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Lecture 4 Offer, Acceptance,Consideration andIntention-2

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2020届英语高考词汇变形总汇

2020届英语高考词汇变形总汇

2020届英语高考词汇变形总汇11.abandon v.抛弃，舍弃，放弃an abandoned child一个被抛弃的孩子2.ability n.能力；才能disability n.无能，残疾disabled adj.残疾的able adj.能够；有能力的enable vt.使能够The loud noises at the construction sites made us unable to fall asleep.3.absence n.不在，缺席absent a.不在的，缺席的present adj.在场的，出席的The presence of water made it possible for life to develop.(存在，出席)4.absolute a.完全，全部，绝对的absolutely adv.完全地，绝对地5.accept v.接受acceptance n.接受unacceptable adj.The recommendations from this report are unacceptable to many black people.这份报告中提出的建议让很多黑人无法接受。

6.access n.接近accessible a.易接近的accessibility n.易接近，可达性Please suggest ways to make your community more accessible for peoplewith disabilities.请提出建议，使你的社区更容易为残疾人服务。

7.accident n.事故，意外的事accidental a.意外的accidentally adv.8.accomplish v.完成accomplishment n.完成，成就9.accuracy n.准确，精确accurate a.精确的accurately adv.10.achieve vt.达到，取得achievement n.成就,功绩achievable adj.可达成的11.act n.&v.行动；表演actor n.男演员actress n.女演员activity n.活动activist n.活动家，积极分子activate v.激活，使活动interact v.互动take an active part in积极参与take action to protect our environment12.adapt v.适应adapt(oneself)to；改编adaptation n.适应性；改编13.addvt.添加,增加in addition=additionally adv.此外，又additive n.添加剂14.adjust vt.调整，(使)适应adjustment n.adjustable adj.可调整的adjust(oneself)to the new surroundings适应新环境15.admire v.羡慕admirable a.令人羡慕的admiration n.钦佩16.admit vt.承认，准许（入场/学，入会）admission n.准入,接纳be admitted to a top university17.advance v./n.推进,促进；前进advanced adj.先进的，高级的in advance18.adventure n.冒险;奇遇adventurous adj.爱冒险的；充满危险的adventurer n.冒险家advertise vt.为……做广告advertisement n.广告19.apply for the position advertised_in the newspaper20.advise v.建议advisable adj.明智的，可取的advisor n.顾问give some advice on how to deal with stress effectively2020届英语高考词汇变形总汇21.affect vt.影响,感动，侵袭affection n.喜爱，钟爱affectionate a.深情的2.afford vt.负担得起(…的费用)affordable a.负担的起的affordability n.We can’t afford to miss such a golden opportunity.3.age n.年龄,时代v.（使）变老at an early age;in the information ageThe course is open to children aged12and over.4.agree v.同意；应允agreement n.同意，一致；协定，协议agreeable a.使人愉快的，惬意的disagree v.不同意disagreement n.分歧，不一致5.agriculture n.农业，农学agricultural a.农业的6.allow v.允许，允许…进入allowance n.津贴，零用钱7.amaze vt.使惊奇，惊叹amazing a.令人惊奇的amazed a.感到惊奇的to one’s amazement令某人惊奇的是These shoes were amazingly cheap.8.ambition n.目标,野心,雄心,抱负mothers who are highly ambitious for their children(=who want their children to be successful)望子成龙的母亲9.amuse vt.（使人）快乐,逗乐amused adj.感到有趣的amusing adj.有趣的，引人发笑的The cats are a constant source of amusement to us.那些猫给我们带来无穷的乐趣。

高频词汇 UNIT 1 高频词汇 accord

高频词汇 UNIT 1 高频词汇 accord

高频词汇UNIT 1 高频词汇accord，comprehension，author，given，statement，vary，concern，expense，remain，compose，expose，successive，therefore，compute，individual，management，environment，outline，paragraph，apply，corresponding，encourage，process，promote，avail，design，limitation，performance，available，avoid，benefit，imply，accident，attitude，contribute，culture，demand，economic，generate，predict，provided，sample，aspect，behavior，claim，approach，blank，define，involve，legal，maintain，professional，worthy，aware，chief，creation，current，desire，factor，financial，function，literature，potential，project，project，relative，significant，survive，temper，afford，constant，consumer，disease，essential，force，inventory，reflect，threaten，various，appropriate，attempt，attract，concept，conduct，conflict，critical，decade，effective，executive，industrial，inspire，investigate，persist，recognize，responsible，similar UNIT 2 alternate，argue，attach，challenge，compare，concentrate，consist，assist，construct，economy，emotion，engine，enormous，establish，intense，occur，oppose，previous，slash，sour，academic，advantage，community ，communicate ，conclude ，describe ，despite ，destruction，efficient，evidence，extreme，issue，norm，original，possess，process，pressure，reward，sensitive，species，specific，sufficient，survival，unique，wealthy，alternative，application，attack ，attribute ，cancel ，competitive ，complain ，confront ，consequence，crowd，detail，display，eliminate，equality，equip，estimate，excess，expert，focus，fundamental，identify，impact，innovation，insert，intelligent，objective，reject，positive，refusal，regulation，represent，present，scale，solution，transform，valid，value，virtual，vision，vital UNIT 3 appearance，approve，assume，authority，background，beyond，character，characteristic，climate，client，commit，complex，confirm，conserve，contrast，corporate，court，credit，deliberate，deserve，efficiency，enhance，evaluate，expand，graduate，ignore，insight，instruct，intellect，intellectual，majority，medium，moral，obscure，participant，pattern，，privacy，response，responsibility，severe，service，strict，transaction，trend，ultimate，access，account，addition，analyse，capacity，charge，complicated，cope，crime，descend ，disaster ，employment ，ensue ，exceed ，excessive ，existence，extinct，extra，feature，figure，fuel，fund，grant，guarantee，ideal，impose，initiate，interact，luxury，mere，negative，notion，persistent，poverty，priority，procedure，purchase，rarely，reveal，suspicious，whereas UNIT 4 accommodate，accurate，adapt，adopt，appeal，appear，associate，attractive，budget，candidate，communication，comply，conform，contradict，controversy，conventional，convention，convey，crash，credible，deprive，device，distinct，dominate，dramatic，electron，electronic，enthusiastic，explore，expose，frequent，inevitable，instance，institution，interaction，interpret，manufacturer，modify，emotion，neglect，object，objection，property，psychological，pursue，scan，schedule，settle，stability，sustain，transport，trivial 常用词汇UNIT 5 常用词汇abandon，absorb，accomplish，achievement，acquire，adjust，advocate，alarm，ambiguous，apartment，ascribe，attribute，assignment，basis，circumstance，collide，commercial，conference，confidence，conscious，consult，result，collect，consume，presume，contact ，content ，contend ，debate ，blame ，demonstrate ，democratic，depress，depression，dispose，distinguish，diverse，element ，emphasis ，emphasize ，enthusiasm ，exclusive ，incidentally，indifferent，intensify，intent，irritate，mass，mental，migrate，moreover，motivate，occupy，optimism，phenomenon，preserve，principle，profound，region，regulation，reveal，relevant，reliable，rely，restrict，retain，revenue，security，spite，despite，target，transition，vast，victim UNIT 6 accuse，acknowledge，additional，admit，aid，anticipate，assign，audience，cancer，cater，coincide，compatible，compete，conceive，convince，consistent，constrain，consumption，contract，criminal，crisis，criticism，cycle，decorate，decrease，detect，discipline，emerge，energy，engage，entitle，essence，evident，evolution，exchange，expansion，exploit，extensive，federal，fluctuate，formal，furnish，grain，grave，hesitate，hostile，incident，incredible，induce，install，justify，magnify，mechanical，merely，obtain，originate，paradox，perspective，planet，presentation，primary，profession，pursuit，reaction，recover，recovery，reinforce，reject，release，reluctant，reserve，resident，retrieve，reverse，routine，scope ，series ，shed ，strategy ，superior ，symbol ，transfer ，tremendous，unemployment，virtue UNIT 7 accelerate ，accommodation ，agent，aggressive，alert，alter ，ambitious，analysis，assert，association，atmosphere，bargain，garbage，beneficial，boom，border，breakthrough，breed，brief，capable ，cherish ，client ，colleague ，challenge ，combine ，commission ，communicate ，comparison ，compare ，confine ，consequently，considerable，consider，deadline，decent，decade，define，definite，definitely，derive，desirable，describe，deteriorate，diminish ，discriminate ，dominant ，enforce ，entertainment ，exaggerate，exert，exhaust，fiction，finance，frequency，fulfill，identical，illustrate，imitate，imitation，impulse，independence，ingenious，inherent，adhere，insist，isolate，manifest，minority，monitor，myth，obligation，oblige，occasional，overwhelming，permanent，poetry，poem，precise，predominant，preference，presume，prevalent，prolong，proof，prospect，protest，protect，rank，reconcile，rectify，remote，promote，reputation，reservation，sacrifice，sociology，sophisticated，spontaneous，status，stream，subordinate，substance，suburb，sympathy，transmission，urban，vehicle，vigorous，wealth，health UNIT 8 abnormal，abundance，abundant，accustomed，custom，adhere，administration，affection，annual，arouse，artificial，assess，access，assumption，attain，award，bacteria，barrier，burden，casualty，casual，cautious，commitment，commit，compensate，compromise，confidential ，confident ，confusion ，confuse ，consume ，conservative，consultant，consult，convert，criticize，deceive，defect，definition，delicate，destination，destructive，devote，disable，discount，count，distort，distract，domestic，electricity，elementary，embarrass，emergency，encounter，exception，exclude，exotic，expression，extravagant，fascinate，flat，furthermore，gloomy，hamper，harmony，illegal，legal，immerse，implication，infant ，inferior ，inhabit ，inhabitant ，initial ，inspiration ，instantaneous，instant，instrument，insurance，internal，intuition，item，legislation，leisure，loyalty，manipulate，manufacture，mature，nature，military，minimum，misery，morality，neutral，natural，obstacle，occupation，offensive，opponent，option，origin，overwhelm ，poisonous ，prejudice ，primitive ，probability ，productive，promising，provoke，radical，recognition，recreation，facility，reform，refrain，relieve，rely，resolve，restore，restrain，ruin，sake，scheme，scratch，semester，sensible，settlement，shrink，skeptical，skip，slip，spoil，stable，submit，superficial，supplement，surgery，testify，theme，toss，trial，tumble，twist，urge，violent，volume，web，witness 中频词汇UNIT 9 中频词汇abolish，absurd，abuse，acceptance，accumulate，acquaint，acute，adequate，adverse，alleviate，arrange，arrest，ascertain，assemble，authorize，behave，bewilder，brilliant，certify，bite，cite，classic，collapse，collision，combination，compel，compound，confident，congress，conservation，considerate，conspicuous，constitute，contaminate，contemplate，continual，contradiction，tradition，contrive，convenience，convention，convict，counterpart，curb，deadly，decisive，decide，deficit，denial，deviate，diagnose，dictate，digest，dismiss，disperse，depress，disappear，diverse，duplicate，dwell，electrical，elevate，enroll，evoke，exhibit，habit，expenditure，expire，spire，extent，facilitate，faith，fake，fatal，fate，flexible，format，furniture，glance，hazard，highlight，household，humanity，illuminate，immigrant，impart，indispensable，indulge，initiative UNIT 10 insect，instinct，institute，integrity，interfere，intervene，intricate，intrinsic，invariably，invest，irony，linger，logical，machinery，mild，mingle，single，misfortune，mobile，modest，motive，multiple，multiply，negotiate，obedient，oppress，optimistic，orientation，output，overcome，owe，perception，permeate，pessimistic，portray，pose，precedent，prime，principal，privilege，prominent，rational，recession，refute，register，relief，belief，religious，remedy，repel，resign，respective，revenge，revive，rigorous，scrutiny，sensation，shield，shuttle，simultaneous，speculate，stock，stack，sticky，subjective，subscribe，tackle，tedious，temperament，tempt，tendency，terminate，territory，texture，tolerant，transmit，undergo，violate，vivid，vulnerable，worthwhile，field，yield UNIT 11 absence，abstract，abundant，addict，adolescent，aggravate，alcohol，ambition，analogy，analysis，ancestor，ancient，annoy，anxiety，anxious，ascend，athlete，barely，boring，bore，bound，brand，casual，catastrophe，caution，chase，cheese，classical，clerk ，clue ，coincidence ，combat ，command ，commence ，companion，compliment，comprehensive，consent，contend，content，extend，controversial，corrupt，council，critic，cumulative，cynical ，dazzle ，dedicate ，deduce ，reduce ，dentist ，deny ，descendant，descend，dilemma，disastrous，discard，discharge，charge ，disgust ，disorder ，disrupt ，dissipate ，distribution ，distribute，disturbance，eccentric，economical，eject，elaborate，endow，enlighten，enrich，epidemic，erupt，eternal，evil，expedition，fantastic，feeble，feminine，flush，foresee，formula，fragile，generous，handicap，haul，hinder，host，hoist，moist，hospitality，illusion UNIT 12 impair，incidence，incline，infectious，inject，input，installment，intrigue，jeopardize，junction，keen，leather，liability，manual，margin，mask，maximum，minimize，mission，notify，nourish，nutrition，orient，outbreak，overlook，oxygen，package，passive，penalty，perpetual，ponder，premise，premium，presumably，prescription，prohibit，prone，quest，racial，random，rash，realistic，reap，recall，reception，receive，reclaim，recycle，reference，resort，ridiculous，ritual，score，scrap，scrape，sequence，signal，simulate，slice，slight，soar，sour，spacious，span，specialist，specification，specific，startle，stimulus，strain，substitute，subtle，summit，surplus，sympathetic，threshold，thrive，trait，train，tunnel，tutor，underestimate，utmost，vain，gain，versatile，vice，volunteer，warrant，weapon，withdraw UNIT 13 abrupt，accessory，accordance，acquaintance，activate，alien，allege ，allocate ，amend ，amplify ，anonymous ，appliance ，arrangement，articulate，assistance，assurance，assure，authentic，awkward ，band ，barren ，betray ，deceive ，bleed ，blunder ，breakdown，brisk，bump，burial，cable，cast，characterize，chip，chronic，circulation，classification，cling，cluster，collaboration，commend，committee，commodity，commonplace，compact，component ，compulsory ，concentration ，conception ，conscientious，consolidate，contest，converge，correlate，counsel，crucial，decay，deem，designate，design，appoint，nominate，detection，devise，device，dimension，diplomat，disguise，guise，displace，divert，draft，drain，dubious UNIT 14 ecology，elastic，elicit，empirical，energetic，exceptional，expel，explicit，extinguish，extract，fabricate，faculty，famine，feasible，fertilizer，finite，fitting，flaw，float，flutter，foster，garbage，generalize，genetic，genuine，glow，gracious，gross，grass，hatch，match，haunt，humble，hurricane，breeze，blast，typhoon，indentification，immune，impatient，patient，impetus，implement，implicit，incentive，indefinite，inhibit，insane，integral，intelligible，intellect，intensive，interrupt，intimidate，label，lease，legitimate，liable，literary，luggage，magnificent，maneuver，masculine，muscle，massive，merge，miniature，nasty，negligible，numerous，odor，optical，outward，overlap，overturn UNIT 15 partial，pastime，patent，patience，patrol，petrol，peak，peculiar，proch，torch，precede，precious，preclude，primarily，probe，productivity，produce，product，prospective，prosperous，protein，provision，provide，provocative，questionnaire，radiate，readily，reassure，assure，rebel，refresh，religion，reproach，reside，respond，revelation，reveal，revolutionary，revolve，rhythm，scandal，scar，scatter，scrape，segment，sentiment，sheer，shrug，silicon，slide，smash，standpoint，stereo，stereotype，strive，stroke，subsequent，substantial，successor，supreme，tangle，tentative，tissue，toxic，transit，tuition，universe，utilize，vacant，variation，venture，version，versus，virgin，vocal，void，wallet，wretched。

四级词表1

四级词表1

Syllabus WordList (Band 4) 大学英语四级词表1. abandon2. ability3. aboard4. abroad5. absence6. absent7. absolute8. absorb9. abstract10. abundant11. abuse12. academic13. academy14. accelerate15. accept16. acceptance17. access18. accidental19. accommodation20. accompany21. accomplish22. accord23. accordance24. accordingly25. account26. accountant27. accumulate28. accuracy29. accurate30. accuse31. accustomed32. achievement33. acid34. acknowledge35. acquaintance36. acquire37. acquisition38. acre39. action 40. activity41. acute42. adapt43. addition44. additional45. adequate46. adjective47. adjust48. administration49. admission50. adopt51. adult52. advanced53. advantage54. adverb55. advertise56. advertisement ad57. advisable58. advocate59. affect60. affection61. afterward afterwards62. agency63. agenda64. agent65. aggressive66. aid67. aircraft68. airline69. alarm70. alcohol71. alert72. alike73. alliance74. allowance75. ally76. alongside77. alphabet78. alter79. alternative80. altitude81. aluminium aluminum82. amateur83. amaze84. ambassador85. ambition86. ambulance87. amid88. amount89. amuse90. analysis91. analyze analyse92. ancestor93. anchor94. ancient95. angle96. ankle97. anniversary98. annoy99. annual100. ant101. anticipate102. antique103. anxiety104. anyhow105. anyway106. apart107. apartment108. apology109. apparent110. appeal111. appearance112. appetite113. applause114. appliance115. applicable116. applicant117. application118. apply 119. appoint 120. appointment 121. appreciate 122. approach 123. appropriate 124. approval 125. approve 126. approximate 127. arbitrary 128. architect 129. architecture 130. argument 131. arise 132. arithmetic 133. arouse 134. arrange 135. arrangement 136. arrest 137. arrow 138. artificial 139. artistic 140. ash141. aside 142. aspect 143. assemble 144. assembly 145. assess 146. asset 147. assign 148. assignment 149. assist 150. assistance 151. associate 152. association 153. assume 154. assumption 155. assure 156. astonish 157. athlete 158. atmosphere 159. atom 160. atomic 161. attach 162. attain163. attitude164. attorney165. attraction166. attractive167. attribute168. audience169. audio170. author171. authority172. automatic173. automobile auto174. auxiliary175. available176. avenue177. avoid178. await179. award180. aware181. awful182. awkward183. ax axe184. background185. backward186. bacon187. bacteria188. baggage189. balance190. balcony191. balloon192. ban193. band194. bang195. bankrupt196. banner197. bar198. barber199. bare200. barely201. bark202. barn203. barrel204. barrier205. baseball206. basically207. basis208. bat209. battery210. bay211. beam212. bean213. beard214. bearing215. beast216. beggar217. behalf218. behave219. behavior behaviour220. being221. belief222. beloved223. beneath224. beneficial225. benefit226. besides227. bet228. bible229. bid230. billion231. bind232. biology233. blade234. blank235. blast236. bleed237. blend238. bloody239. bloom240. blouse241. boast242. bold243. bolt244. bomb245. bond246. boom247. boost248. boot249. border250. bore 251. boring 252. bounce 253. bound 254. boundary 255. bow 256. brake 257. brand 258. brass 259. breadth 260. breast 261. breed 262. breeze 263. brick 264. bride 265. brief 266. brilliant 267. brow 268. bubble 269. budget 270. bulb 271. bulk 272. bullet 273. bump 274. bunch 275. bundle 276. burden 277. bureau 278. butterfly 279. cab 280. cabbage 281. cabin 282. cabinet 283. cable 284. calculate 285. calculator 286. calendar 287. camel 288. campaign 289. campus 290. canal 291. cancel 292. cancer 293. candidate 294. candy295. capable296. capacity297. capture298. carbon299. career300. cargo301. carpenter302. carriage303. carrier304. cartoon305. cash306. cashier307. cassette308. cast309. casual310. catalog catalogue311. category312. cautious313. cease314. cell315. cement316. centigrade317. centimeter centimetre318. ceremony319. certificate320. challenge321. chamber322. champion323. channel324. chaos325. chap326. chapter327. character328. characteristic329. characterizecharacterise330. charity331. charm332. chart333. charter334. chase335. cheat336. cheerful337. chemical338. chemist339. chess340. chew341. childhood342. chill343. chin344. china345. chip346. choke347. chop348. Christ349. Christian350. Christmas351. cigar352. circuit353. circular354. circulate355. circumstance356. cite357. civil358. civilian359. civilization civilisation360. civilize civilise361. claim362. clap363. clarify364. clash365. classic366. classical367. classification368. classify369. clause370. claw371. clay372. click373. client374. cliff375. climate376. clue377. clumsy378. coach379. coarse380. code381. coil382. collapse 383. colleague 384. collection 385. collective 386. collision 387. colony388. column389. combat390. combination 391. combine 392. comedy 393. command 394. commander 395. comment 396. commerce 397. commercial 398. commission 399. commit 400. commitment 401. committee 402. communicate 403. communication 404. community 405. comparable 406. comparative 407. comparison 408. compass 409. compel410. compete 411. competent 412. competition 413. competitive 414. complain 415. complaint 416. complex 417. complicated 418. component 419. compose 420. compound 421. comprehension 422. comprehensive 423. compress 424. comprise 425. compromise426. conceal427. concede428. concentrate429. concentration430. concept431. concern432. concerning433. concession434. conclude435. conclusion436. concrete437. condemn438. condense439. conduct440. conductor441. conference442. confess443. confidence444. confident445. confine446. confirm447. conflict448. confront449. confuse450. confusion451. congratulate452. congratulation453. congress454. conjunction455. connection connexion456. conquer457. conquest458. conscience459. conscious460. consent461. consequence462. consequently463. conservation464. conservative465. considerable466. considerate467. consideration468. consist469. consistent470. constant471. constitute472. constitution473. construct474. consult475. consultant476. consume477. consumer478. consumption479. contact480. container481. contemporary482. contest483. context484. continual485. continuous486. contract487. contradiction488. contrary489. contrast490. contribute491. contribution492. controversial493. controversy494. convenience495. convention496. conventional497. conversely498. convert499. convey500. convict501. conviction502. convince503. cooperate504. coordinate505. cop506. cope507. copper508. copyright509. cord510. core511. corporation512. correspond513. correspondence 514. correspondent 515. corresponding 516. corridor517. costly518. could519. council520. counsel521. counter522. county523. court524. crack525. craft526. crane527. crash528. crawl529. create530. creative531. creature532. creep533. crew534. crime535. criminal536. crisis537. critic538. critical539. criticism 540. criticize criticise 541. crown542. crucial543. crude544. cruise545. crush546. crust547. crystal548. cube549. cue550. cultivate 551. culture552. cupboard 553. curiosity 554. curl555. currency 556. current 557. curriculum558. curse559. curve560. cushion561. cycle562. dairy563. dam564. damn565. darling566. dash567. data568. daylight569. deadline570. deaf571. debate572. debt573. decade574. decay575. deceive576. decent577. deck578. declaration579. decline580. decorate581. decrease582. deer583. defect584. define585. definite586. definitely587. definition588. delegate589. delete590. deliberate591. delicate592. delivery593. democracy594. democratic595. demonstrate596. dense597. density598. dental599. deny600. depart601. departure602. dependent603. deposit604. depress605. depression606. deputy607. derive608. descend609. deserve610. desirable611. despair612. desperate613. despite614. dessert615. destination616. destruction617. detail618. detect619. detection620. detective621. determination622. device623. devil624. devise625. diagram626. dial627. dialect628. diameter629. dictate630. diet631. differ632. digest633. digital634. dim635. dimension636. dip637. diplomatic638. directly639. dirt640. disappear641. disaster642. discard643. discharge644. discipline645. discount 646. discourage 647. disguise 648. disgust649. disk disc 650. dislike651. dismiss652. disorder 653. display654. disposal 655. dispose656. dispute657. dissolve 658. distinct659. distinction 660. distinguish 661. distress662. distribute 663. distribution 664. disturb665. ditch666. dive667. diverse668. division 669. divorce670. document 671. doll672. domestic 673. dominant 674. dominate 675. donation 676. donkey677. dormitory dorm 678. dose679. dot680. doubtful 681. downward 682. draft draught 683. drag684. dragon685. drain686. drama687. dramatic 688. drawer 689. drift690. drip691. drum692. drunk693. dumb694. dump695. durable696. duration697. dusk698. dye699. dynamic700. eagle701. earnest702. earthquake703. ease704. echo705. economic706. economical707. economy708. edit709. edition710. editor711. editorial712. educate713. effective714. efficiency715. efficient716. eighteen717. eighth718. eighty719. elaborate720. elastic721. elbow722. elderly723. elect724. election725. electrical726. electron727. electronic728. elegant729. element730. elementary731. elevator732. eliminate733. elsewhere734. email735. embarrass736. embassy737. embrace738. emerge739. emergency740. emit741. emotion742. emotional743. emperor744. emphasis745. emphasize emphasise746. empire747. employee748. employer749. employment750. enable751. enclose752. encounter753. ending754. endless755. endure756. enforce757. engage758. engine759. engineering760. enhance761. enlarge762. enormous763. ensure764. enterprise765. entertain766. entertainment767. enthusiasm768. entitle769. entry770. environment771. envy772. episode773. equality774. equation775. equip776. equivalent777. era778. erect779. error780. essay781. essential 782. establish 783. establishment 784. estate785. estimate 786. evaluate 787. eve788. everyday 789. evidence 790. evident 791. evidently 792. evil793. evolution 794. evolve 795. exaggerate 796. exceed 797. exceedingly 798. exception 799. excess 800. excessive 801. exchange 802. excitement 803. exclaim 804. exclude 805. exclusive 806. excursion 807. execute 808. executive 809. exert810. exhaust 811. exhibit 812. existence 813. exit814. expand 815. expansion 816. expectation 817. expense 818. experimental 819. expert 820. explode 821. exploit822. explore823. explosion824. explosive825. export826. expose827. exposure828. extend829. extension830. extensive831. extent832. exterior833. external834. extraordinary835. extreme836. eyesight837. fabric838. facility839. factor840. faculty841. fade842. failure843. fairy844. faithful845. fame846. famine847. fancy848. fantastic849. fantasy850. fare851. farewell852. fascinating853. fashion854. fashionable855. fasten856. fatal857. fate858. fatigue859. faulty860. favorable favourable861. favorite favourite862. fax863. fearful864. feasible865. feature866. federal867. fee868. feedback869. female870. fertile871. fertilizer872. festival873. fiber fibre874. fiction875. fierce876. file877. filter878. finally879. finance880. financial881. finding882. fireman883. fisherman884. flame885. flash886. flee887. fleet888. flesh889. flexible890. flock891. flour892. flourish893. fluent894. fluid895. focus896. fog897. folk898. following899. footstep900. forbid901. forecast902. forehead903. foreigner904. forge905. formal906. format907. formation908. former909. formula 910. forth 911. fortnight 912. fortunately 913. foundation 914. fourteen 915. fraction 916. fragment 917. frame 918. framework 919. frank 920. freight 921. frequency 922. frog923. frontier 924. frost 925. frown 926. fruitful 927. frustrate 928. fry929. fulfill fulfil 930. function 931. fund 932. fundamental 933. funeral 934. fur935. furnace 936. furnish 937. furthermore 938. fuss939. gallery 940. gallon 941. gang 942. gap943. garbage 944. gardener 945. garlic 946. gas947. gasoline 948. gaze 949. gear950. gene 951. generally 952. generate 953. generator954. generous955. genius956. genuine957. geometry958. germ959. gesture960. ghost961. giant962. given963. glimpse964. global965. globe966. glorious967. glory968. glove969. glow970. glue971. golf972. goodness973. govern974. governor975. grab976. grace977. graceful978. gradual979. graduate980. grain981. gram gramme982. grammar983. grand984. grant985. grape986. graph987. grasp988. grateful989. gratitude990. grave991. gravity992. greedy993. greenhouse994. grind995. grip996. grocer997. gross998. growth999. guarantee1000. guidance1001. guideline1002. guilty1003. guitar1004. gulf1005. gum1006. guy1007. gymnasium gym1008. halt1009. ham1010. hammer1011. handbag1012. handful1013. handle1014. handwriting1015. handy1016. harbor harbour1017. harden1018. hardship1019. hardware1020. harm1021. harmony1022. harness1023. harsh1024. haste1025. hatred1026. hay1027. hazard1028. heading1029. headline1030. headquarters1031. heal1032. heap1033. hearing1034. heave1035. hedge1036. heel1037. helicopter1038. hell1039. helpful1040. helpless1041. hen1042. hence1043. herd1044. heroic1045. hesitate1046. highlight1047. highly1048. highway1049. hint1050. hip1051. historic1052. historical1053. hollow1054. holy1055. honey1056. honorable honourable 1057. hook1058. hopeful1059. hopeless1060. horizon1061. horizontal1062. horn1063. horrible1064. horror1065. horsepower1066. host1067. hostile1068. household1069. housewife1070. housing1071. humble1072. humor humour 1073. humorous humourous 1074. hunt1075. hut1076. hydrogen1077. ice-cream1078. ideal1079. identical1080. identify1081. identity1082. idle1083. ignorance1084. ignorant 1085. illegal1086. illustrate1087. illustration1088. image1089. imaginary1090. imagination1091. imitate1092. immense1093. immigrant1094. impact1095. impatient1096. implement1097. implication1098. imply1099. import1100. impose1101. impress1102. impression1103. impressive1104. improvement1105. incident1106. incline1107. increasingly1108. incredible1109. independence1110. independent1111. index1112. indicate1113. indication1114. indifferent1115. indirect1116. indispensable1117. individual1118. indoor1119. industrial1120. industrializeindustrialise1121. inevitable1122. infant1123. infect1124. infer1125. inference1126. inferior1127. infinite1128. inflation1129. influence1130. influential1131. inform1132. ingredient1133. inhabitant1134. inherit1135. initial1136. initiative1137. injection1138. injure1139. injury1140. inn1141. inner1142. innocent1143. input1144. inquire enquire1145. inquiry enquiry1146. insect1147. insert1148. insight1149. inspect1150. inspire1151. install1152. installation1153. instance1154. instant1155. instinct1156. institute1157. institution1158. instruct1159. instrument1160. insult1161. insurance1162. insure1163. integrate1164. intellectual1165. intelligence1166. intelligent1167. intend1168. intense1169. intensity1170. intensive1171. intention1172. interaction1173. interfere1174. interference 1175. interior1176. intermediate 1177. internal1178. Internet1179. interpret1180. interpretation 1181. interrupt1182. interval1183. interview1184. intimate1185. introduction 1186. invade1187. invasion1188. invent1189. invention1190. invest1191. investigate1192. investment1193. invisible1194. invitation1195. involve1196. inward1197. isolate1198. issue1199. item1200. jail gaol1201. jam1202. jar1203. jaw1204. jazz1205. jealous1206. jeans1207. jet1208. jewel1209. joint1210. journal1211. journalist1212. judgment judgement 1213. jungle1214. junior1215. jury 1216. justice1217. justify1218. keen1219. kettle1220. keyboard1221. kid1222. kindergarten1223. kindness1224. kingdom1225. kneel1226. knot1227. label1228. laboratory1229. lad1230. lag1231. lamb1232. landlord1233. landscape1234. lane1235. lap1236. largely1237. laser1238. latter1239. laughter1240. launch1241. laundry1242. lavatory1243. lawn1244. layer1245. layout1246. leader1247. leadership1248. leading1249. leak1250. lean1251. leap1252. learned1253. learning1254. lease1255. leather1256. legal1257. legislation1258. leisure1259. lemon1260. lens1261. lest1262. liable1263. liberal1264. liberate1265. liberty1266. librarian1267. license licence1268. lick1269. lid1270. lightning1271. likely1272. likewise1273. limb1274. limitation1275. limited1276. link1277. liquid1278. liquor1279. liter1280. literary1281. literature1282. liver1283. living-room1284. loaf1285. loan1286. lobby1287. local1288. locate1289. location1290. lodge1291. log1292. logic1293. logical1294. loop1295. loose1296. loosen1297. lord1298. lorry1299. lover1300. lower1301. loyal1302. loyalty1303. lucky1304. luggage1305. lump1306. lung1307. luxury1308. machinery1309. magic1310. magnet1311. magnetic1312. magnificent1313. maid1314. mainland1315. maintain1316. maintenance 1317. male1318. management 1319. mankind1320. manner1321. manual1322. manufacture 1323. manufacturer 1324. margin1325. marine1326. married1327. marvelous marvellous 1328. Marxist1329. mask1330. massive1331. mat1332. mate1333. mathematical 1334. mature1335. maximum1336. mayor1337. means1338. meantime1339. measurement 1340. mechanic1341. mechanical1342. mechanism1343. medal1344. media1345. medium1346. melt1347. membership 1348. memorial1349. merchant1350. mercy1351. mere1352. merry1353. mess1354. metric1355. microphone1356. microscope1357. mild1358. military1359. mill1360. millimeter millimetre1361. minimum1362. ministry1363. minor1364. minority1365. minus1366. miracle1367. mirror1368. miserable1369. mislead1370. missile1371. missing1372. mission1373. mist1374. mister1375. misunderstand1376. mixture1377. mobile1378. mode1379. moderate1380. modest1381. modify1382. moist1383. moisture1384. mold1385. molecule1386. monthly1387. monument1388. mood1389. moral1390. moreover1391. mosquito1392. mostly1393. motion1394. motivate1395. motive1396. mount1397. movie1398. mud1399. mug1400. multiple1401. multiply1402. muscle1403. museum1404. mushroom1405. musician1406. mutual1407. mysterious1408. mystery1409. myth1410. naked1411. namely1412. nationality1413. naturally1414. naval1415. navigation1416. navy1417. nearby1418. necessarily1419. necessity1420. negative1421. neglect1422. negotiate1423. Negro1424. neighborhoodneighbourhood1425. nephew1426. nerve1427. nest1428. network1429. neutral1430. nevertheless1431. niece1432. nightmare1433. nineteen1434. nitrogen1435. nonsense 1436. noodle 1437. normally 1438. north 1439. northeast 1440. notebook 1441. noticeable 1442. notify 1443. notion 1444. noun 1445. novel 1446. nowhere 1447. nuclear 1448. nucleus 1449. nuisance 1450. numerous 1451. nursery 1452. nylon 1453. objection 1454. objective 1455. obligation 1456. oblige 1457. observation 1458. observe 1459. observer 1460. obstacle 1461. obtain 1462. obvious 1463. occasion 1464. occasional 1465. occupation 1466. occupy 1467. occurrence 1468. odd 1469. offend 1470. offense 1471. offensive 1472. omit 1473. onion 1474. opening 1475. opera 1476. operational 1477. operator 1478. opponent 1479. opportunity1480. oppose1481. optical1482. optimistic1483. option1484. optional1485. oral1486. orbit1487. orchestra1488. orderly1489. ore1490. organ1491. organic1492. organizationorganisation1493. organize organise1494. origin1495. original1496. ounce1497. outcome1498. outer1499. outlet1500. outline1501. outlook1502. output1503. outset1504. outstanding1505. outward1506. oval1507. oven1508. overall1509. overcome1510. overhead1511. overlook1512. overnight1513. overseas1514. overtake1515. owing1516. owner1517. ownership1518. oxygen1519. pace1520. package1521. pad1522. painful1523. painter1524. palm1525. panel1526. panic1527. pants1528. parade1529. paragraph1530. parallel1531. parcel1532. parliament1533. partial1534. participate1535. particle1536. particularly1537. partner1538. passion1539. passive1540. passport1541. paste1542. pat1543. patch1544. patience1545. paw1546. payment1547. pea1548. peach1549. peak1550. peculiar1551. peer1552. penalty1553. penetrate1554. pension1555. pepper1556. per1557. perceive1558. percentage1559. perception1560. performance1561. permanent1562. permission1563. persist1564. personality1565. personnel1566. perspective 1567. pessimistic 1568. petrol 1569. petroleum 1570. phase 1571. phenomenon 1572. philosopher 1573. philosophy 1574. phone 1575. phrase 1576. physical 1577. physician 1578. physicist 1579. pierce 1580. pigeon 1581. pill 1582. pillar 1583. pillow 1584. pinch 1585. pine 1586. pint 1587. pit1588. pitch 1589. planet 1590. plantation 1591. plastic 1592. platform 1593. pledge 1594. plentiful 1595. plot 1596. plug 1597. plunge 1598. plural 1599. plus 1600. poetry 1601. poison 1602. poisonous 1603. policy 1604. polish 1605. politician 1606. politics 1607. poll 1608. pollute 1609. pollution 1610. pond1611. pop1612. portable1613. porter1614. portion1615. portrait1616. pose1617. positive1618. possess1619. possibility1620. postage1621. poster1622. postman1623. postpone1624. potential1625. poverty1626. powder1627. powerful1628. practically1629. pray1630. prayer1631. precaution1632. preceding1633. precise1634. precision1635. predict1636. preface1637. preferable1638. preference1639. pregnant1640. prejudice1641. preliminary1642. preparation1643. preposition1644. prescribe1645. presence1646. presentation1647. presently1648. preserve1649. pressure1650. presumably1651. prevail1652. previous1653. priest1654. primarily1655. primary1656. prime1657. primitive1658. prince1659. princess1660. principal1661. principle1662. prior1663. priority1664. private1665. privilege1666. probable1667. procedure1668. proceed1669. process1670. procession1671. product1672. profession1673. professional1674. profile1675. profit1676. progressive1677. prohibit1678. project1679. prominent1680. promote1681. prompt1682. pronoun1683. proof1684. property1685. proportion1686. proportional1687. proposal1688. propose1689. prospect1690. prosperity1691. prosperous1692. protection1693. protective1694. protein1695. protest1696. provided1697. province1698. provision 1699. provoke 1700. psychological 1701. pub1702. publication 1703. publicity 1704. publish 1705. pulse 1706. pump 1707. punch 1708. punctual 1709. purchase 1710. purple 1711. purse 1712. pursue 1713. puzzle 1714. qualification 1715. qualify 1716. queue 1717. quit1718. quiz 1719. quotation 1720. quote 1721. rabbit 1722. racial 1723. rack 1724. radar 1725. radiation 1726. radical 1727. rag1728. rage 1729. raid1730. rail1731. railroad 1732. rainbow 1733. rainy 1734. rally 1735. range 1736. rank 1737. rare1738. rarely 1739. rat1740. rate1741. ratio 1742. rational1743. raw1744. react1745. reaction1746. reader1747. readily1748. reading1749. realistic1750. reality1751. realm1752. rear1753. reasonable1754. rebel1755. recall1756. receipt1757. receiver1758. recently1759. reception1760. recession1761. reckon1762. recognition1763. recognize recognise1764. recommend1765. recommendation1766. recorder1767. recovery1768. recreation1769. recruit1770. reduction1771. reference1772. refine1773. reflect1774. reflection1775. reform1776. refresh1777. refugee1778. refusal1779. regarding1780. regardless1781. region1782. register1783. regulate1784. regulation1785. reinforce1786. reject1787. relate1788. relationship1789. relativity1790. relax1791. release1792. relevant1793. reliable1794. relief1795. relieve1796. religion1797. religious1798. reluctant1799. rely1800. remark1801. remarkable1802. remedy1803. remote1804. removal1805. render1806. renew1807. rent1808. repeatedly1809. repetition1810. replace1811. replacement1812. reporter1813. represent1814. representative1815. reproduce1816. republican1817. reputation1818. requirement1819. rescue1820. resemble1821. reservation1822. reserve1823. reservoir1824. residence1825. resident1826. resign1827. resist1828. resistance1829. resistant。

高中重点词性转换拓展表(直接打印)

高中重点词性转换拓展表(直接打印)

高中重点词性转换拓展表(直接打印)-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN高中词汇拓展表A．1. advise 建议v. advice 建议n. advisable 明智的 adj.2. accept 接受v. acceptance 接受 n. acceptable 可接受的 adj.3. account 解释 v. account 账户 n. unaccountable 难以计数的 adj.4. admire 羡慕 v. admiration羡慕n. admirable 令人羡慕的 adj.5. adjust 适应 v. adjustment 适应 n. adjustable 可调整的 adj.6. achieve 实现, 达成 v. achievement 成就 n.7. analyze 分析 v. analysis分析 n.8. approve 赞同 v. approval 赞同 n.9. accompany 伴随 v. company 伴随 n.10. anxious 焦急的 adj. anxiety 焦急 n.11. appreciate 感激 v. appreciation 感激 n.12. accumulate 积累v. accumulation 积累n.13. apologize 道歉 v. apology 道歉 n.14. ambition 抱负, 志向 n. ambitious 有抱负的，有志向的 adj.15. approach 接近 n. approachable 平易近人的adj.16. attract 吸引 v. attraction 吸引的事 n. attractive 有吸引力的 adj.17. apply 申请 v. application 申请表 n. applicant 申请人 n.18. accuracy 精确 n. accurate 精确的 adj. accurately 精确地 adv.B.1. benefit 有利于 v. benefit 利益 n. beneficial 有利的 adj.2. bargain 讨价还价 v. bargain 便宜货 n.3. beautify 美化 v. beauty 美景 n. beautiful 美丽的 adj.4. believe 相信 v. belief 信仰 n. unbelievable 难以置信的 adj.5. belong 属于 v. belonging 所有物 n.C.1. culture 文化 n. cultured 有文化的 adj. cultural 文化的adj.2. choose 选择 v. choice 挑选 n. choosy 挑练的adj.3. courage 勇气 n. encouragement 鼓舞 n. encouraged 受鼓舞的 adj.4. consider 考虑 v. consideration 考虑 n. considerate 考虑周到的 adj.5. communicate 交流 v. communication 交流 n. communicative 爱交流的 adj.6. curiosity 好奇 n. curious 好奇的 adj.7. compete 竞赛 v. competition 比赛 n. competitive 竞争性的 adj.8. complain 抱怨 v. complaint 抱怨 n.9. character 角色 n. characteristic 典型的 adj.10. cheer 欢呼，鼓舞 v. cheer 欢呼 n. cheerful 高兴的 adj.11. cooperate 合作 v. cooperation 合作 n. cooperaticve 合作的 adj.12. change 改变 v. changing 改变的 adj.13. contribute 捐献 v. contribution 捐献 n. contributor 捐献者 n.14. combine 联合 v. combination 联合 n.15. critize 批评 v. criticism 批评 n.critic 批评家 n. critical 极重要的 adj.16. charge 指控，收费 v. charge 控制 n17. conclude 得出结论 v. conclusion 结论 n.18. convenient 方便的 adj. convenience 方便 n.,19. crash 坠毁 v. crash 坠毁 n.20. collide 碰撞 v. collision 碰撞 n.21. crime 犯罪 n. crimina 罪犯 n.22. congratulate 祝贺 v congratulation 祝贺 n.23. conscious 有意识的 adj unconscilous 无意识的 adj. consciously 有意识地D1. danger 危险 n. dangerous 危险的 adj. dangerously 危险地2. depth 深度 n. deep 深的/ 深深地 adj/ adv. deeply 深深地3．declare 宣告 v. declaration 宣告 n.4. ability 能力 n. able 有能力的 adj.disability 残疾 n. disabled 残疾的 adj.5. decorate 装饰 v. decoration 装饰品 n. decorative 装饰性的 adj.6. defend 保卫 v. defence 防御 n. defender 守卫者n.7. diliver 传送 v. delivery 传送 n.8. demand 要求 v. demand 要求 n.9. depend 依靠 v. dependent 依靠 adj. independence 独立 n.10. digest 消化 v. digestion 消化 n.11. describe 描述 v. description 描述 n.12. distract 分心 v. distracion 分心的事 n. distracted 易分心的 adj.13. disaster 灾难 n. disastrous 灾难性的 adj.14. diversity 差异 n. diverse 有差异的 adj.E1. electricity 电 n. electrical 电的 adj. electric 电子的2. embarrass 使尴尬 v. embarrassment 尴尬 n.embarrassed 使人尴尬的 adj. embarrassing 令人尴尬的 adj.3. express 表达 v. expression 表情 n. expressive 富有感情的 adj.4. environment 环境 n. environmental 环境的 adj.5. explore 勘探 v. exploration 勘探 n.6. equip 装备 v. equipment 设备 n.7. economy 经济 n. economic 经济上的 adj. economical 经济，便宜的 adj.8. effect 影响 v. effect 影响 n. effective 有效的 adj.9. efficiency 效率 n. efficient 效率高的 adj. efficiently 有效地 adv.10. evidence 证据 n. evident 显然的 adj. evidently 显然地 adv.11. estimate 估计 v. stimate 估计 n. estimation 估算 n.12. establish 建立 v. establishment 建立n. established 地位稳固的 adj.13. energy 精力 n. energetic 有活力的 adj.F1. fluency 流利 n. fluent 流利的 adj. fluently 流利地 adv.2. foundation 基础 n. fundamental 至关重要的 adj.3. fertilize v. 施肥 fertilizer 肥料 n.. fertile 肥沃的 adj.4. fulfil 符合 v. fulfilment 实现 n.5. function 功能 n. functional 功能化的 adj.6. fear 担忧 n. fear 担忧 v.fearful 担心的 adj. fearless 无畏的 adj.7. forgive 宽恕 v. forgiving 宽容的 forgiveness 宽恕 n.8. frustrate 使懊恼 v. frustration 懊恼 n. frustrated 懊恼的 adj.9. fortune 运气 n. fortunate 幸运的 adj. fortunately 幸运地 adv.10. flavor 味道 n. flavoring 调味品 n. flavorless 无味道的 adj.11. finance 财政，经融 n. financial财政的, 金融的 adj.12. faith 信任 n. faithful 忠诚的 adj. faithfully 忠诚地 adv.G1. gratuate 毕业 v. graduation 毕业 n.2. govern 监督 v. governor 监督 n. government 政府 n.3. glory 光荣 n. glorious 光辉的4. grace 优雅 n. graceful 优雅的 adj.5. generousity 慷慨 n. generous 慷慨的 adj. generously 慷慨地general 将军，概要 n. general 概括的，大体的 adj.generally 大体地，概括地H1． history 历史 n. historic 历史意义的 adj. historical 历史的 adj. historian 历史学家2． hospital 医院 n. hospitalize 就医v.3． honour 荣誉 n. honoured 尊贵的4． habitat 栖息地 n. habitation 居住 n.5. harm 害处 n. harmful 有害的 adj.harmless 无害的 harmlessly 无害地6. harmony 和谐 n. harmonious 和谐的adj. harmoniously 和谐地 adv.I1. ignore 忽视 v. ignorance 无知 n. ignorant 忽视的 adj.2. indicate 显示 v. indication 迹象 n. indicator 指示器 n.3. independence 独立 n. independent 独立的 adj. independently 独立地 adv.4. invent 发明 v. invention 发明 n. inventor 发明家 n.5. invade 入侵 v. invasion 入侵 n. invader n. 入侵者 n.6. interrupt 中断 v. interruption 中断 n.7. identity 识别 v. identification 鉴定 n. indentity 身份 n.8. immigrate 移民 v. immigrant 移民 n. immigration 移民入境 n.9. injure 受伤 v. injury 受伤 n.10. intelligence 智商 n. intelligent 智慧的 adj.11. invite 邀请 v. invitation 邀请 n. inviting 吸引人的 adj.12. imply 暗示 v. implication 可能的影响 n13. indulgence 溺爱 n. indulgent . 溺爱的 adj.14. infect 感染 v. infection 传染 n. infected 受感染的 adj.15. inspect 观测 v. inspection 视察 n. inspector 视察者 n.16. irrigate 灌溉 v. irrigation 灌溉 n, irrigating 灌溉的 adj.17. impress 留下印象 v. impression 印象 n.18. interview 面试 n. interviewer 面试者 n. interviewee 参加面试者 n. L1. logic 逻辑 n. illogical 不合逻辑的 adj. logically 合乎逻辑地 adv.M1. mean 打算，意味着 v. meaning 意思 n. mean 吝啬的 adj.2. memorize 记住 v. memory 记忆力 n.3. majority 大多数 n. major 主要的 adj.4. mercy 怜悯 n. merciful 仁慈的 adj. merciless 无情的 adj.5. measure测量v. measurement 测量 n. measurable 可测量的 adj.6. mystery 神秘 n. mysterious 神秘的 adj.N.1. negotiate 谈判 v. negotiation 谈判 n.O1. operate 运行 v. operation 手术 n. operator 操作者 n.2. offend 冒犯 v. offence 冒犯 n. offensive 冒犯的 adj.P.1. politics 政治 n. pilitician 政客 n. political 政治的 adj.2. produce 生产 v. product 农产品n. production 产品 n.3. please 使愉快 v. pleasing 令人喜爱的 adj. Pleased 舒适的 adj.4. privacy 隐私 n. private 私人的 adj.5. present 出席 v. present 礼物 n.6. personality 个性 n. personal 个人的 adj. personally 个人地 adv.7. preserve 保存 v. preservation 保存 n.8. province 省 n. provincial 省的 adj.9. praticipate 参加 v. participant 参与者 n.10. permit 允许 v. permission 允许 n.11. patience 耐心 n. patient 耐心的 adj.impatient 不耐烦的 adj. patiently 耐心地 adv.12. promise 许诺 v. promisiong 有前途的 adj.13. possess 拥有 v. dispossess 剥夺 v. possession 拥有物 n.14. psychologist 心理学家 n. psychological 心理的 adj.psychologically 心理地 adv.15. promote 提拔 v. promotion 提拔 n.16. predict 预言 v. prediction 预言 n. predictor 预言者 n.17. permannent 永久的 adj. permanently 永久地 adv.18. poison 中毒 v. poison 毒药 n. poisonous 有毒的 adj.Q1. quality 品质 n. qualification 资格证 n. qualified 有资格的 adj.2. question 提问，询问v. question 问题 n. questioanable 有疑问的 adj. R1. relate 使…联系 v. relation (ship) 关联 n. relative 亲属 n.2. realize 实现 v. reality 现实 n. realization 共识 n.3. require 要求 v. requirement 要求 n.4. radiation 放射 n. radioactive 放射性的 adj.5. reason 讲理 v. reason 理由 n. reasonable 合理的 adj.6. regulate 管理 v. regulation 规定 n.regular 有规则的 adj. regularly 规则的 adv.7. restrict 约束 v. restriction 约束 n.S1. surround 包围 v. surrounding 环境 n.2. sign 签名 v. signature 签名 autographer 亲笔签名n.3. survive 幸存 v. survivor 幸存者 n. survival 生存 n.4. solve 解决 v. solution 解决方法 n.5. society 社会 n. social 社会的 adj socialism 社会主义 n.6. stability 稳定 n. stable 稳定的 adj. stably 稳定地 adv.T1. transform 转变 v. transformation 转变 n.V1. variety 变化 n. various 不同的 adj.2. vivid 生动的 adj. vividly 生动地 adv.。

国际商法offerandacceptance

国际商法offerandacceptance

3.还盘
Counteroffer
还盘——受盘人对发盘条件不同意或不完全
同意而提出修改、限制或增加新条件的表示。
例如，上述牙膏交易中客户还盘和我方再还盘：
9月12日来电：你10日电价太高还盘30英镑限14日复。
YOURS TENTH PRICE TOO HIGH COUNTER OFFER STERLING THIRTY REPLY FOURTEEN
International Business Negotiation & Signing of Contract
Business Negotiation
1.含义（Definition）
进出口方就商品的各项条件进行谈判，以达成交易的过程。
Business Negotiation is the dealings between the importer and exporter in order to reach an agreement on quality, quantity, price, payment and other terms and conditions of a contract. 2.形式 Forms of International Business Negotiation ① 口头磋商（Verbal Negotiation） ② 书面磋商（ Written Negotiation ）
合同的形式 （Forms of contract ） 合同的内容 （Contents of contract）
business negotiation
Business terms
Law terms Words for daily life
inquiry offer Counter offer

Offer_and_Acceptance

Offer_and_Acceptance

Offer and acceptanceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaOffer and acceptance analysis is a traditional approach in contract law used to determine whether an agreement exists between two parties. As a contract is an agreement, an offer is an indication by one person (the "offeror") to another (the "offeree") of the offeror's willingness to enter into a contract on certain terms without further negotiations. A contract is said to come into existence when acceptance of an offer (agreement to the terms in it) has been communicated to the offeror by the offeree.The offer and acceptance formula, developed in the 19th century, identifies a moment of formation when the parties are of one mind. This classical approach to contract formation has been weakened by developments in the law of estoppel, misleading conduct, misrepresentation and unjust enrichment.OfferAn offer is defined by Treitel as "an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms, made with the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed", the "offeree".An offer is a statement of the terms on which the offeror is willing to be bound.The "expression" referred to in the definition may take different forms, such as a letter, newspaper, fax, email and even conduct, as long as it communicates the basis on which the offeror is prepared to contract.Whether two parties have an agreement or a valid offer is an issue which is determined by the court using the Objective test (Smith v. Hughes). Therefore the "intention" referred to in the definition is objectively judged by the courts. In the English case of Smith v. Hughes[2] the court emphasised that the important thing is not a party's real intentions but how a reasonable person would view the situation. This is due mainly to common sense as each party would not wish to breach his side of the contract if it would make him or her culpable to damages, it would especially be contrary to the principle of certainty and clarity in commercial contract and the topic of mistake and how it affects the contract.Unilateral contractThe contract in Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co[3] was of a kind known as a unilateral contract, one in which the offeree accepts the offer by performing his or her side of the bargain. It can be contrasted with a bilateral contract, where there is an exchange of promises between two parties. In Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v. The Commonwealth(1954), the High Court of Australia held that, for a unilateral contract to arise, the promise must be made "in return for" the doing of the act. The court distinguished between a unilateral contract and a conditional gift. The case is generally seen to demonstrate the connection between the requirements of offer and acceptance, consideration and intention to create legal relations.Invitations to treatAn invitation to treat is not an offer, but an indication of a person's willingness to negotiate a contract.In Harvey v. Facey[4], an indication by the owner of property that he or she might be interested in selling at a certain price, for example, has been regarded as an invitation to treat. Similarly in Gibson v Manchester City Council[5] the words "may be prepared to sell" were held to be a notification of price and therefore not a distinct offer, though in another case concerning the same change of policy (Manchester City Council underwent a change of political control and stopped the sale of council houses to their tenants) Storer v. Manchester City Council[6], the court held that an agreement was completed by the tenant's signing and returning the agreement to purchase, as the language of the agreement had been sufficiently explicit and the signature on behalf of the council a mere formality to be completed.The courts have tended to take a consistent approach to the identification of invitations to treat, as compared with offer and acceptance, in common transactions. The display of goods for sale, whether in a shop window or on the shelves of a self-service store, is ordinarily treated as an invitation to treat and not an offer.The holding of a public auction will also usually be regarded as an invitation to treat. Auctions are, however, a special case generally. The rule is that the bidder is making an offer to buy and the auctioneer accepts this in whatever manner is customary, usually the fall of the hammer. A bidder may withdraw his or her bid at any time before the fall of the hammer, but any bid in any event lapses as an offer on the making of a higher bid, so that if a higher bid is made, then withdrawn before the fall of thehammer, the auctioneer cannot then purport to accept the previous highest bid. If an auction is without reserve then whilst there is no contract of sale between the owner of the goods and the highest bidder (because the placing of goods in the auction is an invitation to treat) there is a collateral contract between the auctioneer and the highest bidder that the auction will be held without reserve (i.e., that the highest bid, however low, will be accepted).[9] The U.S. Uniform Commercial Code provides that in an auction without reserve the goods may not be withdrawn once they have been put up.[10]Invitation to treat (or invitation to bargain in the US) is a contract law term. It comes from the Latin phrase invitatio ad offerendum and means an "inviting an offer". Or as Andrew Burrows writes, an invitaton to treat is"an expression of willingness to negotiate. A person making an invitation to treat does not intend to be bound as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom the statement is addressed."[1]Contract lawyers distinguish this from a binding offer, which may be accepted to form a contract (subject to other conditions being met). The distinction between an offer and invitation to treat is best understood through the categories that the courts create. Invitations to treat include the display of goods; the advertisement of a price or an auction; and an invitation for tenders (or competitive bids). There may be statutory or complementary obligations, so consumer protection laws prohibit misleading advertising and require, at auctions without reserve, selling to the highest bona fide bidder, but the general rule is that, unlike an actual offer, an invitation to treat is not binding. The "inviter" may change his mind.Revocation of offerAn offeror may revoke an offer before it has been accepted, but the revocation must be communicated to the offeree, although not necessarily by the offeror. If the offer was made to the entire world, such as in Carlill's case, the revocation must take a form that is similar to the offer. However, an offer may not be revoked if it has been encapsulated in an option (see also option contract).If the offer is one that leads to a unilateral contract, then unless there was an ancillary contract entered into that guaranteed that the main contract would not be withdrawn, the contract may be revoked at any time:AcceptanceTest of acceptanceAcceptance is a final and unqualified expression of assent to the terms of an offer. It is no defense to an action based on a contract for the defendant to claim that he never intended to be bound by the agreement if under all the circumstances it is shown at trial that his conduct was such that it communicated to the other party or parties that the defendant had in fact agreed. Signing of a contract is one way a party may show his assent. Alternatively, an offer consisting of a promise to pay someone if the latter performs certain acts which the latter would not otherwise do (such as paint a house) may be accepted by the requested conduct instead of a promise to do the act. The performance of the requested act indicates objectively the party's assent to the terms of the offer.The essential requirement is that there must be evidence that the parties had each from an objective perspective engaged in conduct manifesting their assent. This manifestation of assent theory of contract formation may be contrasted with older theories, in which it was sometimes argued that a contract required the parties to have a true meeting of the minds between the parties. Under the "meeting of the minds" theory of contract, a party could resist a claim of breach by proving that although it may have appeared objectively that he intended to be bound by the agreement, he had never truly intended to be bound. This is unsatisfactory, as the other parties have no means of knowing their counterparts' undisclosed intentions or understandings. They can only act upon what a party reveals objectively to be his intent. Hence, an actual meeting of the minds is not required. Indeed, it has been argued that the "meeting of the minds" idea is entirely a modern error: 19th century judges spoke of "consensus ad idem" which modern teachers have wrongly translated as "meeting of minds" but actually means "agreement to the [same] thing".[12]This requirement of an objective perspective is important in cases where a party claims that an offer was not accepted, taking advantage of the performance of the other party. Here, we can apply the test of whether a reasonable bystander (a "fly on the wall") would have perceived that the party has impliedly accepted the offer by conduct.Rules of acceptanceCommunication of acceptanceThere are several rules dealing with the communication of acceptance:∙The acceptance must be communicated: see Powell v. Lee (1908) 99 L.T. 284;Robophone Facilities Ltd v. Blank [1966] 3 All E.R. 128. Prior to acceptance, an offermay be withdrawn.∙An exception exists in the case of unilateral contracts, in which the offeror makes an offer to the world which can be accepted by some act. A classic instance of this is the case ofCarlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. [1892] 2 Q.B. 484 in which an offer was made to pay£100 to anyone who having bought the offeror's product and used it in accordance withthe instructions nonetheless contracted influenza. The plaintiff did so and the courtordered payment of the £100. Her actions accepted the offer - there was no need tocommunicate acceptance. Typical cases of unilateral offers are advertisements of rewards(e.g., for the return of a lost dog).∙An offer can only be accepted by the offeree, that is, the person to whom the offer is made.∙An offeree is not usually bound if another person accepts the offer on his behalf without his authorisation, the exceptions to which are found in the law of agency, where an agentmay have apparent or ostensible authority, or the usual authority of an agent in theparticular market, even if the principal did not realise what the extent of this authority was, and someone on whose behalf an offer has been purportedly accepted it may also ratifythe contract within a reasonable time, binding both parties: see agent (law).∙It may be implied from the construction of the contract that the offeror has dispensed with the requirement of communication of acceptance (called waiver of communication -which is generally implied in unilateral contracts): see also Re Selectmove Ltd [1994]BCC 349.∙If the offer specifies a method of acceptance (such as by post or fax), acceptance must be by a method that is no less effective from the offeror's point of view than the method specified. The exact method prescribed may have to be used in some cases butprobably only where the offeror has used very explicit words such as "by registeredpost, and by that method only": see Yates Building Co. Ltd v. R.J. Pulleyn & Sons (York)Ltd (1975) 119 Sol. Jo. 370.∙Silence cannot be construed as acceptance: see Felthouse v. Bindley (1862) 142 ER 1037.[13]∙However, acceptance may be inferred from conduct, see, e.g.: Brogden v. Metropolitan Railway Co. (1877) 2 App. Cas. 666; Rust v. Abbey Life Assurance Co. Ltd [1979] 2Lloyd's Rep. 334; Saint John Tugboat Co. v. Irving Refinery Ltd (1964) 46 DLR (2d) 1;Wettern Electric Ltd v. Welsh Development Agency [1983] Q.B. 796.``Correspondence with offerThe "mirror image rule" states that if you are to accept an offer, you must accept an offer exactly, without modifications; if you change the offer in any way, this is a counter-offer that kills the original offer: Hyde v. Wrench(1840) 3 Beav 334. However, a mere request for information is not a counter-offer:Stevenson v. McLean (1880) 5 Q.B.D. 346. It may be possible to draft an enquiry such that it adds to the terms of the contract while keeping the original offer alive.An offeror may revoke an offer before it has been accepted, but the revocation must be communicated to the offeree, although not necessarily by the offeror: Dickinson v. Dodds (1876) 2 Ch.D. 463. If the offer was made to the entire world, such as in Carlill's case, the revocation must take a form that is similar to the offer. However, an offer may not be revoked if it has been encapsulated in an option (see also option contract).Battle of the formsOften when two companies deal with each other in the course of business, they will use standard form contracts. Often these terms conflict (eg. both parties include a liability waiver in their form) and yet offer and acceptance are achieved forming a binding contract. The battle of the forms refers to the resulting legal dispute of these circumstances, wherein both parties recognize that an enforceable contract exists, however they are divided as to whose terms govern that contract.Under English law, the question was raised in Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v. Ex-Cell-O Corporation (England) Ltd[1979] WLR 401, as to which of the standard form contracts prevailed in the transaction. Lord Denning MR preferred the view that the documents were to be considered as a whole, and the important factor was finding the decisive document; on the other hand, Lawton and Bridge LJJ preferred traditional offer-acceptance analysis, and considered that the last counter-offer prior to the beginning of performance voided all preceding offers. The absence of any additional counter-offer or refusal by the other party is understood as an implied acceptance. In U.S. law, this principle is referred to as the last shot rule.Under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Sec. 2-207(1), A definite expression of acceptance or a written confirmation of an informal agreement may constitute a valid acceptance even if it states termsadditional to or different from the offer or informal agreement. The additional or different terms are treated as proposals for addition into the contract under UCC Sec. 2-207(2).Between merchants, such terms become part of the contract unless: a) the offer expressly limits acceptance to the terms of the offer, b) material alteration of the contract results, c) notification of objection to theadditional/different terms are given in a reasonable time after notice of them is received.Material is defined as anything that may cause undue hardship/surprise, or is a significant element of the contract.If there is no contract under 2-207(1), then under UCC Sec. 2-207(3), conduct by the parties that recognize there is a contract may be sufficient to establish a contract. The terms for this contract include only those that the parties agree on and the rest via gap fillers.Postal acceptance ruleMain article: Mailbox ruleAs a rule of convenience, if the offer is accepted by post, the contract comes into existence at the moment that the acceptance was posted(Adams v. Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250). This rule only applies when, impliedly or explicitly, the parties have in contemplation post as a means of acceptance. It excludes contracts involving land, letters incorrectly addressed and instantaneous modes of communication. The relevance of this early 19th century rule to modern conditions, when many quicker means of communication are available has been questioned, but the rule remains for the time being. For a detailed academic discussion, see: S. Gardner, "Trashing with Trollope: A Deconstruction of the Postal Rules in Contract"Knowledge of the offerIn Australian law, there is a requirement that an acceptance is made in reliance or pursuance of an offer: see R v. Clarke (1927) 40 C.L.R. 227.Rejection, death or lapse of timeAn offer can be terminated on the grounds of rejection on the part of the offeree,that is if the offeree does not accept the terms of the offer.Also upon making an offer,an offeror may include as a condition tothe contract the duration in which the offer will be available.If the offeree fails to accept the offer within this specific period then the offer will be deemed as terminated.Death of offerorGenerally death (or incapacity) of the offeror terminates the offer. This does not apply to option contracts.The offer cannot be accepted if the offeree knows of the death of the offeror. In cases where the offeree accepts in ignorance of the death, the contract may still be valid, although this proposition depends on the nature of the offer. If the contract involves some characteristic personal to the offeror, the offer is destroyed by the death...Death of offereeAn offer is rendered invalid upon the death of the offeree: see Re Irvine.Counter OffersIf the offeree rejects the offer, the offer has been destroyed and cannot be accepted at a future time. A case illustrative of this is Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 49 E.R. 132, where in response to an offer to sell an estate at a certain price, the plaintiff made an offer to buy at a lower price. This offer was refused and subsequently, the plaintiffs sought to accept the initial offer. It was held that no contract was made as the initial offer did not exist at the time that the plaintiff tried to accept it, the offer having been terminated by the counter offer.It should be noted that a mere inquiry (about terms of an offer) is not a counter offer and leaves the offer intact. The case Stevenson v. McLean (1880) 28 W.R. 916 is analogous to this situation.FormationA contract will be formed (assuming the other requirements are met) when the parties give objective manifestation of an intent to form the contract. Of course, the assent must be given to terms of the agreement. Usually this involves the making by one party of an offer to be bound upon certain terms, and the other parties' acceptance of the offer on the same terms.ContractIn law, a contract is a binding legal agreement that is enforceable in a court of law. [1] That is to say, a contract is an exchange of promises for the breach of which the law will provide a remedy.Agreement is said to be reached when an offer capable of immediate acceptance is met with a "mirror image" acceptance (ie, an unqualified acceptance). The parties must have the necessary capacity to contract and the contract must not be either trifling, indeterminate, impossible or illegal.Contract law is based on the principle expressed in the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda(usually translated "pacts must be kept", but more literally "agreements are to be kept").[2]Breach of contract is recognized by the law and remedies can be provided.As long as the good or service provided is legal, any oral agreement between two parties can constitute a binding legal contract. The practical limitation to this, however, is that only parties to a written agreement have material evidence (the written contract itself) to prove the actual terms uttered at the time the agreement was struck. In daily life, most contracts can be and are made orally, such as purchasing a book or a sandwich. Sometimes written contracts are required by either the parties, or by statutory law within various jurisdiction for certain types of agreement. For example when buying a house[3] or land.Contract law can be classified, as is habitual in civil law systems, as part of a general law of obligations(along with tort, unjust enrichment or restitution).According to legal scholar Sir John William Salmond, a contract is "an agreement creating and defining the obligations between two or more parties".As a means of economic ordering, contract relies on the notion of consensual exchange and has been extensively discussed in broader economic, sociological and anthropological terms (see "Contractual theory", below). In American English, the term extends beyond the legal meaning to encompass a broader category of agreements.This article mainly concerns contract law in common law jurisdictions (approximately coincident with the English-speaking world and anywhere the British Empire once held sway). However, contract is a form of economicordering common throughout the world, and different rules apply in jurisdictions applying civil law (derived from Roman law principles), Islamic law, socialist legal systems, and customary or local law.Contractual formationIn common law systems, the five key requirements for the creation of a contract are: 1. offer and acceptance(agreement) 2. consideration3. an intention to create legal relations 4. legal capacity 5. formalitiesIn civil law systems, the concept of consideration is not central. In addition, for some contracts formalities must be complied with under what is sometimes called a statute of frauds.One of the most famous cases on forming a contract is Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company,[5] decided in nineteenth-century England. A medical firm advertised that its new wonder drug, a smoke ball, would prevent those who used it according to the instructions from catching the flu, and if it did not, buyers would receive £100 and said that they had deposited £1,000 in the bank to show their good faith. When sued, Carbolic argued the ad was not to be taken as a serious, legally binding offer. It was merely an invitation to treat, and a gimmick(a 'mere puff'). But the court of appeal held that it would appear to a reasonable man that Carbolic had made a serious offer, primarily because of the reference to the £1000 deposited into the bank. People had given good "consideration" for it by going to the "distinct inconvenience" of using a faulty product. "Read the advertisement how you will, and twist it about as you will," said Lindley LJ, "here is a distinct promise expressed in language which is perfectly unmistakable".Where a product in large quantities is advertised in a newspaper or on a poster, it may be an offer, but generally speaking it will be regarded as an invitation to treat,since even when large stock is held it is still limited, whilst the response to an advertisement may be unlimited. This was the basis of the decision in Partridge v. Crittenden[6]a criminal case in which the defendant was charged with "offering for sale" bramblefinch cocks and hens. The court held that the newspaper advertisement could only be an invitation to treat, since it could not have been intended as an offer to the world, so the defendant was not guilty of "offering" them for sale. Similarly, a display of goods in a shop window is an invitation to treat, as was held in Fisher v. Bell[7]another criminal case which turned on the correct analysis of offers as against invitations to treat. In this instance the defendant was charged with "offering for sale" prohibited kinds of knife, which he had displayed in his shop window withprices attached. The court held that this was an invitation to treat, the offer would be made by a purchaser going into the shop and asking to buy a knife, with acceptance being by the shopkeeper, which he could withhold. (The law was later amended to "exposing for sale".) A display of goods on the shelves of a self-service shop is also an invitation to treat, with the offer being made by the purchaser at the checkout and being accepted by the shop assistant operating the checkout: Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd.[8] If the person who is to buy the advertised product is of importance, for instance because of his personality, etc., when buying land, it is regarded merely as an invitation to treat. In Carbolic Smoke Ball, the major difference was that a reward was included in the advertisement, which is a general exception to the rule and is then treated as an offer.Offer and acceptanceMain article: Offer and acceptanceThe most important feature of a contract is that one party makes an offer for an arrangement that another accepts. This can be called a 'concurrence of wills' or 'ad idem' (meeting of the minds) of two or more parties. The concept is somewhat contested. The obvious objection is that a court cannot read minds and the existence or otherwise of agreement is judged objectively, with only limited room for questioning subjective intention: see Smith v. Hughes.[9] Richard Austen-Baker has suggested that the perpetuation of the idea of 'meeting of minds' may come from a misunderstanding of the Latin term 'consensus ad idem', which actually means 'agreement to the [same] thing'.[10]There must be evidence that the parties had each from an objective perspective engaged in conduct manifesting their assent, and a contract will be formed when the parties have met such a requirement.[11]An objective perspective means that it is only necessary that somebody gives the impression of offering or accepting contractual terms in the eyes of a reasonable person, not that they actually did want to form a contract.The case of Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (above) is an example of a 'unilateral contract', obligations are only imposed upon one party upon acceptance by performance of a condition. In the U.S., the general rule is that in "case of doubt, an offer is interpreted as inviting the offeree to accept either by promising to perform what the offer requests or by rendering the performance, as the offeree chooses."[12]Offer and acceptance does not always need to be expressed orally or in writing. An implied contract is one in which some of the terms are notexpressed in words. This can take two forms. A contract which is implied in fact is one in which the circumstances imply that parties have reached an agreement even though they have not done so expressly. For example, by going to a doctor for a checkup, a patient agrees that he will pay a fair price for the service. If one refuses to pay after being examined, the patient has breached a contract implied in fact. A contract which is implied in law is also called a quasi-contract, because it is not in fact a contract; rather, it is a means for the courts to remedy situations in which one party would be unjustly enriched were he or she not required to compensate the other. For example, a plumber accidentally installs a sprinkler system in the lawn of the wrong house. The owner of the house had learned the previous day that his neighbor was getting new sprinklers. That morning, he sees the plumber installing them in his lawn. Pleased at the mistake, he says nothing, and then refuses to pay when the plumber delivers the bill. Will the man be held liable for payment? Yes, if it could be proven that the man knew that the sprinklers were being installed mistakenly, the court would make him pay because of a quasi-contract. If that knowledge could not be proven, he would not be liable. Such a claim is also referred to as "quantum meruit".[13]See also: Invitation to treatIntention to be legally boundMain article: Intention to be legally boundThere is a presumption for commercial agreements that parties intend to be legally bound (unless the parties expressly state that they do not want to be bound, like in heads of agreement). On the other hand, many kinds of domestic and social agreements are unenforceable on the basis of public policy, for instance between children and parents. One early example is found in Balfour v. Balfour.[30]Using contract-like terms, Mr. Balfour had agreed to give his wife £30 a month as maintenance while he was living in Ceylon(Sri Lanka). Once he left, they separated and Mr. Balfour stopped payments. Mrs. Balfour brought an action to enforce the payments. At the Court of Appeal, the Court held that there was no enforceable agreement as there was not enough evidence to suggest that they were intending to be legally bound by the promise.The case is often cited in conjunction with Merritt v. Merritt.[31] Here the court distinguished the case from Balfour v. Balfour because Mr. and Mrs. Merritt, although married again, were estranged at the time the agreement was made. Therefore any agreement between them was made with the intention to create legal relations.。

高考英语词汇(包括新增词汇)

高考英语词汇(包括新增词汇)

高考词汇扩充精选abnormal a.不正常的；变态的absence n.缺席，不在场；缺乏accent n.口音，腔调；重音acceptable a.可接受的，合意的acceptance n.接受，验收；承认access n.接近；通道，入口accidental a.偶然的；非本质的accommodation n.招待设备,预定铺位accompany vt.陪伴，陪同；伴随accordingly ad.因此，所以；照着achievement n.完成；成就，成绩acid n.酸；酸的，酸性的acre n.英亩(=6.07亩)active a.活跃的；积极的activity n.活动；活力；行动actual a.实际的；现行的actually ad.实际上；竟然addition n.加，加法；附加物additional a.附加的，追加的admire vt.钦佩，羡慕，赞赏admission n.允许进入；承认adult n.成年人 a.成年的advanced a.先进的；高级的advantage n.优点，优势；好处adventure n.冒险；惊险活动advisable a.明智的；可取的affair n.事情，事件；事务affect vt.影响；感动affection n.慈爱，爱；爱慕afford vt.担负得起…；提供agreement n.协定，协议；同意aid n.帮助，救护；助手alike a.同样的，相同的altitude n.高，高度；高处amaze vt.使惊奇，使惊愕ambition n.雄心，抱负，野心ambulance n.救护车；野战医院amount n.总数；数量；和amuse vt.逗…乐；给…娱乐ancient a.古代的，古老的angel n.天使，神差，安琪儿angle n.角，角度ankle n.踝，踝节部announce vt.宣布，宣告，发表anxiety n.焦虑，忧虑；渴望anxious a.忧虑的；渴望的apartment n.一套公寓房间apologize vi.道歉，谢罪，认错apology n.道歉，认错，谢罪apparent a.表面上的；明显的appearance n.出现，来到；外观appetite n.食欲，胃口；欲望application n.请求，申请；施用appoint vt.任命，委任；约定appointment n.任命；约定，约会appreciate vt.欣赏；领会；感谢Arabian a.阿拉伯的argument n.争论，辩论；理由arrangement n.整理，排列；安排arrival n.到达；到来；到达者association n.协会，团体；联合astonish vt.使惊讶，使吃惊astronaut n.宇宙航行员，宇航员athlete n.运动员；田径运动员Atlantic a.大西洋的 n.大西洋attack vt.&vi.&n.攻击，进攻attend vt.出席；照顾，护理attentive a.注意的；有礼貌的attitude n.态度，看法；姿势attraction n.吸引；吸引力；引力attractive a.有吸引力的audience n.听众，观众，读者author n.作者，作家authority n.当局，官方；权力automatic a.自动的；机械的automation n.自动，自动化available a.可利用的；通用的avenue n.林荫道，道路；大街average n.平均数 a.平均的award n.奖，奖品；判定aware a.知道的，意识到的awful a.令人不愉快的awfully ad.令人畏惧的；很background n.背景，后景，经历badminton n.羽毛球balance vt.使平衡；称 n.天平ball n.球，球状物；舞会balloon n.气球，玩具气球bar n.酒吧间；条，杆；栅barber n.理发师basis n.基础，根据bear vt.容忍；负担；生育beard n.胡须，络腮胡子beggar n.乞丐，穷人beginner n.初学者，生手behalf n.利益，维护，支持behave vi.表现，举止；运转behavior n.行为，举止，态度beloved a.为…的爱的 n.爱人beneficial a.有利的，有益的Bible n.基督教《圣经》blame vt.责备，把…归咎于bless vt.为…祝福boast vi.自夸 vt.吹嘘bosom n.胸，胸部；内心bother vt.烦扰，迷惑 n.麻烦brandy n.白兰地酒breadth n.宽度，幅度；幅面breast n.乳房；胸脯，胸膛brighten vt.使发光；使快活brilliant a.光辉的；卓越的bronze n.青铜；青铜制品brow n.额；眉，眉毛burden n.担子，重担；装载量bureau n.局，司，处；社，所butterfly n.蝴蝶cable n.缆，索；电缆；电报calculation n.计算，计算结果calculator n.计算器，计算者calendar n.日历，历书；历法campaign n.战役；运动campus n.校园，学校场地canal n.运河；沟渠；管cancel vt.取消，撤消；删去cancer n.癌，癌症，肿瘤candidate n.候选人；投考者candy n.糖果；砂糖结晶capable a.有能力的，有才能的career n.生涯，职业，经历carpenter n.木工，木匠carpet n.地毯，毡毯，毛毯carrot n.胡罗卜carve vt.刻，雕刻；切开case n.情况；事实；病例case n.箱(子)，盒(子)，套cash n.现金，现款cassette n.盒式录音带；盒子casual a.偶然的；随便的catalog n.目录，目录册cement n.水泥；胶泥 vt.粘结ceremony n.典礼，仪式；礼节certificate n.证书，证件，执照challenge n.挑战；要求，需要champion n.冠军，得胜者chapter n.章，回，篇characteristic a.特有的 n.特性charge vt.索价；控告 n.费用charity n.施舍；慈善事业charming a.迷人的，可爱的cheek n.面颊，脸蛋cheerful a.快乐的，愉快的chemical a.化学的 n.化学制品cheque n.支票childish a.孩子的；幼稚的chill vt.使变冷 n.寒冷chin n.颏，下巴china n.瓷器，瓷料Christian n.基督教徒；信徒circular a.圆的；循环的civilization n.文明，文化；开化classical a.古典的；经典的classification n.分类；分级；分类法classify vt.把…分类clerk n.店员；办事员，职员cliff n.悬崖，峭壁climate n.气候；风土，地带clothe vt.给…穿衣服clothing n.衣服，被褥clue n.线索，暗示，提示coach n.长途公共汽车; 教练collar n.衣领，项圈colleague n.同事，同僚collective a.集体的；集合性的colony n.殖民地；侨居地column n.柱，支柱，圆柱comment n.评论，意见；注释commission n.委任状；委员会committee n.委员会；全体委员communicate vi.通讯；传达；传播communication n.通讯；传达；交通community n.社区；社会；公社companion n.同伴；共事者；伴侣compass n.罗盘，指南针；圆规competition n.竞争，比赛complaint n.抱怨；怨言；控告complex a.结合的；复杂的complicated a.复杂的，难懂的compound n.化合物；复合词comprehension n.理解，理解力；领悟comprehensive a.广泛的；理解的concentrate vt.集中；聚集；浓缩concentration n.集中；专注；浓缩concept n.概念，观念，设想conclusion n.结论，推论；结尾condition n.状况，状态；环境conduct n.举止，行为；指导conductor n.售票员；(乐队)指挥conference n.会议，讨论会confidence n.信任；信赖；信心confident n.确信的，自信的confine vt.限制；禁闭confirm vt.证实，肯定；批准congratulation n.祝贺；祝贺词congress n.大会；国会，议会conjunction n.接合，连接；连接词conscience n.良心，道德心conscious a.意识到的；有意的consciousness n.意识，觉悟；知觉conservation n.保存，保护；守恒considerable a.相当大的；重要的considerate a.考虑周到的；体谅的consideration n.考虑，思考；体贴constitution n.章程；体质；构造construction n.建造；建筑；建筑物consult vt.请教，查阅container n.容器；集装箱content n.内容，目录；容量content a.满意的，满足的contest vt.争夺，争取；辩驳continual a.不断的；连续的continuous a.连续不断的，持续的contract n.契约，合同；婚约contradiction n.矛盾，不一致；否认contrary a.相反的 n.相反contrast n.对比，对照，悬殊contribute vt.捐献，捐助；投稿convenience n.便利，方便；厕所convenient a.便利的；近便的conversation n.会话，非正式会谈convince vt.使确信，使信服cooperate vi.合作，协作；配合cope vi.对付，应付copper n.铜；铜币，铜制器core n.果实的心，核心corporation n.公司，企业；社团correction n.改正，纠正，修改costly a.昂贵的；价值高的council n.理事会，委员会counter n.柜台；计数器county n.英国的郡，美国的县coward n.懦夫；胆怯者crash vi.碰撞，坠落 n.碰撞crazy a.疯狂的，荒唐的creative a.创造性的，创作的credit n.信用贷款；信用crew n.全体船员crime n.罪，罪行；犯罪criminal n.犯人，罪犯，刑事犯crisis n.危机；存亡之际critical a.决定性的；批评的crown n.王冠，冕；花冠cruel a.残忍的，残酷的cube n.立方形；立方cubic a.立方形的；立方的cultivate vt.耕；种植；培养culture n.文化，文明；教养cunning a.狡猾的，狡诈的curiosity n.好奇，好奇心；珍品current a.当前的；通用的curse n.诅咒，咒骂；天谴cushion n.垫子，坐垫，靠垫customer n.顾客，主顾dairy n.牛奶场；乳制品dam n.水坝，水堤；障碍物damp a.潮湿的，有湿气的daring a.大胆的，勇敢的darling n.亲爱的人；宠儿dash vt.使猛撞；溅 n.猛冲data n.数据; 资料deadly a.致命的，死一般的debate n.&vi.争论，辩论decade n.十年，十年期deck n.甲板；舱面；层面declare vt.断言；声明；表明decorate vt.装饰，装璜，修饰decrease vi.&n.减少，减少deepen vt.加深 vi.深化defence n.防御；防务；辩护define vt.给…下定义；限定definite a.明确的；肯定的definition n.定义，释义；定界delegation n.代表团delight n.快乐 vt.使高兴deliver vt.投递，送交；发表delivery n.投递；交付；分娩democracy n.民主，民主制democratic a.民主的，民主政体的deny vt.否定；拒绝相信depart vi.离开，起程；出发department n.部，司，局，处，系departure n.离开，出发，起程dependent a.依靠的，依赖的deposit vt.使沉淀；存放depth n.深度；深厚；深处descend vi.下来，下降；下倾description n.描写，形容；种类desert n.沙漠 vt.离弃；擅离desirable a.值得相望的；可取的despair n.绝望 vi.绝望detail n.细节；枝节；零件determination n.决心；决定；确定dew n.露，露水diagram n.图解，图表，简图dial n.钟面；拨号盘 vt.拨diameter n.直径dictation n.口授笔录，听写digest vt.消化；领会 n.文摘digital a.数字的，计数的diligent a.勤勉的，勤奋的dim a.昏暗的；朦胧的disable vt.使无能，使伤残disadvantage n.不利，不利地位disagree vi.有分歧；不一致disaster n.灾难，灾祸；天灾discard vt.丢弃，抛弃，遗弃discharge vt.释放；排出 n.释放discipline n.纪律；训练 vt.训练disclose vt.揭开，揭发；透露dishonour n.不光彩；丢脸的人dismiss vt.不再考虑；解雇dissatisfy vi.使不满，使不平dissolve vt.使溶解；解散distinction n.差别，不同，区分distinguish vt.区别，辨别，认别distribution n.分发，分配；分布disturb vt.打扰，扰乱；弄乱division n.分，分配；除法divorce n.离婚，离异 vi.离婚document n.公文，文件；证件domestic a.本国的；家庭的donkey n.驴；笨蛋dorm n.宿舍dormitory n.集体寝室；宿舍doubtful a.难以预测的；怀疑的doubtless ad.无疑地；很可能draft n.草稿；汇票 vt.起草dragon n.龙；凶暴的人drama n.一出戏剧，剧本dramatic a.引人注目的，戏剧的drift vi.漂流，漂泊 n.漂流drought n.旱灾，干旱drum n.鼓；鼓状物，圆桶due a.预期的；应给的dull a.枯燥的；不鲜明的dumb a.哑的；无言的durable a.耐久的，耐用的duration n.持续，持久dusk n.薄暮，黄昏，幽暗dying a.垂死的；临终的eagle n.鹰ease n.容易，舒适 vt.缓和echo n.回声，反响 vi.重复economic a.经济的，经济学的economical a.节约的；经济学的economy n.经济；节约，节省edition n.版，版本，版次editor n.编辑，编者，校订者effect n.结果；效果，效力effective a.有效的；有影响的efficiency n.效率；功效，效能efficient a.效率高的，有能力的elbow n.肘，肘部；弯管electron n.电子element n.成分；要素；元素elementary a.基本的；初级的elevator n.电梯；升降机embarrass vt.使窘迫，使为难embrace vt.拥抱；包括；包围emerge vi.出现，涌现；冒出emergency n.紧急情况，突然事件emotion n.情感，感情；激动emotional a.感情的，情绪的emperor n.皇帝emphasis n.强调，重点，重要性emphasize vt.强调，着重empire n.帝国employee n.受雇者，雇员，雇工employment n.工业；雇用；使用enclose vt.围住，圈起；附上encounter n.遭遇，遇到 n.遭遇ending n.结尾，结局；死亡endless a.无止境的endure vt.忍受；容忍enforce vt.实施，执行；强制engage vt.使从事于；聘用engine n.发动机，引擎；机车engineering n.工程，工程学enlarge vt.扩大，扩展；放大enormous a.巨大的，庞大的ensure vt.保证；保护；赋予entertainment vt.使欢乐；招待enthusiasm n.热情，热心，热忱enthusiastic a.热情的，热心的entitle vt.给…权利(或资格) environment n.环境，外界；围绕equality n.等同，平等；相等equation n.方程(式)；等式essay n.短文，散文，小品文essential a.必要的，本质的establish vt.建立，设立；确立establishment n.建立，设立，确立evidence n.根据；证据，证人evident a.明显的，明白的exaggerate vt.&vi.夸大，夸张exceed vt.超过，胜过；超出exception n.例外，除外exchange vt.交换；交流 n.交换exclaim vi.呼喊；惊叫existence n.存在，实在；生存expansion n.扩大，扩充；扩张expectation n.期待，期望，预期expense n.花费，消费；费用experimental a.实验的，试验的explore vt.&vi.探险，探索explosion n.爆炸，爆发，炸裂explosive n.炸药 a.爆炸的export vt.输出，出口；运走expose vt.使暴露；揭露exposure n.暴露；揭露；曝光express vt.表示 n.快车，快递extraordinary a.非同寻常的，特别的extremely ad.极端，极其，非常eyesight n.视力，目力fable n.寓言；虚构的故事fabric n.织物，纺织品；结构facility n.设备；容易；便利factor n.因素；因子，系数fade vi.褪色；逐渐消失Fahrenheit n.华氏温度计faint a.微弱的；虚弱的fair n.定期集市；博览会fairly ad.相当；公平地faith n.信任，信心；信仰faithful a.忠诚的；如实的fame n.名声，名望fan n.(运动等)狂热爱好者fancy n.想象力；设想；爱好fare n.车费，船费，票价farewell int.再会 n.告别fashion n.样子，方式；风尚fashionable a.流行的，时髦的fasten vt.扎牢，扣住fatal a.致命的；命运的fate n.命运，天数father-in-law n.岳父；公公faulty a.有错误的，有缺点的favourable a.有利的；赞成的fearful a.害怕的，可怕的feature n.特征，特色；面貌federal a.联邦的；联盟的fee n.费，酬金；赏金feedback n.回授，反馈，反应fellow n.人，家伙；伙伴fertile a.肥沃的；多产的fertilizer n.肥料fibre n.纤维，纤维质fiction n.小说；虚构，杜撰fierce a.凶猛的，狂热的figure n.数字；外形；人物fulfill vt.装满，盛满；占满finance n.财政，金融；财源financial a.财政的，金融的finding n.发现；调查的结果fine n.罚金，罚款firm n.商行，商号，公司flag n.旗，旗帜；旗舰旗flame n.火焰；光辉；热情flash n.闪光 vi.闪，闪烁flat n.一套房间；单元住宅flesh n.肉，肌肉；肉体flourish vi.繁荣，茂盛，兴旺flu n.流行性感冒fluent a.流利的，流畅的fluid n.流体，液体focus vi.聚焦，注视 n.焦点fog n.雾；烟雾，尘雾folk n.人们，家属，亲属footstep n.脚步；脚步声；足迹forbid vt.禁止，不许；阻止forecast n.预测，预报 vt.预示 forgive vt.原谅，饶恕，宽恕foundation n.基础；地基；基金framework n.框架，构架，结构frank a.坦白的，直率的frequency n.屡次；次数；频率friction n.摩擦，摩擦力frog n.蛙frontier n.边境；边疆；新领域frost n.冰冻，严寒；霜frown vi.皱眉，蹙额fruitful a.多产的；肥沃的fulfill vt.履行；满足；完成function n.功能；职务；函数fund n.资金；基金；存款fundamental a.基础的，基本的furthermore ad.而且，此外gallery n.长廊，游廊；画廊gap n.缺口；间隔；差距gay a.快乐的；鲜明的gaze vi.凝视，盯，注视generation n.一代，一代人；产生generous a.慷慨的；宽厚的gentle a.和蔼的；轻柔的gesture n.姿势，手势；姿态glove n.手套golf n.高尔夫球goodness n.优良，德性，仁慈govern vt.统治，治理；支配grace n.优美，文雅；雅致graceful a.优美的，优雅的gracious a.有礼貌的；仁慈的graduate n.毕业生 vi.大学毕业grain n.谷物，谷粒；颗粒gramme n.克(重量单位) grammatical a.语法上的grateful a.感激的；令人愉快的gratitude n.感激，感谢，感恩grave n.坟墓 a.严重的gravity n.重力，引力；严重性gray a.灰色的 n.灰色greedy a.贪吃的；贪婪的greenhouse n.温室，玻璃暖房grey a.灰色的 n.灰色groan vi.哼，呻吟 n.呻吟gross a.总的；严重的growth n.增长；增长量；生长guarantee n./vt.保证；担保物guard vt.守卫；看守 n.卫兵guidance n.引导，指导，领导gulf n.海湾gum n.口香糖；树胶gym n.体育馆，健身房habitual a.习惯性的，惯常的handful n.一把；少数，一小撮handkerchief n.手帕hardship n.艰难，困苦hardware n.五金器具；硬件hare n.野兔haste n.急速，急忙；草率hasten vt.催促 vi.赶紧hasty a.急速的；仓促的hatch vt.孵出 vi.(蛋)孵化hateful a.可恨的，可恶的hawk n.鹰，隼heading n.标题，题词，题名headline n.大字标题；新闻提要headquarters n.司令部；总部helicopter n.直升机hence ad.因此，所以；今后heroic a.英雄的；英勇的heroine n.女主角；女英雄hesitate vi.犹豫，踌躇；含糊hint n.暗示，示意；建议historical a.历史的，有关历史的hobby n.业余爱好，癖好hollow a.空的；空洞的holy a.神圣的；圣洁的honesty n.诚实，正直honeymoon n.蜜月honourable a.诚实的；光荣的hook n.钩，挂钩 vt.钩住horn n.号角；警报器；角horror n.恐怖；战栗；憎恶hostess n.女主人；空姐hostile a.敌方的；不友善的household n.家庭，户；家务humble a.谦逊的；地位低下的ideal a.理想的；观念的identical a.完全相同的；同一的identify vt.认出，识别，鉴定idiom n.习语，成语idle a.空闲的；懒散的i.e. (=that is)那就是，即ignorant a.不知道的；无知的ignore vt.不顾，不理，忽视illegal a.不合法的，非法的imitate vt.模仿，仿效；仿制immigrant n.移民 a.移民的impatient a.不耐烦的，急躁的import vt.&n.输入，进口impress vt.给…深刻印象impression n.印；印象；印记impressive a.给人印象深刻的imprison vt.关押，监禁；限制incident n.发生的事；事件indefinite a.不明确的；不定的independence n.独立，自主，自立independent a.独立的；自主的index n.索引；指数；指标indicate vt.标示，表示；表明indication n.指示；表示；表明indifferent a.冷漠的；不积极的indirect a.间接的；不坦率的individual a.个别的；独特的industrial a.工业的；产业的industrialize vt.使工业化inefficient a.效率低的，无能的inexpensive a.花费不多的，廉价的infant n.婴儿 a.婴儿的infect vt.传染；感染influence n.影响；势力 vt.影响influential a.有影响的；有权势的inform vt.通知，向…报告inhabit vt.居住于，栖息于inhabitant n.居民，住户injection n.注射，注入；充满inner a.内部的；内心的input n.输入；投入的资金inquire vt.打听，询问；调查inquiry n.询问，打听；调查insect n.昆虫，虫insert vt.插入; 嵌入; 登载insist vi.坚持；坚持要求inspect vt.检查，审查；检阅inspection n.检查，审查；检阅install vt.安装，设置installation n.安装；装置；设施instance n.例子，实例，事例instant n.瞬间 a.立即的instantly ad.立即，即刻institute n.研究所；学院institution n.协会；制度，习俗instruction n.命令；教学；教训instrument n.仪器；工具；乐器insufficient a.不足的；不适当的insurance n.保险；保险费insure .给…保险；确保intellectual n.知识分子 a.智力的intelligence n.智力；理解力；情报intelligent a.聪明的；理智的intend vt.想要，打算；意指interfere vi.干涉，干预；妨碍interference n.干涉，干预；阻碍interior a./n..内的；内地的n.内部intermediate a.中间的；中级的internal a.内的；国内的international a.国际的，世界(性)的interpret vt.解释，说明；口译interpretation n.解释；口译interpreter n.译员，口译者interrupt vt.打断，打扰；中止interruption n.中断，打断；障碍物introduction n.介绍；引进；引言invest vt.投资；投入investigate vt.&vi.调查investigation n.调查，调查研究investment n.投资，投资额，投入invisible a.看不见的，无形的invitation n.邀请，招待；请柬involve vt.使卷入；牵涉iron n.铁；烙铁 vt.烫(衣) irregular a.不规则的；不整齐的jam n.果酱vt.使塞满；使堵塞jaw n.颌，颚jazz n.爵士音乐，爵士舞曲jealous a.妒忌的；猜疑的jet n.喷气式飞机；喷嘴jewel n.宝石；宝石饰物Jewish a.犹太人的joint n.接头，接缝；关节journal n.日报，杂志；日志journalist n.记者，新闻工作者joyful a.十分喜悦的，快乐的juice n.(水果等)汁，液jungle n.丛林，密林，莽丛junior adj.年少的 n.晚辈jury n.陪审团；评奖团justice n.正义，公正；司法justify vt.证明…是正当的keen a.热心的；激烈的kettle n.水壶，水锅keyboard n.键盘kid n.小孩，儿童，少年kindness n.仁慈，好意kingdom n.王国；领域，界kneel vi.跪，跪下，跪着label n.标签；标记，符号laboratory n.实验室，研究室lamb n.羔羊，小羊；羔羊肉lame a.跛的；瘸的，残废的landlord n.地主；房东，店主lantern n.提灯，灯笼laser n.激光Latin a.拉丁的 n.拉丁语latter a.(两者中)后者的laughter n.笑，笑声lavatory n.盥洗室，厕所layer n.层，层次；铺设者leadership n.领导leading a.指导的；最主要的learned a.有学问的；学术上的learning n.学习；学问，知识lecture n.&vi.演讲，讲课legal a.法律的；合法的legend n.传说，传奇leisure n.空闲时间；悠闲lemon n.柠檬，柠檬树length n.长，长度；一段lessen vt.减少，减轻；缩小liar n.说谎的人liberal a.心胸宽大的；慷慨的lid n.盖子，盖，囊盖lighten vt.照亮，使明亮likely a.可能的 ad.很可能likewise ad.同样地；也，又limitation n.限制；限度，局限limited a.有限的liter n.升(容量单位) literature n.文学；文献lively a.活泼的；逼真的liver n.肝；肝脏load vt.装；装满 n.负载loaf n.一条面包，一个面包loan n.贷款；暂借 vt.借出logic n.逻辑，推理；逻辑性logical a.逻辑的；符合逻辑的lonely a.孤独的；荒凉的long vi.(for)渴望，极想念loose a.松的；宽松的loosen vt.解开；使松驰loss n.遗失；损失；失败lover n.爱好者；情人；情侣loyal a.忠诚的，忠心的loyalty n.忠诚，忠心lung n.肺脏，肺luxury n.奢侈，奢华；奢侈品magic n.魔法，巫术；戏法magnificent a.壮丽的；华丽的maid n.女佣，女仆；少女maintain vt.维持；赡养；维修major a.较大的 n.专业manly a.男子气概的，果断的manufacture vt.制造 n.制造；产品march vi.行军；游行示威mass n.众多；团；群众masterpiece n.杰作，名著materialism n.唯物主义mature a.成熟的 vt.使成熟mayor n.市长mean a.自私/吝啬的,平均的n平均值measurable a.可测量的measurement n.衡量，测量；尺寸Mediterranean n.地中海 a.地中海的medium n.媒质；中间a.中等的mental a.智力的；精神的metric a.公制的，米制的microphone n.话筒，麦克风microscope n.显微镜mineral n.矿物 a.矿物的minimum n.最小量 a.最小的minority n.少数；少数民族minus a.负的 prep.减(去) miracle n.奇迹，令人惊奇的人mislead vt.使误入岐途missile n.发射物；导弹missing a.缺掉的，失去的mist n.薄雾misunderstand vt.误解，误会，曲解mobile a.运动的；流动的modest a.有节制的；谦虚的modify vt.更改，修改；修饰monument n.纪念碑；纪念馆mood n.心情，情绪；语气moral a.道德的；合乎道德的moreover ad.再者，加之，此外mosquito n.蚊子motivate vt.促动；激励，激发motive n.动机，目的mount vt.登上，爬上n.…山mourn vi.哀痛，哀悼mouthful n.满口，一口，少量muddy a.多泥的，泥泞的multiple a.复合的；并联的multiply vt.使增加；乘murderer n.杀人犯，凶手muscle n.肌肉，肌；体力mute a.缄默的 n.哑巴mysterious a.神秘的；难以理解的mystery n.神秘；神秘的事物naked a.裸体的；无遮敝的namely ad.即，也就是nap n.小睡，打盹，瞌睡nasty a.龌龊的；淫猥的naturally ad.自然地；天然地naughty a.顽皮的，淘气的naval n.海军的，军舰的navy n.海军neat a.整洁的；熟练的necessarily ad.必然，必定necessity n.必要性；必然性necklace n.项链，项圈needless a.不需要的negative a.否定的；消极的neglect vt.忽视，忽略；疏忽Negro n.黑人neighbourhood n.邻居关系；邻近nerve n.神经；勇敢，胆量nervous a.神经的；易激动的nest n.巢，窝，穴network n.网状物；网络neutral a.中立的；中性的nevertheless conj.然而 ad.仍然newly ad.新近，最近nonsense n.胡说，废话normally ad.通常，正常地noticeable a.显而易见的；重要的novel n.小说 a.新的nowadays ad.现今，现在nuclear a.原子核的；核心的nucleus n.核，核心；(原子)核numerous a.为数众多的；许多nursery n.托儿所；苗圃nylon n.尼龙，耐纶object n.物，物体；目的object vi.反对；抱反感objection n.反对，异议；不喜欢objective a.客观的；无偏见的oblige vt.迫使；施恩惠于observation n.注意；观察；观察力observe vt.遵守；看到；说observer n.观察员，观测者obtain vt.获得，得到，买到occasion n.场合，时刻；时机occasional a.偶然的；临时的occasionally ad.偶然；非经常地occupation n.占领，占据；职业occupy vt.占领；占，占有occur vi.发生；出现，存在occurrence n.发生，出现；事件Oceania n.大洋洲odd a.奇数的；单只的odour n.气味，香气；味道omit vt.省略，省去；遗漏onion n.洋葱，洋葱头opera n.歌剧operational a.操作上的；可使用的opponent n.对手，敌手；对抗者opportunity n.机会，良机oppose vt.反对；反抗opposite a.对面的 n.对立物oppress vt.压迫，压制；压抑optimistic a.乐观的；乐观主义的option n.选择，选择权optional a.可以任意选择的orbit n.运行轨道 vt.环绕orchestra n.管弦乐队orderly a.整洁的；有秩序的organ n.器官；机构；管风琴organic a.有机体的；器官的organism n.生物体；有机体organization n.组织；团体，机构oriental a.东方的；东方国家的origin n.起源，由来；出身original a.最初的；新颖的orphan n.孤儿ounce n.盎司，英两outcome n.结果，后果，成果outlet n.出口，出路；排遣outline n.轮廓；略图；大纲outlook n.观点，看法；展望output n.产量；输出量；输出outset n.开始，开端outskirt n.外边，郊区outstanding a.突出的，杰出的oven n.炉，灶；烘箱overall n.工装裤 a.全面的overcome vt.战胜，克服overhead a.在头顶上的；架空的overlook vt.眺望；看漏；放任overnight ad.一夜；突然overseas ad.海外 a.在海外的overtake vt.追上，赶上；压倒overtime a.超时的，加班的owl n.猫头鹰，枭ownership n.所有(权)，所有制pace n.步，步速 vi.踱步pacific a.和平的 n.太平洋package n.包裹，包，捆packet n.小包(裹)，小捆painful a.使痛的；费力的painter n.漆工，画家，绘画者painting n.油画；绘画；着色palm n.手掌，手心；掌状物parallel a.平行的；相同的parcel n.包裹，小包，邮包parliament n.议会，国会partial a.部分的；不公平的participate vi.参与，参加；分享particularly ad.特别，尤其，格外passage n.通过；通路，通道passion n.激情，热情；爱好passive a.被动的；消极的paste n.糊，酱；浆湖pastime n.消遣，娱乐patch n.补钉；碎片 vt.补缀patience n.忍耐，容忍，耐心pattern n.型，式样，模，模型paw n.脚爪，爪子payment n.支付，支付的款项peaceful a.和平的；安静的peak n.山顶，巅 a.最高的pearl n.珍珠；珍珠母peculiar a.特有的；特别的pepper n.胡椒，胡椒粉percentage n.百分比，百分率perfectly ad.很，完全perform vt.履行，执行；演出performance n.履行；演出；行为permanent a.永久的，持久的permission n.允许，许可，同意personal a.个人的；本人的personnel n.全体人员，全体职员phenomenon n.现象philosopher n.哲学家philosophy n.哲学；哲理；人生观photographic a.摄影的，摄影用的physician n.医生，内科医生physicist n.物理学家pie n.(西点)馅饼pigeon n.鸽子pile n.堆 vt.堆叠，累积pillar n.柱，柱子；栋梁pillow n.枕头pilot n.领航员；飞行员pin n.针，饰针 n.别住pink n.粉红色 a.粉红色的pint n.品脱pipeline n.管道，管线pistol n.手枪pitch n.沥青pitch vt.投，掷 vi.投掷plain n.平原 a.清楚的planet n.行星plantation n.种植园；栽植plastic a.可塑的 n.塑料plentiful a.丰富的，富裕的plug n.塞子；插头 vt.塞plural a.复数的 n.复数plus prep.加，加上 a.正的pocket n.衣袋 n.袖珍的poetry n.诗，诗歌，诗作poison n.毒，毒药 vt.毒害poisonous a.有毒的，有害的pole n.杆，柱pole n.极(点)，磁极，电极policy n.政策，方针politician n.政治家；政客pond n.池塘porridge n.粥，麦片粥portable a.轻便的；手提的porter n.搬运工人portrait n.肖像，画像Portuguese n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语positive a.确定的；积极的possess vt.占用，拥有(财产) possession n.有，所有；占有物post n.柱，桩，杆 vt.贴出post n.岗位，哨所,职位，邮寄；邮件postage n.邮费，邮资postpone vt.延迟，推迟，延缓 potential a.潜在的 n.潜力poverty n.贫穷，贫困powerful a.强有力的；有权威的praise n.赞扬，赞美 vi.赞扬pray vt.&vi.请求；祈祷prayer n.祈祷，祈求precaution n.预防；警惕preceding a.在前的；在先的precious a.珍贵的，宝贵的precise a.精确的，准确的precision n.精确，精密，精密度preface n.序言，前言，引语preferable a.更可取的，更好的preference n.偏爱，优先；优先权prejudice n.偏见，成见preliminary a.预备的，初步的preparation n.准备，预备；制备prescribe vt.命令；处(方)presence n.出席，到场；在preserve vt.保护；保存；腌渍pressure n.压力；压力；压，按previous a.先的；前的 ad.在前pride n.骄傲；自豪 vt.自夸primarily ad.首先；主要地primary a.最初的；基本的prince n.王子，亲王princess n.公主，王妃principal a.主要的 n.负责人principle n.原则，原理；主义prior a.在先的；优先的privilege n.特权，优惠probability n.可能性；概率procedure n.程序；手续；过程process n.过程；工序 vt.加工productive a.生产的；丰饶的profession n.职业professional a.职业的 n.专业人员profit n.益处；利润 vi.得益progressive a.进步的；向前进的prominent a.突起的；突出的promising a.有希望的；有前途的proof n.证据；证明；校样property n.财产，资产；性质proportion n.比，比率，部分proportional a.比例的；相称的proposal n.提议，建议；求婚prospect n.展望；前景，前程prosperous a.繁荣的，昌盛的protection n.保护，警戒protective a.保护的，防护的protest n./v.抗议proud a.骄傲的；自豪的psychological a.心理的，心理学的publication n.公布；出版；出版物pulse n.脉搏；脉冲，脉动punctual a.严守时刻的；准时的purchase n.买，购买 vt.买purify vt.使纯净，使洁净purity n.纯净；纯洁；纯度purple n.紫色 a.紫的purse n.钱包，小钱袋，手袋qualify vt.使具有资格quality n.质量；品质，特性quantity n.量，数量，分量quarterly a.季度的 ad.季度地quicken vt.加快 vi.加快quilt n.被(子)quit vt.离开，退出；停止quiz n.小型考试，测验quotation n.引用；引文；报价单quote vt.引用，引证；报价rabbit n.兔子，野兔racial a.种族的，人种的racket n.球拍radar n.雷达，无线电探测器radiation n.放射，发射；辐射能radioactivity n.放射性，放射(现象) radium n.镭rag n.破布，碎布，抹布rainbow n.虹，彩虹range n.排，行；山脉；范围rank n.排，横行；社会阶层rarely ad.很少，难得rate n.比率；速度；价格reaction n.反应；反作用readily ad.乐意地；无困难地reality n.现实；真实rear n.后部，后面；背面reasonable a.合情合理的；公道的rebel vi.造反 n.造反者rebellion n.造反；叛乱；反抗recall vt.回想；叫回；收回receipt n.收到；收条，收据receiver n.收受者，收件人reception n.接待；招待会；接受recite vt.&vi.背诵，朗诵recognition n.认出，识别；承认recollect vt.回忆，追忆，想起recommend vt.推荐，介绍；劝告recommendation n.推荐，介绍；劝告recover vt.重新获得；挽回recovery n.重获；痊愈，恢复reduce vt.减少，减小；简化reduction n.减少，减小，缩减reference n.参考；出处；提及refine vt.&vi.精炼，提纯reflection n.反射；映象；反映reform vt.&n.改革，改良refresh vt.使清新vi.恢复精神refreshment n.茶点，点心，便餐refrigerator n.冰箱，冷藏库refuge n.避难，庇护；庇护者refusal n.拒绝regarding prep.关于regardless ad.不顾一切地region n.地区，地带；领域register vt.登记，注册regulation n.规则，规章；管理relationship n.关系，联系relativity n.相关性；相对性release vt.释放；放松；发表relevant a.有关的，贴切的reliability n.可靠性reliable a.可靠的，可信赖的reliance n.信任，信赖，信心religion n.宗教；宗教信仰religious a.宗教的；虔诚的remark vt.&vi.&n.评论，谈论remarkable a.异常的，非凡的removal n.移动；迁移；除掉renew vt.使更新 vi.更新repeatedly ad.重复地；一再repetition n.重复，反复reputation n.名誉，名声；好名声requirement n.需要；要求rescue vt.&n.援救，营救researcher n.调查者；探究者reservoir n.水库；蓄水池residence n.居住；驻扎；住处resident a.居住的 n.居民resist vt.&vi.抵抗，抵制respectful a.恭敬的，尊重的responsibility n.责任，责任心；职责responsible a.有责任的；尽责的restless a.不安定的，焦虑的retell vt.再讲，重述，复述retire v.退下；引退；就寝revolution n.革命；旋转，绕转revolutionary a.革命的 n.革命者reward n.报答；报酬 vt.报答rhythm n.韵律，格律；节奏rib n.肋，肋骨rifle n.步枪，来复枪ripe a.熟的；时机成熟的ripen vt.使熟 vi.成熟risk v./n.冒险，风险，危险rival n.竞争者 a.竞争的roar vi.吼叫；呼喊 n.吼roast vt.&vi.烤，炙，烘rob vt.&vi.抢劫；劫掠robber n.强盗，盗贼robbery n.抢劫，劫掠，盗取robot n.机器人；自动机rocket n.火箭，火箭发动机Roman n.古罗马人 a.罗马的romantic a.浪漫的；传奇的rot vt.烂，腐坏 n.腐烂rough a.表面不平的；粗略的route n.路，路线，路程royal a.王的；皇家的rubbish n.垃圾，废物；废话ruin n.毁灭；废墟 vt.毁坏sadness n.悲痛，悲哀safe a.安全的；谨慎的safe n.保险箱salad n.色拉；莴苣，生菜salary n.薪金，薪水sample n.样品；实例，标本sandwich n.三明治 vt.夹入satisfaction n.满意；快事；赔偿satisfactory a.令人满意的，良好的saving n.搭救；节约；存款scarce a.缺乏的；希有的scarcely ad.仅仅；几乎不schedule n.时间表；计划表scholar n.学者(尤指文学方面) scholarship n.学业成绩；奖学金scissors n.剪刀，剪子scold vi.责骂 vt.申斥screen n.屏；屏幕 vt.掩蔽seal n.封蜡；印记 vt.封seaman n.海员，水手；水兵seaport n.海港，港市secondary a.第二的；次要的secondly ad.第二(点)；其次section n.切片；一段；部门security n.安全，安全感selection n.选择，挑选；精选物selfish a.自私的，利己的semester n.半年；学期，半学年semiconductor n.半导体senate n.参议院，上院sensible a.感觉得到的；明智的sensitive a.敏感的；灵敏的separation n.分离，分开；分居series n.连续，系列；丛书session n.会议，一段时间settlement n.解决；殖民，殖民地shampoo vt.用洗发剂洗 n.洗头shape n.形状；情况 vt.形成sharpen vt.削尖，使敏锐shave vt.剃，刮 vi.修面sheet n.被单；纸张；薄板shilling n.先令shortage n.不足，缺少，不足额shortcoming n.短处，缺点shower n.阵雨；(一)阵；淋浴sigh n.&vi.叹气，叹息sightseeing n.观光，游览signal n.信号 vi.发信号signature n.署名，签字，签名significance n.意义，意味；重要性significant a.有意义的；重要的simplify vt.简化，使单纯sincere a.真诚的；真挚的singular a.单一的；非凡的skillful a.灵巧的，娴熟的slipper n.拖鞋，便鞋smart a.巧妙的；洒脱的snowstorm n.雪暴，暴风雪so-called a.所谓的，号称的social a.社会的；社交的solid a.固体的 n.固体solution n.解决，解答；溶解sorrow n.悲痛，悲哀，悲伤sparrow n.麻雀specialist n.专家speciality n.专业，特长；特产specific a.特有的；具体的。

国际贸易实务Chapter 5 (2)Offer and Acceptance

国际贸易实务Chapter 5 (2)Offer and Acceptance

4 Counter-offer
A counter-offer means either the offeree proposes a new set of terms for the transaction or he makes a conditional acceptance by making actual, material changes in the offer
5. Acceptance
An acceptance is a statement made by the offeree, indicating assent to an offer.
Constituents of a definite offer
all the necessary items for a transaction It specifies the time by which the offer is valid It uses the phrase “offer firm” It must be made to a specific person.
2. Definite offer: 实盘
A definite offer is one that clearly expresses the offerer’s willingness in concluding a contract. Such an offer will be binding on the offerer if the offer is accepted by the offeree.
Chapter 5 (2)
Offer and Acceptance
Inquiry-offer-counteroffer-acceptance 询盘—报盘—还盘—接受

考研英语近形近义词辨析

考研英语近形近义词辨析

各位同学：整理考研英语近义近形词汇辨析资料是一个很艰辛的过程，希望同学们拿到资料之后，心态平和，先通读一遍，把一些自己早就能辨析清楚的全部划掉，剩下部分在考前反复看，注意我们注释中词与词意思上的差别。

到考场上就能高效应对完形填空中的近义近形词辨析了。

祝大家考试顺利！吴耀武考研英语近义近形词辨析（一）1. adapt 适应adopt 收养2. alive 活着的living 活的,起作用的lively 活泼的live 直播（节目）3. alone 单独的,孤独的lonely 寂寞的，（地方）偏僻的4. attribute 归结与contribute 贡献distribute 分发tribute 贡品,礼物5. afford 供应得起effort 努力6. believe 相信relieve 减轻7.confirm 确定confine 限制confess 承认confuse 使糊涂refuse 拒绝8. commit 犯(错误)submit 递交permit 允许admit 承认omit 省略9. cure 治愈curve 使弯曲curse 诅咒10. considerate 考虑周到的considerable 相当多的considering 考虑到,顾及11. clear 清楚的clean 清洁的12. definite 明确的infinite 无限的define 定义13. different 不同的indifferent 无关紧要的14. disappoint 使失望disapprove 不赞成15. deceive 欺骗receive 收到16. expensive 昂贵的experiment 实验17. ensure 保证assure 担保insure 给…保险18. expensive 昂贵的expansive 易扩张的extensive 广阔的intensive 强烈的19. expense 费用expansion 膨胀extension 扩充exposure 暴露20. efficient 有效的sufficient 充分的effective 有效的21. harvest 收获harness 马具22. high 高的highly 非常23. imply 暗示apply 应用supply 提供reply 答复24. impose 强加expose 揭露propose 计划suppose 假设25. inspect 检查expect 期待respect 尊敬suspect 怀疑26. include 包含conclude 结束27. infect 传染effect 结果affect 影响28.inquire 询问require 需要acquire 获得29.interfere 干涉interrupt 打扰interpret 解释interview 接见rm 通知reform 改革perform 履行31.jam 果酱jar 广口瓶jaw 下巴32.lie 说谎lay 放置33.note 注意notice 通知34.obtain 获得maintain 维持contain 包含sustain 支持35.object 物体subject 主题project 工程36.price 价格prize 奖品praise 赞扬37.present 礼物represent 象征38.possess 拥有process 过程39.prefer 更喜欢refer 谈及infer 推断40.project 工程reject 拒绝41.pretext 借口protect 保护protest 抗议42.produce 生产reduce 减少deduce 推论induce 劝诱43.preserve 保护reserve 储存conserve 保存44.review 复习revise 修改preview 事先查看45.resist 抵抗persist 持续insist 坚持assist 帮助consist 由…组成46.resume 履历consume 消耗assume 假定47.respond 回答correspond 符合48.respective 分别的respectful 尊敬的respectable 可敬的49.rise 上升arise 出现raise 提高arouse 唤醒50.status 身份statue 雕像51.staff 全体职员stiff 僵硬的stuff 原料52.sensible 有感觉的sensitive 敏感的53.succeed 成功proceed 进行exceed 超越54.transmit 传输transfer 转移transform 转换translate 翻译transport 运输transplant 移植55.temporary 暂时contemporary 同时代的56.unite 联合unity 团结reunion 重聚unit 个体57.vary 变化varied 各式各样的various 不同的variety 种类variable 可变的58.wander 漫步wonder 对…感到惊奇59.recommend 推荐demand 要求command 命令60.access 接近excess 过量61.adverse 敌对averse 反对的62.affectation假装affection爱63.allusion 暗示illusion幻觉64.annual 一年一次的annul取消65.appraise估价apprise报告66.argument 争论augment 增加67.bandage绷带bondage奴役68.carton用纸盒包装cartoon漫画69.censor检查70.collision猛烈相撞collusion共谋71.confidant 密友confident确信的72.consul 领事council会议counsel劝告73.dairy乳牛场diary日记74.decease死亡disease疾病75.decent适合desent降下dissent异议76.desert 沙漠dessert甜点77.disassemble分解dissemble伪装78.drought,draft草稿drought 久旱79.eligible 合格的illegible难读的80.eminent闻名的imminent迫近的81.exalt提升exult欢腾82.ingenious设计精巧的ingenuous天真的83.jealous嫉妒的84.material材料materiel军备85.moral 品行端正的morale士气86.ordinance法令ordnance军械87.parish教区perish死88.perpetrate犯（罪）perpetuate使不朽88.personality人格personalty私人财产89.persecute迫害prosecute进行90.portable可携带的potable可饮用的91.prescribe开药方proscribe禁止92.reality真实realty不动产93.statue雕像stature身材94.vacation假期vocation职业95.alumna女毕业生alumnus男毕业生alumni毕业生96.amoral 非道德的immoral不道德的unmoral无关道德问题的97.avocation嗜好vocation职业vacation 假期98.biannual一年两度的biennial两年一次的99.chord琴弦cord细绳100.clench要紧牙关clinch是订牢111.climate气候weather天气pare 比较contrast对比113.connotation涵义denotation意义114.contemptible可鄙的contemptuous藐视的115.continual连续的continuous不断的116.credible 可信的credulous轻信的117.disinterested公正的uninterested不赶兴趣的118.disorganized杂乱无章的unorganized未加组织的119.divers种种的diverse不同的120.dual 二重的duel决斗121.egoist利己主义者egotist自大者122.merge 出现immerge浸入123.emigrant 自本国移居他国者immigrant自他国移入者124.father更远的further更进一步的125.hanged绞死hung悬挂126.historic历史上著名的historical有关历史的127.human 人类的humane慈悲的128.imaginary虚构的imaginative富于想象的129.incomparable举世无双的uncomparable无法比较的130.incredible 难以置信的incredulous不信的131.apt易于liable易患的likely有可能的132.luxuriant繁茂的luxurious奢侈的133.moan呻吟mourn哀悼134.oral口头的verbal言辞的135.personal私人的personnel人员136.register登记registrars登记员137.sailer帆船sailor水手138.salon客厅saloon酒店139.subcoucious潜意识的unconscious失去知觉的140.transcript副本transcription眷写141.altar神坛alter改变142.ascent上升assent同意143.cannon大炮canon教规144.canvas帆布canvass兜售145.cession割让session开会146.faint 昏厥feint作假击147.intension激烈intention意图148.pray祈祷prey被捕食之物149.principal 首要的principle基本信条150.stationary固定的stationery文具151.address地址，发表演说attribute性质mittee委员会concert音乐会content内容153.converse N 相反的事物V 谈话154.desert N 沙漠V 舍弃155.digest N 摘要V 消化156.instinct N 本能 A 充满的157.intimate A 亲密的V 暗示158.minute N 分 A 微小的159.object N 物体V 反对160.refuse V 拒绝N 垃圾161.tear N 泪V 撕ed A 用旧了的 A 习惯于163.aboard adv/prep.在船或飞机上，abroad adv. 向国外；在国外，164.academic a.学术的,学者的academical a..学院的，大专院校的165.accept v.接受.except prep./v.除外167.acceptance n.接受acceptation n.字句的意义168.adhesive a.胶粘的cohesive a.紧密结合在一起的169.admission n.入场；入学，入会admittance n.入场170.adverse a. 相反的，不利的averse a. 反对的；不乐意的171.affectation n.影响；爱情affection n.矫揉造作affect v.影响effect v./n.产生结果;结果172. allusion n.暗示，隐喻illusion n.幻觉，错觉173.alternate a.轮流的，交替的，间隔的alternative a./n.二中择一的174.amend v.修正议案等emend v.校勘，校订175.amiable a.人和蔼可亲的am cable a.行为手势友好的176.ascend v.上升；攀登；追溯descend v.下降；代代传下来177.assent n./v. 同意，赞许ascent n. 上升；登高178.attempt n./v.试图，努力tempt v.诱惑179.blush v.因害羞或狼狈而引起的脸红flush v.因兴奋紧张喜悦而引起的脸红180.break n./v.休息；打破brake n. 刹车181.burnish v. 抛光；打磨furnish v. 供给182.bury v.埋葬berry n.浆果183.capital a./n.首要的；首都capitol n. 美国国会大厦184.cellar n. 地下室（贮藏粮食燃料）seller n. 卖主；售货之物185.childish a. 孩子所特有的，幼稚的childlike a. 孩子们天真的，诚实的pliment v,/n. 向…致意，祝贺；表扬，赞美的话complement v./n. 补充；补充物prehensible a.能懂的，可以理解的comprehensive a.综合的，全面的188.congenial a. 义气相投的，合适的congenital a.天生的189.considerable a.相当的considerate a.体贴的190.corps n.特种兵团，军团corpse n. 尸体191.course n.课程；路线coarse a. 粗糙的，粗俗的192.credible a.可信的，可靠的credulous a. 轻信的，易受骗的193.defective a.有缺点的有毛病的deficient a. 缺乏的，不足的194.detection n.查明，查出detention n. 扣留，扣押195.disinterested a.无私的，无偏见的uninterested a.不感兴趣的；漠不关心的196.dissent n./v. 持异议不同意descent n. 降下，下坡，家世197.distinct a.明显的；性质上不同的distinctive a. 区别的；鉴别性的；有特色的198.eatable a.新鲜的，可口的edible a. 可食的199.electric a. 用电的electrical a.与电有关的200.eminent a.杰出的imminent a.迫切的,逼近眼前的201.expand v.扩大膨胀，发展expend v. 花费202.extinguish v.熄灭（火光、希望等）distinguish v. 区别203.faint a.虚心的，怯懦的，微弱的feint n./v.佯攻假装204.flame n./v.光辉，火焰；燃烧，变红blame v.责备，归咎于205.flash n./v.闪光，闪烁flush n./v.脸色红润；面孔突然发红206.heal v.愈合heel n.脚后跟207.historic a.有历史意义的historical a. 历史的，有关历史的208.hoarse a.声音发哑的coarse a.粗糙的,粗鲁的209.ignoble a.卑鄙的，出身卑贱的ignorant a. 无知的210.imaginative a. 富有想象力的imaginary a. 假想的imaginable a.可以想象得到的211.legislative a.立法的，立法权的legitimate a. 合法的，，正当的，合理的212.literal a.字面的literary a. 书面的文学的213.minor a./n小的；未成年者miner n.矿工214.negligible a.可忽略的，微不足道的neglectful a.不留心的疏忽的215.practicable a.可行的，行得通的practical a. 有用的，现实的216.principal a./n.主要的；校长principle n. 主义，原则217.reserve v.保留（意见、权力、款项）；预定（房间、座位）preserve v. 收藏保存防腐conserve v. 保持，保存218.respectable a. 可尊敬的respectful a.恭敬的219.responsible a.负责的responsive a. 回答的，响应的220.seasonal a. 季节性的seasonable a.当令的，合时的，及时的221.sensible a. 觉察的，明智的sensitive a. 敏感的神经过敏的222.sensual a.肉体上的，肉欲的，淫荡的sensuous a. 感觉上的，感官享受的，引起美感的223.shameful a.可耻的ashamed a. 以为…是羞耻224.sore a.痛的，酸痛的sour a. 酸的225.suit n. 一套衣服,诉讼suite n. 房间器具的一套225.unable a.不能够，不会disable a. 使残废，使无能226.zealous a. 热心的，热诚的jealous a. 嫉妒的227..relieve减轻，解除，援助reveal 透露，暴露release 释放reject 拒绝，抛弃resolve 决心，决定，决议revenge 报复，复仇revenue 税收refuge 庇护，避难所revolt 造反，反抗228..contend vi.竞争，比赛，争论vt.主张，坚信content 内容contest 比赛，竞赛context 上下文contrast 对照，对比continents 大陆，大洲constituents 构成constructs 建造，构造constitutes 构成229.acclaim 向……欢呼，为……喝彩proclaim 宣告，声明exclaim 呼喊reclaim 要求归还，收回declaim 高声朗读230..acid 酸，酸的acrid 辛辣的arid，干旱的avid 渴望的avoid 避免231.abrupt 突然的corrupt 腐败的disrupt 分裂，瓦解erupt 爆发232.deduce 演绎seduce 诱使educe 引出，得出induce 劝诱reduce 减少，缩小233.detail 琐事，详情retail 零售entail 使承担234.evoke 唤醒invoke 调用provoke 激怒revoke 撤回235.expel 驱逐repel 反击impel 推动dispel 驱散compel 强迫236.mission 使命，任务，代表团admission，允许进入commission 委任emission 发射，散发permission 许可transmission 播送，发射missionary 传教士237.bubble 泡，泡沫pebble 卵石rubble 瓦砾，碎石238.reject 拒绝，对齐，排斥eject 逐出inject 注射deject 使沮丧239.press 压suppress 镇压，抑制impress 印，留下印象depress 使消沉compress 压缩express 表达pressure 压力，压强，强制，压迫240.resource 资源，财力recourse 求助，求援241.pose 造成（困难等）；提出（问题等）；陈述（观点等）compose 组成，写作dispose 处理，处置expose 使暴露impose 征税，强加oppose 反对purpose 打算suppose 推想，假设propose 提议，建议，提名，推荐242. product 产品，强调由人力或机械力或自然力生产的东西production 生产produce 产物，农产品productivity 生产力243. success 成功succession 连续244. expansion 扩张，膨胀excursion 短途旅行existence 存在exchange 交换，交流245. recession 萧条，衰退concession 让步confession 招供，认错confusion 混乱，紊乱246. symptoms 症状，征兆syndrome 综合症状247. overhaul 彻底检查overflow 飞过overlap 部分重叠overcast 遮蔽248. process 过程，步骤，程序prospects 指经济方面的前景project 规则，方案，工程profile 侧影，外形249. praise 赞美braise 炖肉250. self-confident 自信的self-sufficient 自给自足的self-satisfied 自满的self-restrained 自我控制的251. assumption 假定，假设，多指无证据的设想；presumption 认定，推测，侧重有根据的推论252. consumption 消费resumption 回复253. attain达到，获得，尤指经过一定的努力而获得obtain，获得abstain 放弃retain 保留contain 包含254. distort 歪曲，曲解contort 因扭曲而变形retort 反驳255. concede 承认，让步accede 同意recede 后退precede 领先256. barely 强调程度rarely 强调频率257. worth be ~ sth/doing值得worthy be ~ of够得上，值得worthless 无价值的worthwhile 值得花时间的，值得做的258. distinguishing 分辨discovering 发现determining 确实detecting 察觉259. diluted 冲淡，稀释dissolved 解散，溶解dispersed 分散，散布diffused 散开，扩散260. interaction （with）与……的互相作用，互相影响assimilation （into）适应，同化，融入……cooperation （with）与……的合作consultation （with）和……的商议261. now that 既然（表条件）so that 以使，以至（表目的）262. even if 及时，表让步if only 但愿，希望，标示一种强烈的愿望，后接虚拟语气only if 只有在……的时候，表示对条件的强调as if 好像，仿佛，表比较263. origin 起源original 原创264. identical 同一的，同样的duplicate 复制的265. protest 抗议，反对（反对的内容已经实施）object 反对（反对的内容未曾实施）266. advise 给对方建议劝告对方，但对方是否接受不抱希望（弱势对强势）；suggest 建议希望对方做某事，往往带有敦促、鼓励或警告之意（强势对弱势）propose 提议，供大家讨论267. sick of 对…厌恶（尤指因食、饮、听、看过度引起的）tire of 厌倦，对…不感兴趣268. bind 有约束力的restrain 抑制的，遏制的，可指彻底阻止也可指将……纳入控制、约束之中，强迫意味，可表示自我抑制vtlimit （能力或数量上）有限的confine （空间上）受限的269. grant （由于慷慨、仁慈）给予某物，(通常是上对下、官方正式地)允许allow （一般意义上）允许permit (法律上、制度上)允许270. fare (特指交通等)费用fee (进入一个地方，如场馆、学校等)费用bill （用餐、电话等）账单考研英语近义近形词辨析（二）1.climate：气候，风气，思潮circumstance：特指经济状况，表示环境，状况时常用复数atmosphere：气氛，氛围environment：指对人的感情、品德、思想等或动植物生存产生影响的环境surroundings：特指自然环境（地理概念）context:上下文2.vessel:血管，管道，一般指细小管道；route：路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；channel：海峡，渠道，管道；road:广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；way:可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；street: 尤指城市中的道路；highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；pavement（sidewalk）:街道两旁的人行道；trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道3. in place of指以甲到乙；instead of除代替外有对乙否定的意味，有时译为不4. as to：关于；for instance：后接一个句子或作插入语，放在句子中间或末尾，后面不能直接接宾语；such as：列举同类人或事物中的几个例子，用在句子中间,后面是such as之前内容的一个方面或补充；in particular：特别的，尤其，详尽的for example：举例说明某一论点或情况，一般只举同类人或物中的“一个”为例，可位于句首、句中或句末5. tighten：加紧，收紧，侧重强调数量，活动，情感，不和control搭配；intensify：加强，强化；fasten：系牢，扣紧，多接具体名词6. rough:指某物表面凹凸不平，不光滑；coarse: 指某物质地粗糙低劣或编织、加工等不精细、精巧。

英语CET4四级大纲词汇(纯英文、无注释)

英语CET4四级大纲词汇(纯英文、无注释)

Aa art.()()abandon vt.ability n.able a.abnormal a.aboard ad.()about prep.above prep.abroad ad.()absence n.absent a.absolute a.absolutely ad.absorb vt.abstract a. n.abundant a.abuse vt. n.academic a.academy n.accelerate vt.()acceleration n.accent n.accept vt.vi.acceptable a.acceptance n.access n.accessory n.accident n.accidental a.accommodate vt.accommodation n.accompany vt.accomplish vt.()accordance n. accordingly ad. account n. accumulate vt. vi. accuracy n.() accurate a. accuse vt. accustom vt. accustomed a. ache vi. n. achieve vt. achievement n. acid n. acquaintance n. acquire vt.acre n.(=6.07) across prep.act vi. n.action n.active a.activity n.actor n.actress n.actual a.actually ad.acute a.ad n.adapt vt.addition n. additional a. address n. adequate a. adjective n. a. adjust vt. administration n. admire vt. admission n. admit vt.adopt vt.adult n. a. advance vi. n. advanced a. advantage n. adventure n. adverb n. advertisement n. advice n. advisable n. advise vt. aeroplane n. affair n.affect vt. affection n. afford vt.afraid a.Africa n.African a. n. after prep. afternoon n. afterward ad. again ad. against prep. age n. vt. agency n. agent n. aggressive a. ago ad.agony n.agree vi. agreement n. agriculture n. ahead ad.aid n.aim vi.air n.aircraft n. airline n. airplane n. airport n. alarm n. alcohol n. alike a.alive a.all a. prep. allow vt.almost ad.alone a. ad.along prep. ad. aloud ad.alphabet n.already ad.also ad.alter vt.alternative n. although conj. altitude n. altogether ad. aluminium n.always ad.a.m ()amaze vt.ambition n. ambulance n. America n.American a. n. among prep.amongst prep(=among) amount n.ampere n.amplify vt.amuse vt.analyse vt.analysis n.anchor n. vi. ancient a.and conj. angel n.anger n. vt. angle n.angry a. animal n. a. ankle n. announce vt. announcer n. annoy vt. annual a. n. another a. answer vt.ant n. anticipate vt. anxiety n. anxious a.any a. anybody prep. anyhow ad. anyone pron. anything pron. anyway ad. anywhere ad. apart ad. apartment n.apology n. apparatus n. apparent a.appeal vi.&n. appear vi. appearance n. appetite n.apple n.appliance n. applicable a. application n. apply vt.appoint vt. appointment n. appreciate vt. approach vt. n. appropriate a. approval n. approve vt. approximate a. vt. approximately ad. April n.Arabian a. arbitrary a. architecture n. area n.argue vi. argument n.arithmetic n. arm n.army n. around prep. arouse vt. arrange vt. arrangement n. arrest vt. arrival n. arrive vi. arrow n.art n.article n. artificial a. artist n. artistic a.as conj.ash n. ashamed a.()() Asia n.Asian a. n. aside ad.ask vt.asleep a. aspect n. assemble vt. assembly n. assess vt.()assignment n. assist vt. assistant n. associate vi. n. association n. assume vt.assure vt. astonish vt. astronaut n.at prep.athlete n. Atlantic a. n. atmosphere n. atmospheric a. atom n.atomic a.attach vt.attack vt.&vi.&n. attain vt. attempt vt. n. attend vt. attention n. attentive a. attitude n. attract vt. attraction n. attractive a. attribute vt. n.August n. aunt n.aural a. Australia n. Australian a. author n. authority n. auto n.() automatic a. automation n. automobile n. autumn n. auxiliary a. available a. avenue n. average n. a. aviation n. avoid vt. await vt. awake a. vt. award n. aware a. away ad. awful a. awfully ad. awkward a.ax n.axis n.Bbaby n.back ad.background n.backward a. ad.bacteria n.bad a.badly ad.badminton n.bag n.baggage n.bake vt.balance vt. n.ball n.balloon n.banana n.band n.bang n.bank n.banner n.bar n.barber n.bare a.bargain n. vi.bark n. vi.barn n.barrel n.barrier n.basic a. basically ad. basin n. basis n. basket n. basketball n. bat n.bath n.bathe vt. bathroom n. battery n. battle n. vi. bay n.B.C. ()be aux.v.&vi. beach n. beam n.bean n.bear n.bear vt. beard n. beast n.beat vt.&vi. beautiful a. beauty n. because conj. become vi. bed n.beef n.beer n.before prep.beg vt.&vi. beggar n.begin vi. vt. beginner n. beginning n. behalf n. behave vi. behavior n. behind prep. being n.belief n. believe vt.bell n.belong vi. beloved a. n. below prep.() belt n.bench n.bend vt. vi. beneath prep. beneficial a. benefit n.berry n.() beside prep. besides ad.prep.bet vt.&vi.&n. betray vt. better a. ad. between prep. beyond prep. Bible n. bicycle n.big a.bike n. vi.bill n.billion num.() bind vt. biology n.bird n.birth n. birthday n. biscuit n.()() bit n.bite vt.bitter a. bitterly ad. black a. blackboard n. blade n. blame vt. blank a. n. blanket n. blast n. vt.bleed vi.blend vt.&vi.&n. bless vt.blind a.block n. vt. blood n.bloom n. blossom n. vi. blow vi.blue a. n.board n. vt.() boast vi. vt. boat n.body n.boil vi.vt.bold a.bolt n. vt. bomb n. vt. bond n.bone n.book n. vt.boot n.booth n.border n.bore vt.born a.borrow vt. bosom n.both pron.() bother vt. n. bottle n. bottom n. bough n. bounce vi. bound a. boundary n. bow n.bowl n.box n.box vi.boy n.brain n.brake n. vi. branch n.brand n. vt. brandy n.brass n.brave a.bread n. breadth n. break vt. breakfast n. breast n. breath n. breathe vi. vt. breed n. vt.brick n. bridge n.brief a.bright a. brighten vt. brilliant a. brim n.bring vt.brisk a. bristle n. Britain n. British a. brittle a. broad a. broadcast n. broken a. bronze n. brood n. vt.() brook n. broom n. brother n. brow n.brown n. bruise n. brush n.brute n. bubble n. vi. bucket n.build vt.building n.bulb n.bulk n.bull n.bullet n.bunch n.bundle n.burden n.bureau n.burn vi. n.burst vt. vi.&n.bury vt.bus n.bush n.business n.busy a.but conj.butcher n.butter n.butterfly n.button n. vt.buy vt. vi.by prep.Ccabbage n.cabin n.cable n.cafe n. cafeteria n. cage n.cake n. calculate vt. calculation n. calculator n. calendar n. call vt.calm a.camel n. camera n. camp n. campaign n. campus n.can aux.v.can n.Canada n. Canadian a. canal n. cancel vt. cancer n. candidate n. candle n. candy n. cannon n. canoe n.canvas n. cap n. capable a. capacity n. capital n. captain n. captive n. capture vt. car n. carbon n. card n.care vi. n. career n. careful a. careless a. cargo n. carpenter n. carpet n. carriage n. carrier n. carrot n. carry vt. cart n. carve vt. case n.case n.()() cash n. cassette n.castle n.casual a.cat n.catalog n.catch vt. cathedral n. cattle n.cause n.cave n.cease vi.&vi.&n. ceiling n. celebrate vt. cell n.cellar n. cement n. vt. cent n. centigrade a. centimetre n. central a. centre n. vt. century n. ceremony n. certain a. certainly ad. certainty n. certificate n. chain n.chair n.chalk n.challenge n. chamber n.champion n.chance n.change n.channel n.chapter n.character n. characteristic a. n. charge vt. n.charity n.charming a.chart n.chase n.cheap a.cheat vt. vi.check vt. n.cheek n.cheer vt.cheerful a.cheese n.chemical a. n. chemist n.chemistry n.cheque n.cherry n.chess n.chew vt.chicken n.chief a.child n. childhood n. childish a.chill vt. n. chimney n.chin n.China n.china n.Chinese a. n. chocolate n. choice n.choke vt.choose vt.chop vt.vi. Christian n. Christmas n. church n. cigarette n. cinema n.circle n.circuit n. circular a. circulate vt. vi. circumference n. circumstance n.city n.civil a. civilization n. civilize vt. claim vt.clap vi. vt. clarify vt.clasp n.class n.classical a. classification n. classify vt. classmate n. classroom n.claw n.clay n.clean a.clear a. vt. clearly ad.clerk n.clever a.cliff n.climate n.climb vi. vt. cloak n.()clock n.close vt.closely ad.clothe vt. clothes n. clothing n. cloud n.cloudy a.club n.clue n.clumsy a. coach n.coal n.coarse a.coast n.()coat n.cock n.code n.coffee n.coil n.() vt. coin n.()cold a. n. collapse vi. collar n. colleague n. collect vt. vi. collection n. collective a. college n. collision n. colonel n.color n.column n.comb n. vt. combination n. combine vt. come vi.comfort n. vt. comfortable a. command vt. commander n. comment n. commerce n. commercial a. commission n. commit vt.();() committee n. common a. commonly ad. communicate vi. communication n. communism n. communist n. community n. companion n. company n. comparative a. compare vt. comparison n.compel vt. compete vi. competent a. competition n. compile vt. complain vi. complaint n. complete a. completely ad. complex a. complicate vt. complicated a. component n. compose vt. composition n. compound n. comprehension n. comprehensive a. compress vt. comprise vt. compromise n. compute vt. computer n. comrade n. conceal vt. concentrate vt. concentration n. concept n.concerning prep. concert n. conclude vt. conclusion n. concrete n. condemn vt. condense vt. condition n. conduct n. conductor n.() conference n. confess vt. confidence n. confident n. confine vt. confirm vt. conflict n. confuse vt. confusion n. congratulate vt. congratulation n. congress n. conjunction n. connect vt. connection n. conquer vt. conquest n. conscience n.consciousness n. consent n. vi. consequence n. consequently ad. conservation n. conservative a. n. consider vt. considerable a. considerate a. consideration n. consist vi. consistent a. constant a. constitution n. construct vt. construction n. consult vt. consume vt. consumption n. contact vt. contain vt. container n. contemporary a. contempt n. content n.content a.contest vt. continent n.continue vt. continuous a. contract n. contradiction n. contrary a. n. contrast n. contribute vt. control vt. n. convenience n. convenient a. convention n. conventional a. conversation n. conversely ad. conversion n. convert vt. convey vt. convince vt. cook vt. vt. cool a. cooperate vi. coordinate vt. cope vi.copper n.copy n. vt.cord n.cordial a.core n.corner n. corporation n. correct a. vt. correction n. correspond vi. correspondent n. corresponding a. corridor n.cost n.costly a.cottage n.cotton n.cough vi. n. could aux.v.(can) council n.count vt. vi. counter n. country n. countryside n. county n.couple n.() courage n.course n.court n.cousin n.()() cover vt. n.cow n.coward n.craft n. crane n. crash vi. n. crawl vi. crazy a. cream n. create vt. creative a. creature n. credit n. creep vi. crew n. cricket n. crime n. criminal n. cripple n. crisis n. critic n. critical a. criticism n. criticize vt. crop n.cross vt. crow n. vi. crowd n. crown n. crude a. cruel a.crust n.cry vi.crystal n.cube n.cubic a.cucumber n.cultivate vt.culture n.cunning a.cup n.()cupboard n.cure vt. n.curiosity n.curious a.curl n. vi.current a.curse n.curtain n.()curve n. vt.cushion n.custom n.customer n.cut vt.cycle nDdaily a. n.dairy n.damage vt. n. damp a.dance vi. n. danger n. dangerous a. dare vt.&aux.v. daring a.dark a.darling n. dash vt. n. data n.;date n. vt. daughter n. dawn n. vi.day n.() daylight n. dead a.deadly a.deaf a.deal n. vt. dear a. int. death n.debate n.&vi. debt n.decade n. decay vi. n. deceit n. deceive vt.decent a. decide vt. decision n. deck n.declare vt. decorate vt. decrease vi.&n. deduce vt. deed n.deep a.deepen vt. vi. deer n.defeat vt. defect n. defence n. defend vt. define vt. definite a. definitely ad. definition n. degree n.delay vt. delete vt. delegation n. delicate a. delicious a. delight n. vt. deliver vt.demand vt. democracy n. democratic a. demonstrate vt. dense a. density n. deny vt.depart vi. department n. departure n. depend vi. dependent a. deposit vt. depress vt. depth n.derive vt. vi. descend vi. describe vt. description n. desert n. vt. deserve vt. design vt. n. desirable a. desire vt. n. desk n.despair n. vi. desperate a. despise vt.destination n. destroy vt. destruction n. detail n.detect vt. detection n. determination n. determine vt. develop vt. development n. device n.devil n.devise vt. devote vt.dew n.diagram n.dial n. vt. dialect n. dialog n. diameter n. diamond n.diary n.dictate vt.&vi. dictation n. dictionary n. die vi.differ vi. difference n.difficult a. difficulty a.dig vt.digest vt. n. digital a. diligent a.dim a.dimension n. dinner n.dip vt. vi.direct a. direction n. directly ad. director n.dirt n.dirty a.disable vt. disadvantage n. disagree vi. disappear vi. disappoint vt. disaster n.disk n.discard vt. discharge vt. n. discipline n. vt. disclose vt. discourage vt.discovery n. discuss vt. discussion n. disease n. disguise vi. n. disgust n.dish n. dishonour n. dislike vt.&n. dismiss vt. disorder n. display vt. disposal n. dispose vi. displease vt. dispute vi. n. dissatisfy vi. dissolve vt. distance n. distant a. distinct a. distinction n. distinguish vt. distress n. distribute vt. distribution n. district n. disturb vt.ditch n.dive vi.diverse a.divide vt. division n. divorce n. vi.do aux.v. vt. dock n.doctor n. document n.dog n.dollar n.() domestic a. donkey n.door n.dorm n.dormitory n. dose n.dot n. vt.double a.doubt n. vt. doubtful a. doubtless ad. down ad. downstairs ad. a. downward a. ad. dozen n.draft n. vt.drag vt.drain vt. n. drama n. dramatic a. draw vt.drawer n. drawing n.dread n. vt. dream n. vi. dress n.drift vi. n.drill n. vi. drink vt. vi. n. drip vi. n. drive vt.driver n.drop vt.drought n. drown vi.drug n.drum n.drunk a.dry a.duck n.due a.dull a.dumb a.dump vt.durable a.during prep.dusk n.dust n.duty n.dwelling n.dye vt. n.dying a.dynamic a.Eeach pron. a.eager a.eagle n.ear n.early ad. a.earn vt.earnest a.earth n.earthquake n.ease n. vt.easily ad.east n. ad.eastern a.easy a.eat vt. vi.echo n. vi.economic a.economical a.edge n.edition n. editor n. educate vt. education n. effect n. effective a. efficiency n. efficient a. effort n.egg n.eight num. eighteen num. eighth num. n. eighty num. either pron.() elaborate a. elastic n. a. elbow n.elder a. n. elect vt. election n. electric a. electrical a. electricity n. electron n. electronic a. electronics n.elementary a. elephant n. elevator n. eleven num. eleventh num.() eliminate vt. elimination n. else ad. a. elsewhere ad. embarrass vt. embrace vt. emerge vi. emergency n. emit vt. emotion n. emotional a. emperor n. emphasis n. emphasize vt. empire n. employ vi. employee n. employer n. employment n. empty a.enable vt. enclose vt. encounter vt. n.end n. vt. ending n. endless a. endure vt. enemy n.energy n. enforce vt. engage vt. engine n. engineer n. engineering n. England n. English n. a. Englishman n. enjoy vt. enlarge vt. enormous a. enough a. ad. ensure vt. enter vt. entertain vt. enthusiasm n. enthusiastic a. entire a. entitle vt.() entrance n. entry n. envelope n.environment n. envy vt.&n.equal a.equality n. equation n.() equip vt. equipment n. equivalent a.era n.erect vt.error n.escape vi. n. especially ad. essay n.essential a. establish vt. establishment n. estimate vt. n. Europe n. European a. n. evaluate vt. evaporate vt. vi. eve n.even ad.even a.evening n.event n. eventually ad. ever ad.everybody pron. everyday a. everyone pron. everything pron. everywhere ad. evidence n. evident a.evil n. a. evolution n. evolve vt.exact a.exactly ad. exaggerate vt.&vi. exam n. examination n. examine vt. example n.exceed vt. exceedingly ad. excellent a. except prep. exception n. excess n. excessive a. exchange vt. n. excite vt.exciting a. exclaim vi.exclusively ad. excursion n. excuse vt. n. execute vt. executive a. n. exercise n. vi. exert vt.() exhaust vt. exhibit vt. exhibition n. exist vi. existence n. exit n. vi. expand vt. expansion n. expect vt. expectation n. expense n. expensive a. experience n. experiment n. experimental a. expert n. a. explain vt. explanation n. explode vt. vi. exploit vt. explore vt.&vi.explosive n. a.export vt.expose vt.exposure n.express vt. n.expression n.extend vt.extension n.extensive a.extent n.exterior a.external a.extra a. ad.extraordinary a.extreme a.extremely ad.eye n.eyesight n.Ffacility n.fact n.factor n.factory n.faculty n.fade vi.Fahrenheit n.fail vi.faint a.fair a.fair n.fairly ad.faith n.faithful a.fall vi.false a.fame n.familiar a. family n.famine n. famous a.fan n.()fan n. vt.fancy n.far a. ad.fare n.farewell int. n. farm n.farmer n.farther ad. a. fashion n. fashionable a. fast a. ad. fasten vt.fatal a.fate n.。

法律英语课件-CONTRACT LAW (2017)合同法

法律英语课件-CONTRACT LAW (2017)合同法
• Ensures parties agreed on a minimum quantity of terms
• Gives court a reliable method to determine content of deal
Legal Significance of Offer
• Creates power of acceptance in offeree • Offeree can conclude a deal and bind
(5)Misrepresentation (6) Unconscionability (7)Illegal Contracts and Contracts Against Public Policy
Summary
• To keep two points in mind: • (1)a contract contains a present
in the class of persons to whom addressed Acceptance must be unequivocal. • Common Law: Mirror image rule –
acceptance must mirror terms of offer • Commercial Law: Any acceptance
• Conditions ---by time • Conditions precedent • (先决条件） • Concurrent conditions • （共时条件） • Conditions subsequent • （后续条件） •
undertaking or commitment concerning future conduct of the parties, and • (2)the law sanctions the commitment by putting its legal machinery behind it.

国际商法课件(_English_)_4

国际商法课件(_English_)_4

Requirements of an Offer ① Contractual intention. It is an invitation to treat, which is used to invite others to make offer and lack of the intention to create a binding obligation. Generally, display of goods for sale, an advertisement in a newspaper, posted quotation（寄送的报价单）, price list, catalogue（商品目录）, auction sales（拍 卖公告） and tenders（招标公告） are all an invitation to treat. ② Definiteness. ③ Communication of offer to of Offer: 要约 Offeror: 要约人 Offeree: 受要约人，承诺人 Acceptance: 接受，承诺 Counteroffer: 反要约 Invitation to treat/Invitation offer: 要约邀请 Withdrawal of offer: 要约的撤回 Revocation of offer: 要约的撤销
③ An acceptance must be made within the period of validity. ④ An acceptance should match the terms of the offer exactly and unequivocally. ⑤ Mostly, silence and inactivity cannot be construed/explained as acceptance.

北师大版高中英语必修四Lesson4词语点击

北师大版高中英语必修四Lesson4词语点击

高中英语学习材料（灿若寒星*制作整理）Lesson 4词语点击consideration“考虑的事”【寓词于境】阅读下列句子，注意consideration的用法。

1. Time is an important consideration in this case.2. Your suggestions are still under consideration.3. He received five hundred dollars in consideration of his services.4. Taking everything into consideration, the result is much better than expected. 【自我归纳】consideration n. （作计划或决定时）必须考虑的事；仔细考虑under consideration __________in consideration of __________take sth. into consideration __________Key: 在考虑中；作为……的报酬，由于；考虑到某事，顾及某事【及时复习】consider v. 考虑；思考；体谅；认为【拓展】considerate adj. 体贴的；考虑周到的【即学即练】完成下列句子。

1. It was __________ （你很体贴，不拉小提琴）while the baby was sleeping.2. __________ （需要考虑的政治因素影响了）the location of the new factory.3. He is __________ （被认为是最伟大的政治领袖之一）.Key:1. considerate of you not to play the violin2. Political considerations influenced3. considered as one of the greatest political leaders“推断”conclude【寓词于境】阅读下列句子，注意conclude的不同用法。

英语专业四级词汇(新大纲)

英语专业四级词汇(新大纲)

absorb vt.吸收；使专心abstract a.抽象的 n.摘要的abundant a.丰富的；大量的academic a.学院的；学术的accelerate vt.(使)加快；促进accidental a.偶然的；非本质的accent n.口音，腔调；重音access n.接近；通道，入口acceptance n.接受，验收；承认accommodate vt.容纳；供应，供给accommodation n.招待设备；预定铺位accompany vt.陪伴，陪同；伴随accomplish vt.达到(目的)；完成accordance n.一致；和谐；授予accordingly ad.因此，所以；照着account n.记述；解释；帐目accumulate vt.积累 vi.堆积accuracy n.准确(性)；准确度accurate a.准确的，正确无误的accuse vt.指责；归咎于accustomed a.惯常的；习惯的ache vi.痛；想念 n.疼痛achieve vt.完成，实现；达到achievement n.完成；成就，成绩acid n.酸；酸的，酸性的acquaintance n.认识；了解；熟人acquire vt.取得；获得；学到acre n.英亩(=6.07亩) actual a.实际的；现行的actually ad.实际上；竟然adapt vt.使适应；改编address n.地址；演说；谈吐adequate a.足够的；可以胜任的adjective n.形容词 a.形容词的adjust vt.调整，调节；校正administration n.管理；管理部门admire vt.钦佩，羡慕，赞赏admission n.允许进入；承认admit vt.承认；准许…进入adopt vt.收养；采用；采取adult n.成年人 a.成年的advance vi.前进；提高 n.进展advanced a.先进的；高级的advantage n.优点，优势；好处adventure n.冒险；惊险活动adverb n.副词advertisement n.广告；公告；登广告advisable n.明智的；可取的advise vt.劝告；建议；通知aero plane n.飞机affair n.事情，事件；事务affect vt.影响；感动affection n.慈爱，爱；爱慕afford vt.担负得起…；提供afterward ad.后来，以后aggressive a.侵略的；好斗的agreement n.协定，协议；同意alcohol n.酒精，乙醇alloy n.合金；(金属的)成色alphabet n.字母表，字母系统alternative n.替换物；取舍，抉择altitude n.高，高度；高处altogether ad.完全；总而言之aluminum n.铝ambulance n.救护车；野战医院amuse vt.逗…乐；给…娱乐ancestor n.祖宗，祖先anchor n.锚 vi.抛锚，停泊ancient a.古代的，古老的angle n.角，角度ankle n.踝，踝节部announce vt.宣布，宣告，发表annoy vt.使恼怒；打搅ant n.蚂蚁anticipate vt.预料，预期，期望apartment n.一套公寓房间apparatus n.器械，仪器；器官apparent a.表面上的；明显的appeal vi.&n.呼吁；申述appear vi.出现；来到；似乎appearance n.出现，来到；外观appetite n.食欲，胃口；欲望appliance n.用具，器具，器械applicable a.能应用的；适当的application n.请求，申请；施用apply vt.应用，实施，使用appoint vt.任命，委任；约定appointment n.任命；约定，约会appreciate vt.欣赏；领会；感谢approach vt.向…靠近 n.靠近appropriate a.适当的，恰当的approval n.赞成，同意；批准approve vt.赞成，称许；批准approximate a.近似的 vt.近似arbitrary a.随心所欲的；专断的architecture n.建筑学；建筑式样argument n.争论，辩论；理由arise vi.出现；由…引起arithmetic n.算术，四则运算army n.军队；陆军around prep.在…周围arouse vt.引起，唤起；唤醒arrange vt.筹备；整理；调解arrangement n.整理，排列；安排arrest vt.逮捕，拘留；阻止arrival n.到达；到来；到达者arrow n.箭；箭状物article n.文章；条款；物品artificial a.人工的；矫揉造作的artistic a.艺术的；艺术家的ash n.灰，灰末；骨灰ashamed a.惭愧(的)；羞耻(的) aspect n.方面；样子，外表assemble vt.集合，召集；装配assembly n.集合；集会；装配assess vt.对(财产等)估价assign vt.指派；分配；指定assignment n.任务，指定的作业assist vt.援助，帮助；搀扶assistant n.助手，助理；助教assistance n. 协助,援助associate vi.交往 n.伙伴，同事association n.协会，团体；联合assume vt.假定；承担；呈现assure vt.使确信；向…保证astonish vt.使惊讶，使吃惊astronaut n.宇宙航行员，宇航员Atlantic a.大西洋的 n.大西洋atmosphere n.大气；空气；气氛atom n.原子；微粒；微量atomic a.原子的；原子能的attach vt.缚，系，贴；附加attain vt.达到，获得，完成attempt vt.尝试，试图 n.企图attend vt.出席；照顾，护理attract vt.吸引；引起，诱惑attraction n.吸引；吸引力；引力attractive a.有吸引力的attribute vt.把…归因于 n.属性audience n.听众，观众，读者authority n.当局，官方；权力auto n.(口语)汽车automatic a.自动的；机械的automobile n.汽车，机动车autumn n.秋，秋季auxiliary a.辅助的；附属的available a.可利用的；通用的avenue n.林荫道，道路；大街average n.平均数 a.平均的await vt.等候，期待awake a.醒着的 vt.唤醒award n.奖，奖品；判定aware a.知道的，意识到的awful a.令人不愉快的awkward a.笨拙的；尴尬的ax n.斧子backward a.向后的；倒的 ad.倒bacteria n.细菌baggage n.行李bake vt.烤，烘，焙；烧硬balance vt.使平衡；称 n.天平balloon n.气球，玩具气球band n.乐队；带；波段bang n.巨响，枪声；猛击barber n.理发师bare a.赤裸的；仅仅的bargain n.交易 vi.议价；成交barrel n.桶；圆筒；枪管barrier n.栅栏，屏障；障碍basically ad.基本上basis n.基础，根据battery n.电池；一套，一组bay n.湾；山脉中的凹处beam n.梁；横梁；束，柱bear n.熊；粗鲁的人bear vt.容忍；负担；生育beard n.胡须，络腮胡子beast n.兽，野兽；牲畜behalf n.利益，维护，支持beneath prep.在…下方beneficial a.有利的，有益的bet vt.&vi.&n.打赌Bible n.基督教《圣经》billion num.万亿(英)bind vt.捆绑；包扎；装钉biology n.生物学；生态学biscuit n.(英)饼干；(美)软饼bite vt.咬，叮，螫；剌穿bitter a.痛苦的；严寒的blackboard n.黑板blade n.刀刃，刀片；叶片blanket n.毛毯，毯子，羊毛毯blast n.爆炸，冲击波 vt.炸blend vt.&vi.&n.混和block n.街区 vt.堵塞，拦阻board n.板 vt.上(船、车等) boast vi.自夸 vt.吹嘘bold a.大胆的；冒失的bolt n.螺栓；插销 vt.闩门bomb n.炸弹 vt.轰炸bond n.联结，联系；公债bone n.骨，骨骼boot n.靴子，长统靴border n.边，边缘；边界bother vt.烦扰，迷惑 n.麻烦bottle n.瓶，酒瓶；一瓶bottom n.底，底部，根基bounce vi.反跳，弹起；跳起bound a.一定的；有义务的boundary n.分界线，办界bow n.弓；蝴蝶结；鞠躬brake n.闸，刹车 vi.制动branch n.树枝；分部；分科brass n.黄铜；黄铜器brave a.勇敢的，华丽的bread n.面包；食物，粮食breadth n.宽度，幅度；幅面break vt.打破；损坏；破坏breast n.乳房；胸脯，胸膛breed n.品种 vt.使繁殖breeze n.微风，和风brick n.砖，砖块；砖状物bride n. 新娘brilliant a.光辉的；卓越的British a.不列颠的，英联邦的broad a.宽的，阔的；广泛的broadcast n.广播，播音brow n.额；眉，眉毛brush n.刷子，毛刷；画笔bubble n.泡 vi.冒泡，沸腾bucket n.水桶；吊桶；铲斗building n.建筑物，大楼；建筑bulb n.电灯泡；球状物bulk n.物体，容积，大批bullet n.枪弹，子弹，弹丸bundle n.捆，包，束；包袱burden n.担子，重担；装载量bureau n.局，司，处；社，所burn vi.烧，燃烧 n.烧伤burst vt.使爆裂 vi.&n.爆炸bury vt.埋葬，葬；埋藏bush n.灌木，灌木丛，矮树button n.扣子；按钮 vt.扣紧cabin n.小屋；船舱，机舱cabinet n.橱，柜；内阁cable n.缆，索；电缆；电报cafe n.咖啡馆；小餐厅calculate vt.计算；估计；计划calculator n.计算器，计算者calendar n.日历，历书；历法calm a.静的，平静的camel n.骆驼camera n.照相机，摄影机camp n.野营，营地，兵营campaign n.战役；运动campus n.校园，学校场地can aux.v.能，会，可能can n.罐头，听头；容器Canadian a.加拿大的canal n.运河；沟渠；管candidate n.候选人；投考者candle n.蜡烛；烛形物；烛光cap n.帽子，便帽；帽状物capable a.有能力的，有才能的capacity n.容量；能力；能量capital n.资本，资金；首都captain n.陆军上尉；队长capture vt.捕获，俘获；夺得carbon n.碳cargo n.船货，货物carpenter n.木工，木匠carpet n.地毯，毡毯，毛毯carriage n.客车厢；四轮马车carrier n.运输工具；运载工具cart n.二轮运货马车case n.情况；事实；病例cassette n.盒式录音带；盒子cast vt.投，扔，抛；浇铸castle n.城堡；巨大建筑物casual a.偶然的；随便的catalog n.目录，目录册cease vi.&vi.&n.停止，停息celebrate vt.庆祝；歌颂，赞美cell n.细胞；小房间cement n.水泥；胶泥 vt.粘结cent n.分；分币；百centimetre n.公分，厘米ceremony n.典礼，仪式；礼节certificate n.证书，证件，执照chamber n.会议室；房间；腔champion n.冠军，得胜者chapter n.章，回，篇characteristic a.特有的 n.特性charge vt.索价；控告 n.费用chart n.图，图表；海图chase n.追逐，追赶，追求cheap a.廉价的；劣质的cheat vt.骗取；哄 vi.行骗cheer vt.使振作；欢呼cheerful a.快乐的，愉快的cheese n.奶酪，干酪chemical a.化学的 n.化学制品chemist n.化学家；药剂师cheque n.支票chill vt.使变冷 n.寒冷chimney n.烟囱，烟筒；玻璃罩chin n.颏，下巴chocolate n.巧克力；巧克力糖choke vt.使窒息；塞满chop vt.砍，劈；切细vi.砍Christian n.基督教徒；信徒Christmas n.圣诞节circuit n.电路；环行；巡行circular a.圆的；循环的circulate vt.使循环 vi.循环circumference n.圆周，周长，圆周线circumstance n.情况，条件；境遇citizen n.公民；市民，居民civilization n.文明，文化；开化civilize vt.使文明；教育classification n.分类；分级；分类法classify vt.把…分类claw n.爪，脚爪，螯clay n.粘土，泥土；肉体clue n.线索，暗示，提示clumsy a.笨拙的；愚笨的coach n.长途公共汽车coal n.煤，煤块coarse a.粗的，粗糙的coast n.海岸，海滨(地区)cock n.公鸡；雄禽；旋塞code n.准则；法典；代码coffee n.咖啡，咖啡茶coil n.(一)卷；线圈 vt.卷collapse vi.倒坍；崩溃，瓦解collar n.衣领，项圈colleague n.同事，同僚collection n.搜集，收集；收藏品collective a.集体的；集合性的collision n.碰撞；冲突colony n.殖民地；侨居地column n.柱，支柱，圆柱comb n.梳子 vt.梳理combination n.结合，联合；化合command vt.命令，指挥；控制commander n.司令官，指挥员comment n.评论，意见；注释commerce n.商业，贸易；社交commercial a.商业的；商品化的commission n.委任状；委员会commit vt.犯(错误);干(坏事) committee n.委员会；全体委员community n.社区；社会；公社companion n.同伴；共事者；伴侣comparative a.比较的，相对的comparison n.比较，对照；比似compass n.罗盘，指南针；圆规compel vt.强迫，迫使屈服compete vi.比赛；竞争；对抗competent a.有能力的；应该做的competition n.竞争，比赛complex a.结合的；复杂的complicated a.复杂的，难懂的component n.组成部分；分；组件compose vt.组成，构成；创作composition n.构成；作品；写作compound n.化合物；复合词comprehension n.理解，理解力；领悟comprehensive a.广泛的；理解的compress vt.压紧，压缩comprise vt.包含，包括；构成compromise n.妥协，和解compute vt.计算，估计，估算conceal vt.把…隐藏起来concentrate vt.集中；聚集；浓缩concentration n.集中；专注；浓缩concept n.概念，观念，设想concern n.关心，挂念；关系concerning prep.关于concert n.音乐会，演奏会conclude vt.推断出；结束conclusion n.结论，推论；结尾concrete n.混凝土；具体物condemn vt.谴责，指责；判刑condense vt.压缩，使缩短condition n.状况，状态；环境conduct n.举止，行为；指导conductor n.售票员；(乐队)指挥conference n.会议，讨论会confess vt.供认，承认；坦白confine vt.限制；禁闭confirm vt.证实，肯定；批准conflict n.争论；冲突；斗争confuse vt.使混乱，混淆congratulate vt.祝贺，向…道喜congress n.大会；国会，议会conjunction n.接合，连接；连接词conquer vt.征服，战胜；破除conquest n.攻取，征服；克服conscience n.良心，道德心conscious a.意识到的；有意的consciousness n.意识，觉悟；知觉consent n.同意，赞成 vi.同意consequence n.结果，后果consequently ad.因此，因而，所以conservation n.保存，保护；守恒conservative a.保守的 n.保守的人considerable a.相当大的；重要的considerate a.考虑周到的；体谅的consideration n.考虑，思考；体贴consist vi.由…组成；在于consistent a.坚持的，一贯的constant a.经常的；永恒的constitute vt. 构成,组成,任命constitution n.章程；体质；构造construct vt.建造；建设；构筑construction n.建造；建筑；建筑物consult vt.请教，查阅consume vt.消耗，消费；消灭consumption n.消耗量；消耗contact vt.使接触；与…联系contain vt.包含，容纳；等于container n.容器；集装箱contemporary a.当代的，同时代的contempt n.轻蔑；藐视；受辱content n.内容，目录；容量content a.满意的，满足的contest vt.争夺，争取；辩驳continent n.大陆；陆地；洲continual a.不断的；连续的continue vt.继续，连续；延伸continuous a.连续不断的，持续的contract n.契约，合同；婚约contradiction n.矛盾，不一致；否认contrary a.相反的 n.相反contribute vt.捐献，捐助；投稿convenience n.便利，方便；厕所convenient a.便利的；近便的convention n.习俗，惯例；公约conventional a.普通的；习惯的conversation n.会话，非正式会谈conversely ad.相反地conversion n.转变，转化；改变convert vt.使转变；使改变convey vt.传送；运送；传播convince vt.使确信，使信服cooperate vi.合作，协作；配合coordinate vt.使协调，调节copper n.铜；铜币，铜制器cord n.细绳，粗线，索core n.果实的心，核心corner n.角；犄角；边远地区corporation n.公司，企业；社团correspond vi.相符合；相当corresponding a.相应的；符合的corridor n.走廊，回廊，通路costly a.昂贵的；价值高的cottage n.村舍，小屋cotton n.棉；棉线；棉布cough vi.咳，咳嗽 n.咳嗽council n.理事会，委员会count vt.计算 vi.数，计数counter n.柜台；计数器county n.英国的郡，美国的县crack n.裂缝，裂纹 vi.爆裂craft n.工艺；手艺，行业crane n.起重机，摄影升降机crash vi.碰撞，坠落 n.碰撞crawl vi.爬，爬行cream n.奶油，乳脂；奶油色creature n.生物，动物，家畜credit n.信用贷款；信用creep vi.爬行；缓慢地行进crew n.全体船员criminal n.犯人，罪犯，刑事犯crisis n.危机；存亡之际critic n.批评家，爱挑剔的人critical a.决定性的；批评的criticism n.批评；批判；评论criticize vt.批评；评论；非难crown n.王冠，冕；花冠crude a.简陋的；天然的cruel a.残忍的，残酷的crush vt.压碎，碾碎；镇压crust n.面包皮；硬外皮crystal n.水晶，结晶体；晶粒cube n.立方形；立方cubic a.立方形的；立方的cultivate vt.耕；种植；培养cupboard n.碗柜，碗碟橱；食橱cure vt.医治；消除 n.治愈curiosity n.好奇，好奇心；珍品current a.当前的；通用的curse n.诅咒，咒骂；天谴curtain n.帘，窗帘；幕(布) curve n.曲线；弯 vt.弄弯cushion n.垫子，坐垫，靠垫customer n.顾客，主顾cycle n自行车，循环dairy n.牛奶场；乳制品dam n.水坝，水堤；障碍物dare vt.&aux.v.敢；竟敢deal n.买卖；待遇 vt.给予debate n.&vi.争论，辩论decade n.十年，十年期decay vi.腐烂；衰败 n.腐烂deceive vt.欺骗，蒙蔽，行骗decide vt.决定，决心；解决deck n.甲板；舱面；层面declare vt.断言；声明；表明decorate vt.装饰，装璜，修饰decrease vi.&n.减少，减少deduce vt.演绎，推论，推断deed n.行为；功绩；契约defect n.缺点，缺陷，欠缺definitely ad.一定地，明确地definition n.定义，释义；定界degree n.程度；度；学位delicate a.纤细的；易碎的delight n.快乐 vt.使高兴deliver vt.投递，送交；发表delivery n.投递；交付；分娩demand vt.要求；需要；询问democracy n.民主，民主制democratic a.民主的，民主政体的demonstrate vt.说明；论证；表露dense a.密集的；浓厚的density n.密集，稠密；密度deny vt.否定；拒绝相信depart vi.离开，起程；出发department n.部，司，局，处，系departure n.离开，出发，起程dependent a.依靠的，依赖的deposit vt.使沉淀；存放depress vt.使沮丧；按下depth n.深度；深厚；深处derive vt.取得 vi.起源descend vi.下来，下降；下倾describe vt.形容；描写，描绘description n.描写，形容；种类desert n.沙漠 vt.离弃；擅离deserve vt.应受，值得design vt.设计 n.设计；图样desirable a.值得相望的；可取的desire vt.相望；要求 n.愿望despair n.绝望 vi.绝望desperate a.拼死的；绝望的despite prep.不管，不顾destination n.目的地，终点；目标destruction n.破坏，毁灭，消灭detail n.细节；枝节；零件detect vt.察觉，发觉；侦察detection n.察觉，发觉；侦察determination n.决心；决定；确定determine vt.决定；查明；决心device n.器械，装置；设计devil n.魔鬼，恶魔devise vt.设计，发明devote vt.将…奉献，致力于diagram n.图解，图表，简图dial n.钟面；拨号盘 vt.拨dialect n.方言，土语，地方话diameter n.直径diamond n.金钢石，钻石；菱形dictate vt.&vi.口授；命令digital a.数字的，计数的dim a.昏暗的；朦胧的dimension n.尺寸，尺度；面积dip vt.浸，蘸 vi.浸一浸director n.指导者；理事；导演dirt n.尘，土；污物，污垢disadvantage n.不利，不利地位disagree vi.有分歧；不一致disappear vi.不见，失踪；消失disappoint vt.使失望，使受挫折disaster n.灾难，灾祸；天灾disk n.圆盘，唱片；磁盘disc n.圆盘，唱片；磁盘discard vt.丢弃，抛弃，遗弃discharge vt.释放；排出 n.释放discipline n.纪律；训练 vt.训练discourage vt.使泄气，使灰心discover vt.发现；暴露，显示discovery n.发现；被发现的事物discussion n.讨论，谈论；论述disgust n.厌恶，憎恶dish n.碟，盘子；菜肴dismiss vt.不再考虑；解雇disorder n.混乱，杂乱；骚乱display vt.陈列，展览；显示disposal n.丢掉，处理，销毁dispose vi.去掉，丢掉；销毁dispute vi.争论，争执 n.争论dissolve vt.使溶解；解散distance n.距离，间距；远处distant a.在远处的，疏远的distinct a.与其它不同的distinction n.差别，不同，区分distress n.忧虑，悲伤；不幸distribute vt.分发，分送；分布distribution n.分发，分配；分布district n.区；地区，区域disturb vt.打扰，扰乱；弄乱ditch n.沟，沟渠，渠道dive vi.跳水；潜水；俯冲diverse a.不一样的，相异的divide vt.分；分配；分开division n.分，分配；除法document n.公文，文件；证件domestic a.本国的；家庭的donkey n.驴；笨蛋dorm n.宿舍dormitory n.集体寝室；宿舍dose n.剂量，用量；一剂dot n.点，圆点 vt.打点于doubtful a.难以预测的；怀疑的downstairs ad.在楼下 a.楼下的draft n.草稿；汇票 vt.起草drag vt.拖，拉；拖曳drain vt.排去；放水 n.耗竭drama n.一出戏剧，剧本dramatic a.引人注目的，戏剧的drawing n.图画，素描；绘图drift vi.漂流，漂泊 n.漂流drill n.钻头；操练 vi.钻孔drip vi.滴下；漏水 n.水滴drown vi.淹死，溺死drum n.鼓；鼓状物，圆桶due a.预期的；应给的dull a.枯燥的；不鲜明的dump vt.倾卸，倾倒；倾销durable a.耐久的，耐用的duration n.持续，持久dusk n.薄暮，黄昏，幽暗dye vt.染 n.染料；染色dynamic a.有活力的；动力的eagle n.鹰earn vt.赚得，挣得；获得earnest a.认真的，诚恳的ease n.容易，舒适 vt.缓和eastern a.东方的；朝东的easy a.容易的；安逸的echo n.回声，反响 vi.重复economical a.节约的；经济学的effect n.结果；效果，效力effective a.有效的；有影响的efficiency n.效率；功效，效能efficient a.效率高的，有能力的effort n.努力；努力的成果elaborate a.复杂的；精心制作的elastic n.松紧带 a.有弹性的elder a.年龄较大的 n.长者election n.选举，选择权；当选electrical a.电的，电气科学的electron n.电子electronic a.电子的elementary a.基本的；初级的elevator n.电梯；升降机eliminate vt.消灭，消除，排除elsewhere ad.在别处，向别处embarrass vt.使窘迫，使为难embrace vt.拥抱；包括；包围emerge vi.出现，涌现；冒出emergency n.紧急情况，突然事件emit vt.散发；发射；发表emotion n.情感，感情；激动emotional a.感情的，情绪的emperor n.皇帝emphasis n.强调，重点，重要性emphasize vt.强调，着重empire n.帝国employ vi.雇用；用；使忙于employee n.受雇者，雇员，雇工employer n.雇佣者，雇主employment n.工业；雇用；使用enable vt.使能够，使可能enclose vt.围住，圈起；附上encounter vt.遭遇，遇到 n.遭遇encourage vt.鼓励，支持，助长ending n.结尾，结局；死亡endure vt.忍受；容忍enemy n.敌人；仇敌；敌兵enforce vt.实施，执行；强制engage vt.使从事于；聘用engineering n.工程，工程学enormous a.巨大的，庞大的enquire vi.vt. 询问enquiry n. 询问ensure vt.保证；保护；赋予entertain vt.使欢乐；招待enthusiasm n.热情，热心，热忱entire a.全部的，整个的entitle vt.给…权利(或资格) entrance n.入口，门口；进入equality n.等同，平等；相等equation n.方程(式)；等式equip vt.装备，配备equivalent a.相等的；等量的era n.时代，年代；纪元erect vt.建造；使竖立essay n.短文，散文，小品文essential a.必要的，本质的establish vt.建立，设立；确立establishment n.建立，设立，确立estimate vt.估计，评价 n.估计evaporate vt.使蒸发 vi.蒸发eve n.前夜，前夕，前一刻even a.均匀的；平的evening n.傍晚，黄昏，晚上eventually ad.终于；最后evident a.明显的，明白的evolution n.进化，演化；发展evolve vt.使进化；使发展exaggerate vt.&vi.夸大，夸张examine vt.检查，仔细观察exceed vt.超过，胜过；超出exceedingly ad.极端地，非常excellent a.优秀的，杰出的exception n.例外，除外excess n.超越；过量；过度excessive a.过多的，极度的excite vt.使激动；引起exclaim vi.呼喊；惊叫exclude vt.把…排除在外exclusively ad.专门地excursion n.远足；短途旅行execute vt.将…处死；实施executive a.执行的 n.执行者exercise n.锻炼，训练 vi.练习exert vt.尽(力)，运用exhibit vt.显示；陈列，展览exhibition n.展览，陈列；展览会existence n.存在，实在；生存expansion n.扩大，扩充；扩张explode vt.使爆炸 vi.爆炸exploit vt.剥削；利用；开拓explore vt.&vi.探险，探索explosion n.爆炸，爆发，炸裂explosive n.炸药 a.爆炸的expose vt.使暴露；揭露exposure n.暴露；揭露；曝光express vt.表示 n.快车，快递extension n.延长部分；伸展extensive a.广阔的；广泛的extent n.广度；范围；程度exterior a.外部的；对外的external a.外部的，外面的extraordinary a.非同寻常的，特别的extreme a.极度的；尽头的eyesight n.视力，目力fabric n.织物，纺织品；结构facility n.设备；容易；便利factor n.因素；因子，系数faculty n.才能，能力；系，科fade vi.褪色；逐渐消失faint a.微弱的；虚弱的fair n.定期集市；博览会fairly ad.相当；公平地fame n.名声，名望famine n.饥荒；严重的缺乏fare n.车费，船费，票价farewell int.再会 n.告别fashionable a.流行的，时髦的fast a.快的；偏快的 ad.快fasten vt.扎牢，扣住fatal a.致命的；命运的fate n.命运，天数fatigue n.疲劳，劳累faulty a.有错误的，有缺点的favour n.好感；赞同；恩惠favourable a.有利的；赞成的feasible a.可行的；可能的feature n.特征，特色；面貌federal a.联邦的；联盟的feedback n.回授，反馈，反应feeling n.感情；感觉，知觉fellow n.人，家伙；伙伴fence n.栅栏fertile a.肥沃的；多产的fertilizer n.肥料fetch vt.拿来；请来，接去fibre n.纤维，纤维质fiction n.小说；虚构，杜撰fierce a.凶猛的，狂热的figure n.数字；外形；人物file n.档案 vt.把…归档fill vt.装满，盛满；占满filter vt.过滤 n.滤纸flame n.火焰；光辉；热情flavour n.味，味道；风味fleet n.舰队；船队，机群flesh n.肉，肌肉；肉体flexible a.易弯曲的；灵活的flight n.航班；飞行；逃跑float vi.漂浮 vt.使漂浮flock n.羊群，群；大量flourish vi.繁荣，茂盛，兴旺flow vi.流动；飘垂；涨潮fluent a.流利的，流畅的fluid n.流体，液体focus vi.聚焦，注视 n.焦点fog n.雾；烟雾，尘雾fold vt.折叠；合拢 n.褶folk n.人们，家属，亲属footstep n.脚步；脚步声；足迹forehead n.额头，前部forge n. 熔炉,铁工厂 vt. 打制,锻造,伪造fork n.餐叉；叉；分叉formula n.公式，式forth ad.向前；向外，往外fortnight n.两星期，十四天fortunate a.幸运的，侥幸的fortunately ad.幸运地，幸亏foundation n.基础；地基；基金fountain n.泉水，喷泉；源泉fox n.狐狸；狡猾的人fraction n.小部分；片断；分数fragment n.碎片，破片，碎块frame n.框架，框子；构架framework n.框架，构架，结构frank a.坦白的，直率的freeze vi.冻；结冻vt.使结冰freight n.货运；货物；运费frequency n.屡次；次数；频率frequent a.时常发生的；经常的friction n.摩擦，摩擦力frighten vt.使惊恐，吓唬frog n.蛙frontier n.边境；边疆；新领域frost n.冰冻，严寒；霜frown vi.皱眉，蹙额fruitful a.多产的；肥沃的fry vt.油煎，油炸，油炒fuel n.燃料 vt.给…加燃料fulfil vt.履行；满足；完成function n.功能；职务；函数fund n.资金；基金；存款fundamental a.基础的，基本的funeral n.葬礼，丧礼，丧葬funny a.古怪的；滑稽的furnace n.炉子，熔炉；鼓风炉furnish vt.供应，提供；装备furniture n.家具；装置，设备furthermore ad.而且，此外gallon n.加仑garage n.车库；加油站garden n.花园，菜园；公园gardener n.园丁，花匠gaseous a.气体的，气态的gasoline n.(美)汽油gauge vt.量，测量 n.量器gay a.快乐的；鲜明的generate vt.发生；引起；生殖generator n.发电机；发生者generous a.慷慨的；宽厚的genius n.天才，天赋，天资gentle a.和蔼的；轻柔的genuine a.真的；真正的geography n.地理，地理学geometry n.几何，几何学germ n.微生物，细菌，幼芽gesture n.姿势，手势；姿态ghost n.鬼，灵魂；鬼魂giant n.巨人；巨物glance vi.看一下 n.一瞥glass n.玻璃；玻璃杯glimpse vt.瞥见 n.一瞥，一看globe n.地球，世界；地界仪glorious a.光荣的；壮丽的glory n.光荣；荣誉的事glow n.白热光 vi.发白热光glue n.胶，胶水 vt.胶合goat n.山羊goose n.鹅，雌鹅governor n.州长；主管人员grace n.优美，文雅；雅致grade vt.给…分等级 n.等级gradual a.逐渐的；渐进的grain n.谷物，谷粒；颗粒grammatical a.语法上的gramme n. 克grand a.宏伟的；重大的grant n.授给物 vt.授予graph n.(曲线)图，图表grateful a.感激的；令人愉快的gratitude a.感激，感谢，感恩grave n.坟墓 a.严重的gravity n.重力，引力；严重性gray a.灰色的 n.灰色great a.大的；伟大的greedy a.贪吃的；贪婪的Greek a.希腊的 n.希腊人green a.绿色的 n.绿色grey a.灰色的 n.灰色grind vt.磨(碎)；磨快grip vt.握紧，抓牢 n.紧握grocer n.食品商；杂货商gross a.总的；严重的guard vt.守卫；看守 n.卫兵guidance n.引导，指导，领导guilty a.内疚的；有罪的gulf n.海湾gum n.口香糖；树胶gym n.体育馆，健身房gymnasium n.体育馆，健身房halt vi.停止；立定 n.停住hammer n.锤，榔头 vt.锤击handle n.柄，把手 vt.拿，触harbour n.海港，港口 vt.庇护harden vt.使变硬 vi.变硬hardship n.艰难，困苦hardware n.五金器具；硬件harm n.伤害，损害 vt.损害harmony n.调合，协调，和谐harness vt.治理 n.马具，挽具harsh a.严厉的；刺耳的hatred n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨hay n.干草hazard n.危险；公害headquarters n.司令部；总部heap n.(一)堆；大量heat n.热，炎热 vi.变热heaven n.天堂；天，天空hedge n.篱笆，树篱；障碍物heel n.脚后跟，踵，后跟height n.高，高度；高处helicopter n.直升机hell n.地狱；极大的痛苦hence ad.因此，所以；今后herd n.兽群，牧群 vt.放牧heroic a.英雄的；英勇的hesitate vi.犹豫，踌躇；含糊highway n.公路；大路hillside n.(小山)山腰，山坡hollow a.空的；空洞的holy a.神圣的；圣洁的honourable a.诚实的；光荣的hook n.钩，挂钩 vt.钩住horizon n.地平线；眼界，见识horizontal a.地平的；水平的horn n.号角；警报器；角horror n.恐怖；战栗；憎恶horsepower n.马力hostile a.敌方的；不友善的humble a.谦逊的；地位低下的humorous a.富于幽默的，诙谐的hundred num.百，百个 n.许多hut n.小屋，棚屋hydrogen n.氢identical a.完全相同的；同一的identify vt.认出，识别，鉴定idle a.空闲的；懒散的ignorant a.不知道的；无知的illegal a.不合法的，非法的illustrate vt.(用图等)说明illustration n.说明，图解；例证imitate vt.模仿，仿效；仿制immense a.巨大的；极好的immigrant n.移民 a.移民的impact n.影响，作用；冲击impatient a.不耐烦的，急躁的implication n.含义，暗示，暗指import vt.&n.输入，进口importance n.重要；重要性important a.重要的；有势力的impose vt.把…强加；征(税) impossible a.不可能的，办不到的impress vt.给…深刻印象impression n.印；印象；印记impressive a.给人印象深刻的incline n.斜坡 vt.使倾斜index n.索引；指数；指标indicate vt.标示，表示；表明indication n.指示；表示；表明indifferent a.冷漠的；不积极的indirect a.间接的；不坦率的indispensable a.必不可少的，必需的individual a.个别的；独特的indoors ad.在室内，在屋里industrial a.工业的；产业的industrialize vt.使工业化inevitable a.不可避免的，必然的infant n.婴儿 a.婴儿的infect vt.传染；感染infer vt.推论，推断；猜想inferior a.下等的；劣等的infinite a.无限的；无数的influential a.有影响的；有权势的inform vt.通知，向…报告information n.消息，信息；通知inhabitant n.居民，住户inherit vt.继承(传统等)initial a.最初的；词首的injection n.注射，注入；充满injure vt.伤害，损害，损伤injury n.损害，伤害；受伤处ink n.墨水，油墨inn n.小旅店；小酒店innocent a.清白的，幼稚的input n.输入；投入的资金inquire vt.打听，询问；调查inquiry n.询问，打听；调查insect n.昆虫，虫insert vt.插入; 嵌入; 登载inside prep.在…里面 n.内部insist vi.坚持；坚持要求inspect vt.检查，审查；检阅inspire vt.鼓舞；给…以灵感install vt.安装，设置installation n.安装；装置；设施instance n.例子，实例，事例instant n.瞬间 a.立即的instead ad.代替，顶替；反而instinct n.本能；直觉；生性institute n.研究所；学院institution n.协会；制度，习俗instruct vt.教；指示；通知instruction n.命令；教学；教训instrument n.仪器；工具；乐器insult vt.&n.侮辱，凌辱insurance n.保险；保险费insure vt.给…保险；确保intellectual n.知识分子 a.智力的intelligence n.智力；理解力；情报intelligent a.聪明的；理智的intend vt.想要，打算；意指intense a.强烈的；紧张的intensity n.强烈，剧烈；强度intensive a.加强的；精耕细作的intention n.意图，意向，目的interaction n.相互作用；干扰interfere vi.干涉，干预；妨碍interference n.干涉，干预；阻碍interior a.内的；内地的n.内部intermediate a.中间的；中级的internal a.内的；国内的international a.国际的，世界(性)的interpret vt.解释，说明；口译interpretation n.解释；口译interrupt vt.打断，打扰；中止interval n.间隔；休息；间距intimate a.亲密的；个人的introduction n.介绍；引进；引言invade vt.入侵，侵略；侵袭invasion n.入侵，侵略；侵犯investigate vt.&vi.调查investment n.投资，投资额，投入invisible a.看不见的，无形的invitation n.邀请，招待；请柬involve vt.使卷入；牵涉inward a.里面的 ad.向内iron n.铁；烙铁 vt.烫(衣) isolate vt.使隔离，使孤立issue n.问题；发行 vt.发行jam n.果酱jam vt.使塞满；使堵塞jar n.罐子，坛子，广口瓶jaw n.颌，颚jazz n.爵士音乐，爵士舞曲jealous a.妒忌的；猜疑的jet n.喷气式飞机；喷嘴jewel n.宝石；宝石饰物joint n.接头，接缝；关节jungle n.丛林，密林，莽丛junior a.年少的 n.晚辈jury n.陪审团；评奖团just ad.刚才；只是；正好justice n.正义，公正；司法justify vt.证明…是正当的keen a.热心的；激烈的kettle n.水壶，水锅knee n.膝，膝盖，膝关节kneel vi.跪，跪下，跪着knot n.(绳的)结，(树的)节label n.标签；标记，符号lag vi.走得慢 n.落后landlord n.地主；房东，店主lane n.(乡间)小路；跑道lap n.膝部；一圈largely ad.大部分；大量地laser n.激光launch vt.发射，投射；发动laundry n.洗衣房，洗衣店lavatory n.盥洗室，厕所law n.法律，法令；法则lawn n.草地，草坪，草场lawyer n.律师；法学家lay vt.置放；铺设；设置layer n.层，层次；铺设者layout n.布局，安排，设计league n.同盟，联盟；联合会leak vi.漏；泄露 n.漏洞lean vi.倾斜，屈身；靠leather n.皮革；皮革制品leisure n.空闲时间；悠闲lens n.透镜，镜片；镜头lessen vt.减少，减轻；缩小lest conj.惟恐，以免lever n.杆，杠杆；控制杆liable a.易于…的；可能的liberal a.心胸宽大的；慷慨的liberate vt.解放；释放liberty n.自由；释放；许可librarian n.图书馆馆长library n.图书馆；藏书license n.许可；执照 vt.准许lid n.盖子，盖，囊盖likewise ad.同样地；也，又limb n.肢，臂，翼；树枝lime n.石灰liquor n.酒；溶液，液剂liver n.肝；肝脏loan n.贷款；暂借 vt.借出locate vt.探明，找出，查出lodge vi.暂住，借宿，投宿log n.原木，木料loop n.圈，环，环孔lord n.贵族；上帝，基督lorry n.运货汽车，卡车lump n.团，块；肿块mad a.发疯的；恼火的magic n.魔法，巫术；戏法magnet n.磁铁，磁石，磁体magnetic a.磁的，有吸引力的magnificent n.壮丽的；华丽的maid n.女佣，女仆；少女maintenance n.维持，保持；维修manual a.体力的 n.手册manufacture vt.制造 n.制造；产品manufacturer n.制造商；制造厂march vi.行军；游行示威margin n.页边的空白；边缘marine a.海的；海上的mark n.斑点；记号 vt.标明marriage n.结婚，婚姻；婚礼marvelous a.奇迹般的；了不起的Marxist a.马克思主义的mask n.面具；伪装 vt.掩饰mass n.众多；团；群众mat n.席子；草席；垫子match n.比赛，竞赛；对手match n.(一根)火柴mate n.伙伴，同事；配偶mathematical a.数学的，数学上的mathematics n.数学mayor n.市长mean vt.作…解释；意指mean a.自私的；吝啬的mean a.平均的 n.平均值means n.方法，手段，工具meantime n.其时，其间 ad.当时meanwhile ad.同时，当时measurement n.衡量，测量；尺寸mechanic n.技工，机械，机修工mechanical a.机械的；力学的mechanics n.力学；技术性细节medicine n.内服药；医学medium n.媒质；中间a.中等的melt vi.融化 vt.使融化memorial a.纪念的；记忆的memory n.记忆；回忆；存储menu n.菜单；饭菜，菜肴merchant n.商人；零售商mercury n.水银，汞Mercury n.水星mercy n.仁慈，慈悲，恩惠mere a.仅仅的；纯粹的merely ad.仅仅，只不过merit n.长处，优点；功过meter n.计量器，计，表metric a.公制的，米制的microscope n.显微镜might n.力量，威力，能力mild a.和缓的；温柔的mile n.英里military a.军事的；军人的mill n.磨坊；制造厂millimetre n.毫米minimum n.最小量 a.最小的minister n.部长，大臣；公使ministry n.(政府的)部minor a.较小的；较次要的minority n.少数；少数民族minus a.负的 prep.减(去) minute a.微细的；详细的miracle n.奇迹，令人惊奇的人miserable a.痛苦的，悲惨的mislead vt.使误入岐途。

2023届高考英语完形填空形近词和近义词讲义

2023届高考英语完形填空形近词和近义词讲义

形近词eful; uselessuseful adj. 有用的useless adj. 无用的2.effect; affect; affectioneffect n. 作用，影响have/has/had an effect on affect v. 影响affection n. 感情，喜爱3.wonder; wanderwonder v. 想要知道n. 奇迹4.personal; personnelpersonal adj. 个人的personnel n. 人事部门；人员5.offer; oftenoffer v. 提供n. 报价often adv. 经常6.addition; addictionaddition n. 添加in addition 另外addiction n. 瘾；沉迷addiction to 对...上瘾7.conduct; product conduct v. 引导，指挥n. 行为product n. 产品8.expect; expert; except expect v. 期待expert n. 专家except prep. 除...之外v.免除9.decrease; increase decrease v. 减少increase v. 增加10.argue; agreeargue v. 争论；主张agree v. 同意11.present; president present n. 礼物v.呈现adj. 出席的，现在的president n. 总统，主席12.produce; reduce produce v. 生产reduce v. 减少13.lend; landlend v. 把...借给land n. 陆地v.使着陆14.prefer; referprefer v. 更喜欢；宁愿prefer to 倾向于；宁可refer v. 引用，参考refer to 查阅15.promise; promotepromise v. 承诺n. 诺言promote v. 促进，推动16.vary; veryvary v. 不同；使多样化very adv. 非常17.raise; riseraise v. 提升；增加；抚养rise v. 升高；上升18.check; cheekcheck v. 检查cheek n. 脸颊19.charge; change; chancecharge n. 费用；掌管；控告v.充电；控告；收费change n. 零钱v. 改变chance n. 机会20.favor; feverfavor n. 好感，喜爱v. 赞成，偏爱fever n. 发热v. 使...发热21.pressure; pleasurepressure n. 压力pleasure n. 快乐22.warn; warmwarn v. 警告warm adj. 温暖的23.attack; attractattack v. 攻击n. 袭击attract v. 吸引24.consider; considerable; consideration; considerate consider v. 考虑considerable adj. 相当大的consideration n. 体贴，关心considerate adj. 体贴的，体谅的pare; compete; completecompare v. 比较compete v. 竞争complete adj. 完全的v. 完成26.remind; rememberremind v. 提醒, 使回忆remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某件事情remember v. 记得remember to do sth 记得去做某事remember doing sth 记得做过某事27.quality; quantityquality n. 质量；品质quantity n. 量，数量a large quantity of 大量的quantities of 许多……28.reward; awardreward n. 奖励；奖赏;v. 奖赏; 给...报酬award n. 奖品；奖v. 授予；给予；判给29.desire; designdesire n./v. 愿望；渴望desire sb to do sth 想要某人做某事design n./v. 设计be designed to do 某物被设计来做某事30.review; replace; repeat; regret review n. 复核; 回顾v. 复查; 复习replace v. 代替；取代repeat v. 重说；重写repeat after sb 重复某人说的话regret v./n. 遗憾regret to do sth 很遗憾地去做某事regret doing sth 后悔做过某事31.praise; price; prizepraise v./n. 表扬；称赞price n.价格；价钱，代价v.给…定价；给…标价prize n.奖；奖品v. 珍视；高度重视32.argument; agreement argument n. 争论agreement n. 同意；一致；协议achieve an agreement 达成一致33.metal; mentalmetal n. 金属（元素)adj. 金属的mental adj. 精神的；思想的34.desert; dessertdesert n. 沙漠；荒漠v. 背弃；遗弃dessert n. （饭后）甜点35.explain; complainexplain v. 解释；说明complain v. 抱怨；发牢骚；诉苦36.figure; feature; futurefigure n. 数字；位数；体型；人物v. 认为; 计算;figure out 弄清楚feature n. 特征；特色v. 以…为主题（或特色）future n. 未来；将来adj.未来的；将来的in the far/near future 在很久/不久的将来37.pollution; populationpollution n. 污染（物）population n. 人口38.unique; unitedunique adj. 唯一的united adj. 联合的；统一的the United Nations 联合国39.economy; economiceconomy n. 经济economic adj. 经济的；有利可图的40.predict; prevent; preparepredict v. 预言；预测；prevent v.阻止；阻挡prevent sb (from) doing sth 阻止某人做某事prepare v. 准备be prepared to do sth 准备好了做什么41.handle; handyhandle v. 成功处理n. 把柄, 带柄的啤酒杯handy adj. 便于操作的；方便使用的42.struggle; structurestruggle v. 努力, 挣扎struggle to do sth 挣扎着做某事structure n. 结构；建筑物43.minimum; maximumminimum n./adj. 最低数量（或程度）;最低数量（或程度）的maximum n./adj. 最大数量（或程度）;最大数量（或程度）的44.adapt; adoptadapt v. 使适应；使适合adapt to (使)适应，适合；改编，改写adopt v. 采取;接受;收养45.lively; alive; live; livinglively adj. 充满活力的；生动的；活泼的alive adj. 活着的;live v. 生活；居住adj. 活生生的adv.以现场直播方式；现场直播地living n. 生计earn/make a living by 以...谋生adj. 活着的the living 活着的人46.observe; reserve; deserveobserve v. 看到；察觉到reserve n.储备v. 保留；预留deserve v. 应得；值得47.carry; marrycarry v. 携带; 运送carry out 执行marry v. 娶；嫁get married to sb, be married to sb,“和某人结婚”,前者强调动作，后者强调状态48.respectable; respectful; respective respectable adj. 受尊敬的；值得尊敬的respectful adj. 恭敬的;表示尊敬的respective adj. 各自的；分别的49.distinctive; distinctdistinctive adj. 特殊的；独特的；distinct adj. 不同的；明显的parable; comparativecomparable adj. 可比较的；类似的comparative adj. 比较的；相比较而言的四．近义词1.accept; receiveaccept v. 接受主观上自愿主动去接受、接纳receive v. 收到客观上的接受、接收这种行为和动作，并不涉及主观意愿2.matter; affair; eventmatter n. 问题，麻烦affair n. 事务；私事event n. 项目，大事3.advise; persuadeadvise v. 建议希望对方按照自己的意愿行事，但不强求persuade v. 劝说，说服极力的劝说对方4.appear; look; seemappear v. 看来，似乎外表给人的印象，有时含实质上并非如此的意思look v./n. 看视觉印象，意味着看上去如此，实际亦是如此seem v. 看起来，似乎根据某种迹象作出的推断5.assist; help; aidassist v./n. 帮助，协助强调辅助。

亚当斯商法第7版英文PPT CHAPTER 5

亚当斯商法第7版英文PPT CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
The law of contract:
offer and acceptance
Learning Objectives
➢ List the essential requirements for a binding contract ➢ Define offer and acceptance ➢ Distinguish between an invitation to treat and an offer ➢ Appreciate the importance of reasonable expectation in determining intention in offer and acceptance ➢ Demonstrate how offer and acceptance may be effectively communicated
1. invitation to treat 2. negotiation
An invitation to treat
• Most advertisements for the sale of goods, land or services are not usually treated by the courts as indicating the necessary intention to form an offer
• Catalogues, price lists, menus and circulars advertising so-called ‘cheap offers’ at local businesses are interpreted this way
• A display of goods in a shop, with or without a price tag, is merely an invitation to treat

Unit 6 Counter-offer and Acceptance

Unit 6 Counter-offer and Acceptance
g Skills
• Render thanks for the offer • Express the inability to accept the offer and explain it • Put forward suggestions on the trade terms • State the hope that the counter-offer will be accepted
4
Introduction
• The original offer or the seller now becomes the offeree, and he has the full right of acceptance or refusal. • In the latter case, he may make another counter offer of his own. • This process can go on for many rounds till business is finalized or called off.
• 如果你方愿意降低价格，比如说5%，我们 会考虑向你方试订。 • Should you be prepared to lower your price by say, 5%, we would place a trial order with you.
21
• 鉴于我们可按此价与买主大量成交，我们 不可能再降价了。 • In view of the fact that we have done a lot of business with buyers at this price, we cannot reduce our price any further.
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Invitation to treat
• Initial approach to others inviting them to deal or to instigate dealings on certain specified terms • Inviting others to make an offer (i.e. auction sale) • Fisher -v- Bell [1961] 1QB 394
• Auction Sales • Tenders, shares and debentures • Price lists
Acceptance
Acceptance: a final and unqualified assent to all the terms of the offer.
Who may accept the offer?
The postal acceptance rule
• Special acceptance rule:
– The acceptance is complete as soon as the letter is posted. – Adams -v- Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250
– Felthouse -v- Bindley (1862) 142 ER 1037
Manner of acceptance
• The acceptance must be communicated to be effective. However, the offeror may prescribe a particular mode of acceptance. • In the absence of such stipulation, acceptance may be made in any way (words, in writing or implied). • Exceptions: postal acceptance and unilateral contracts.
To whom can an offer be made?
What can happen to a valid offer?
Termination of an offer
• • • • • • Revocation Rejection Counter-offer Lapse of time Non-occurrence of an event Death
• Only the person to whom the offer was addressed can accept it unless the offer was made to the world at large. • Carlill -v- Carbolic Smoke Ball [1893] 1 QB 256
– Husband and wife agreements • NOT intended to be legally enforceable unless the presumption is rebutted by evidence to the contrary. • Balfour -v- Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571 • Merritt -v- Merritt [1970] 2 All ER 760
The essential elements of a valid contract
1. Intention to enter into a legal relationship 2. Agreement: offer and acceptance 3. Consideration 4. Certainty of terms – There must be sufficient agreement on the terms (contents) of then contract
– The acceptance is complete when the offeror receives the communication. – E.g. Acceptance is complete once the email is received or once the fax is received
No acceptance
Forms of acceptance
Importantly, acceptance cannot occur in the following ways: •silence; or •ignorance of the offer
Example of how silence does not constitute acceptance
How can acceptance be made (cont.)
Acceptance can occur in a number of ways, including: •express words or in writing (bilateral contracts involving an exchange of a promise for a promise); •conduct (express or implied); •performance of an act (unilateral contracts).
What may be accepted?
• Exactly what has been offered without any conditions, additions or deletions. • Conditional acceptance is no acceptance.
How can acceptance be made?
What are the limits of the rule?
• The postal acceptance rule applies to acceptances made by mail or by telegram. • The rule does not apply to acceptances sent by fax, telephone, telex, teleprinter, e-mail and other forms of communication. For these kinds of acceptances, the general rule applies that is:
Essential elements of a contract
Offer
•An offer is a proposal made by one party to another to enter into a legally binding contract.
Offer (cont.)
• Offer may be ‘express’, using written or spoken words. • Offer may be ‘implied’ from the offeror’s conduct. • Can only be accepted after it has been communicated to the other party. • An offer must be communicated to the offered
Test to determine whether a statement is an offer
• Whether a valid offer has been made by one party to the other will depend on the words used or the conduct engaged by the offeror. • Courts use the objective test to determine whether an offer has been made. • The objective test requires the court to ask whether a reasonable person standing in the shoes of the recipient would believe the statement to be a promise in the form of an offer (the reasonable man test).
PART 2: CONTRACT AND TORT LAW
Lecture 4 Contract Formation: The Essential Elements of a Valid Contract
What is a contract?
A contract is an agreement between two or more people which is legally enforceable.
Social, family and domestic agreements
• There is no intention to enter into legal relations. • This presumption may be rebutted by presenting facts to the contrary.
Agreements ‘subject to contract’
• ‘subject to finance approval’; ‘preliminary agreement’; ‘non-binding agreement’; ‘informal agreement’; ‘agreement to agree’. Masters –v- Cameron (1954) 91 CLR 353 ‘This agreement is made subject to the preparation of a formal contract of sale which shall be acceptable to my solicitors…’ • The High Court held that in this case, the parties did not intend to be bound by that agreement as the bargain was not concluded until they executed a formal contract.
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