2009年跨文化复习资料

第一部分

1.Culture

is the deposit 沉淀of

knowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions,notions of time ,roles ,spatial relations,concepts of the universe,and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 2.Subculture亚文化群refer to(指的是) a culture that exist within dominant 统治culture,and is ofren based on economic经济or social class社会进阶,ethnicity种族划分,race种族,or geographic region地理区域.

3.Subgroup亚群体,usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as把看做accumulating累加values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do.

4.Cultural identity文化身份refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group指一些人对特定文化和特定民族的归属感

5.Sender refers to the person who transmits传送a message.

6.Channel媒介(sometimes called the medium)is the method used to deliver送a message.

7.Receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.

8.Intercultural communication跨文化交际is communication berween people whose cultural perception感受and symbol符号system are distinct清晰enough to 足以alter改变the communication event.

9.Interpretation解释refers to attaching附属的meaning to sense data感觉资料.

10.Needs需求affect影响what people are more likely to attend to注意.

11.Human perception看法is usually thought of as a three-step process of selection 选择,organization组织,and interpretation解释.

12.sensation感动is the neurological process神经过程by which people become aware of意识到their environment.

13.perception感觉involves higher-order cognition认识in the interpretation解释of the sensory information.感觉信息

14.ethnocentrism民族优越感refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.民族优越感是指一个人依据自己民族的判断对另一个民族做出的否定的判断。

15.prejudice偏见refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.偏见是指无理由的厌恶、怀疑、憎恨一个特殊的群体、人群、宗教或者是性取向的人群。

16.racism种族歧视is any policy政策,practice惯例,belief信仰,or attitude态度that attributes把。归咎于characteristics特性or status地位to individuals独立基础based on their race种族.

17.stereotyping定势is used to refer to negative or positive judgments正面的和反面的判断made about individuals based 独立基础on any observable or believed group membership.

18.verbal intercultural communication言语跨文化交际happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.

19.pidgin混杂语言is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages for restricted purposes such as trading.

20. dialect方言is a form of language peculiar to a group of people,as distinguished from the literary 文学language of the whole people.

21.taboo禁忌refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite.

22.nonverbal communication非言语交际

using words.

23.oculesics视觉

24.proxemics近体学

举止神态

语速

27.Members in the culture of high uncertainty avoidance have a lower tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity.

28.Individuals from high power distance权利距离cultures accepr power as part of society.As a result,superiors consider their subordinates to be different from themselves and vice versa.

29.people from high masculine男性cultures tend to see same-sex relationships as more intimate than opposite-sex relationships.

30.In collective集体主义societies such as those in

Pakistan,colobia,Venezuela,china and peru,people are born into extended families that support and pretect them in exchange for their loyalty.

31.In japan,business is not conducted in Obon盂兰盆节(in mid-august),because many people travel to the graves of their ancestors.

32.In India,”the traditional greeting is the namaste合十礼,formed by pressing the palms together,fingers up,below the chin.A slight bow may be added to show

33 Sabbath安息日begins at sunset on Friday and ends at sunset on Saturday.Therefore,the business week runs from Sunday through

36.Segregation种族隔离occurs because the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact with the immigrants.

37.Integration集合is a process of desiring a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.

38.Assimilation同化is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture,losing their culture in the process.