who took Britain?A. Anglo-SaxonB. GermansC. White peopleD. Indians51.What was the purpose of the Stonehenge?A. Study the starsB. Worship the GodC. Study the weatherD. we don’t know52.When the Anglo-Saxons invaded Britain, where did the Celt people move?A. FranceB. IrelandC. IcelandD. Africa53.In 900AD Britain was united under which leader?A. Alfred the GreatB. King JohnC. Robin HoodD. Queen Elisabeth54.William the Conquer was from which country?A. JapanB. GermanC. FranceD. Spain55.William the Conquer established the first government in britian, what was it called?A. DemocracyB. ParliamentC. Feudal SystemD. King56.Who has the most power in the Feudal System?A. KingB. LordsC. QueenD. Common people57.In the Feudal System, what were the land owning powerful people called?A. Common peopleB. LordC. KingD. Duke58.What is the name of the British government today?A. ParliamentB. FreedomC. DemocracyD. United Britain59.King John w ent to war with France and lost, as a result the Lords …A. fought the kingB. enjoyed peaceC. Gave him moneyD. went to war with France60.The Lord made King John sign the … to establish new rules?A. Great CharterB. Declaration of IndependenceC. ConstitutionD.None of these61.What was the sickness that killed 25 million people in EuropeA. SARSB. HIVC. CancerD. Black death62.What animal was responsible for bring the sickness?A. RatsB. PigsC. DogsD. Chickens63.In the 1400’s, which fami ly would end the Feudal System and bring a capitalist government?A. ElisabethB. TudorC. JohnD. Victoria64.What event in history would cause Britain to loose much of its power ad foreign land?A. World War IIB. American WarC. Black DeathD. Civil War65.The Renaissance was a time where people discovered…A. All of themB. Music and ActingC. ArtD. Scienc66.How did Britain become the world’s most powerful country?A. Business/tradeB. WarC. ScienceD. Art67.Who was Britain’s Pr ime Mister during WWII?A. LincolnB. WashingtonC. ElisabethD. ChurchHill68.Today, Britain’s is not the world …?A. Financial CenterB. science centerC. Best vacation locationD. None of these69.Who has the most power in creating new laws?A. House of CommonsB. QueenC. House of LordsD. Prime Minister70.Which one is not a part of the Parliament?A. King/QueenB. House of LordC. House of CommonD. President71.What year was Parliament established?A. 1215 B. 1505 C. 1000 D. 140772.Who is the leader of Parliament?A. Prime MinsterB. QueenC. PresidentD. Common People73.The Queen’s responsibility today is to represent England.74.In Parliament, who has the power to control the money?A. House of CommonsB. QueenC. House of LordsD. Prime Minister75.The Prime Minster and House of Common are elected (chooses) every …A. 1 yearB. 5 yearsC. 3 yearsD. 8 years76.The Prime Minister can have his job 10 years. False77.The people in the House of Commons are chosen b y…A. The peopleB. House of LordsC. QueenD. Prime Minister78.The British constitution is written on one big paper. False79.America has had a woman President. False80.The King is more powerful than Parliament. False81.In Britain, the Supreme Court (grandpa) cannot reject a new law. True82.In American 2/3 parts of the government must agree to create a new law. True83.In American and Britain, any one can present a new law to the govt. True84.In Britain 3/3 parts of the government must agree to create a new law. True85.The American motto is “In God we trust” True86.In America, the Supreme Court (grandpa) can reject a new law. True87.The Queen does not live in the palace. False88.Britain has never has a woman Prime Minister. False89. In the American Government the small states (children) have more power than the Federal Government (mom and dad). False 90.In America, if you are extremely poor, the government will pay for your doctor, house, food, and school. True91.In Britain, a common person can have a gun. False92.Abortion, gun control, equal treatment of black people are all important issues in America True93.When the Queen dies, there will be no more queen or king False94.Which one is not a British IndustryA. Ship BuildingB. Iron and CoalC. TextileD. Computer Building95.What made the British so successful in world tradeA. Steam EngineB. Power of the KingC. Best Cotton and WoolD. Electricity96. At one time Britain Produce … of the world’s new ships.A. 80B. 20C. 10D. 5097.Todays Britain’s power come from their …A. ElectronicsB. Gas and OilC. Financial ServiceD. Steam Engine98.In Britain, most new homes were building in 1945 because ofA. Steam EngineB. Increase in EconomyC. WWIID. Financial Service99.Britain social life is usually centered around…A. TeaB. SmokingC. PubsD. Eating100.Britain’s most popular sport is…A. Soccer/ footballB. BadmintonC. BasketballD. Horse riding101.The official religion of Britain is …A. Church of EnglandB. IslamC. CatholicsD. No religion102.The fast growing religion in England is …A. CatholicB. ChristianityC. No religionD. Islam103.In the 600’s who control the churches in E ngland?A. The kingB. FranceC. RomeD. The people104.Why was the Church so powerful?A. All of theseB. EducationC. They had moneyD. owned land105.In the 1500’s the Catholic Church separated from Rome and established what new church?A. Church of JesusB. Church of FranceC. Church of the KingD.Church of England 106.The most famous school in Britain is …A. OxfordB. Guangxi UniversityC. HarvardD. University of Britain107.Australia was formerly controlled by Britian. True108.Originally all Britain’s schools were controlled by the …A. The KingB. The peopleC. The ChurchD. The Parliament101. What is a monopoly and why is it harmful?A monopoly is when one business controls all of one product. It is harmful because the people have no control over the price of the product.102. The American government is built off the idea of the balance of power. What is balance of power and why does America have it?Balance of power is that no one person is in completely control. This is why America has a 3 parts government. America has this because of its history with the king of Brittan.103. In countries like America and Britain, they outsource most of their manufacturing businesses. What is outsourcing and what are the benefits and disadvantage?Outsourcing is when American companies move their business to foreign countries. This is good for America because it provides cheaper products but also bad because it takes jobs away from the people.104. In America and Britain, Christianity is the major religion. For America, what is the relationship between the government and religion? In Britain, what is the relationship between the government and religion?In America, the government is separate from religion. In Brittan , the church is apart of the government and is controlled by the king.105. Britain became the most powerful country in the world through trade. Explain the relationship between the steam engine, shipbuilding, iron and steel, and coal.The steam engine allowed Brittan to produce products much faster and cheaper than other countries. This resulted in them needing to develop steal and coal industry to make and power the steam engine. Lastly, the became the number on shipbuilding country because the need ships to export their production.。
哈工程英语国家社会与文化大作业
机电工程学院英语国家社会与文化学号：S*********专业：机械工程学生姓名：***任课教师：丛佳红2014年12月1.1 Define a country`s soft and hard power.Soft power is a concept developed by Joseph Nye of Harvard University to describe the ability to attract and co-opt rather than coerce, use force or give money as a means of persuasion. Soft power as a important part of a country`s comprehensive strength is an invisible influence that released from attraction of the its political system, the value of its culture, affinity for national image.Hard power is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of political power is often aggressive, and is most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and/or economic power. Hard power contrasts with soft power, which comes from diplomacy, culture and history.1.2 Analyze the relationship between the soft power and the hard power.There are many differences between the hard power and soft power in the mode of action, the characteristics of results and the resource. Hard power and soft power as a set of corresponding concept, cannot be separated. Hard power is the basis of the formation and development of soft power. Soft power to influence must be in hard power as a prerequisite. At the same time, soft power have an important influence on the hard power, soft power such as culture and system has important influence on the development of productivity and social progress.The relationship between hard power and soft power is dialectical and influencing on each other and interacting with each other.1.3 Illustrate the role they play in shaping a country’s image and influence.Hard power is the basis of the comprehensive national strength, and it is benefit to the establishment of country image in the world. With strong hard power, a country can increase its voice on the world and participate in the solution of the international dispute.Soft power is beneficial to improve the national affinity and enhance national cohesion, which can provide a good environment for the development of the country.1.4 Interpret either of the two countries (UK, USA) soft and hard power and the factors that contribute to them.American is the world's most powerful country with its powerful hard power and soft power. which provides a good guarantee for the sustainable development of the USA. Perfect industrial system, advanced technology and strong defense laid the foundation and clearedaway the obstacle for the development of American. Perfect industrial system and advanced technology make sure the country`s products are more competitive and attractive, so we can see the American`s good are very popular on the world such as Apple, Google and Tesla. Strong defense give the American a save environment for development.At the same time, the soft power such as the culture, the political system the sense of worth and the national quality make the American attractive. We all know that the American culture is very popular on the world like the movie, game and toys. The political system like separation of powers with checks and balances under the constitution, general election and federalism guarantee the American government can operate probity and high efficiency. What`s more, the soft power of American is good for attract excellent talents.2. Among all the contents we deal within the course, select a person, an event, a period or a book or something else that impresses you most and interpret the reasons for the deep impression.The man who impresses me most is Abraham Lincoln the 16th President of the United State. Lincoln is known as the greatest President of American for maintaining the unity of the nation and abolished the slavery to ensure everyone is equal that influenced the nation much. He is the first Republican president and also ranked among the greatest president ranked first.On February 12, 1809, Abraham Lincoln was born in a poor family in Hardin County in Kentucky prefecture. His parents are descendants of British immigrants, taking farming and hunting.When he was young, he helped the family move firewood, water, do farm work and so on. Before his election in 1860 as the first Republican president, he has undergone a lot of difficulties that normal people cannot imagine. Eight elections, eight voted out, twice failed in business, and even once mental collapse, many times, he could give up, but he didn't. Just because of not giving up, he became one of the greatest presidents in the history of America.The teacher of the revolution Marx highly evaluated Lincoln, "he is a man who will not be scared by difficulties, not to confuse for success, he refuse to be cowed or submit to his great goal, but never act rashly and blindly, he steadily forward, and never back;...... In a word, he is a rare character that achieved the great realm and still maintained his excellent quality". Owing to his view of abolishing slavery, Lincoln's election, threatened the benefits of the Southern plantation owners. They certainly don't want a man who advocates the abolition ofslavery as their president. Then the Civil War broke out in 1861.At the beginning of the war, because the southern plantation owners plan to rebels have long and Lincoln government tried to compromise, soon beaten in the war. Washington is under threat. For the tide of the battle in May, 1862, Lincoln government promulgated the Homestead Act which guarantee the United State citizens can get 160 acres of land in the west and be the master after 5 years farming. On January 1, 1863, "Emancipation Proclamation" was promulgated formally, announced the abolition of slavery in the rebel states today.The war situation changed rapidly.In April, 1865, the Yankees achieved victory in the Civil War, meaning the war that lasted four years ended. The Civil War is called the second revolution after the War of Independence. Lincoln became a symbol of black liberation.Because slave owners hatred Lincoln extremely. On April 14, 1865 night at ten fifteen, Lincoln was attacked by an assassin in Ford theatre in Washington.Lincoln is an outstanding statesman, also a distinguished lawyer. In order to promote the development of American social, Abraham Lincoln has made tremendous contributions. He gained American's respect, his popularity even more than Washington in American's mind. Remembered for his integrity, kindness and strong personality, he has been one of the American history's most admired president. Historians regard Washington as the father, while Lincoln as the National salvation. In American, the third Monday of February each year is the "President's Day", to commemorate the two great leaders. In brief, Abraham Lincoln is the influential president in the American history.3. Western culture has invaded and penetrated into every corner of our life, summarize the positive and negative effects of the western culture on China in general and also write a subjective comment on the effects of the western culture on you.Nowadays, with china's continued reform and development, exchanges in culture between China and west countries are increasing. We can see the west culture every corner like movie, food, game and festival that raises people`s concerns on the culture invasion.I think we should have a dialectically view on the western culture; recognize both the positive and negative effects of the western culture invasion. On the positive aspect, it increase the diversity of culture and improve one`s view on the world. The west universal value such as liberty, equality and fraternity is beneficial for our construction of society. Onthe negative aspect, we should know that it is harmful to national cohesion and national dignity.In my opinion, we should absorb the good aspect of western culture and resist its dark side to enrich the diversity of our culture.。
英语国家社会与文化(英7)
The UK --The British Media
Part I Warm-up questions
1. The three most popular leisure activities in Britain are: (a) Reading newspapers, watching TV and gardening. (b) Listening to the radio, watching TV and hunting. (c) Reading newspapers, listening to the radio and gardening. (d) Watching TV, reading newspapers and listening to the radio. 2. Which of the following is NOT a British newspaper? (a) The Observer (b) The Times (c) Newsweek (d) The Guardian 3. Which of the following belongs to the category of 'the tabloids'? (a) The Telegraph (b) The News of the World (c) The Guardian (d) The Observer
sensational
session shorthand soap opera stipulate surge tabloid tackle
大学英语专业《英语国家社会与文化概况》课本答案更正版
大学英语专业《英语国家社会与文化概况》课本答案更正版BOOK1 UKUnit 11.T2.F doesn't include3.F 1 in 204.T5.T6.F strong----weak7.T8.F Most people----A small number of people9.T10.T11.F large----small12.F Welsh---English1-5 DBDCD 6-10 ACABB 11-13CDD Unit 2Ⅰ1.F(Great Britain+Ireland=UK)2.T3.F(a small city)4.F(because of the political troubles)5.T6.T7.F(it has)8.T9.T10.T11.F(by three separate jurisdictions: that of the Republic of Ireland, that of Great Britain, and that of its own elected executivegovernmentof ten ministers.)Ⅱ.A.B.D.B.C.D.B.D.C.B.C.BUnit 3Ⅰ.1 F. It is no doubt that Britain is the oldestrepresentative democracy in the world.应该为“It is arguably that”4. The divine right of the king means thesovereign derived his authority from hissubjects.应该是“from the God, not from his subjects”5. As the king……, it was thought that heshould exercise absolute power.应改为“he should not”6. The term “Parliament” was first officiallyused in 1066 to…应改为“in 1236”8. Britain, like Israel, has a written constitutionof…应改为“Israel and Britain are the only twocountries without written constitutions of the sort which most countries have.”Ⅱ.Multiple choice.没错Unit 4Ⅰ.T or F1.T2.F .Anyone who is eligible to vote with500pounds as deposit can stand as an MP.原文P50 :It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5%of the vote.3.F The time is given free4.T5.F is an important part6.F.There are two(three) major national parties in the UK, according to the text.7.F Liberal Democratic party(the Labor party) is the newest of the major national parties.8.T9.T10.T11.F south Asia, not North Asia12.F原文如下：P59.Of course most immigrants do no open restaurants or become writers or musicians.与题目明显相悖。
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The United KingdomUnit 11.What is the difference between the British Isles and Britain?The Britain Isles consists of two large islands, Britain is one of them.2.What is the difference between the United Kingdom and England?England is a part of the United Kingdom.3.What is the full title of the United Kingdom?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland4.Where did the British people come from?They are a mixture of many different races, and all the races invaded Britain at various times from Europe.5.What do you know about Sinn Fein Party?Sinn Fein Party is the legal party in Northern Ireland and supporters of the Irish terrorists or freedom-frighters.Unit 21.What is the oldest institution of British government?The oldest institution of British government is the Monarchy (ruled by the king or queen).2.The government of Britain has been shared by three supreme authorities for manycenturies. What are they?They are the Monarchy, the Lords and the Commons.3.What does the British parliament consist of now?The British parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.4.Who can form the government in the United Kingdom? And who can become PrimeMinister?The party with the most supporters in the Commons forms the government, and the leader of the party becomes the Prime Minister.5.What political system is the United Kingdom?Britain is both a parliament democracy and a constitutional monarchy. While theofficial head of state is queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governsaccording to British constitutional principle.Unit 31.Was the British economy dominant in the world by 1880s? Why do you say that?Yes. By 1880s, Britain produced one third of the world’s manufactured goods, half its cotton. The amount of its shipping was great than that in the rest of the world put together.2.What about the situation by 1990 in United Kingdom?The UK had been overtaken by both the United States and Germany; and from 1945 until the present, the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline.3.How do you understand the absolute and relative decline in the UK?The decline is not a absolute decline. Britain is not poor, or producing less than was in 1945, in fact it is a lot wealthier and more productive than it was then. The problem is that though it has improved, other countries have improved more rapidly. So this decline is relative to some other economies rather than absolute.4.What about the British economy in the 1970s?Under Margaret Thatcher, an extensive program of privatization was carried out through the 1980s. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates.5.The UK economies can be divided into three main areas. What are they?Primary industriesSecondary industriesTertiary industriesUnit 41.What was much early British writing concerned with? And what is the most famous ofthese versions of the Bible?Christianity. The most famous is Book of Kells.2.One famous work written by Geoffrey Chaucer was in Middle English. What is it?The Canterbury Tales3.Can you name some dramas about William Shakespeare’s work?Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth4.Who is the literary giant of the 17th century and what are his famous epic works?John Milton. Paradise Lost and its sequel, Paradise Regained5.Three men brought the Romantic Movement to it height. Who are they?George Gordon Byron, John Keats, and Percy Bysshe ShelleyUnit 51.What is the purpose of the education system?To socialize children2.Who is the British education system run by?The state3.What is the main change according to the 1944 Education Act?It made entry to secondary (middle) schools and universities ”meritocratic”.4.What do you know about the British higher education?British universities are public bodies which receive funds from the centralgovernment.5.What do you know about the degree titles in the higher education in the UK?Degree titles vary, but usually one receives a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BSc), for a second degree Master of Arts(MA) or Science (MSc) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).Unit 61.What about the British military power after WWⅡended?After a lengthy fight with the Axis powers, Britain was the largest military power in the Western Europe.2.Who were granted the political independence from the years 1946 to 1948?Jordan, India and Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)3.What is the contemporary foreign policy of the UK greatly influenced by?The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history ( the most important single factor) and also by its geopolitical traits.4.Who are the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council besidesBritain?China, French, Russia, and America5.One major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with theUnited States. Why was quite natural?A s the UK and the USA were closely allied during WWⅡ, and continued to worktogether closely in the post war year because they shared many of the same worries about the Soviet Union.Unit 71.What do you know about some newspapers in the UK?The observer, The Times, The Guardian, Telegraph, News of the World, TheFinancial Times2.What do you know about tabloid in the UK?It is smaller newspapers with color photos and catchy headlines. They are oftencalled ‘the gutter press’because they deal in scandals and gossip, usually aboutfamous people in politic, sports or entertainment, and carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest stories.3.What do you know about Football Hooligans?‘Football hooligans’are the people who clash before, during or after matches and occasionally run riot through the town. They always bring us a pity after the excited match.4.The main symbol of Easter is Easter Egg. What does it stand for?It is originally a Christian symbol of new life.5.Northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of patron saint of Ireland. Who is he?His name is St. Patrick. He was a Catholic bishop in the 5th century who brought Christianity to Ireland.。