2009年跨文化复习资料

第一部分
1.Culture
is the deposit 沉淀of
knowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions,notions of time ,roles ,spatial relations,concepts of the universe,and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 2.Subculture亚文化群refer to(指的是) a culture that exist within dominant 统治culture,and is ofren based on economic经济or social class社会进阶,ethnicity种族划分,race种族,or geographic region地理区域.
3.Subgroup亚群体,usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as把看做accumulating累加values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do.
4.Cultural identity文化身份refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group指一些人对特定文化和特定民族的归属感
5.Sender refers to the person who transmits传送a message.
6.Channel媒介(sometimes called the medium)is the method used to deliver送a message.
7.Receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.
8.Intercultural communication跨文化交际is communication berween people whose cultural perception感受and symbol符号system are distinct清晰enough to 足以alter改变the communication event.
9.Interpretation解释refers to attaching附属的meaning to sense data感觉资料.
10.Needs需求affect影响what people are more likely to attend to注意.
11.Human perception看法is usually thought of as a three-step process of selection 选择,organization组织,and interpretation解释.
12.sensation感动is the neurological process神经过程by which people become aware of意识到their environment.
13.perception感觉involves higher-order cognition认识in the interpretation解释of the sensory information.感觉信息
14.ethnocentrism民族优越感refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.民族优越感是指一个人依据自己民族的判断对另一个民族做出的否定的判断。

15.prejudice偏见refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.偏见是指无理由的厌恶、怀疑、憎恨一个特殊的群体、人群、宗教或者是性取向的人群。

16.racism种族歧视is any policy政策,practice惯例,belief信仰,or attitude态度that attributes把。

归咎于characteristics特性or status地位to individuals独立基础based on their race种族.
17.stereotyping定势is used to refer to negative or positive judgments正面的和反面的判断made about individuals based 独立基础on any observable or believed group membership.
18.verbal intercultural communication言语跨文化交际happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.
19.pidgin混杂语言is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages for restricted purposes such as trading.
20. dialect方言is a form of language peculiar to a group of people,as distinguished from the literary 文学language of the whole people.
21.taboo禁忌refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite.
22.nonverbal communication非言语交际
using words.
23.oculesics视觉
24.proxemics近体学
举止神态
语速
27.Members in the culture of high uncertainty avoidance have a lower tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity.
28.Individuals from high power distance权利距离cultures accepr power as part of society.As a result,superiors consider their subordinates to be different from themselves and vice versa.
29.people from high masculine男性cultures tend to see same-sex relationships as more intimate than opposite-sex relationships.
30.In collective集体主义societies such as those in
Pakistan,colobia,Venezuela,china and peru,people are born into extended families that support and pretect them in exchange for their loyalty.
31.In japan,business is not conducted in Obon盂兰盆节(in mid-august),because many people travel to the graves of their ancestors.
32.In India,”the traditional greeting is the namaste合十礼,formed by pressing the palms together,fingers up,below the chin.A slight bow may be added to show
33 Sabbath安息日begins at sunset on Friday and ends at sunset on Saturday.Therefore,the business week runs from Sunday through
36.Segregation种族隔离occurs because the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact with the immigrants.
37.Integration集合is a process of desiring a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.
38.Assimilation同化is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture,losing their culture in the process.
39.Marginalization 边缘化occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.
第二部分判断
1.T The iceberg model of culture implies暗指that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly完全的.
2.F Culture is innate天生的as soon as a person is born.
3.T People may sometimes get confused困惑about his or her cultural identity文化身份.
4.F Scholars学者们prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists within a dominant culture主文化.
5.T A person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time.
6.F Intracultural communication occurs重视when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.
7.T Communication and culture are inseparable不可分离的and strongly connected.
8.F The sender must choose certain某些words or nonverbal methods不用语言的方式to send an intentional message故意的信息.This activity活动is called decoding译码.
9.T The process 过程of communication has nine components
部分:sender,encoding,message,channel,noise,receiver,decoding,feedback,and context.寄件人、入码、信息、通道、噪音，接收器，解码，回应、和背景。

10.T No two of us can assume that our sensations are the same. Different stimuli can produce the same sensations.没有人能有同样的感觉，但是不同的刺激能产生相同的感觉。

11.T The same stimuli can produce very different sensations.
12.T Our perception are influenced by who we are, including the accumulation of our experience.我们的感觉被我们自己影响，包括我们个人经验的积累。

13.F We give meaning to or “decode” the information that we have selected and organized during the selection stage.在选择阶段，我们给出解释或者对编译出来的信息进行选择和组织。

14.T The psychological filters refer to the psychological factors ,including the attitudes, beliefs ,and dispositions of the individual.心里过滤是指心里因素，包含态度、信仰和个体的性情。

15.T Ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism are learned.
16.T Although stereotypes are considered as being negative judgments,they can also be positive.
17.T When communicating with people from other cultures,an individual sometimes is likely to treat them as”his people”and to assume there is only one way of doing things:that is”his way”.
18.F Assumption of superiority may lead to assuming similarity instead of difference.
19.F Industrialization is not the reason for the persistence of
ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism.
20.F An exacting style of communication can be found in Japan,China,and some Native American cultures.
21.F The self-effacement verbal style emphasizes the impotance of boasting about one’s accomplishments and abilities.
22.T The elaborate,exacting,or succinct communication style deals with the quantity and/or volume of talk that is preferred across cultural groups.
23.T Dialect refers to geographic variation,while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social group.
24.T An elaborate style of communication can be seen in Arab cultures.
25.F Speaking is the only mode of effective communication.
26.F Chinese like to touch babies or small children,especially they like others to pat their children’s head.
27.T Saudi Arabs belong to touch cultures.
28.T The appropriateness of eye contact varies with different cultures.
29.T Paralanguage may imply the connotation of the actual words.
30.T Industrialized societies like the United States,the masteruy-over-nature view tends to predominate.
31.F The harmony-with-nature orientation draws chear distinctions among human life,nature,and the supernatural.
32.F Both Americans and British show respect for tradition.
33.T A doing orientation involves a focus on those types of activities which have outcomes that can be measured by someone else.做定方位包括有能被其他人测量的结果的一个活动的在那些类型焦点。

34.T In Being cultures,social status and position are more important than what a person does.
35.F In Saudi Arabia,greetings tend to be informal.Both men and women shake hands on meeting and leaving.
36.T In Finland,firm handshakes are the normal greeting for men and women.
37.T Americans might regard gift giving as a gorm of bribery.
38.F In Japan,one should open the gift in front of the giver.
39.T Mexican negotiators emphasize relational concerns prior to the real negotiation.墨西哥的谈判者在真正的谈判之前强调表示关系的担心。

40.F Similarity of culture does not affect acculturation.
41.T Successful management of culture shock depends on an awareness of its symptoms and the degree of its severity.文化冲击的成功管理取决于对它的症状和它的严重的程度的注意。

44.F The second stage of intercultural adaptation is called honeymoon stage or initial euphoria stage.
45.F All the activities of learning one’s culture are called acc ulturation.
46.F Insomnia can be one example of the physical symptoms of culture shock.
47.T Financial matters can result in culture shock.
第三部分简答
1. Emotional problems as barriers to intercultural communication?
a.Anxiety and uncertainty
b.Assuming similarity instead of difference
2. Attitudinal problems as barriers to intercultural communication?
a.Ethnocentrism民族优越感
b.Stereotyping思维定势
c.Prejudice偏见
d.Racism种族主义
3.Five dimensions of stereotypes?
a.Direction 倾向性
b. intensity 强烈感
c. specificity 特异性
d.
consensus 共识 e. accuracy准确性
4.Reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism？
a.Socialization社会化
b. social benefits 社会利益
c. economic benefits
d.
psychological benefits心理学利益
5.Translation problems as language barriers?
ck of vocabulary equivalence
ck of idiomatic equivalence习语上的不对等
ck of grammatical-syntactical equivalence语法和句法上的不对等
ck of experiential equivalence经验上的不对等
ck of conceptual equivalence概念上的不对等
6.Verbal communication styles?
a.Direct and indirect styles直接的和间接的风格
b.Self-enhancement and self-effacement styles自我提高和不出风头风格
c.Elaborate, exacting and succinct styles精细、苛求而且简洁的风格
d.Personal and contextual styles个人、文脉上的风格
e.Instrumental and affective styles仪器、情感的风格
nguage diversity?
a.Dialects and socialists 方言和社会主义者
b. pidgin and lingua franca
c.
taboo and euphemism委婉 d. jargon 专门术语
8.Functions of nonverbal communication?
a.Repeating
b. complementing 补充
c. substituting替换
d. regulating 管
理 e. contradicting反驳
9.Edward T.Hall’s context—culture theory?
a.High-context culture
b. low-context culture
10. Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural variability?
a. individualism and collectivism 个人主义集体主义
b. uncertainty avoidance 不确定性的避免
c. power distance 力量距离
d. masculinity and femininity男子气概和女人气质
11.Business etiquette norms?商务礼仪基准
a. appointment seeking 预约
b. the data for business 时间
c. greeting behavior 问候行为
d. gift giving领取礼物
12.Forms of culture shock?
a. language shock
b. role shock
c. transition shock
d. culture fatigue
e. education shock
f. adjustment stress
g. culture distance 语言震惊角色震惊转换震惊文化疲累教育震惊调整压迫力文化距离
13.Stages of intercultural adaptation?
a. U-curve pattern
(a)honeymood period (b)crisis period (c)adjustment period (d)biculturalism period
b. W-curve pattern。