老托福语法笔记

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老托福语法笔记

语法笔记，给offerdd 和各位托友最后的总复习：把所有做错的题目写出来，把正确答案安上，熟读或背诵。

填空题的作题方法1. 先看句子的分界点（即连词，介词，分词和标点符号）选择要看的兔子内容，即只关注空格所在句子2. 简化句子：a-副词adv.b-介词短语（句首除外）2乍定语的形容词d-作定语或者壮语的分词短语e-与空格无关的句子3. 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分捷径：可套用固定结构或句型4. 区分选项，结合句意和语感 ---- ＞确定答案填空分类：简单句，主从句（状语从句，定语从句），倒装句，平行结构，同位语结构改错的做题方法：敏感和熟练是唯一的秘诀1 .语法和句意并重2. 先看句子结构，边读句意考虑划线部分的语法知识点3. 熟练掌握各种错误类型，对特殊词形成特殊反应4. 读句子要读全，避免无谓失误填空的固定结构一、主句专一结构任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词连接句子之间必须有连词连接*句子，句子永远错二、谓语专一结构任何句子只有一个谓语，谓语之间必须有连词连接，谓语可以是两个动词的并列形式* 主谓，谓错三、平行结构A，B，or/andCA,B, C三个元素必须对应四、宾语从句结构宾从：S+Vt+(that+SVO)* 看到这些Vt 后，第一反应找that (讲义P21)indicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate,show,hold,insist,say,tell,believe ,think,learn宾语从句中，that 在下列词后可省：believe,think,suppose,presume,say,see,know,hear,propose,heatunderstand,bet old五、what 结构(A) what=thethingthat=allthat,thing 由句意决定(B) what 必须在前后句中都作成分(C) noun.+what 永远错(D) what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以用作介词或者动词的宾语what+V=thethingthat+Vprep.+what+V*prep.+what+ 完整句子永远错，改为whichVt+what+V(E) what 的出题方法(1)prep __________ V(2)Vt __________ V(F) *whatisnow 永远对，做插入语成分where+V 永远错，因为where 是adv.(G) whatlittle=alittlewhat六、介词+which 结构which 只能用于定语从句，在从句中必须作主/ 宾语(A) SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)(B) SVO+prep.+which完整句* 句子_______ 句子，优先选择prep+which(C) 介词+which+todo条件是主语必须一致七、inthat 结构in that二because连词，出现就是正确答案不能位于句首：句子inthat 结构* 如果发现句子______ 句子，优先选择prep+which 和inthat 结构八、同位语结构主同，宾同，n同位语说明主/ 宾某一方面的内容(A) 主语同位语的三种位置1. -------------------------------- 主同，主谓宾noun,SVO逗号前的名词只能是主同2.S主同，V03.主同主谓宾(B) 宾语同位语的两个位置主谓宾，宾同主谓宾宾同*同位语从句是名词性从句：..... +noun .+that+SVOthat 是关系副词SVO来说明noun.*adv. 不能修饰任何名词但是adv.+同位语是正确的：...,(whichis)approximatelythedistanee.九、形容词的并列结构----- ＞可参考改错类型十(A) adjadjadj+noun.n 个adj 不并列，有确定的先后顺序(B) 当多个形容词用逗号连接时，这几个形容词完全对等，无先后顺序(逗号相当于and)* 选项中有复合形容词即为答案十、比较结构(A) 对称性：比较对象应该对称* 选that/those/theone ---- 泛指不选it/them -------------- 特指(B) 省略性：相同的谓语结构可以省,be动词通常省(C) 倒装性：(more)than后可以倒装也可以不倒装十一、定语从句的省略结构(A) 定语从句中，主+系可以同时省略即that+be,which+be,who+be可省(B) 定从的特殊省略eg:IdorememberthefirsttimeIhaveheardthesweetestvoiceintheworld.1 、thetime 后面通常+句子，因为(when,that)都省略2、thereason(why,that)+句子3、theway(inwhich)+句子(C定从中，如果that/which在定从中作宾语(讲义P26)that/which 可省略(作主语不可省)SVO+(that,which)+S+Vt...noun.+(which,that)noun.+Vt*题目中两个名次连不上的情况即省略发生了(讲义No.27)。

Dlgkle托福语法(含笔记)

生活需要游戏，但不能游戏人生；生活需要歌舞，但不需醉生梦死；生活需要艺术，但不能投机取巧；生活需要勇气，但不能鲁莽蛮干；生活需要重复，但不能重蹈覆辙。

-----无名0601语法题1. Neon, a chemical element---------up about one part per 65000 in Earth’s atmosphere, is a colourles s, odourless gas.A. makesB. that makesC. and makesD. of which makes2. From photography’s infancy, ---------of landscape views by camera began to support handmade depictions in watercolour, pencil, or ink.A. when the capturingB. the capturingC. was capturingD. the capturing was3. The stethoscope transmits and amplifies sounds from localized areas of the body, thus making them -------to hear and identifyA. easier thanB. as easy asC. easies so thatD. easier4. Uncertainty differs from risk in that-------basis for estimating the probability of each potential condition occurring.A. there is noB. although noC. there is notD. it is not5. ------about 10 to 20 feet tall and are sparely covered with foliage.A. Growing lemon treesB. Lemon trees growC. Lemon trees that growD. The growth of lemon trees to6. A sonic boom is a very loud noise that occurs when an aircraft passes through the sound barrier-------travels faster than the speed of soundA. andB. soC. whetherD. as7. The production and sale of cosmetics in the U.S. was virtually unregulated--------the food, drug, and cosmetic art of 1938A. and until the pass ofB. and until passingC. until the passage ofD. until passed8. In the late 1860’s, taxes were changed in the southern US t o require payment from plantation owners-------just from landless individuals.A. despiteB. whereasC. rather thanD. other than9. ------to vapour without passing through the liquid phase is called sublimation.A. a solid convertsB. the conversion of a solidC. when a solid is convertingD. a solid whose conversion10. Not only-----the centre of French language and culture in North America, it is the…A. considering QuebecB. where Quebec is consideredC. Quebec is consideredD. Is Quebec considered11. M leads the US------of wood products, potatoes, sardine, and blueberriesA. in the productionB. the productionC. when the productionD. in which the production12. About 25000 years ago some of North America’s early settles walked across the land-------between Siberia and Alaska.A. that then is existedB. existed thenC. that then existedD. and then existing13. Gw. was the first Black woman-----the Pulitzer Price of poetry.A. to winB. which she wonC. wonD. was to win14. -----was the most important economic activity in the US until about 1800.A. Agriculture, whichB. If agricultureC. AgricultureD. There was agriculture15. Eva G. direct-------in Huntington, New York, from 1962 to 1978.A. the Heck MuseumB. the Heck Museum was,C. how the Heck MuseumD. and the Heck Museum16. (Children) use (grammatically correct) sentences by (the age) of three and (produces) some highly complex construction by the time they are five.17. (Most of) the cultivated flowers, vegetables, fruits, (grains), and grasses in the US today, along with the 70 percentage of the weeds, (original) came (from abroad).18. (A) large amount of fat is normally deposited in the liver, (in which) it may (oxidized) (to release) energy.19. In 1989, with the (publish) of the first (volume) of “Little Woman”, L.M.A. (became) a (celebrated writer).20. (When) rocks are (picked up) by moving water, they are gradually (reduced size) by (the) breaking away of the edges and corners.21. (Although some) details about the atmospheres of the other planets and (their) satellites (are known), but a complete description is available (only for) Earth’s atmosphere.22. Caspar W’s glassworks, the first success ful (glass factory) in North America, (primarily) produced bottles and (another) utilitarian objects is green, brown, and (an odd) shade of terra cotta.23. (Until) 1985 the amount output (of automobiles) in the US exceeded (that the) rest of the (world combined).24. (Found) in large herds, usually (near water), the impala (is noted) for its graceful movement and its (able) to jump.25. Several years after (writing) the first textbook of psychology ever (published it) in the US, John turned his (attention) to educational (reform).26. Table salt occur (as) a cube-shaped crystal (that), depending (of) its purity, may be colourless, transparent, (or) translucent.27. The (outmost) layer of the sun’s atmosphere, the coro na, is (visibly) as a pinkish halo of light (during) (a) total eclipse.28. Shirley, (the) first African American female (member of) the US, unsuccessfully (sought) the Democratic (nominate) for president in 1972.29. (A queen) termite (lays) 440 million (of eggs)-an average of one per second (for) 14 years.30. The (influence of) gravity in (everyday) life is (so) pervasive that we often (take for) granted.31. (Any) state, by (its) own constitutional or legislative action, may eliminate, consolidate, or otherwise (modification) countries and (their) government.32. Tornadoes, which are (frequent) seen (over) the Great Plains of the US in spring and early summer, (resemble) a dark funnel (extending) from cloud base to ground.33. The sun is (one) of (billions) of (stars are) scattered (throughout) the universe.34. The average (surface temperature) of the Earth (has been risen) by (approximately) one degree (over the last) century.35. Monarch butterflies (gather) in flocks in (late) summer and fall and (then) migrate (southern).36. Madder plants, which comprise (a very) large family of (mostly) tropical trees, shrubs, and (herbal), (include) coffee and gardenia.37. Wild birds and their eggs have been (at least) incidental sources of food for humans (since) prehistoric times and they (still) are in (most of) societies.38. In 1974, US president R.M. was charged with obstructing justice, (abusing) his constitutional (authoritative), and failing (to obey) subpoenas demanding (he appear) in court.39. The US D of A works (to provide) both (reasonable) incomes for farmers (or) fair (prices) for consumers.40. Thomas (invented) the record player in 1877 while (engaged research) on (the) telegraph at (his laboratory) in New Jersey.语法笔记：1.Neon, a chemical element......,is a colourless, odourless gas.空格处明显为a chemical element的修饰定语,使之充当同位语成分，选B.2.......,......of landscape views by camera began to support ......bagan是谓语，后面是宾语。

1998年5月TOEFL语法笔记

1998年5月TOEFL语法笔记编委：Callasun审委：P hyllis1.____ a major role in future planetary exploration.(A) Robots will surely play(B) Robots, which will surely play(C) Because robots will surely be playing(D) Surely robots, which will be playingKEY：A分析：考点是主谓结构。

空格在宾语前，缺主谓。

答案A。

（B）如为定语从句，则主语无谓语；（C）Because引导的原因状语从句，无主句；（D）同A，且频度副词Surely形容整个句子，应以逗号隔开。

参考译文：机器人极有可能将在未来的太空探索中扮演主要角色。

2. Unlike the owl, bats cannot see very well, but they do have____.(A) it hears very well(B) very good to hear(C) hearing very well(D) very good hearingKEY：D分析：考点是宾语成份。

空格在及物动词后面应该是宾语。

答案D，语序正确的名词短语作宾语。

（A）一个句子不能有两个谓语；（B）形容词不能单独充当宾语；（C）well做“好”讲为adv.不修饰名词。

参考译文：蝙蝠不像猫头鹰一样有良好的视力，但却有极佳的听力。

3. Comparatively few clues in the United Slates have competing newspapers today, amajor change from 1900 ____ more than two newspapers.(A) because then most large cities having(B) when did most large cities have(C) then most large cities that had(D) when most large cities hadKEY：D分析：考点是定语从句。

TOEFL语法笔记

TOEFL语法笔记王海波代词95%为错，情态动词永远不错，first 划线永远对，虚拟语气不考。

填空的基本做法：1 先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分成记几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子。

句法：{①简单句： S+V②并列句：分句+并列句子+；句子+。

并列句划为简单句：句子，and/all/but+句子。

③复合句：主句+从句划为简单句2 简化句子简化原则：①adv/数/冠可以划掉②介词短语可以划掉③修饰名词的adj/n可以划掉④做状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以很划掉 p65-5/83 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分。

捷径：可直接套用句型和结构 p53-14 ，倒装句答案的首字母为系动词或助动词p92-14 * ——+n为There be 句型p210-74 区分四选项，结合句意和语感确定答案。

句子→简单句→主干→判断→选答案主语，——，谓宾。

100%考↓插入语定语从句或省略的定语从句定语从句中主和系可以同时省略which+be/that+be/who+be 可以省略①定语从句②n③adj短语/分词短语/介词改错做题要点：1 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句（做题思想）。

2 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确。

3 熟悉掌握各种错误类型。

4 做题 ABCD要看全，选择一个最明显的错误，最好有明确的理由。

填空的固定句型和结构一主句专一结构 1-2※句子，句子。

为错任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词。

※任何从句都是正常语序。

二谓语专一结构 3-4任何一个句子只有一个谓语，谓语动词之间一定要有连词连接。

※主谓……谓……错主谓……，谓……。

错三平行结构 5-6X and YX ，Y and Z 各元素必须一致 to do ，do and do 。

be done ，done and done。

※——，——，and——。

四 what 结构 7-8缩合连接代词（1）what =the thing that =all that thing 由句意定7 中what =the corp that 8 中what =the place that（2）what 在前后句中必须同时做成分 what =the thing that（3）n+what 错 n+the thing that √※prep+what+SVO 错 what →which√（4）what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以做主语，宾语，表语。

托福语法高分要点(完全整理版)概要

目录第一章名词 (2第二章形容词 (13第三章副词 (19第四章介词 (23第五章动词 (28第六章代词 (41第七章简单句 (45第八章并列句 (50第九章主从复合句 (54第十章时态 (62第十一章一致原则 (65第十二章倒装 (69第十三章被动语态 (72第十四章常考关于It的句式 (74 第十五章虚拟语气 (77第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容第一节可数名词考点一单复数可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。

TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。

TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。

例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式下面我们会讲一下复数形式。

复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则:1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs例题:(1 Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance.A B C D答案:A应改为:Flowers解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数(2 Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronicA B C Dpain.答案:A应改为:Doctors解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数考点二复数形式特例这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意1.单复数词形相同如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人, aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft 等2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如:basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crisesmedium(媒体-media datum(数据-data curriculum(课程-curriculalarva(幼虫-larvae criterion(标准-criteria phenomenon(现象-phenomena3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如:clothes trousers compasses(圆规 scales(天平 savings(储蓄,statistics(统计数据, headquarters(总部,4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如:goods(货物, manners(礼貌, troops(军队, authorities(当局5 不规则的名词复数child - children mouse - mice louse - licetooth - teeth foot - feet6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词例题:(1 With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leadingA B Cjazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities.D(2Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed feetA B C D答案:D应改为:foot解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬第二节限定词名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类:1.之后肯定接单数:a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc.例句:Each of them has two books.You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本2.之后肯定接复数:these, those, many, such, other,大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…,a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small number of, several,one of, all (of, some /any (of, most(of, a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用考点一否定限定词no(1 no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如:No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.No one is here.(2 no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。

王海波托福语法笔记

托福考试语法辅导：王海波语法笔记TOEFL语法中，不允许缩写！当然所有格不算在内。

如：It’s a book.应为It is a book.不能出现太口语化的句子！如：It is really beautiful.应为It is very beautiful. really只能表示真假，不能修饰beautiful.基本技巧：1，插入语永远对。

代词95%为错。

2，情态动词永远不错。

first划线永远对（因为first词性完备，任何词性的用法都存在）；虚拟语气不考；waters永远对（water做水域解，可以有复数形式）；self划线永远错。

3，搭配词对（错误率较高）Ex：another other互改。

区别：another后面跟单数名词；other后面跟复数名词。

填空题基本做题方法（以9501为例）：1先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分为几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子（主要是空格所在的那部分句子）。

句法：①简单句： S+V②并列句：句子；句子。

句子，and/or/but/then句。

简化掉没有空格的那部分句子。

③复合句：主句+从句如Because+句子，句子。

When+句子，句子。

if+句子，句子。

简化掉没有空格的分句。

步骤实质：将复合句或并列句化为简单句，使得每句话实际上只须读一半即可。

2简化句子简化原则：①副词，冠词，数词可以划掉②介词短语（即prep.+n）可以划掉（主句句首除外）③作定语（即修饰名词）的adj或分词短语可以划掉④句中作状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以划掉两个标点符号之间不能随便划掉。

因为这部分句子可能对整句话的逻辑关系起作用步骤实质：进一步简化句子，找到句子的主干即主谓。

句法（三种）：复合句＝主句+从句并列句＝分句+分句简单句＝主语+谓语任何句子都归结为简单句，而简单句都归结为主谓，因此抓住主谓即可。

3分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺句子成分。

1999年8月TOEFL语法笔记

1999年8月TOEFL语法笔记编委：雪中茉莉审委：Fional1. In 1864 Nevada enter the United States as _______ thirty-sixth state.(A) in the(B) to be the(C) was the(D) theKey：D分析：考点是限定词。

名词结构充当介词宾语；序数词前加定冠词。

答案D。

（A）as是介词，后面应该是名词性结构。

（B）as和to be 不能同时使用(同上原因)（C）was出现就会造成谓语的重叠参考译文：1864年，内华达进入合众国，成为第三十六个州。

2. Bob Stephenson, a biologist in Alaska who studies the Canadian lynx, a type of wildcat,has learned ______ from studying their tracks in the snow.(A) how lynx hunt(B) lynx hunt how(C) how hunt lynx(D) lynx how huntKey：A分析：考点是宾语成分。

及物动词learn后面应该接宾语，疑问代词引导的宾语从句的语序同陈述句。

答案A ，how引导的宾语从句，主句从句成分都完整。

(B) 逻辑语序错误(C) how引导的从句中主谓倒置(D) 逻辑语序错误参考译文：Bob Stephenson是阿拉斯加一个生物学家，研究加拿大山猫，这是一种野生的猫科动物，他从对其在雪地上留下的足迹获悉了山猫是如何捕猎的。

3. ______ lay eggs , but some give birth to live young.(A) Although most insects(B) Most insects(C) Despite most insects(D) Most insects thatKey：B分析：考点是主谓结构。

1999年5月TOEFL语法笔记

1999年5月TOEFL语法笔记编委：雪中茉莉审委：Fional1. Classical logic is characterized by a concern for the structure and elements ofargument____ that thought, language, and reality are interrelated.(A) based on the belief(B) on the belief based(C) belief based on the(D) the based belief onKey：A分析：考点是定语成分。

空格前面句子结构完整，空间应该填修饰argument的部分。

答案A，过去分词短语结构做后置定语，修饰argument。

（B）that 引导的是同位语从句，前面必然有一个名词，所以B错（C）明显的名词重叠，顺序混乱（D）这个选项进入句子无法修饰argument，同样是明显错误。

参考译文：经典的逻辑是以注重论证的结构和元素为特征的，其论证基于思想、语言和现实是相互关联的信念。

2. Adult fleas_____ only blood and are external parasites of mammals and birds.(A) eat(B) having eaten(C) that eat(D) to eatKey：A分析：考点是主谓结构。

由and并列关系，可知此处缺谓语。

答案A，主语复数，这里动词原形。

（B）这个选项是一个分词结构形式不能做谓语（C）如果选这个则，that引导定语从句，那么缺和and引导的动词并列的谓语。

（D）to do 在这里可以做补语，但是出现问题和C相同参考译文：成年的跳蚤只是吸血，是哺乳动物和鸟类的外寄生虫。

3. Heat energy may be absorbed or released when_____ while work is done on or by the1system.(A) changes in the internal energy of a system(B) by changing the internal energy of a system.(C) the internal energy of a system that changes(D) the internal energy of a system changesKey：D分析：考点是状语成分。

2019年5月TOEFL语法笔记共9页

2019年5月TOEFL语法笔记编委：Callasun审委：P hyllis1. ____ a major role in future planetary exploration.(A) Robots will surely play(B) Robots, which will surely play(C) Because robots will surely be playing(D) Surely robots, which will be playingKEY：A分析：考点是主谓结构。

空格在宾语前，缺主谓。

答案A。

（B）如为定语从句，则主语无谓语；（C）Because引导的原因状语从句，无主句；（D）同A，且频度副词Surely形容整个句子，应以逗号隔开。

参考译文：机器人极有可能将在未来的太空探索中扮演主要角色。

2. Unlike the owl, bats cannot see very well, but they do have____.(A) it hears very well(B) very good to hear(C) hearing very well(D) very good hearingKEY：D分析：考点是宾语成份。

空格在及物动词后面应该是宾语。

答案D，语序正确的名词短语作宾语。

（A）一个句子不能有两个谓语；（B）形容词不能单独充当宾语；（C）well做“好”讲为adv.不修饰名词。

参考译文：蝙蝠不像猫头鹰一样有良好的视力，但却有极佳的听力。

托福考试语法结构知识点

托福考试语法结构知识点托福考试是一个评估非英语母语者英语能力的标准化测试，其中语法结构是考试的一个重要部分。

掌握语法结构的知识点对于正确理解和运用英语语言至关重要。

本文将介绍托福考试中常见的语法结构知识点，帮助考生更好地备考。

一、动词时态和语态1. 一般现在时：用于陈述普遍事实、经常重复的动作或客观真理。

例如：Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.2. 一般过去时：用于过去发生的动作或状态。

例如：I watched a movie yesterday.3. 现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作或现阶段的状态。

例如：She is reading a book now.4. 过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

例如：They were studying when I called them.5. 将来时态的使用：用于表示将来的动作或状态。

例如：I will go to the party tomorrow.6. 被动语态：用于强调动作的接受者而不是执行者。

例如：The book was written by Mark Twain.二、主谓一致1. 单复数主谓一致：主语是单数时，谓语动词要用单数形式；主语是复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式。

例如：She walks to school every day. They walk to school every day.2. 近距离主谓一致：当主语和谓语之间有介词短语或从句时，要根据主语而不是介词短语或从句来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。

例如：The book, along with its companion, is on the shelf.三、条件句1. 第一型条件句：表示真实条件和其可能的结果。

例如：If it rains,I will stay at home.2. 第二型条件句：表示对现在或未来假设的不太可能或不可能的条件及其可能的结果。

托福考试备考资料：语法笔记

托福考试备考资料语法笔记1. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _______ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body.A. in diseaseB. that diseaseC. of diseaseD. about disease答案：B分析：动词believe 地用法：直接加that引导地宾语从句.这里that为连接adv.，在句中不作任何成分，其后接完整句.参考译文：大多数殖民时期地医生认为疾病来源人体内不平衡地体液.2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell became _________ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.A. she was the first woman to conductB. the first woman conductorC. the woman was first conductingD. the woman conducts first答案：B分析：缺宾语，答案中只有B，D可以作宾语，但D地语序不对.参考译文：1976，Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House演出地演奏家.补充：常考the first/second/… one to do sth3. On January 7， 1955， Marian Anderson became _________ to singa major role at New York City's Metropolitan Opera House.A. the first African AmericanB. the first African American wasC. she was the first African AmericanD. when the first African American答案：A分析：缺宾语，C， D都不能作宾语.一句话中只能有一个谓语，而B中有was，句中出现两个谓语，一定错.参考译文：1955年1月7号，Marian Anderson成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House担任主唱地美籍黑人.4. Perhaps the most significant postwar trend was the decentralization of cities throughout the United States， _________ when massive highway-building programs permitted greater suburban growth.A. and accelerated a phenomenonB. a phenomenon that acceleratedC. accelerating a phenomenon which，D. the acceleration of which phenomenon答案：B分析：考地是同位语结构，a phenomenon是 the decentralization of cities throughout the United States 地同位语.A中and为conj.，后面应该连接一个完整地句子，但缺主语，错。

8月TOEFL语法笔记

2001年8月TOEFL语法笔记1. Geothermal energy is a potentially inexhaustible energy source ______been tapped by humansfor centuries but, until recent years, only on a small scale.(A) has it(B) has(C) that has(D) that it hasKey：C分析：考点是定语成分。

空格前后都有谓语，可见空格应该是不是连词就是从句引导词。

答案C，定语从句。

（A）少从句引导词，而同一句子不能有2个谓语，错；（B）同上理（D）定语从句的关系代词在句中是作成分的，而此项多了个主语it，错。

参考译文：地热能是潜在的用不完的能量源，已经被人们抽用了几个世纪，但是直到最近几年，还只是很少一部分。

2. The importance of the hand, and more generally of the body, in children’s acquisition ofarithmetic_____.(A) can hardly be exaggerated(B) hardly exaggerated can be(C) can be exaggerate hardly(D) exaggerated can be hardlyKey：A分析：考点是平行结构。

句子的前面是3个并列的主语，而空格则应该是谓语。

A对，符合英语的表达习惯。

（A）（B）（D）语序混乱。

标准语序应该是：助动词+ 副词+ 动词参考译文：手的重要性，更普遍的还有身体的重要性，在孩子们算术知识获得的过程中很难被夸大。

3. ______ is present in the body in greater amounts than any other mineral.(A) Calcium(B) There is calcium(C) Calcium, which(D) It is calciumKey：A分析：考点是主谓结构。

老托福1996-05语法笔记

1996年05月语法题1. Wind motion can be observed in the mesosphere by _____ the trails of meteors passing through it.(A) to watch(B) watching(C) watched(D) watch答案：B分析：空格前是介词by,由此判断空格处是非谓语动词-ing形式，故选B.翻译参考：通过观察大气中层的流星可以测定风的移动。

2. Thomas Edison's first patented invention was a device_____ in Congress.(A) votes counted for(B) had been counting votes(C) for counting vote(D) be a counted vote答案：C分析：空格前为结构完整的句子，(A),(B),(D),均含有谓语动词，但没有从句引导词，不符和谓语单一性原则，故选(C).翻译参考：Thomas Edison第一个取得专利权的发明是一个为美国国会选票计数的装置。

3. Clara Bow, a popular actress in the 1920's, retired _____ she was unable to make thetransition from silent films to sound films.(A) nevertheless(B) in spite of(C) because(D) and for答案：C分析：空格前后都是主谓结构，空格处明显缺少从句引导词，四个选项中只有C能引导从句，故选(C).翻译参考：十八世纪二十年代的著名女影星Clara Bow，因为无法适应无声电影到有声电影的过度而退休。

4. Built in 1882, the Kinzua Viaduct in Mckean County, Pennsylvania, is open only to thosevisitors _____ are able to walk its 2,058 - foot length.(A) who(B) to whom(C) which they(D) that which答案：A分析：空格前为指人的先行词，空格后有谓语动词，空格处缺少指人的定语从句引导词，故选(A).翻译参考：建于1882年宾西法尼亚Mckean郡的Kinzua Viaduct只对能够步行2058米的游客开放。

1999年8月TOEFL语法笔记

名词结构充当介词宾语；序数词前加定冠词。

答案D。

（A）as是介词，后面应该是名词性结构。

（B）as和to be 不能同时使用(同上原因)（C）was出现就会造成谓语的重叠参考译文：1864年，内华达进入合众国，成为第三十六个州。

及物动词learn后面应该接宾语，疑问代词引导的宾语从句的语序同陈述句。

答案A ，how引导的宾语从句，主句从句成分都完整。

3. ______ lay eggs , but some give birth to live young.(A) Although most insects(B) Most insects(C) Despite most insects(D) Most insects thatKey：B分析：考点是主谓结构。

新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）2

*在TOEFL中：____n.(pl.)+v.(sing)，⼀般空格内优先选doing （讲义 31）n）make结构：（讲义31 32）make+obj+宾补　obj：n/代词　宾补：n./adj.1） make+n1+n2　make the boy president (班长)2） make+n./代词+a. (新题 P78 11)make it unique　it:真宾语3）make it possible to do　it：形式宾语　（讲义 33）that +句⼦4）make sth possible sht:短宾语 possible宾补 make possible sth sth长宾语 possible宾补　（新题 32）o）the more…the more结构　标准句式：the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2！）对称性：结构中的n.前必须有限定词the more the +n1 the more the +n22）省略性：结构中相同的谓语可省，尤其是be动词可省3）倒装性：The more svo , the more svo .是⼀个复合句。

条件状从主句因此从句不能倒装，⽽主句（第⼆个the more）可倒装。

p）表结果的伴随状语从句结构：（讲义 36 37）svo,doing….伴随状语表结果：thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…*thus / thereby 后不⼀定加doing*as f ar / long / early as　出现即为答案/many / muchq）adj短语做后置定语结构：（讲义 38 39）　*==等价于定从的省略a door (close to the window)　省略which bea distance (equal to twice)n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语foods (high in fat) √leaves (rich in suger) √n1+which be（⽐较级+than+n2）相当于从句的省略a temperature (highter than 50C)r）adj级的省略结构：（讲义 40　41）the most improtant of all booksthe most elaborate of all birdneststhe+a.级+单数n. X +of 复数n. ⼀样错*单数n.必须省略，则the+a.级+of+n.(pl.)n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时X　 a. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof Xthe poor of √s）不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构：（讲义 42　43）She set set-set-setIt cost cost-cost-costIt spread　spread-spread-spreadt）规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构（讲义 44-46）46条：Automatons programmed… ⾮谓语，整个句⼦少谓语lack　a. be lack of　vi. be lack invt. Sub+lack+obj*如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是⾮谓语？eg：n+called　call-called-calledWe called him Bush.　主动，过去式，谓语He was called Bush.　被动，过去分词，谓语…a boy called Bush? 被动，过去分词，后置定语根据主/被动确定，主动语态为过去式，被动语态为过去分词，被动式中有be即是⾮谓语。

老托福1999-01语法笔记

1999年01月语法题1. Among the first plants to grow on the land regions of the Earth _____, which in prehistoric times grew to immense size(A) were horsetail rushes(B) horsetail rushes(C) horsetail rushes were(D) and horsetail rushes答案：A分析：浏览全句，后面是一从句，那么，逗号前面一定是主句。

主句中介词短语among…在句首，所以用倒装句。

B, D无谓语，且D中也无与and 并列的成分; C, were后无表语。

翻译参考：马尾鞭草是最早生长在地球陆地上的植物之一，它们在史前时代能长得非常巨大。

2. Unlike fossil fuels, which can be used only once, wind and solar power _____of energy.(A) for renewable sources(B) the sources are renewable(C) are renewable sources(D) renewable sources答案：C分析：浏览全句，得知句中缺谓语，排除A, D。

B, wind and solar power与the sources无法连接，故选C。

翻译参考：与只可利用一次的石油不同，风能和太阳能是可更新的能源3. _____ that the first cheese was probably made more than 4,000 years ago by nomadic tribes in Asia.(A) The belief(B) Although they believe(C) It is believed(D) Believing答案：C分析：空格后面是完整的从句，所以选C, 主谓成份都齐全，后跟that引导的宾语从句。