产品设计中英文文献
工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献
工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Design Without DesignersI will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design.I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?"That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger.Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? T est. Web page layout? Test.This procedure is hardly unique to Google. /doc/f51636438.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise.Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data?Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New ConceptsIn design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is incremental improvement. In the manufacturing of products, companies assume that unit costs will continually decrease through continual, incremental improvements. A steady chain of incremental innovation enhances operations, the sourcing of parts and supply-chain management. The product design is continually tinkered with, adjusting the interface, adding new features, changing small things here and there. New products are announced yearly that are simply small modifications to the existing platform by a different constellation of features. Sometimes features are removed to enable a new, low-cost line. Sometimes features are enhanced or added. In incremental improvement, the basic platform is unchanged. Incremental design and innovation is less glamorous than the development of new concepts and ideas, but it is both far more frequent and far more important. Most of these innovations are small, but most are quite successful. This iswhat companies call "their cash cow": a product line that requires very little new development cost while being profitable year after year.The second form of design is what is generally taught in design, engineering and MBA courses on "breakthrough product innovation." Here is where new concepts get invented, new products defined, and new businesses formed. This is the fun part of innovation. As a result, it is the arena that most designers and inventors wish to inhabit. But the risks are great: most new innovations fail. Successful innovations can take decades to become accepted. As a result, the people who create the innovation are not necessarily the people who profit from it.In my Apple example, the designers were devising a new conception. In the case of Google and Amazon, the companies are practicing incremental enhancement. They are two different activities. Note that the Apple product, like most new innovations, failed. Why? I return to this example later.Both forms of innovation are necessary. The fight over data-driven design is misleading in that it uses the power of one method to deny the importance of the second. Data-driven design through testing is indeed effective at improving existing products. But where did the idea for the product come from in the first place? From someone's creative mind. Testing is effective at enhancing an idea, but creative designers and inventors are required to come up with the idea.Why Testing Is Both Essential and IncompleteData-driven design is "hill-climbing," a well-known algorithm for optimization. Imagine standing in the dark in an unknown, hilly terrain. How do you get to the top of the hill when you can't see? Test the immediate surroundings to determine whichdirection goes up the most steeply and take a step that way. Repeat until every direction leads to a lower level.But what if the terrain has many hills? How would you know whether you are on the highest? Answer: you can't know. This is called the "local maximum" problem: you can't tell if you are on highest hill (a global maximum) or just at the top of a small one.When a computer does hill climbing on a mathematical space, it tries to avoid the problem of local maxima by initiating climbs from numerous, different parts of the space being explored, selecting the highest of the separate attempts. This doesn't guarantee the very highest peak, but it can avoid being stuck on a low-ranking one. This strategy is seldom available to a designer: it is difficult enough to come up with a single starting point, let alone multiple, different ones. So, refinement through testing in the world of design is usually only capable of reaching the local maximum. Is there a far better solution (that is, is there a different hill which yields far superior results)? Testing will never tell us.Here is where creative people come in. Breakthroughs occur when a person restructures the problem, thereby recognizing that one is exploring the wrong space. This is the creative side of design and invention. Incremental enhancements will not get us there.Barriers to Great InnovationDramatic new innovation has some fundamental characteristics that make it inappropriate for judgment through testing. People resist novelty. Behavior tends to be conservative. New technologies and new methods of doing things usually take decades to be accepted - sometimes multiple decades. But the testing methods allassume that one can make a change, try it out, and immediately determine if it is better than what is currently available.There is no known way to tell if a radical new idea will eventually be successful. Here is where great leadership and courage is required. History tells us of many people who persevered for long periods in the face of repeated rejection before their idea was accepted, often to the point that after success, people could not imagine how they got along without it before. History also tells us of many people who persevered yet never were able to succeed. It is proper to be skeptical of radical new ideas.In the early years of an idea, it might not be accepted because the technology isn't ready, or because there is a lot more optimization still to be done, or because the audience isn't ready. Or because it is a bad idea. It is difficult to determine which of those reasons dominates. The task only becomes easy in hindsight, long after it becomes established.These long periods between formation and initial implementation of a novel idea and its eventual determination of success or failure in the marketplace is what defeats those who wish to use evidence as a decision criterion for following a new direction. Even if a superior way of doing something has been found, the automated test process will probably reject it, not because the idea is inferior, but because it cannot wait decades for the answer. Those who look only at test results will miss the large payoff.Of course there are sound business reasons why ignoring potentially superior approaches might be a wise decision. After all, if the audience is not ready for the new approach, it wouldinitially fail in the marketplace. That is true, in the short run. But to prosper in the future, the best approach would be to develop and commercialize the new idea to get marketplace experience, to begin the optimization process, and to develop the customer base. At the same time one is preparing the company for the day when the method takes off. Sure, keep doing the old, but get ready for the new. If the company fails to recognize the newly emerging method, its competitors will take over. Quite often these competitors will be a startup that existing companies ignored because what they were doing was not well accepted, and in any event did not appear to challenge the existing business: see "The innovator's dilemma."Gestural, multi-touch interfaces for screen-driven devices and computer games are good examples. Are these a brilliant new innovation? Brilliant? Yes. New? Absolutely not. Multi-touch devices were in research labs for almost three decades before the first successful mass-produced products. I saw gestures demonstrated over two decades ago. New ideas take considerable time to reach success in the marketplace. If an idea is commercialized too soon, the result is usually failure (and a large loss of money).This is precisely what the Apple designer of my opening paragraph had done. What I was shown was a portable computer designed for schoolchildren with a form factor unlike anything I had ever seen before. It was wonderful, and even to my normally critical eye, it looked like a perfect fit for the purpose and audience. Alas, the product got caught in a political fight between warring Apple divisions. Although it was eventually released into the marketplace, the fight crippled its integrity and it was badly executed, badly supported, and badly marketed.The resistance of a company to new innovations is well founded. It is expensive to develop a new product line with unknown profitability. Moreover, existing product divisions will be concerned that the new product will disrupt existing sales (this is called "cannibalization"). These fears are often correct. This is a classic case of what is good for the company being bad for an existing division, which means bad for the promotion and reward opportunities for the existing division. Is it a wonder companies resist? The data clearly show that although a few new innovations are dramatically successful, most fail, often at great expense. It is no wonder that companies are hesitant - resistant - to innovation no matter what their press releases and annual reports claim. To be conservative is to be sensible.The FutureAutomated data-driven processes will slowly make more and more inroads into the space now occupied by human designers. New approaches to computer-generated creativity such as genetic algorithms, knowledge-intensive systems, and others will start taking over the creative aspect of design. This is happening in many other fields, whether it be medical diagnosis or engineering design.We will get more design without designers, but primarily of the enhancement, refinement, and optimization of existing concepts. Even where new creative artificial systems are developed, whether by neural networks, genetic algorithms, or some yet undiscovered method, any new concept will still face the hurdle of overcoming the slow adoption rate of people and of overcoming the complex psychological, social, and political needs of people. T o do this, we need creative designers, creative business people, and risk takers willing to push the boundaries.New ideas will be resisted. Great innovations will come at the cost of multiple great failures.Design without designers? Those who dislike the ambiguity and uncertainty of human judgments, with its uncertain track record and contradictory statements will try to abolish the human element in favor of the certainty that numbers and data appear to offer. But those who want the big gains that creative judgment can produce will follow their own judgment. The first case will bring about the small, continual improvements that have contributed greatly to the increased productivity and lowering of costs of our technologies. The second case will be rewarded with greatfailures and occasional great success. But those great successes will transform the world.不需要设计师的设计唐·诺曼我永远也不会忘记我第一次向人们介绍优秀产品设计的魅力的经历，那时候我刚刚到苹果公司，还在逐渐的学习工作上的事务。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译模块化设计：产品设计的分解与整合中英文对照
英文原文:Design for Modularity: Product Design for Decomposition and IntegrationABSTRACTIn the last few years, corporation has engaged in studies to improve their design processes, ranging from marketing to support. Recent government, academic and industrial sector initiatives have sought advance technologies for developing and managing product development environment. Many companies have established a concurrent design process for their product development and have recognized a need for tools in evaluating the level of decomposition and integration, while analyzing the impact on the final design. This article will propose a three-phase methodology for design of products while considering modularity, assembly and manufacture.KEYWORDSModularity, Group technology, Optimization, Decomposition, Classification1. IntroductionModular design is a design technique that can be used to develop complex products using similar components . Components used in a modular product must have features that enable them to be coupled together to form a complex product. Modular design can be also viewed as the process of producing units that perform discrete functions, and then the units are connected together to provide a variety of functions. Modular design emphasizes the minimization of interactions between components, which will enable components to bedesigned and produced independently from each other. Each component, designed for modularity, is supposed to support one or more function. When components are structured together, to form a product, they will support a larger or general function. This shows the importance of analyzing the product function and decomposing it into sub-functions that can be satisfied by different functional modules. Modularity can be applied in the product design, design problems, production systems, or all three. It is preferable to use the modular design in all three types at the same time.Modular products refer to products that fulfill various overall functions through the combination of distinct building blocks or modules. In the sense that the overall function, performed by the product, can be divided into sub functions that can be implemented by different modules or components. An important aspect of modular products is the creation of a basic core unit to which different elements (modules) can be fitted, thus enabling a variety of versions of the same module to be produced. The core should have sufficient capacity to cope with all expected variations in performance and usage.Most design problems can be broken down into a set of easy to manage simpler sub-problems. Sometimes complex problems are reduced into easier sub-problems, where a small change in the solution of one sub-problem can lead to a change in other sub-problems’ solutions. T his means that the decomposition has resulted in functionally dependent sub-problems. Modularity focuses on decomposing the overall problem into functionally independent sub-problems, in which interaction or interdependence between sub-problems is minimized. Thus, a change in the solution of one problem may lead to a minor modification in other problems, or it may have no effect on other sub-problems.Modularity in production systems aims at building production systems from standardized modular machines. The fact that a wide diversity of production requirements exists has led to the introduction of a variety of production machinery, and a lack of agreement on what the building blocks should be. This means that there are no standards for modular machinery. In order to build a modular production system, production machinery must be classified into functional groups from which a selection of a modularproduction system can be made to respond to different production requirements. Rogers classified production mach inery into four basic groups of “primitive” production elements. These are process machine primitives, motion units, modular fixtures, and configurable control units. It is argued that if a selection is made from these four categories, it will be possible to build a diverse range of efficient, automated and integrated production system.2．Overview of Product DevelopmentProduct development is a necessary and important part of the activities performed by a manufacturing firm. Due to changes in manufacturing technology, consumer preferences, and government regulations (to name a few influences), existing products will become less profitable over time. The sales volume of a typical product starts slowly, accelerates, becomes flat, and then steadily declines. Although there may be a few products that remain profitable for many years, firms continually develop new products that will generate more profits. Product development determines what the firm will manufacture and sell. That is, it attempts to design products that customers will buy and to design manufacturing processes that meet customer demand profitably. Poor decisions during product development lead to products that no one wants to buy and products that are expensive to manufacture in sufficient quantity.A product development process is the set of activities needed to bring a new product to market. A product development organization includes the engineers, managers, and other personnel who make process and product engineering decisions and perform these activities. (Note that, in this paper, the term new product covers the redesign of an existing product as well.)Because making good decisions requires expertise and an organization of people can be experts in only a few things, a manufacturing firm specializes in a certain class of products. It focuses its attention on the market for that class of products, the technologies available to produce that class, and the regulations relevant to that class.Like other parts of the business, a product development organization seeks tomaximize the profit of the manufacturing firm subject to the relevant regulatory and ethical constraints and other conditions that the firm’s owners impose based on their values. A product development organization does this by regularly introducing new products that the firm can manufacture, market, and sell. Fundamentally, then, a product development organization transforms information about the world (e.g., technology, preferences, and regulations) into information about products and processes that will generate profits for the firm. It performs this transformation through decision-making (Herrmann and Schmidt, 2002). Because the design problem is highly complex, product development teams decompose the problem into a product development process, which provides the mechanisms for linking a series of design decisions that do not explicitly consider profit.The following nine steps are the primary activities that many product development processes accomplish (Schmidt et al., 2002):Step 1. Identify the customer needs.Step 2. Establish the product specification.Step 3. Define alternative concepts for a design that meets the specification.Step 4. Select the most suitable concept.Step 5. Design the subsystems and integrate them.Step 6. Build and test a prototype; modify the design as required.Step 7. Design and build the tooling for production.Step 8. Produce and distribute the product.Step 9. Track the product during its life cycle to determine its strengths and weaknesses.This list (or any other description that uses a different number of steps) is an extremely simple depiction that not only conveys the scope of the process but also highlights the inherent (but unquestioned) decomposition. There are many other ways to represent product development processes and the component tasks, including the use of schedules or a design structure matrix (Smith and Eppinger, 2001).Manufacturing firms understand that design decisions (though made early in theproduct life cycle) have an excessive impact on the profitability of a product over its entire life cycle. Consequently, product development organizations have created and used concurrent engineering practices for many years (Smith, 1997, provides a historical view). Many types of tools and methods (such as cross-functional product development teams and design for manufacturing guidelines) have been created, adopted, and implemented to improve decision-making. Cooper (1994) identifies three generations of formal approaches to product development, all of which involve decomposition.It should be noted, however, that decomposition is not the only way to describe product development. As an alternative to decomposing a system design problem into subproblems, Hazelrigg (1996) proposes creating and refining system design models to express how detailed design variables affect the overall system performance. This approach suggests that a product development process would end with using the model to find the optimal design. Hazelrigg (1998) encourages this type of optimization but does not discuss the process of generating the profit maximization model.3. A Methodology for Design for ModularityA three-phase methodology is proposed for the development of complex products using the modularity concept [1,2]. The proposed methodology matches the criteria set by the design for functionality, assembly and manufacture. Some of the major benefits associated with this methodology include:·Increased design accuracy, efficiency, and the reuse of existing design for new programs.·Potential for integration of the developed methodology and technology into the engineering design activities.·Modular product design and the process of planning the production are integrated in one overall engineering process in which product features are mapped into their feasible process(es) in a one to one correspondence.In order to implement this concept successfully, the manner in which the modules areselected is critical. By establishing simple interfaces within the modules, the numbers of interactions are then reduced. The steps associated with this methodology include: Phase I - Decomposition Analysis: Design for Modularity and Classification1. Product and problem decomposition.2. Structural and modular decomposition.3. Associativity analysis between the components and specification.4. Application of group technology classification system.5. Construction of the associativity measure matrix.6. Optimum selection of modules.Phase II - Product Analysis: Design for Assembly and Functionality Analysis1. Identify the components that could be produced and assembled separately.2. Determine of the order of disassembly and assembly for each sub-component module.3. Establish the interfaces based on the analysis of the design features.4. Determine of the order, which the sub-assemblies are assembled to produce the final product.Phase III - Process Analysis: Design for Manufacture1. Family identification and template retrieval.2. Determination of the logical order of GT codes for the process of modules.3. Machine and process parameter calculation.4. Variant process planning.4. Decomposition Analysis: Design for Modularity and ClassificationPhase I of the methodology further specifications associated with this phase are illustrated as follows:4.1. Needs AnalysisThe design engineer is usually given an ill-defined problem. In many situations, the designer has to respond to the mere suggestion that there is a need for a product to performa certain function. One of the main tasks is to find out precisely what are the needs and what do customers really want. An important step in the design is to describe the product fully in terms of functional needs and physical limitations. These functional needs and physical limitations will form the product specifications. Surveying prospective purchasers or customers could collect information required to identify customer needs. Conducting a marketing study that begins by establishing target markets and customers can do this. Then customers’ wants and needs could be obtained by using several methods such as interviews and questionnaires. Also, similar products (competitive products) are investigated to find possible improvement opportunities by focusing on weakness points and desired features by customers. Next, customer wants and needs are arranged into groups and prioritized according to their importance. Needs analysis usually results in a statement of recognized needs and the expected manner in which that need should be met.4.2. Product Requirements AnalysisResults of the needs analysis step are used to identify the product requirements. The development group begins by preparing a list of functional objectives needed to meet the customer’s primary needs. Further analysis of customer needs reveals operational functional requirements that impose both functional and physical constraints on the design. Secondary customer requirements will be categorized as general functional requirements; they are ranked secondary because they will not affect the main function of the product. That is, a product may lack one or more general functional requirement and still be considered as a functional product that meets the intended function. General functional requirements should be weighted with respect to their importance.4.3. Product Concept AnalysisProduct/concept analysis is the decomposition of the product into its basic functional and physical elements. These elements must be capable of achieving the product’s functions. Functional elements are defined as the individual operations and transformations that contribute to the overall performance of the product. Physical elements are defined as the parts, components, and subassemblies that ultimately implement the product’s function.Product concept analysis consists of product physical decomposition and product functional decomposition. In product physical decomposition, the product is decomposed into its basic physical components which, when assembled together, will accomplish the product function. Physical decomposition should result in the identification of basic components that must be designed or selected to perform the product function. Product functional decomposition describes the products overall functions and identifies components functions. Also, the interfaces between functional components are identified.4.4. Product/Concept IntegrationBasic components resulting from the decomposition process should be arranged in modules and integrated into a functional system. The manner by which components are arranged in modules will affect the product design. The resulting modules can be used to structure the development teams needed. System level specifications are the oneto- one relationship between components with respect to their functional and physical characteristics. Functional characteristics are a result of the operations and transformations that components perform in order to contribute to the overall performance of the product. Physical characteristics are a result of the components’ arrangements,assemblies, and geometry that implement the product function. Physical and functional characteristics, forming the system level specifications, are arranged into a hierarchy of descriptions that begins by the component at the top level and ends with the detailed descriptions at the bottom level.Bottom level descriptions (detailed descriptions) are used to determine the relationships between components, 1 if the relationship exists and 0 otherwise. This binary relationship between components is arranged in a vector form, “System Level Specifications Vector”(SLSV). System level specifi cations identified in the previous step affects the general functional requirements in the sense that some specifications may help satisfy some general functional requirements, while other specifications might prevent the implementation of some desired general functional requirements. The impact of the SLS on GFR’s should be clearly identified which will help in developing products that willmeet, up to a satisfactory degree, the general functional requirements stated earlier. The impact will be determined based on –1 as negative impact, 0 as no impact, and 1 as positive impact. A negative impact represents an undesired effect on the general functional requirements such as limiting the degree to which the product will meet the general requirement, or preventing the product from implementing the general requirement. While a positive impact represents a desired effect that the SLS will have on the general requirements, such SLS will ensure that the product will satisfy the requirements and result in customer satisfaction. An SLS is said to have no impact if it neither prevents the implementation of the GFR, nor helps satisfying the GFR.The degree of association between components should be measured and used in grouping components into modules. Incorporating the general functional requirement weights can do this, in addition to the system level specifications vectors and their impacts on the general functional requirements to provide a similarity index between components.The similarity indices associated with components are arranged in a component vs. component matrix. Components with high degree of association should be grouped together in design modules. This can be accomplished by using an optimization model that maximizes the sum of the similarities. The optimization model will identify independent modules that can be designed simultaneously. Several models are available for optimization analysis of this model.5．Types of DecompositionA product development process follows a decomposition scheme that reflects the experience of the organization and the individuals that inhabit the organization. This relationship explains the design of many organizations and business processes, of course, and obviously applies to product development processes as performed in the real-world. (The study of contingency theory has explored the relationship of organization structure to the organization’s goals and environment.) The evolut ion of the product development process is influenced by exceptional events (such as disasters that cause managers toimplement controls or regulations designed to ensure that “it never happens again”), by executives and managers who participated in or observed different processes used by other organizations, and by natural processes of continuous improvement. These influences are resisted by the inertia of individuals in the organization (“that’s not the way we do it here”), and the implemention of innovations may fail for other reasons. Klein and Sorra (1996) argue that the implementation effectiveness depends upon implementation climate and implementation policies and practices.Holt et al. (1960) mention a three-stage process for the evolution of a decision-making system. In the first stage, when an organization is small, skilled managers make decisions as situations arise. In the second stage, the complexity of the operations increases, and the firm installs a system of decisionmaking. For routine decisions, heuristics or simple rules guide decision-making. In the third stage, the firm seeks to improve decision-making by implementing decision support tools. Often these tools help decision-makers treat problems in a more integrated fashion.In conclusion, rarely are product development processes explicitly designed to optimize profitability. Still, the never-ending quest to improve processes leads managers to change them, first hoping to improve this metric, then hoping to improve another, always seeking changes that improve all metrics simultaneously. Because different firms find themselves in different positions, they seek different things from their processes. More precisely, there exist a large set of objectives, and each organization prioritizes these objectives differently. Thus, each firm finds a different process most desirable for itself, in the same way that different families looking at the houses for sale in the same city choose different houses based on their own priorities on location, price, number of bedrooms, and so forth.Being unique, each product development organization has a unique product development process that embodies a unique decomposition. If each process has changed over time due to many different reasons, it may seem unreasonable to describe the forces that shape specific product development processes. Indeed, Blanchard and Fabrycky (1998)state that a development process is a generic template that must be “tailored” to a specific project’s need. They describe three common processe s: the waterfall model, the spiral model, and the V model. They observe that preferences among these models are subjective and that careful study is needed to select the best model for a specific project.Still, some authors have described some of the factors that make certain types of processes more or less successful. For instance, Loch and Terwiesch (1998) use an analytical model of concurrent engineering to show how uncertainty (and the speed of uncertainty reduction) affects the optimal amount to overlap activities and the optimal frequency of meetings used to coordinate the concurrent activities. More generally, Pich, Loch, and De Meyer (2002) identify three project management strategies (instructionism, learning, and selectionism) that handle uncertainty in different ways. Accordingly, project managers must determine the adequacy of what is known about the world and the effects of different actions and must determine whether any inadequacy is due to ambiguity or complexity. The paper proposes some simple rules suggesting when to use each strategy.6. Summary and ConclusionsThis article has presented a new methodology for modular design. The complete process is a three-phase process, but only phase I of the methodology is presented. The method illustrates the significance of the group technology coding and classification and the optimization in modular design.This synthesis contributes to a theory of design describes how design happens in practice and explains this behavior. The fundamental axioms include the profit maximization objective, bounded rationality (including limited time and resources available for product development), and the presence of uncertainty.Extending this theory of design will require better understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of different decompositions. Also useful will be understanding the relationship between the effort spent to solve a design subproblem and the quality of the resulting solution.It will be interesting to see how improvements in information technology and decision support systems increase the amount of information that one decision-maker can process and how these improvements change the balance between decomposition and integration. 中文翻译：模块化设计：产品设计的分解与整合摘要:在过去的几年里，公司进行了研究，以改善他们的设计流程，从市场营销支持。
产品设计供应链设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译产品系列选择及其供应链设计的优化模型摘要:当设计一个新的系列产品，设计者和制造商必须同步地确定该产品系列和它的供应链。
设计过程的第一步，设计师针对一些产品系列及材料的变量提出各种解决方案。
第二步是在选择供应链结构时候选择一些变量。
混合整数线性规划模型是在选择产品的变量时优化已有的供应链的经营成本。
这项工作可以应用到汽车零部件供应商。
关键词：供应链管理；产品系列设计；供应链设计；混合整数线性规划1 确定通用材料表1.1 产品造型和设计多样性可以从不同的角度来考虑需求的多样性：客户或功能、产品或物质、供应链或过程。
从功能性的角度来看，多样性是指一系列顾客表达的需求。
每一个需求衍生了一系列的服务等级（服务等级1--服务第2级-- -- -服务水平n ）的。
这些服务等级从复杂性和成本的层次来加以区分，以获得该对应的功能。
举例来说，功能为“汽车玻璃升降”的服务等级可以有不同，从“手动举升”到“电动升降，并有报警和夹紧保护”。
因此，客户的多样性来自于所有和多重要求相关的服务等级的聚合：集合{（要求，服务水平）}确定市场的需求，而该产品系列必须涵盖这些需求。
从产品的角度来看，一个产品系列是一系列的有形的产品变量并满足市场的需求。
一个产品变量满足某一特定的服务等级对应的所有要求。
此外产品变量基于它的材料表分裂成各组件。
物质多样性通常是指产品系列中的关键特征或枢机组件中的关键特征。
我们考虑服务水平间的秩序的关系，而就一个产品系列中的产品变量，他们的秩序的关联也是存在的：如果服务等级 V1大于服务等级的V2，那么对于每个要求变量V1大于变量V2。
现在，让我们来分析以一个系列服务等级定义的特定客户需求，功能需求：需求= {（需求，需求服务等级）} 。
正好匹配需求服务等级的产品有可能不存在于这个产品家族。
但生产者的目的是以最低的成本，尽可能接近这个需求服务等级来满足需求。
因此，过度满足所有需求服务等级的最小的变量（顺序的局部关系）可以实现该需求。
设计类英文文献5000字
The Smart Rollator ProjectA Collaborative Student Project Benefiting From a Multidepartmental Approach Bjarki Hallgrimsson, IDSA, and Jim Budd, IDSA, School of Industrial Design, Carleton University Adrian D.C. Chan, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University Introduction The Smart Rollator Project is a case study of a university joint project between the Industrial Design and the Systems and Computer Engineering (SCE) programs. The project includes several industry collaborators: a health-care products manufacturer, a geriatric hospital, and physiotherapists. Rollators are wheeled walkers that help seniors enjoy a more independent, healthier, and mobile lifestyle. The primary objective of the project is to investigate how sensors can play a part in defining new product experiences for the elderly in the context of mobility aids such as a rolling walker. Figure 1. Smart Rollator prototype by id student and test model by engineering student. The idea of adding sensors was initiated by Professor Chan in the Department of Systems and Computer Engineering in response to new, smaller and more mobile sensor technologies. Professor Chan approached Professor Hallgrimsson in the School of Industrial Design (SID), who had extensive experience working on rollators for Dana Douglas, a major manufacturer of these types of assistive devices. The project was also of direct interest to Professor Budd, the fourth-year industrial design studio professor, who has recently started the new Sensor Lab at SID. Since the project presented a good balance between the assessment of user needs and the application of new technology, it was decided that it would be suitable as a final thesis project for fourth-year students from both engineering and design. The Challenge For the purposes of this paper, the interpretation of multidisciplinary project refers to students from different departments working on a project theme together, while focusing on their own core competencies and deliverables. The students in our multidisciplinary project are registered in their respective fourth-year major project courses. The thesis course represents the final capstone project for students in both of these professional programs and represents the culmination of the knowledge learned in the respective fields. The course requirements for engineering and design students are expectantly different. This approach, in our opinion, would differ from an interdisciplinary project, where students from different disciplines would be working together on the same project in the same course. The latter scenario typically involves additional administrative complexities including the requirement to create a new course with new pedagogical requirements.Whereas there are interesting opportunities across the university for collaborative work, the curriculum issue is obviously a common problem, especially for an undergraduate thesis. New programs have been formed that transcend these boundaries by establishing new objectives and interdisciplinary pedagogies. A true interdisciplinary project at the fourth-year level, between engineering and design students, would, as an example, have to take professional accreditation requirements into consideration. At Carleton, the ID program is recognized by the standards of the Association of Chartered Industrial Designers of Ontario. The Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board accredits the engineering degree programs and places very specific requirements on the curriculum content. Similarly, the ID emphasis on user research versus theengineering focus on technology creates very different schedules. In the context of this situation, the most feasible option was to have students from the two fields work in parallel on a similar problem, with some levels of overlap. This paper, therefore, examines the lessons learned from this first multidisciplinary step, which is seen as a path towards more interdisciplinary work on the Smart Rollator project in the future. The interdisciplinary work will commence with graduate students from both of the departments working towards the same deliverable, namely a fully developed functional platform; that work is expected to start in the fall of 2008 and last for 3 years. Beyond successful student thesis projects, the following research questions were identified for dissemination: 1. Do sensors really benefit the usefulness of Rollators? 2. Will students realize the implicit benefits of working with students from another discipline in the absence of formalized interdisciplinary deliverables? 3. Would there be noticeable differences in both the engineering and design projects, from typical projects in previous years? 4. Would the experience assist the 2 departments in terms of understanding and planning a more interdisciplinary Smart Rollator project at the graduate level? The Structure Whereas no tangible collaborative deliverables existed, multidisciplinary interactions were scheduled during the course of the project as shown in the following timeline: Figure 2. Timeline of recorded interactions between ID and engineering students. 1. An initial meeting was scheduled with students from each discipline to explain that both ID and SCE were participating in the joint collaborative Smart Rollator project. 2. Students toured each other’s departments and were introduced. 3. Engineering faculty attended ID presentations. 4. The ID research report was made available to engineering students. 5. ID was invited to participate in the engineering Wiki Web site. 6. At the end of the project, students were debriefed about their experiences and these sessions were recorded for later analysis. Students were encouraged to seek out help from the other department in terms of complementary input to their projects. This was addressed through an informal collegial open-door policy.Validating the Need for SensorsLittle work had been done in terms of validating the need for sensors on Rollators. The need to investigate this in more detail was of the highest importance to the future of a commercially viable Smart Rollator. The ID students spent most of the fall term (September to December), researching the user needs and creating specification briefs for products that would more effectively address the combined performance and lifestyle considerations for the elderly. This work included: •Literature reviews: •governmental statistics and societal cost of aging •effects of aging and compounding of medical issues •existing Smart Rollator research •sensor technologies •Competitive market products analysis of Rollators •User observational analysis, including visits to nursing homes and hospitals in the Ottawa area. •Surveys and interviews with health-care professionals including physiotherapists, a Rollator manufacturer, and a rehabilitation center •Scenario and persona development This research forms the basis for future planned research. The students exposed some of the complicated issues, relating to compounding of health issues. Whereas obstacle avoidance had been previously addressed, it was now better understood in the context of specific scenarios for people with vision impairments. Additionally, the students classified and studied the effect of various typical vision impairments such as macular degeneration and isolated the most typical kind of obstacle avoidance problems, so that a bettersystem could be designed. This contrasts with the engineering projects where these needs are presumed and students work immediately towards implementing technological solutions. Did Students Realize Implicit Benefit of Working with Each Other? The value of user observation studies, by ID students, was clear to the engineering students who actually decided to change some of their own problem statements in response to design research. Persona creations for example (Figure 3), help students from other disciplines relate to the human aspect more easily. Industrial design students meanwhile became more familiar with technology driven projects, and the benefits of quantitative testing methods (for example, debugging techniques). During the debriefing sessions we asked students from both departments some questions, which dealt with the multidisciplinary experience. Both the engineering and ID students expressed that they knew very little about the other field of study at the beginning of the term. The engineers for example said that they had heard and knew about ID, but that they had thought that it was only art based, or that it concerned itself mostly with the appearance of things. Similarly the ID students knew about engineering, but did not know what made computer and systems engineering different from computer science or electrical engineering. The students expressed that they had new appreciation and respect for the other discipline. One engineering student said, “The ID students are really focused on the end user and seem to know a lot more about manufacturing aspects than we do.”Another engineering student mentioned how ID made them think outside the box and consider things like the marketing of the product in terms of the cost of components. An ID student observed how engineering students think of a system and analyze the functional operation in terms of the different technological parts of the product: sensors, electronics, and software. ID can learn from this approach as well even when making simpler proof of concept electronic mockups. Another ID student also observed how he now sees that even within engineering, there are a lot of different areas of specialization to focus on (the engineering students were pooled from the Systems and Computer Engineering as well as Electronics departments).Figure 3. Persona creation by ID students. Noticeable Differences in ID and Engineering Projects from Previous Years The ID students have in the past developed mostly conceptual nonworking prototypes for their fourth-year major (capstone) project. This year, they were challenged to go further in terms of making working focused prototypes. This was also made possible by addition of the school’s new Sensor Lab. The lab has been set up to introduce design students with little or no electronics and programming background to the basic knowledge required to conduct experiments and produce “proof of concept-type operational models”incorporating sensor technologies. Figure 4. Use of Simple Lego Mindstorms System Opens Opportunity for Proof of Concept Testing for ID Students In addition, the student interviews revealed that some of the ID students interfaced with the engineering students and learned about sensor testing as well as debugging approaches. The engineering students have not been challenged in the past to give this amount of consideration to holistic engineering development. This affected the approach and criteria by which the engineering students selected the electronic components, to be much more real world oriented. Rather than a focus on what they could get away with in the lab, the engineering students looked at their Rollator systems in terms of what would be more user oriented.The ID and engineering students did not collaborate in terms of their deliverables. In fact, the projects are distinct and different. That being said, there was evidence of students helping each other and collaborating in a real interdisciplinary sense. ID students showed engineering students how to do some user testing with their engineering test model through video methods, while the engineering students would help with explaining electronics and sensors to the same ID student. The following is a brief list of the individual student projects: ID 1 E-Nurse (Shayta Roy) An electronic handle grip monitors heart rate and blood oxygen saturation levels. The user can transfer data to health-care providers online via Bluetooth and a secure server. ID 2 Conductor (Silvan Linn) An obstacle-avoidance system for people with visual impairment. A compact sensor unit scans the area ahead of the Rollator for hazards (corners, curbs, stairs). The user is alerted through audio feedback via bone-conduction technology mounted on a glasses-like frame (freeing the ears to listen for other dangers). ID3 Rollator with Electronic Assist Braking (Justin Frappier) This redesigned Rollator incorporates electronic-assisted braking. The design aims to eliminate human error associated with cognitive and motor skill impairments. ID4 Liberty (Chris Ledda) This Rollator battery-charging system uses radio frequency (RF) technology. A transmitter that is plugged into a wall sends out a signal that is recognized by a Rollator-mounted receiver, which can charge the onboard battery while it is parked within 3 feet of the transmitter. Eng 1 Usage Monitoring System (Davide Agnello and Brian Earl) The usage-monitoring system is a real-time distance- and speed-monitoring system to track daily usage and usage patterns of a Rollator. The system also includes wireless Bluetooth data communications and a software database with remote access. Eng 2 Obstacle Detection System (Mohammed Aboul-Magd, Faysal Hassan, and Alex Sintu) This system was developed to monitor multiple objects and environments around the rollator; this included walls, drop-offs, inclines, and objects. Project Project Definition Final Prototype Usability and Technical Testing Sensors Electronics and Software ID1 Created by student Appearance Model Ergonomic testing and feedback from physiotherapists users and rollator manufacturer Observed and used heart rate and oxygen saturation sensors Heart-rate and O2 sensors. This electronics portions was mainly developed in last year's project in SCE ID2 Created by student Fully integrated working prototype (technical and appearance) Ergonomic testing and feedback from physiotherapists users and rollator manufacturer Lego Mindstorms mockups Breadboards Feedback mockups (haptic, eye, audio) Infrared and ultrasound sensors. Arduino embedded system board. Custom code audio output. ID3 Created by student Appearance model and separate technical working prototype Ergonomic testing and feedback from physiotherapists users and rollator manufacturer Electronically powered brake mockup Linear actuatorsTable 1. End project deliverables for the ID and engineering projects. The table illustrates some of the main differences between the ID and engineering deliverables, for example: •ID students spend a considerable amount of time doing user-oriented research and creating project definitions and concepts. •The ID students always produce a final appearance model to show what the envisioned manufactured product would look like. •ID projects tend to be more conceptual and engineering projects more safe in terms of feasibility. •The engineering students build a technical prototype upon which they base their testing The table also highlights some new project accomplishments in this year. ID students were able to use sensors and technology tobuild working proof of concept prototypes, which is atypical in their thesis project. The engineering students added usability selection criteria to the sensor and electronics selection; for example, larger LED screens and data collection that matched real user scenarios. They were also introduced to testing their engineering models with real subjects. Does This Project Help Plan a More Advanced Interdisciplinary Project at Graduate Level? Both engineering and ID faculty feel that many valuable lessons have been learned from this project in terms of planning an interdisciplinary project at the graduate level. This has already been evidenced through a rewritten research plan, where additional focus has been placed on user-oriented research. This research needs to be done and explained in terms of context to the new engineering participants. The report done by the ID students in this year will help engineering students appreciate and understand this approach. Another insight is a better understanding of how the ID projects differ at the technical level from the engineering projects. The ID sensor-based projects are typically focused on the proof of concept, whereas the engineering systems are more technically optimized to provide a more robust and reliable system. In the figure below, the ID student is thinking about how the sensor board can be mounted in a real product, the diagram next to it shows how the engineering students spend a lot of time analyzing the specific performance of a given sensor in a very detailed technical sense.Figure 5. ID sensor project and engineering confidence interval analysis. Observations and Conclusions 1. It is clear from this experiment that the ID and engineering students approach the same or similar problems from very different perspectives with very different goals in mind. •Design students are primarily interested in using sensors as a proof of concept to make sure that the technology is viable and that it is beneficial to the end user. Whereas the design students spend their time creating research-based, user-oriented design decisions, the engineering students spend a lot of time optimizing the electronics system reliability and efficiency. For example, making a wireless system work flawlessly is not easy; it is also important to evaluate its performance, including maximum distance between transmitter and receiver, data transfer rate, data transfer errors and recovery, and power consumption. It is important to make sure that the sensor readings are correct and test the sensors under all kinds of conditions to determine accuracy and confidence intervals. 2. It is also evident from the interaction among the students that each group recognizes the benefits of the differences in approach and can leverage certain aspects to help improve their own solutions. 3. Based on these findings it is relatively clear that there are significant educational gains to be made in developing more tightly aligned collaborative projects, through a multidisciplinary approach. •These projects were not only good fourth-year projects, the experience gained by faculty has helped shape the future of the Smart Rollator project, which is expected to last at least an additional three years. The lessons learned will help frame some of the interdisciplinary work to be complete。
产品设计英文论文
产品设计英⽂论⽂THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY THE UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK – WARWICK MANUFACTURING GROUP INTEGRATED GRADUATEDEVELOPMENT SCHEMEPost Module Assignment PRODUCT DESIGN & DEVELOPMENTMANAGEMENTName: YU XI RUIStudent ID: 10406342012/6/7CONTENT(Total 3,351 Words)PART AQUESTION THREE 3 1INTRODUCTION 31.1 Understanding of question 31.2 Scope of My Answer 3 2GREEN DESIGN 42.1 Objectives for Green Design 42.2 Main Contents of Green Design 42.3 Green Design Procedures 53 SYSTEMS THINKING 63.1 Modular Design 63.2 Cycle Design 64 SOME GREEN DESIGN METHODS AND TOOLS 75 CONCLUSION 11PART B 13 1STRENGTHS 13 2WEAKNESS 14 3LEARNING POINTS 14 REFERENCES 15PART AQuestion 3During the module you have been introduced to many management techniques and influencing considerations to the effective management of design.There are many different drivers for new product development. In some circumstances more of a‘push’management technique may be used, such as designing green products or health/lifestyle choices –Select one such area and discuss how these considerations can be captured in a product development process.1INTRODUCTION1.1Understanding of the questionNowadays, more and more diverse drivers for new product development occurred. ‘Push’management technique is no longer a best choice for companies. Designing green products reflects rethinking of environment ecological damage caused by modern science and technology, and also reflects the return of the designer ethics and social responsibility.How the environment considerations can be captured in a product development process is becoming the first priority for designers and managers. Green design is not only a kind of design methods but also a philosophy for every area in the life.1.2Scope of my answer1. A brief introduction of green design.1)Objectives for green design2)Main contents of green design3)Green design procedures2.Two major systems thinking3.Introduce various methods and tools for green design and the different functionsof various methods.2GREEN DESIGN2.1Objectives for Green DesignIn the long river of human history, the industrial design created the modern living environment and style, while at the same time it speeds up the depletion of energy and materials and brings great damages to ecological balance.The green design is the design to fully consider the impact on resources and the environment the whole process of product life cycle, and also to consider the product's features, quality, cycle time and cost, while optimizing all relevant factors in order to minimize the overall negative impact on the environment during the product and its manufacturing process, to make the indicators of the product stay in line with the requirements of the green products.Important consideration for environmental attributes throughout the life cycle of the product (disassembly, recyclability, maintainability, reuse, etc.) should be approached.2.2Main contents of Green DesignGreen product design include green material selection design, green manufacturing process design, product recyclability design, product design for disassembly, green packaging design, green logistics design, green service design, and green recycle design.1.Green material selection and management.The so-called green materials refer to renewable, recyclable, and low environmental pollution, low energy and materials resume. Therefore, good environmental compatibility materials and parts, non-toxic, harmless and non-radioactive materials should be preferred first. The used materials should be easy to reuse, recycling, remanufacturing or easily degraded in order to improve resource utilization and achieve sustainable development.2.Recyclability of the products design.During design process designers should take full account of the possibility of product parts recycling, recycling methods, cost recovery and other issues to save material, conserve energy, and minimize environmental pollution.Recyclable design includes diverse aspects.1)The recyclable material identification and marking.2)Recycling process methods.3)Structural design of recyclability.4)The economic analysis and evaluation of recyclability.3.Assembly and disassembly of the product design.Under the premise of meeting the functional requirements and operation requirements, structure and shape and types of parts and material composition of should be minimized as little as possible in order to reduce assembly and disassembly cost. And easy disassembly linking methods should be used and the number of demolition of parts of the fastener should be minimized.4.Description and modeling of green products.Accurate and comprehensive description of green products, the establishment of green product evaluation model is the key to green design.5.Cost analysis of green products.Green products cost analysis should consider the cost of dealing with pollutants, the cost of disassembly, reuse costs in order to achieve the win-win purpose of economic benefits and environmental quality.2.3Green Design Procedures1.Market research.Network-based survey, supplemented by field trips is used to collect customers' requirements and creativity by the form of a questionnaire or design contest, and grasp the approximate price of the target object. Collecting information about science, technology and law from patents and news is conducive to product material selection, process and structure design, and investigating the corporate culture, production capacity, equipment, and green degree.2.The raw material selection.The green material is a kind of material owns good environmental compatibility under the premise of the general functional requirements satisfaction. Green material ownsmaximum utilization of resources and minimal environmental impact in various stages of preparation, use and disposal life cycle.In order to facilitate the effective recycling of the product, it is necessary to minimize the types of materials in the product and consider the compatibility between the materials. Good compatibility between the materials which means that these materials can be recycled together can greatly reduce the workload of the demolition and classification.The designers should maximize the use of natural materials for production material, extensive use of waste, garbage, waste and other waste. Selecting abandoned materials as much as possible could reduce the pressure of the landfill.Purchase of locally produced materials, and reflect the design of provincialism. Avoid the use of the material that may the release pollutants. Maximize the use of renewable materials, and minimum use of non-renewable materials.3.Environment consideration in design.Structure design should use the principle of ergonomics to make users feel comfortable and happy, no sense of oppression; should also avoid hazards of electromagnetic radiation, noise, toxic gases, irritant gases and liquids. Environmental performance of products must also be taken into account; Regarding environmental performance as the design objective is one of the main features of green design which is different from traditional designs.As different products have different environmental performance, the design should meet the requirement separately based on product characteristics and the using environment.Extended life of the product can play a role in environmental protection, the designer on the basis of analysis of product features and economy, use a variety of advanced design theory and tools in order to make products designed to meet current and future market demand for a long time.The environment consideration should aim at improving ecological environment and upgrades the living equality. Multiple functional products could better meet the requirement of environment consideration.Reducing redundant design in the design process can help control the damage to environment, such as less of a box, less a difficult recovery of nylon rope or metal edge, and less the color of the design work.4.Production.Green design in production concludes green manufacturing process design, product recyclability design, product design for disassembly, green packaging design, and green logistics design and so on.1)Green manufacturing process designUsing low energy consumption and zero-damage environment technology during the consumption is quite necessary. Highly toxic materials such as formaldehyde, halide solvents or aromatic hydrocarbons may not be used in product formulation and production process; product shall not contain mercury and its compounds, pigments and additives.2)Product recyclability designIn modeling stage of the product design, its internal structure design should be as simplistic, miniaturization and standardization as possible.Simplifying the surface technology of the product is another way of product recyclability design. At present, for the aesthetic needs some of the products use plating, painting and other process on its surface. Emissions of toxic gases bring a great impact on the environment, and the damage to the human body is staggering. 3)Green packaging designGreen packaging materials should be first priority. Advocated biodegradable plastic bags are a good representative, which is made of biodegradable and degradable materials and buried underground in a disused become the food of microorganisms in the soil and degrade quickly which helps solving "white pollution "problem. Simplify the packaging, putting multiple products of the same class into one box, which also reduce the number of the released product specifications.For example, in 2008, Hewlett-Packard Company reduces 97% of the raw material usage and space occupy in laptop computer package, thus reducing the loading volume of the box and transportation costs.5.After sale service.Improving transport efficiency and moderate expansion of production networks could be best way in transportation; immediately remove the packaging and shipped back to re-use after delivery.Modular production components, coupled with the structure easy to demolish, maintenance and services throughout the network, and create excellent service for consumers.Recycling - give priority to reuse of recycled parts, to maximize the utilization of materials recycling, innovative waste treatment process in order to diminish its impact on the environment.3SYSTEMS THINKINGIn the future "Green Design", the modular design and Cycle design will bring further benefits on the basis of currently use. 3.1Modular DesignThe modular design means that for the products with the same functionality but with different specifications or different functions designing a set of common functional modules.Through the selection and combination of modules different products can be constituted to meet different needs. The modular design could both solve the contradiction between the production cycle and cost and be convenient for maintenance, thus contributing to demolition and recycling of waste products and reduce pollution and finally provide the necessary conditions to enhance the competitiveness of their products.3.2Cycle DesignCycle design known as recycling design (Design for Recovering Recycling), that is, means or method of generalized recovery.During product design, giving full consideration to the possibility of recycling of product parts and materials, the recovery value, the recycling method of recycling thestructural technical is one of ways to take effective and adequate use of parts and material resource and energy in order to minimize environmental pollution.The cycle design is associated with the modular design; it mainly means that during the product design designers should fully take a series of related problems in the recycling of parts and materials into account.4SOME GREEN DESIGN METHODS AND TOOLS1)Quality Function Deployment.Quality Function Deployment is a tool of converting customer requirements into product design specifications.The implementation of this method depends on marketing, design engineering, manufacturing and other functional departments combined into inter-departmental working group.QFD has two major functions.Expand the quality: converting the customer requirements into product design. Function deployment: converting the design requirements into the appropriate parts, process and production requirements.2)PUGH concept convergence.PUGH concept convergence is a method to convert all initial concepts into final concept, and assess every concept value according to different requirements and conditions. Using PUGH concept convergence can help3)Design V alidation and Optimization.Design V alidation and Optimization is a tool for direct analysis of thin-walled parts of the CAD solid model which brings a significant decrease in model preparation time. The time savings give more in-depth analysis for more design iterations as well as perform. A lot of tools and software can be used to achieve Design V alidation and Optimization.4)Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Main applications of Environmental Life Cycle Assessment are to assess the environmental load caused by a product, process and production activity through thequantitative research of energy and material use and waste emissions.LCA is a kind of evaluation method of assessing the impact of energy materials use and waste emissions as well as evaluating the environment improvements.There are three steps in LCA. First, to identify and quantify energy and material consumption and environmental releases throughout the life cycle stages, and then to evaluate the consumption and release of the environmental impact, the final thing is identification and evaluation of the opportunity to reduce these impacts. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment focuses on the environmental impact of ecological health, human health and resource consumption areas.5)Cycle logistics systemCycle logistics system is a circulatory system of the space and time location mobile of objects and their derivatives.The flow systems include two different channels: one is production - distribution - consumption, to meet the needs of consumers, which is the main channel of the logistics flows, known as forward logistics or arterial logistics; the other is the logistics flow for reasonable disposal of derivative material, such as recycling, sorting, purification, purification, returned to the business or maintenance, packaging, reprocessing, reuse and waste disposal, etc.6)Mass balance analysisIn the general large-scale production, mass balance analysis is used for detailed records of energy consume and materials consume and flow of materials. Then analyze the recorded figures in order to find major problems during the production. Ideally, mass balance is based on measurement of inventory, outflow and inflow of materials.7)Green IndicesHow to evaluate the total environmental impacts of numerous elements? How to recognize the major factors damaged environment? Green indices are ranking systems that attempt to convert all aspects of environmental impacts into one scale. Green indices are widely used all over the world which bring great benefits to both enterprises and government. Economic has increased with improving of green indices.5CONCLUSIONDuring whole product life cycle taking full consideration on product function, equality, development cycle and costs as well as environment impact could be the first priority to minimize the damage to the environment.Green design is a scientific design style which considers the ecological balance relationship between human and environment.The objective of green design is to take better consideration on environment factors during whole product life cycle and to bring better management philosophy to the modern companies and even to bring new life philosophy to people.Five main aspects of green design have been summarized previously, Green material selection and management, Recyclability of the products design, Assembly and disassembly of the product design, Description and modeling of green products, and Cost analysis of green products. In order to achieve the green design products, designers and engineers should focus on these five aspects of green design.Green design procedures are about some major steps to achieve green design products. First, comprehensive market research on customers’requirement, relative technology and laws would be the first thing to do. Secondly, the raw material selection should be considerable. Third, environment consideration in design period is the vital thing in green design. Fourth,some green consideration in production period is quite necessary. Last, improving after sale service to be more green design style is also important.Two different systems thinking of green design include modular design and cycle design.Seven relate tools and methods have been stated previously, Quality Function Deployment, PUGH concept convergence, Design V alidation and Optimization,Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, Cycle logistics system, Mass balance analysis, and Green Indices.In conclusion, there are several ways to improve the product equality and environmental friendly level. Green design is not only a design method but also a life style.The develop trends of green design:1)Standardized;2)Integrated, parallel, intelligent;3)Basic research and support tools development for green design;4)The development of the emerging industry related to green design.5)Green design and manufacturing has become the trend of industrial developmentin the world, gradually showing their own unique advantages.Green manufacturing is a complex process, in the coming days, there are several aspects of the technology need further study.(1) Life cycle of electronic product is short and is difficult to recycle. Therefore, the recycling problems require further study.(2) An improvement must be made to strengthen the monitoring of the dangerous materials and process engineering.(3) Further develop material recycling processes and more effective waste management systems in order to improve recycling and reduce the remaining amount.(4) Much efforts need to be made to enhance public awareness about the risk, technology and the environment. The government needs to play a role of master to take the implementation of green column.PART BI am one of the members in Group F during the final case study. At the beginning of the case study, our group did not find an appropriate market gap that both realistic and creative. But after revision of our methods, our group found the best way for designing. Finally our group decided to design the hiking sticks with camera holding equipments for younger, the result is quite good.Strengths:1.Rational process management. Proceeding step by step may bring great benefitsfor both efficiency and effectiveness. First of all, the finding the reasonable market gap is the first priority. At the beginning, the brainstorming tool has been used in our group. Then the more reasonable ones were chosen for further consideration. Only one of it was selected for conceptual design and then five detail conceptual designs was chosen for PUGH concept convergence. Finally, the final concept came out from the integration of five concepts. The design process management in our group is under control, we followed the steps all the time during the case study. The rational process management reduces the probability of appearing early error in design process.2.Clear roles and responsibility. Every people in our group work on their own jobquite well. The people in our group were divided into three different parts based on personal background, conceptual design panel, data compilation panel, technical Support panel.3.Great internal communication. There is a summarizing discussion every time eachpanel finishes their own job. Therefore the communication inside the group is efficient, and everybody knows the progress and could contribute to the group.4.Knowledge management. The tools like PUGH concept convergence, QualityFunction Deployment, lean NPI, and Design V alidation and Optimization, has been used during new product development process.5.Good detail design. Our group make a great effort on detail design. We try ourbest to figure out the minimal detail of the hiking stick.Weaknesses:1.Bad time management.In the beginning, our group spent much time doing brainstorming and conceptual design. At last we do not have enough time to evaluate every concept design carefully, the final concept can be considered more detailed./doc/e663b9e480eb6294dd886cac.html ck of knowledge in customer requirement capture and market value.At the beginning of market gap finding, majority of our findings is not reasonable.Some problems in market cannot be solved without technology improvement, and some of them have perfect solutions which are difficult to make some revolutions, thereby the total progress has been delayed.Learning points:1.The NPI and Lean NPI tools are learned to use in real situation.2.Quality Function Deployment are learned to use in the product developmentprocess.3.PUGH concept convergence should displayed twice for organizing the conceptand create a final concept.4.Customer requirements should drive the design process. Market oriented andcustomer requirementsREFERENCES1.Ken Y eang, Arthur Spector: Green design: from theory to practice.2009.2.Tom Dixon: Green design: creative, sustainable designs for thetwenty-first century. 20093.Dorothy Mackenzie: Green design: design for the environment. 19914.Paul Burall: Green design. 19915.Green Products by Design: Choices for a Cleaner Environment. OTAProject, OTA-E-54.6.Johannes Behrisch, Mariano Ramirez, Damien Giurco: Representationof Ecodesign Practice: International Comparison of Industrial Design Consultancies. ISSN 2071-10507.Regional: Mainstreaming Environmental Considerations in Economicand Development Planning Processes in Selected Pacific Developing Member Country. Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report,Project Number: 38031.8.Environmental Impact of Products: Analysis of the life cycleenvironmental impacts related to the final consumption of the EU-25 Main report. IPTS/ESTO project, EUR 22284 EN。
产品设计中英文文献
产品设计中英文文献该文献旨在探讨产品设计领域中的创新，并通过对专利数据的实证分析来评估产品设计创新的趋势和模式。
该研究发现，产品设计创新主要集中在功能性和视觉外观方面，并呼吁企业在产品设计中努力保护知识产权。
2. Norman, D. A., & Verganti, R. (2024). Incremental and radical innovation: Design research versus technology and meaning change. Design Issues, 30(1), 78-96.。
该文献讨论了产品设计创新中的渐进性和根本性变革，并比较了设计研究与技术和意义变革之间的差异。
研究结果表明，设计研究在根本性变革方面发挥了更大的作用，并提出了在创新过程中整合设计和技术的框架。
该研究探讨了设计思维对产品创新的影响，并通过对南非消费品行业的实证研究提供了证据。
研究结果表明，采用设计思维方法来进行产品创新能够提高企业的竞争力和市场份额。
4. Cross, N. (2024). Engineering design methods: Strategies for product design. John Wiley & Sons.该书提供了一种系统的工程设计方法，用于指导产品设计过程。
通过详细讨论各种设计方法和策略，该书为设计师提供了实用的指导，帮助他们在产品设计中做出明智的决策。
5. Ulrich, K. T., & Eppinger, S. D. (2024). Product design and development. McGraw-Hill.该书是一本广泛使用的产品设计和开发教材，涵盖了产品设计和开发的各个方面。
从市场研究到概念生成和原型制作，该书提供了一套系统的方法和工具，帮助设计师在产品设计过程中取得成功。
以上是一些与产品设计相关的英文文献，这些文献涵盖了产品设计创新、设计思维、工程设计方法等方面的研究，可供研究者参考和借鉴。
产品设计中英文文献
中文译文产品设计，语义和情绪反应摘要本文探讨了人体工程学理论与语义和情感内容的设计问题。
其目的是要找到以下问题的答案：如何设计产品引发人心中的幸福；怎样的产品属性能够帮助你们沟通积极的情绪，最后，如何通过产品唤起某种情绪。
换言之，这是对“意义”——可以成为一个产品，旨在与用户在情感层面上进行“沟通”的调查。
1、介绍当代生活是促进社会和技术变革的代名词。
同样，产品设计通过材料技术，生产技术，信息处理技术等工序的发展而正在迅速转变。
在技术方面正在发生变化的速度和规模超出任何期望。
数字革命的对象是逐步转向与我们互动成更小，更聪明的黑盒子，使我们很难理解这一机制或工作方法（博尔茨2000年）。
因此，在设计时比以前不同的框架，参照社会变革，资源和能源节约，新出现的环境问题，以及客户导向的趋势（大平1995年，琼斯1997年）。
因此，无论是通过广告和营销推动战略，或潮流，时尚和社会活动，从消费产品的用户的期望也已改变。
功能性，吸引力，易于被使用中，可负担性，可回收性和安全性，预计所有已经存在于一个产品属性。
用户希望有更多的日常用品。
最近设计的趋势表明了用户对激励对象的倾向，提高他们的生活，帮助触发情绪，甚至唤起梦想（詹森1999年，阿莱西2000年）。
詹森预计，梦会快到了，下面的数据为基础的社会，所谓的信息社会（1999年）。
他还说，作为信息和智力正成为电脑和高科技，社会领域将放在一个人的能力还没有被自动然而新的价值：情绪。
功能是越来越多的产品中理所当然的，同时用户也可以实现在寻找一个完全不同的欣赏水平。
想象，神话和仪式（即情感的语言）会对我们的行为产生影响，从我们的购买决定，我们与他人（詹森1999年）的沟通。
此外，哈立德（2001：196）指出这是决定购买，可瞬间的，因此客户的需求可以被创建，速度非常快，而其他需要长期建立了'。
因此，情感和'影响'一般，都收到了最后一个（Velásquez1998）几年越来越多的关注。
工业设计产品设计论文中英文外文翻译文献
中英文外文翻译文献原文：DESIGN and ENVIRONMENTProduct design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human.In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products.Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea ofproduct design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product.Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores.Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface.Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.With the development of science and technology ,more and more attention is paid to austerity of environmental promblems ,such as polluting of atmosphere,destroy of forest, soilerosion,land desertification, water resource polluting, a great deal of species becaming extinct,exhansting of petroleum , natural gas and coal and so on . A designer should have a strong consciousness of protecting environment and to make his\her design to be based on avoiding destroying environment and saving natural recourse.Nowadays ,greenhouse effects,destroyed ozone layers and acid rain are three global environmental questions.Greenhouse effect is phenomena of the atmosphere becoming warmer . The forming principle of greenhouse effect is that the Sun shortwave radiation can penetrate into ground through atmosphere ,long wave radiation emitted from ground after ground is warmed ,is absorbed by carbon dioxide of atmosphere , and then atmosphere gets warmer.The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changes the earth to a large greenhouse like a thick layer of glass . Methane ,ozone,chlorine,Fluorine, hydrocarbon and aqueous vapor also make some contribution to greenhouse effects. With rapid increase of population and rapid development of industry ,more and more carbon dioxide of atmosphere enters into atmosphere. Because forest is cun down in a large amount also ,carbon dioxide increases gradally ,and the greenhouse effects are strengthened constantly .The results of the greenhouse effects are very serious. The great changes will take place in the natural ecology ,such as desert expanding ,land corroding aggravating, forest retreating to the polarregion, calamity of drought and waterlog serious and rainfall increasing. The temperate zone will be wetter in water and will be droughtier in summer . Tropical zone will become wetter and subtropical zone will become more arid . All of these above will forces the existing irrigation works to be adjusted. Coastal regions will be threatened seriously .Because the temperature is rising , ice-cubes will be melted at the two poles so to the sea level will be rising and a lot of cities and ports will be submerged.The ozone layer destroyed shocked academia and the wholeinternational aommunity .American scientists,Monila and Rowland , pointed out that it is human activities bring ozone hole of today . arch-criminal that we now well know is freon and Kazakhstan dragon.Acid rain has already become a kind of air pollution phenomenon in extensive range,crossing over national boundaries at present. Acid rain destroys soil, makes lake acid and endangers growing of abimals and plants. It also stimulates people's skin, brings out the skin disease, causes lung hydronces, lung harden ,and corrodes the metal product,paint ,leather, fabrics and building with carbonate .In a word , the environment of human life has already worsened day by day. The reasons of the worsening mostly come from the human own bad life style, disrespecting the objective law, eager for quick success,use of the earth resource without scientific plan ,and lack of consciousness pratecting the environment in design . So they destroy home by themselves,which not only harm human on contemporary, but also seriously influence existence of descendants.The environmental question is caused by people's bad design and life style to a great extent , which puts forward a serious question for a designer that designers should undertake the historical important task of environment protection.Industry has brought the disaster to world while creates a large amount of wealth for mankind . Industry design has accelerated theconsumpition of the resource and energy resource and has caused enormous destruction to the ecological balance of the earth while creating modern life style and living environment for mankind.So as industry designers, setting up environmental awareness incarnates their morals and social sense of responsibility. Designers must be responsible for their own designs, and must take human health and blessedness , and harmonically coexisting of nature with the human as the rules necessarily obeyed in their own design.Designers must also master the necessary knowledege in material, craft, chemical industry, manufacturing,ect.,in order to be possible for avoiding to danger to environment causing by his design.The concept of "Sustainable development design"has epoch-maling meanings of humanity and real development of the world .It reflects the designer's morals and responsibility , and has already become the trend of designing development in the 21st century .Hence ,mankind's development made of traditional industrial civilization was turned to one of the modern ecological civilization. It is the coordination of social progress,economic growth and environmental protestion.Sustainable development is a kind concept of brand-new ethics,morals and values that people should follow. Its essence lies in fully utilizing the modern science and technongy ,exploiting green resources ,development constantly, impelling harmonious developmentbetween human and nature and pramoting inter-harmony of population ,resource and environment .Solving the problem of sustainable development is a change of technological innovation and behavior made.Sustainable development strategy is to solve the problem of meeting contemporary people's demands in maximum under the precondition of un-hurting several generations' demands of the future . It will realize the unity of the present interests and long-term interest and leave the development space for descendants.The question of the strategic consideration of sustainable development should include circulation, green energy and ecological efficiency.Green design comes from introspection on environmental and ecological disruption caused by design of modern technology and culture. Green design focuses on the balance relation of persons and natural ecology . Designers should consider the environmental benefits at every decision of the disign process, and try their best to reduce the destruction to environment.For industry design, the core of green design is "3R",namely Reduce,Recycle and Reuse.It is necessary not only to reduce consunption of substance and energy sources,and reduce letting of harmful substance,but also to classified reclaim, recycle and reuse products andparts conveniently.Green design is not only technical ,but also an innovative idea. It requires designer to give up some rat-fuck method excessively emphasizing at the style of products, and to focus on the real innovative. He or she would design the form of the products with more responsible method and make the products lengthen their wervice life as much as possible through succinct and permanent modeling.For materials,stock and regeneration of raw materials, consumption and pollution of environmental energy during obtaining materials,machining performance in follow-up manufacturing,low consumption and low pollution of energy ,and reclaimable during discarded should be considered.Problems of manufacturing are that pollution should be reduced or died out during beginning of manufacturing.Consideration on packing, transporting , sale, ect. is meant the environmental performance of packaging, green packing ,good performance of transportation ,decreasing self weight , reducing energy consumption , localized production and reducing consimption of work flow.Consideration on the use of product concerns with waste of energy and resources while produces are used , the modularization of environmental performance , recombined ability , and the mades of using product while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature , convenient decomposition and classification , reclaaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removes for other use should all be considered during the period while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature, convenient decomposition and classification , reclaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removed for other use should all be considered during the period while products are discarded .Clean energy souces should be Considered , such as solar ernergy , water, electricity and wind power .Clean materials concern with low pollution , innocuity, disaggregation and reclaimable . Clean manufacturing process is meant production with energy saving and environment protection while used, and reclaimable while discarded.Regeneration and reuse of parts are powerful measure of sustainable strategy. The fact has proved that through disassembly and analysis the proportion of reusable material would be higher after improving design and retread.For example , in a scrap car , metal meterial accounts for 80%.Among them , nonferrous metal accounts for 3%~4.7%. 45%of output of steel comes from scrap steeel in world and 25% output of steel comes from scrap steel in our country.Product Lifecycle Management is meant all life course of product from people's demand for product to be washed out , including the main stages of demand analysis, praduct planning , conceptual design , produce design , digitized simulation, proceess preparation , process planning,production testing and quaality control , sell and distribution, use \maintaining and maintain, as well as scrap and reclaiming . Advanced management idea and first-class information technology are taken into industrial and commercial operation in modern enterprises , which makes enterprises be able to adjust management means and management ways effectively in digital economic era , inoder to exert enterprise's unprecedented competition advantage . Helping enterprise to carry on products innovation , to win the market , and to obtain additional profit would improve the value of the enterprise products.译文：设计与环境产品设计是工业设计的主体和核心。
服装设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
服装设计中英文对照外文翻译文献文献信息：文文献献标标题题：：Proactive Fashion Design for Sustainable Consumption（可持续消费的具有前瞻性的服装设计）国外作者：Kirsi Niinimäki文献出处：《Nordic Te____tile Journal》，20________，1:60-69. 字数统计：英文 3104 单词，17881 字符；中文 5737 汉字外文文献：Proactive Fashion Design for Sustainable ConsumptionAbstractThis article presents a study that investigates product satisfaction inthe conte____t of clothing.The paper furthermore presents suggestions on how this knowledge can be used to create proactive fashion design for sustainable consumption.One of the main challenges in today’s consumer society is how to design products that encourage consumers to engage in more environmentally responsible behaviour, sustainable consumption.This paper opens the discussion on how to change current unsustainable consumption behaviour related toclothing through a visionary, far- sighted design approach.Designers can create future-oriented sustainable designs that can transform consumption patterns towards more sustainable ones.Design for sustainability can thus be a redirective practice that aims for sustainable consumption, and the ways in which fashion design can be a proactive process with this aim will be described.Keywords: proactive design, sustainable design, sustainable consumption, emotional satisfaction, PSS.IntroductionProducts configure consumer needs and use patterns; hence, design can be said to be “practice-oriented”, creating certain everyday practices and consumption behaviour (Shove et al.20__,134–136).Current industrial design and mass- manufacturing systems stimulate consumerism and the production of disposable products (Walker 20__,51).Fast changing trends lead to consumers’ unsustainable consumption behaviour.To create a new, sustainable balance between design, manufacturing and consumption, alternative ways to create products are required to drive more sustainable consumption behaviour.Therefore, designers should evaluate how each design decision affects a consumer’s consumption patterns.Understood in this way, sustainable designcan be a redirective or a proactive practice that aims for sustainable practices in consumption (Fry 2021, 53).Higher production volumes and simultaneous growing consumption have caused an increase in material consumption (Throne-Holst et al.20__).Ever-changingfashion trends, affordable product prices and low-quality products cause consumers to engage in unsustainable consumption behaviour, such as impulse purchases, overconsumption, short use time and premature disposal of products.The increase in the purchase of short-lifespan products results in a notable increase in waste.Currently, appro____imately 70 percent of disposed clothing and te____tiles end up in landfills, and in many Western countries clothing and te____tile waste is estimated to be the fastest growing waste stream (Fletcher 2021, 98).Consumers discard gaments not only because they are worn out but also because they actively seek novelty.Nevertheless, product durability and longterm use are prerequisites for sustainable consumption: i.e.e____tending the life span of products is essential when the goal is sustainable consumption (Cooper 20__).Importantly, however, consumers associate durability with high quality and not with environmental impact.Emotions lie at the centre of human life, and they influence mostof our behaviours, motivations and thought processes (Desmet 2021, 379).Emotions alsoplay a strong role in consumption.The interplay between wants, needs, values, attitudes ande____periences is emotionally meaningful for a contemporary consumer.Clothing and fashion itemsbelong to the category of self-e____pressive products, and with such products, consumption-related emotions are important to the consumer.As Richins (2021) argued, these consumption emotions are important elements in contemporary society and especially after the purchase event.The purchase situation bees a strong positivee____perience for a consumer, but it is very shortterm in nature and has no connection to thee____perience of deeper satisfaction or person– product attachment (ibid).Through a new purchase event, the consumer can again e____perience e____citement, enjoyment, joy and pleasure, at least momentarily.From an environmental point of view, studying consumption patterns and themeanings of consumption is important when sustained positive emotions in person– product relationships are desired or solutions are sought to replace materialistic consumption with other positive emotional states.The design process should focus on sustainable consumer satisfaction with a product or with the person–product attachmentprocess.Moreover, a new kind of product service system (PSS) should be developed that aims to prolong the enjoyable use time of the product.A PSS strategy can also offer the consumer new emotional e____periences, which can postpone the disposal of the product; PSS thinking can thereby aim to avoid a new garment purchase, which is an opportunity to decrease materialistic consumption. Sustainable Satisfaction with ClothingIf current unsustainable consumption patterns are to be transformed into more sustainable ones, the ways in which design can offer sustainable satisfaction must be investigated.To gain a deeper understanding of the opportunities to deliver satisfaction by designand how the enjoyable use of garments can bee____tended, the satisfaction process must first bee____plained.According to Swan and bs (1976), the performanceof clothing can be separatedintoinstrumentalperformance(physicalproperties)ande____pressive performance.E____pressive performance is linked to a consumer’s psychological response to the garment, such as the e____perience of beauty.Instrumental requirements (e.g.qualitye____pectations) must be satisfied first.Nevertheless, only fulfilling instrumental requirements will not result in satisfaction.Therefore clothing must also meet consumers’ emotional needs if it is to deliver satisfaction (Swan and bs 1976).Hence good intrinsic quality is optimal for ensuring consumersatisfaction and to guarantee the longevity of clothing.High quality means durable materials and high manufacturing quality.The ageing process of a pleasant, aesthetic garment requires not only maintaining high intrinsic quality but also the design of a more classical style and use of durable materials.Somete____tile materials look old after a short usetime.The material might e____perience pilling or may look old after a few washes.Garments needing frequent washing may look old rather quickly; therefore, recognising materials that age in a more aesthetically pleasing manner is important.Studies have shown (Niinimäki 2021) that consumers e____periencee.g.wool and real leather to age in an aesthetically pleasant way.Consumers report that with high quality wool the ageing process does not show as obviously and in leather the ageing process is e____perienced as an attractive temporal dimension (ibid.).Consumersrespect aesthetic attributes in the long-term use of clothing, and aesthetic attributes correspond toe____pressive performance in clothingsatisfaction.Accordingly, e____pressive performance affects the psychological response to clothing.The aesthetic attributes that correlate to the longevity of clothing are good fit, personal cut, nice colours and fortable materials,as well as a classic look (see Table 1).Garment tactility is important to the wearer and a pleasant tactile e____perience during the use situation is one attribute for enjoyable long-term use of clothing.Table I: Attributes that enable longevity in clothingThe attributes that enable longevity in clothing are the following:Quality: Durable materials Durability in use Durability in laundering High manufacturing quality Functionality: Easy maintenance Suitability in the use situation (physiological and psychological suitability)Satisfying use e____perienceBeauty, style, colour, fit Aesthetic E____pressive beauty above average attributes: Tactile e____periencefortable materials Values: Product’s values have to meet consumer’s personal values Not only quali ty, functionality and aesthetics are important attributes; the values behind the product are also important to consumer satisfaction.Clothing choices must connect strongly with the wearer’s self-image, identity and values.Wang and Wallendorf (20__) have argued that consumers with high materialistic values seek novelty and evaluate their possessions more often than consumers with lower materialistic values.They also highlight that materialistic consumers have less appreciation for deeper person–product relationships that develop during longer use situations.Consumers’ materialistic values may also connect with social status-related elements in garments and possessions.Consumers with lower materialistic values may have greater appreciation for the personal meanings attributable to the product that emerge during long-term use (Wang &; Wallendorf20__).Consumers with high environmental and ethical interests place high importance on being able to findenvironmental value behind a product.These consumers respect credence quality attributes – local and ethical production, eco-materials and long garmentlife spans – and they want to see these attributes and environmental values in the products they purchase.The value aspect is most important and cons umers’ value e____pectationsshould be fulfilled to create deep product satisfaction (Niinimäki 2021). Fashion Designfor Sustainable SatisfactionHow can a designer offer sustainable satisfaction to the consumer and how can s/he propose a prolonged use time of the product to the consumer? Firstly identifying the attributes associated withsatisfaction and including them in the design is the most important strategy.Secondly identifying the determinants that lead to dissatisfaction helps the designer to avoid these elements in design and concentrate on design for sustainable satisfaction.The previous section described the satisfaction elements in clothing: -good intrinsic quality;-good functionality;-aesthetics;-values in the product, in manufacturing or the pany’s values.The easiest way to offer product satisfaction is to increase the product’s intrinsic quality and inform the consumer accordingly.However the clothing satisfaction process is ple____ and not easy for a designer to control.Table 2 presents the temporal dimensions in clothing satisfaction, bining those elements and attributes that enable satisfaction to emerge or even create person-product attachments in the field of clothing.These are the elements that a designer should try to embed in design if s/ he is aiming for proactive fashion, deep productsatisfaction and e____tended use time of the products.Table 2: Elements of proactive sustainable fashion designPAST PRESENT FUTUREMeaningful memoriesMeaningful associations, which create person-product attachments Good functionality Aesthetical dimensionsEnjoyable e____periences during use Continuing satisfaction with the product Product or servicefulfils consumer’s changing needsHigh intrinsic quality New elements in designProduct utility New e____periences with the productConnection to self, identityThe following section presents several design approaches to deeper person- product satisfaction in the field of clothing.With these design strategies the designer can aim to achieve proactive and sustainable design. Fashion Design with Meaningful Uniqueness Products carry symbolic meaning, which consumers use to construct their own personality andidentity.Consumers use products to e____press themselves and want association with the characteristics, uniqueness or values symbolised by a product (Norman 20__).If products are easilypersonalised, the opportunity e____ists to connect the product more deeply with consumers’ identity construction and to create deeper product satisfaction and an emotional attachment through theperson–product relationship (Chapman 2021).This opportunity enables the product to be more meaningful to the wearer, making possible an e____tension of the product’s lifetime.Design services are one opportunity to address consumer satisfaction by deeply connecting the design oute with a consumer’s personal needs.By using digital technologies that enable individual design or measurements, meaningful uniqueness can be designed.Furthermore, unique design and “made-to-measur e” services offer improved product satisfaction by meeting a consumer’s individual needs and preferences better than mass-manufactured garments.The pany NOMO Jeans offersputer-assisted made-to-measure jeans by using a 3D scanner (Nomo Jeans).Jeans are made individually according to each customer’s measurements.Thecustomer can also choose the cut, colour, effects and details of his/her jeans.An enterprise can also base its function only on consumer orders.The designer can create their own collections, produce a couple of sle collections and enable consumers to specify all orders and measurements on an individual basis.Garments can then be created based on each wearer’s measurements, thus enabling him/her to e____perience greater satisfaction.This design and manufacturing strategy may also help producers avoid the problem of overproduction.Small enterprises could offer their collections in small shops carrying a sle collection and obtain orders directly from consumers, allowing them to avoid e____tra production.Designer Anna Ruohonen creates long lasting and high quality fashion (Anna Ruohonen).She has created a timeless collection called Black Classic, where the designs are permanent but it is possible to order them in seasonalcolours.Garments are manufactured only according to customer’s order and according to each customer’sindividual measurements.This strategy helps to avoid overproduction.Moreover the good fit of the clothing helps ensure deeper garment satisfaction. Co-creation One possibility for creating deeperperson–product attachment is through a consumer’s own efforts during the design orrealisation process.A sense of personal achievement is strongly connected to a positive sense of self (Norman 20__) and allows the product to begin to be more important to the wearer.The consumer’s own achievement through a “made by me” approach todesign creates positive e____periences through the sense of effort and the opportunity to realise her/his own creative skills.If the user builds the product herself/himself, s/he acquires a deeper knowledge of the product and, therefore, has the ability to repair the product (Papanek 1995).Kit-based design andhalfway products give the consumer a more active rolein the realisation process.One option for includingthe consumer in the design or manufacturing process isto offer her/him an opportunity to make decisions during the process.Consumers have shown an interest in taking part in the design or manufacturing process by using the Inter (Niinimäki 2021).If the design is based on a modular structure and the consumer is allowed to make her/his own choices – even from a limited selection – in creating a unique style, this process gives consumers new power and a more active role.Opening fashion field is one way to offer the consumer more active stwear is a pany that offers ready-made garments, halfway clothing (kit-based) and patterns of their fashion designs (Lastwear clothing pany).They also invest in quality and offer a guarantee on their garments, which is a good way to ensure product satisfaction.Giving consumers more power is also possible by offering environmentally- related options.Consumers may be allowed to select a manufacturing location and different materials – and be provided with corresponding prices – enabling them to e____press their values through their choices.For e____le, many consumers, especially thosewho consider themselves ethical consumers, would like to buy locally manufactured garments even if they are more e____pensive (Niinimäki 2021). Fulfilling Consumers’ Changing Needs Through PSSThe symbolic meanings of products are connected to psychological satisfaction through an emotional response.When the product no longer offers a positive emotional response because, for e____le, it falls out of fashion or the wearer bees otherwise tired of it, the consumer e____periences psychological obsolescence and easily replaces the product with a newone.Accordingly emotional and psychological obsolescence results in premature disposal of a product that may still be functional.Consumers’ needs and aesthetic preferences that change over time raise the question of how to avoid the psychological obsolescence of garments.The challengein e____tending product lifetimes is to achieve continuing satisfaction with the product.The PSS approach allows the creation of new e____periences with a product or changes to a product to enable it tobetter suit a consumer’s changing needs.Positive ways that a product’s lifetime can be e____tended include upgradability services, modification services ande____change stocks.These strategies can postpone garment disposal by keeping the consumer satisfied longer.Modification or redesign possibilities for quality garments allow for an e____tension of a product’s life span.Many websites already advise consumers on how to modify their old garments themselves and encourage consumers to e____tend the use of their garments.Many small and locally functioning repair and redesign studios also already e____ist, where the consumer can repair a damaged garment but can also order a redesigned garment made from old ones.A design based on a modular clothing structure also offers the possibility to create services to upgrade garments.This strategy offers the opportunity to update the appearance in a sustainable way (Fletcher &; Grose 20________, 82).It is possible to play with the clothing elements to create unique binations of colours or shapes to develop a newlook.The consumer does not need to then buy a new garment; instead s/he can simply change some parts or elements in the garment to have the e____perience of newness.Garment e____change or renting services offer possibilities for consumers to make changes to their clothing in more sustainable ways.New and interesting e____les of clothing membership clubs e____ist.By paying a monthly membership fee, a consumer can select a certain number of garments to use, giving him or her the opportunity to change the appearance in a more sustainable way.This type of business strategy has emerged e.g.in the field of children’sclothing.Consumers can rent children’s outfits and when the child outgrows a size, the parent can obtain larger-size garments from the clothing club.ConclusionsThis study investigated product satisfaction in the conte____t of clothing and this knowledge was used to understand and define proactive fashion design for sustainable consumption.It opened views into the process of consumer satisfaction.A main issue thatarises when aiming to e____tend the life of garments is to increase their durability and intrinsic quality.Moreover, fulfilling consumers’ othere____pectationsregardingthe garment’s aesthetic and functional attributes is important to ensure product satisfaction.Finally the issue of value is most important with regard to deep product satisfaction: values associated with the product, the manufacturing process and behind the panies have to meet the consumers’ own value base so that the consumer feels pletely satisfied with the product.By identifying the reasons for the short and long-term use of clothing, it is possible to find new ways to create sustainable designs that can result in a redirective practice directed towards sustainable consumption.Proactive fashion design for sustainable consumption takes these reasons into account, thus enabling clothing longevity.Satisfying consumers’e____pectations regarding quality, functionality, aesthetics and value is a key to e____tending the usetime of a product.Moreover, the emotional side of consumption must be understood to provide more sustainable ways to ensure customer satisfaction.The PSS approach provides an opportunity to e____tend the enjoyable use of aproduct and thus avoid psychological obsolescence and a garment’s premature disposal.Stimulating asenseofmeaningfuluniquenessandachievement through design services or “self-made” approaches is a promising route to enhancing consumer satisfaction.If a consumer is satisfied, then strengthening the emotional bondbetweentheproductandconsumerispossible. Inturn,this meaningful attachment is the best way to postpone a product’s disposal.When the product or its use is somehow special to the consumer, s/he will take good care of it to e____tend its enjoyable use time.The most promising sustainable design strategy is the bination of product design with service elements: PSS strategies are therefore a future path to proactive and sustainable design. 中文译文：可持续消费的具有前瞻性的服装设计【摘要】：^p本文从服装的角度对产品满意度进行了研究。
毕业设计马铃薯去皮机设计(附带中英文文献)[管理资料]
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毕业设计马铃薯去皮机的设计目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)第一章引言 (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (3)国内外马铃薯去皮设备简介 (3) (3)蒸煮装置 (4)化学去皮装置 (5)第二章马铃薯去皮机的结构设计 (7)马铃薯去皮机的设计及特点 (7) (10) (10) (10) (11) (11) (11)第三章马铃薯去皮机的参数确定 (13)物料在工作圆筒内的受力分析 (13) (14) (15) (17)第四章主要零件的结构设计与计算 (18)V带轮结构设计计算 (18)4．2传动主轴的结构设计计算 (19) (20) (21) (21)第五章主要零件的校核 (22) (22) (22) (22) (23) (24) (24)总结 (25)致谢 .................................................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
参考文献 . (26)摘要:马铃薯去皮是所有马铃薯制品加工工艺过程的重要环节，目前存在的各种去皮方法都各自有其一定的局限性。
随着马铃薯产业的发展和我国社会经济的进步，如何寻找一种优质、高效、节能几环保的马铃薯剥皮方法己成为马铃薯加工工艺过程中迫切需要解决的问题。
本文主要介绍了以摩擦原理为基础的、适合食品加工工厂等场所使用的大型马铃薯去皮机的设计要点、工作原理和设备组成。
关键词：去皮机；摩擦；设计；马铃薯Abstract: Peeling is an important annulet in potato processing, Methods of peeling which have been used at present all has their limitation. Along with the development of potato processing industry and the progress of our society and economy, it has become an urgent task for finding an efficient, economical and no pollution method of potato peeling. This paper introduced the large-scale machine for peeling potatoes which is designed by the principle of friction and suited to the factory of food processing, and it presented the key of design,working principle and the composition of the large-scale machine.Keywords：Peeling machine; friction; design; potato第一章引言目前，世界79%的国家种植马铃薯，总面积2000万hm，左右，总产量3亿多吨，仅在小麦、玉米、水稻之后，居第四位。
工业设计外文文献翻译及原文
The impact of “3r” principles to industrial designAbstractWhile industrial design creates modem life and living surroundings for people，it also accelerates the exhaustion of the natural resources and the energy resources．Besides，it has done harm to the ecological balance，and threatened the existence and the sustainable development of human beings．Confront with this situation，the strategy of sustainable development，proposed in 1990s，is accepted by many people．Recycling economy and its key point，“3r” prin ciple，were born for this situation and become important principle in all kinds of economic activities and in the area of design and manufacture．By decoding the connotation of “3r” principle，the article analyzes the influence and the guidance over industria l design of “3r” principle．Furthermore，the article tries to discuss the conception of redesign，which is the extension of the “3r” principle in the area of industrial design，and explicates 4R principle of industrial design for recycling economy at last．Key words3 R principle；industrial design；recycling economy；Redesign1 IntroductionIndustrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines，it is closely related to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized：First，it services for industrial mass production，making industrial products enhance the value and value-added. Second，It leads the fashion，to effectively stimulate consumption，so that consumers not only use the product at the same time，but also enjoy the new technology and material；Third，it puts technology to link up with the market，making products enhance competitiveness；Last but not the least，it can bring the innovation into the enterprise. Therefore，the economic development needs industrial design which has become indispensable to the country's economic construction .However，along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development ，it also speeds up the consumption of resources and energy. What is more ，it dose harm to the ecological balance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival and sustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design，utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit，the implementation of "merchandise has plans to abolish the system"without taking into account production，use，process waste，such as the environment，the impact of resources. It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life，the industrial design objectively becomes essential medium to encourage people to uncontrolled consume，which is countered to the essence of industrial design—creating a science and healthy way of life.Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development，in the 20th century，people began to question the sustainable development of humanity ，to carry out a profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy ，the principle of circular economy is “3r” (i.e. Reduce，Reuse，Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion of socio-economic stability，sustainable development Against this background，the concept of sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design，based on this ongoing exploration and practice. “3r” principles intended to sort out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding role，and attempts to explore the “3r” principles of industrial design at the extension.2 Cycle economic model and the principle of “3r”Economy is engaged in production，consumption and reproduction activities，which is to meet human material needs of their own material .Recycling economy is considered following the original economy，the agricultural economy，industrial economy after the time of the post-industrial economy，with the industrial economy is different between the resources and environment relationship. Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it harmoniously into the natural ecosystems of the material energy recycling process to product clean production，resource recycling and efficient recycling characterized eco-economic development patterns，also known as eco-economy，green economy.2.1 The relationship between economic model，environment and the resourcesHuman survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment. On one hand ，it is the source of the human beings material system；on the other hand，it bears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited，even though it must have the ability to purify，however it is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited.Industrial economic development patterns are from "One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy，this openness has led to a global depletion of resources and waste，as well as the serious deterioration of the ecological environment.Circular economy development pattern is from "one of resources of renewable resources，one of green products" posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process，this closed loop system，can maintain economic production of low，high-quality，low-waste，which will be economic activity of natural resources and environmental impacts to minimize damage.2.2 Interpretation of the circular economy mode “3r” principle“3r” principle is the basic manifestation of the economic cycle，and its specific contents are as follows："Reduction" principle is the first principle of circular economy，that is the source of control method，which requires the source of economic activity - the design stage，pay attention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the production areas，usually the energy-saving production processes，materials and conservation of resources，the products of small size and lightweight，and easy and simple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions；In the consumer area，reduction of the supremacy of the principle of a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption. "Reuse" principle is the second principle of circular economy，that is，process control methods，with the aim to improve the products and resources use efficiency，it calls for product design to initial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste. In the design，to the use ofstandard-sized parts，repair and upgrade in order to replace，thus prolonging the service life of products；In the consumer area，to promote the purchase of durable consumer goods，to reduce the use of disposable products，such as after-sales service by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste."Recycling" principle is the third principle of circular economy，that is，terminal control method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated，through the "resources" of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product，put it back on consumption. Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the originaland secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products，sub-resource is the waste of resources into different types of after the new products. To promote waste recycling economy will be the source of the original and sub-class of combining resources in order to fully realize the recycling use of resources.3. The impact of the “3r” principle of to industrial design“3r” principle is not only on products from the design，production，sales，use，disposal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect，but also on the industrial design itself，a more extensive and profound changes：3.1 The impact of design conceptIn modern industrial economy，the product design is often to serve the people，just from the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point，and do not consider the follow-up products，use of resources and energy consumption and emissions on the environment and other ecological problems. “3r” principle in the design concept under the influence from the "people-oriented" towards the "harmony between man and nature" of green design，while respecting the needs of people，but also consider the safety of the ecosystem. Cycle economic model of the industrial design under the design concept，put people and nature live in harmony and common development in the first place，the use of systems theory and Calibration of all acts of industrial design，from product design at the beginning of themacro-environment had priority to consider and pay attention to the coordination of products that run the various elements of the process in order to achieve system optimization. Here，the environmental factors are the starting point of the whole design and end points，through the design，efforts to improve and reduce the products in the production，use，recycling process，such as the adverse impact of the environment. So Green Design Products are in the "harmony between man and nature" under the guidance of thought to the harmonious development of man and nature，the principle of human - machine system one considers the environment，a comprehensive optimization of the industrial design of a new concept.3.2 The impact of design styleSimple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the design of easy style，popular in the 20th century，in the United States age 80. If we say that in the industrial economic model，the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people，then in the recycling economy mode，the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials，the mostbeautiful modeling，the most pristine appearance simplicity of product design，sustainable development concept is a concrete manifestation. “3r” Products doctrine of the meaning of this simple style more in-depth，specific，practical significance.First，the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled，such as biological materials，so less material on refined，appropriate；Second，to promote. Small is beautiful ". Less Is More"，the lightweight and pleasant form of products. Third，the design features of the object collation，evaluation，definition，must always focus on the merger，to simplify，optimize，and makes the core functions briefly products；Fourth，the product is intended to be simple and clear language；Fifth，the structure of simple，easy to create；Sixth，the choice of degradable material，the structure of easy solutions，such as withholding together.3.3 The impact of design methodThe impact of the “3r” principle and under the guidance of the implementation of green design methods are：modular design，removable design，recyclable design，long-life design.Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or different functions the same performance，different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis，and design into a series of functional modules，through the selection and combination of modules can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of modular design：First，make products with good performance Recycling demolition，settled design different types of products and waste of resources；Second，it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the functions of independent recovery，enhance the versatility of the components，once the end-of-life products，they can re-use or recycling；Third，improve the repair of products can extend the life of the product.Product design is removable at the design stage，so that parts of the Products has a good performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and Materials. The demolition of the design requirements，Product First，connect the various parts and components，as far as possible the use of detachable connection，such as threaded connections，unified type fasteners，reducing the number of fasteners，try not to use welding，riveting，bonding and other non-removable the connection；Second，in the selection and processing of raw materials，the demolition of the connection；to use and reuse of recyclable materials，the types of materials，such as less as possible.Recyclable design refers to product design，to take full account of the various materials Product components the possibility of recycling，recovery treatment，recycling and product recovery of costs related to a series of questions，thus saving materials and reducing waste，minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design method. Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products，value and environmental requirements at the same time try to make our products to extend the life to achieve the slow resource consumption of a design method. Specifically include the following：First，improving product reliability and durability；Second，products are easy to repair and maintenance；Third，using standard，modular product structure3.4 The impact of design material“3r” principle in guidance and norms，product design，material selection should be taken into consideration：First of all，minimize the use of materials. Try using high quality materials to enhance the service life of products；the prohibition of the use of contaminated material against big，look for the corresponding sound material substitution；Reuse as much as possible the use of recyclable materials. Secondly，the preferred sound of the ecological environment of the material，after the preferred decomposition of waste and the natural world to absorb the material，preferred low power，low cost，low-polluting materials，preferred easy processing，and processing of non-polluting or less polluting materials，preferred materials recycling. Finally，to reduce the use of the types of materials in order to reduce the cost of Recycling Materials；maintain original material，as far as possible the use of simple materials，the use of alloy materials，to avoid material harm to the environment of the surface treatment；Marked parts Products material composition for the materials to facilitate recycling and so on.4. From “3r” to 4RIn the recycling economy mode，the product life cycle from the previous end-of-life for the end product，after the extension to the end-of-life recycling. It should be noted that starting from the waste products for the consideration of a second use for them，so that the product design is no longer a product before，but the other products. Therefore，the design process we will call it "re-engineering (Redesign)"4.1 The concept of re-engineeringThe so-called re-engineering，that is，through the product components as well as their overall utilization of the re-design method to save resources. Given the United Kingdom Environmental Design Alliance is defined as："Materials by Product，the structure of ameaningful way to re-use，in order to save resources for the purpose of the premise，to extend the product life cycle，and tap the potential ecological value of the design method." In short，the product re-engineering refers to the product life cycle after the re-use design.Whether they are re-engineering the design of a new trend，or the design of a self-activity changes，which are related to the sustainable development strategy in line belong to the scope of green design. If it is said that green design is usually considered the entire product life-cycle environmental impact，and re-design considerations are at the end of product life-weeks to reduce the environmental impact of problem，it is the “3r” principle in the extension of the field of industrial design. Therefore，the re-engineering in conjunction with the “3r” principle，as a mode of circular economy 4R principles of industrial design.4.2 The form of re-engineeringProduct re-engineering is aimed at new products to effectively use the original parts and components products and materials. Product re-engineering have a variety of forms，for the same product re-engineering can have a variety of forms，can be divided into assimilation and alienation of the re-engineering.Assimilation refers to re-design is a before and after re-engineering products，have been recycling their own re-engineering of the parts not changed before and after. For example，before the re-design car audio，re-engineering the home was converted into sound.Alienation refers to the re-engineering re-design before and after are different products，re-use of components was necessary in order to be used transformation. For example，re-engineering before the cell phone components，into a walkie-talkie after the re-engineering of an important part of；In another example，the re-engineering of old jeans before，byre-engineering can be turned into shorts，vest and so on.5. ConclusionsCircular economy is to achieve sustainable human development of new economic development model，“3r” principle is the core substance of the economic cycle，the idea of circular economy is the fundamental expression. "Re-design" are able to make the best of “3r” in the extension of the field of industrial design and development，is a matter of deep study and practice the new task，it should be，together with the “3r” principle，become a model of circular economy are industrial 4R principles of design.As the international chairman of the Federation of Societies of Industrial Design，Mr. Peter said "the design of human development as an important factor，with the exception ofself-destruction might be the ruin of mankind，human arrival may also become a shortcut to a better world." Today，in the framework of national sustainable development strategies，the role of industrial design is changing，and actively looking for a new direction for the development of circular economy at all levels play a role. Industrial design will become a powerful for cycling of our country economic.“3r”原则对的工业设计的影响摘要在工业设计为人类创造了现代生活和生活环境的同时，也进一步加速自然资源和能源资源的消耗。
洗衣机设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
10中英文对照外文翻译洗衣机设计方案1. 1. 引言引言本报告讨论了提高标准容量的家用洗衣机的能源效率的可行的设计方案。
在本设计方案分析中所使用的程序是基于由能源部（本设计方案分析中所使用的程序是基于由能源部（DOE DOE DOE）解释的规定，该规定概）解释的规定，该规定概述了工艺改进措施。
述了工艺改进措施。
根据合理的规则，根据合理的规则，根据合理的规则，不同的电器排名后，不同的电器排名后，不同的电器排名后，确定了潜在的设计方确定了潜在的设计方案，这在电器效率标准颁布的过程中又进了一步。
然后用筛选因子来确定是否应进一步考虑排除某一设计方案。
筛选设计方案中使用的很多输入程序都是由洗衣机制造商提供。
其他来源于贸易刊物和家用电器制造商协会（机制造商提供。
其他来源于贸易刊物和家用电器制造商协会（AHAM AHAM AHAM）。
）。
虽然（在新工艺中）现有分析的设计方案阶段在规章制定预告（虽然（在新工艺中）现有分析的设计方案阶段在规章制定预告（ANOPR ANOPR ANOPR）之）之前，与原ANOPR[2]ANOPR[2]相对应，但是以前从厂家收集到的数据，现有的相对应，但是以前从厂家收集到的数据，现有的AHAM 的输入和其他利益相关者在这份报告中仍然会被考虑。
美国能源部打算在未来发出补充的法规制定提案预告。
2. 2. 产品分类产品分类对消费者有使用价值的家电被纳入产品类的分析的行列。
类别是家电类型的一个子集，例如，洗衣机是一种家电，但是紧凑型洗衣机就是一种产品类别，家电产品根据不同的能源利用率被分成不同的类型。
能源部划分类别根据产品的容量或其他相关的性能特点，量或其他相关的性能特点，如产品的实用性和工作效率。
如产品的实用性和工作效率。
如产品的实用性和工作效率。
一般情况下，一般情况下，一般情况下，类的定义类的定义是通过从家电制造商，贸易协会和其他的相关的会议研讨中搜集的数据来做出划分。
那些已被指定的没有通过能源部测试程序的类的不再进一步分析。
马铃薯去皮结构设计毕业课程设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
1 英文文献翻译1.1 英文文献原文题目Potatoes Potatoes peeled peeled peeled structure structure structure design designAbstract: Abstract: the the the graduation graduation graduation design design design is is is mainly mainly mainly studied studied studied on on on the the the bas bas is is of of of the the the principle principle principle of of of friction friction friction of of of potato potato potato peeling peeling peeling machine machine machine d d esign, esign, working working working principle principle principle and and and the the the composition composition composition of of of the the the equipment equipment . . Through Through Through the the the analysis analysis analysis of of of original original original data, data, data, project project project demonstratio demonstratio n n and and and related related related data data data analysis analysis analysis and and and calculation, calculation, calculation, the the the overall overall overall des des ign ign of of of a a a complete complete complete potato potato potato peeler peeler peeler to to to peel peel peel and and and mechanical mechanical mechanical stru stru cture cture is is is a a a new new new form, form, form, to to to better better better serve serve serve the the the fruits fruits fruits and and and vegeta vegeta bles bles to to to the the the development development development of of of leather leather leather industry, industry, industry, better better better adapt adapt adapt to to the the demand demand demand of of of the the the market market market both both both at at at home home home and and and abroad, abroad, abroad, so so so has has the the good good good market market market prospect. prospect.Keywords: Keywords: potatoes potatoes potatoes peeled peeled peeled structure; structure; structure; Friction Friction Friction ; ; ; drive drive 1 1 the the the domestic domestic domestic research research research status statusTechnology Technology is is is to to to measure measure measure whether whether whether an an an enterprise enterprise enterprise has has has the the the advan advan ced ced nature, nature, nature, whether whether whether have have have market market market competitiveness, competitiveness, competitiveness, whether whether whether can can keep keep ahead ahead ahead of of of competitors' competitors' competitors' important important important index. index. index. With With With the the the rapid rapid rapid d d evelopment evelopment of of of domestic domestic domestic potato potato potato peeling peeling peeling agency agency agency market, market, market, the the the core core of of the the the related related related production production production technology technology technology and and and research research research and and and devel devel opment opment will will will certainly certainly certainly has has has become become become the the the focus focus focus of of of the the the industry industry enterprises. enterprises. Understand Understand Understand the the the potato potato potato peeling peeling peeling machine machine machine in in in the the the pro pro duction duction of of of the the the core core core technology technology technology research research research and and and development development development at at at h h ome ome and and and abroad, abroad, abroad, process process process equipment, equipment, equipment, technology, technology, technology, application application application and and trend, trend, for for for an an an enterprise enterprise enterprise to to to improve improve improve product product product technical technical technical speci speci fication, fication, improve improve improve the the the market market market competitiveness competitiveness competitiveness is is is critical. critical. Potato Potato products products products the the the main main main varieties varieties varieties of of of potatoes, potatoes, potatoes, potato potato potato chips,chips, dehydrated dehydrated mashed mashed mashed potatoes, potatoes, potatoes, etc. etc. etc. No No No matter matter matter what what what kind kind kind of of of pr products, oducts, its its its processing processing processing technology technology technology requirements requirements requirements of of of raw raw raw material material s s to to to deal deal deal with with with the the the peel peel peel potatoes, potatoes, potatoes, to to to guarantee guarantee guarantee the the the quality quality of of the the the products, products, products, ensure ensure ensure its its its appearance, appearance, appearance, color color color and and and taste. taste. taste. P P eel eel potatoes potatoes potatoes peeled peeled peeled methods methods methods mainly mainly mainly include include include artificial, artificial, artificial, chemica chemica l l peeling, peeling, peeling, mechanical mechanical mechanical peeling, peeling, peeling, etc. etc. etc. Artificial Artificial Artificial to to to skin skin skin peelin peelin g g effect effect effect is is is better, better, better, but but but low low low efficiency, efficiency, efficiency, high high high loss loss loss rate, rate, rate, obv obv iously iously can can can not not not adapt adapt adapt to to to the the the needs needs needs of of of the the the development development development of of of th th e e potato potato potato industrialization; industrialization; industrialization; Chemical Chemical Chemical peeling peeling peeling a a a hot hot hot alkaline alkaline alkaline o o r r peel peel peel and and and low low low temperature temperature temperature liquid liquid liquid method method method in in in two two two forms, forms, forms, main main ly ly rely rely rely on on on the the the strong strong strong alkali alkali alkali solution solution solution and and and liquid liquid liquid chemical chemical chemical p p eeling eeling effect, effect, effect, softening softening softening and and and relaxation relaxation relaxation potato potato potato skins skins skins and and and body body -to -to keep, keep, keep, then then then use use use high high high pressure pressure pressure water water water jet, jet, jet, peeled. peeled. peeled. This This This me me thod thod the the the flushing flushing flushing process process process of of of before before before and and and after after after peeling peeling peeling the the the d d emand emand is is is higher, higher, higher, and and and liquid liquid liquid alkali, alkali, alkali, peel peel peel or or or consumption consumption consumption is is too too large, large, large, the the the cost cost cost is is is higher, higher, higher, and and and this this this way way way the the the serious serious serious in in fluence fluence the the the taste taste taste of of of the the the product. product. product. Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical peeling peeling peeling is is is fric fric tion tion peel peel peel form, form, form, the the the main main main dependence dependence dependence between between between potato potato potato and and and potat potat o o and and and potato potato potato with with with silicon silicon silicon carbide carbide carbide or or or rubber rubber rubber friction friction friction between between role role and and and achieve achieve achieve the the the goal goal goal of of of peel, peel, peel, good good good effect effect effect of of of this this this a a pproach pproach to to to skin, skin, skin, reduce reduce reduce the the the production production production cost, cost, cost, reduced reduced reduced environm environm entalpollution, pollution, simple simple simple operation, operation, operation, fast fast fast speed, speed, speed, can can can one one one person person person opera opera tion, tion, high high high energy energy energy efficiency efficiency efficiency to to to maximize maximize maximize the the the interests interests interests of of of th th e e products. products.2. 2. the the the working working working principle principle principle of of of the the the potato potato potato peeler peelerThe The potato potato potato peeling peeling peeling machine machine machine adopts adopts adopts horizontal horizontal horizontal machine, machine, machine, mainly mainly including including working working working cylinder, cylinder, cylinder, work work work table, table, table, frame frame frame and and and transmission transmission parts parts (see (see (see diagram). diagram). diagram). When When When to to to work work work in in in the the the potato potato potato peeling peeling peeling m m achine, achine, wheel wheel wheel rotation, rotation, rotation, the the the material material material by by by a a a bucket bucket bucket shape shape shape inlet inlet, , material material material fall fall fall on on on the the the surface surface surface of of of a a a rotating rotating rotating brush brush brush roller roller corrugated corrugated bulge, bulge, bulge, the the the effect effect effect of of of the the the centrifugal centrifugal centrifugal force force force by by by the the brush brush roller roller roller tangent tangent tangent upward upward upward movement, movement, movement, material material material constant constant constant alon alon g g the the the motion motion motion for for for a a a cylindrical cylindrical cylindrical wall, wall, wall, rise rise rise to to to the the the top, top, top, was was at at the the the top top top of of of the the the block block block back back back into into into the the the working working working surface surface surface of of the the plate. plate. plate. Into Into Into the the the rough rough rough surface surface surface and and and friction friction friction brush brush brush roll.roll. The The reciprocating reciprocating reciprocating movement movement movement of of of the the the material material material in in in this this this process,process, by by violent violent violent agitation, agitation, agitation, and and and formed formed formed with with with a a a brush brush brush roller, roller, roller, wall wall and and between between between particles particles particles is is is given given given priority priority priority to to to with with with flip, flip, flip, rubb rubb ing ing friction, friction, friction, impact impact impact of of of comprehensive comprehensive comprehensive mechanical mechanical mechanical effects, effects, effects, so so as as to to to achieve achieve achieve the the the aim aim aim of of of the the the skin. skin. skin. At At At the the the same same same time time time of of of f f riction riction peel, peel, peel, from from from inject inject inject water water water into into into the the the hole, hole, hole, in in in a a a timely timely manner manner will will will be be be wiped wiped wiped off off off the the the skin skin skin of of of the the the through through through brush brush brush b b rush rush roll roll roll and and and roll roll roll gap gap gap to to to discharge discharge discharge mouth mouth mouth eduction eduction eduction body. body. body. In In the the case case case of of of non-stop, non-stop, non-stop, open open open the the the discharge discharge discharge valve valve valve of of of mouth, mouth, material material by by by dial dial dial discharged discharged discharged through through through the the the discharge discharge discharge port. port. port. After After peeling peeling potatoes potatoes potatoes peel peel peel by by by institutions institutions institutions discharging discharging discharging chute chute chute into into the the auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary body, body, body, after after after screening screening screening and and and other other other auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary wor wor k k again again again into into into the the the next next next procedure. procedure.3. 3. summary summaryBelieve Believe in in in the the the near near near future, future, future, once once once the the the product product product is is is applied applied applied to to the the actual, actual, actual, will will will greatly greatly greatly save save save the the the working working working time, time, time, improve improve improve wo wo rk rk efficiency, efficiency, efficiency, improve improve improve the the the economic economic economic benefit, benefit, benefit, at at at the the the same same same tim tim e e will will will make make make a a a great great great contribution contribution contribution for for for the the the mass mass mass production, production, production, g g iving iving impetus impetus impetus to to to the the the development development development of of of potato potato potato industry industry industry better better better a a nd nd faster. faster. faster. Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical peeling, peeling, peeling, powered powered powered by by by motor, motor, motor, through through through the the pulley pulley drive drive drive cylinder cylinder cylinder at at at the the the bottom bottom bottom of of of the the the spinning spinning spinning l. Low Low middle, middle, middle, high high high edge edge edge mill mill mill wheel wheel wheel surface, surface, surface, undulate. undulate. undulate. Tubers Tubers to to join join join the the the cylinder, cylinder, cylinder, each each each other other other due due due to to to centrifugal centrifugal centrifugal force forceand and the the the friction friction friction effect, effect, effect, within within within the the the cylinder cylinder cylinder up, up, up, down, down, down, lef lef t, t, right right right turn, turn, turn, and and and constantly constantly constantly rolling; rolling; rolling; And And And the the the rubber rubber rubber cylind cylind er er lining, lining, lining, will will will rebound rebound rebound tuber, tuber, tuber, in in in the the the mill mill mill and and and the the the cylinder cylinder wall wall under under under the the the function function function of of of rubber rubber rubber potato potato potato tuber tuber tuber is is is grinding grinding to to the the the skin skin skin evenly, evenly, evenly, achieve achieve achieve the the the goal goal goal of of of potato potato potato peeling. peeling. peeling. T T o o skin skin skin with with with clear clear clear water, water, water, and and and then then then open open open the the the side side side door, door, door, tube tube r r discharge discharge discharge from from from a a a side side side door, door, door, dander dander dander with with with flow flow flow from from from the the the di di scharge scharge gap gap gap around around around the the the millstone. millstone. millstone. The The The machine machine machine for for for batch batch batch prod prod uction, uction, peeling peeling peeling machine, machine, machine, mill mill mill rotate rotate rotate at at at a a a certain certain certain speed, speed, speed, rol rol ler ler potato potato potato in in in under under under the the the action action action of of of centrifugal centrifugal centrifugal force, force, force, gravity gravity and and the the the friction, friction, friction, using using using potato potato potato work work work relative relative relative to to to the the the mill,mill, the the relative relative relative speed speed speed difference difference difference between between between the the the potato potato potato skin skin skin remov remov ed.1.2中文翻译马铃薯去皮结构设计马铃薯去皮结构设计摘要摘要::本次毕业设计主要研究了以摩擦原理为基础的马铃薯去皮机的设计要点、工作原理工作原理 及设备的组成。
产品设计英文方案范文
产品设计英文方案范文Product Design Proposal: Innovative Smartwatch with Health Monitoring Features.Introduction.In today's fast-paced world, consumers are constantly seeking convenient and advanced technological solutionsthat enhance their lives. The smartwatch market has seen significant growth in recent years, with users demanding more than just basic notification and timekeeping features. They want a device that can seamlessly integrate into their daily lives, monitor their health, and provide valuable insights. This product design proposal aims to introduce an innovative smartwatch with advanced health monitoring features that cater to the modern consumer's needs.Product Vision.The vision for this product is to create a smartwatchthat not only serves as a stylish and practical accessory but also acts as a personal health coach. It should be able to monitor the wearer's health parameters, such as heart rate, blood pressure, sleep quality, and stress levels, providing real-time feedback and personalized recommendations. The watch should also integrate seamlessly with other smart devices, apps, and online services, enabling users to manage their health and fitness goals effortlessly.Target Market.The target market for this smartwatch includes health-conscious individuals, fitness enthusiasts, and those seeking convenient health monitoring solutions. It caters to a wide range of ages, from young professionals to retirees, as health and fitness are concerns across all age groups. Additionally, the watch's stylish design and advanced features make it appealing to tech-savvy consumers who demand the latest in wearable technology.Product Features.1. Advanced Health Monitoring: The smartwatch will continuously monitor the wearer's heart rate, blood pressure, and stress levels. It will also track sleep quality, including deep sleep, light sleep, and REM sleep stages, providing valuable insights into the user's sleep patterns.2. Personalized Health Recommendations: Based on the collected data, the watch will provide personalized health and fitness recommendations. For example, it can suggest changes in diet, exercise routines, or stress management techniques to improve overall health.3. Seamless Integration: The smartwatch will seamlessly integrate with smartphones, tablets, and other smart devices, allowing users to sync their data and access a wide range of features and apps. It will also integrate with online health and fitness platforms, providing access to a comprehensive suite of tools and resources.4. Real-Time Feedback: The watch will provide real-timefeedback on the wearer's health status, alerting them to any potential issues or concerns. For example, if the heart rate spikes unexpectedly, the watch can send an alert to the user's smartphone, allowing them to take immediate action.5. Customizable Design: Consumers will have the option to customize the watch's design, including the band, face, and color scheme, to match their personal preferences and style.6. Long-Lasting Battery: The smartwatch will feature a long-lasting battery that can last for days on a single charge, ensuring users can wear it all day without worrying about battery drainage.Conclusion.In conclusion, this product design proposal aims to introduce an innovative smartwatch with advanced health monitoring features that cater to the modern consumer's needs. The watch combines stylish design, convenientfunctionality, and real-time health monitoring to provide users with a comprehensive health and fitness companion. By targeting health-conscious individuals and fitness enthusiasts, this smartwatch has the potential to revolutionize the way people manage their health and achieve their fitness goals.。
产品设计外文文献及翻译
英文原文Modern product design---Foreign language translation original textWith the growing of economices and the developing of technologies, the essential definition of Industral Design has been deepening while its extension meaning enlarging,which resulted in the transformation and renovation of some original design theories and concepts.In the new IT epoch, the contents, methodologies, concepts etc. of design have taken a great change from what they were before.However,the method of comparison and analysis is always playing a plvotal role, during the whole process of maintaining the traditional quintessence and innovating novel conceptions.1.1 Traditional DesignTraditional industrial design and product development mainly involved to three fields,vis.Art, Engineering and Marketing. The designers, who worked in the art field, always had outstanding basic art skills and visual sketching expression capacity as well as plentiful knowledge on ergonomics and aesthetics . So they could easily solve the problems of products about art . Works in the area of the project engineer with strong technical background, they used the method of logical analysis, you can design a detailed, in line with the requirements of the drawings of a total production, manufacture use. They can you good solution to the technical aspects of products. However, they often overlook the aesthetics of products that do not pay attention to fashion and cost-effective products in the market. In the field of commercial marketing staff proficient in the knowledge economy, will use marketing theory to predict customer behavior, they focus on products in the market development trends, but do not understand aesthetic and technical aspects of the problem.In a traditional industrial product design process, the three areas of general staff in their respective areas of independent work. Product engineers solve the technical problems so that products with the necessary functional and capable of producing manufactured, the product is "useful." Designers are using aesthetics,ergonomics and other subjects in the form of product design, product with a reasonable visual, tactile, and other effects, and we look forward to products "useful." The marketing staff is the product marketing and user comments, and to forecast the future market feedback to the above-mentioned two groups of designers, so that they understand product popularity, prompted designers to improve or update the design, so that users " Want to use "designed products.In this process, is often a certain area of personnel in their own fields of expertise in the work done after the exchange and other fields. Due to lack of overall management of the unified design, will be out of line and the link between the crux of the design cycle, the product can not be truly useful and attractive products.1.2 Modern DesignWith the social and economic development, human standard of living continues to increase. People no longer meet the low-level way of life, the requirements of the product greatly improved as the "globalization" of the emergence of various regional economic development imbalances brought about by various contradictions, but also increasingly reflected in the product design and development In the other hand, with the rapid development of science and technology, not only to "tangible" products with a more technical content, but also the software such as the "invisible" products. These changes primarily reflected in the following areas.(1) the diversification of productsIn order to improve their people's living tastes, the more value products "personality", making earlier to meet the most basic requirements of life designed to mass production of products, changes to the current level to meet the different needs of the people's lives Smaller mass-produced products. Therefore the market needs more of a wide range of products. This requires a more flexible product design, shorter design cycle.Early industrial design and product comparison, the current products include the technical content greatly improved, it may not just rely on its outstanding visual effects impressed, and may also rely on hearing, smell, touch and even taste, and so combined effect of people moved .With the computer and network technology to the development andpopularization, is still a wide variety of software products and network products, these new "invisible" products regardless of its form or design products with the traditional "physical" Products are quite different.(2) design innovation and changeIn increasing economic development, product greatly enriched, material needs of people unlimited increase in the new era. A lot of design work alone designer personal talent is very difficult to complete. If an industrial design work is the perfect visual form, to a "combination of technology and the arts", but it was the low level of market acceptance, then to the present point of view, it is not successful design products, it may only Pieces of art.If the team to organize the development of new products, you can designers, engineers and marketing staff to work together, the three professional staff play to their respective expertise, common exchanges, discussions, it is possible to prevent this from happening.I n addition, because people's social awareness, cultural awareness and The new product of the information age - the emergence of software, the team can better embody necessary. People in the use of software products in the course of time to have two types: one is the interface of the visual effects are good, but you use to process and not very Shunshou to show the various menus, logo at a loss; And a software design is very standardized, with the professionals use logic, but the interface of the visual effects but it is not satisfactory. The reasons for this situation is: a program design engineers do not understand interface design to visual design of the interface designers do not understand procedures for structural design. Only two will combine to work to make the process engineers and designers fully exchange interface, will it be possible to design a "useful" software products.continuously enhance environmental awareness, to design a product may not be a simple and specific forms of visual introduction, but in a product or project works the way there, which means "product" The extension had been expanded. An alcohol can become a world famous brands of goods, some with their well-brewing technology, form a perfect bottle design and successful market strategies are closely related. To the modern designers, as the end product design, product contains the meaning is no longer just a form of the bottle, but winebottles, a collection of marketing strategies. Another example: the flow of people to solve the short-term or temporary accommodation designed Jianyi Fang or horizontal cylinder, is not a simple design, but of social, cultural, environmental and other issues of the integrated projects. So, with the "product" extension of the expansion, the need for more staff into the field of design teams, and in the design process through the integration, exchange, completion of innovative product design.(3) the role of the modern designerIn the modern product development process, if the designer has only limited to the traditional fields of expertise in specific focus on the visual performance of rain forms of work, then it will be very difficult to design a ground-breaking products. This is because the community to raise the requirements of the products, to expand the content of the product, compared to the designer's personal knowledge on the capacity can not satisfy the requirements. However, if we can, through effective means to mobilize the relevant field staff to work together, you can make the design capacity of the greatly expanded.If the traditional sense of product designers focused on the visual manifestations of design, then, designers are using modern designers, engineers and other staff of marketing the ability to jointly complete the full development of new products design.Modern designers no longer just the implementation of its mandate, is designed to planners, organizers. Modern designers should have a higher level of awareness on the nature of the design, operation of the quality of the design process. Designers need to use a unique system of thinking to comprehensive analysis, problem-solving abilities, not just the use of visual skills to express themselves is not yet mature enough decorative design.This requires designers with a more complete knowledge of the structure. In addition to good aesthetic quality, but also should have sociology, economics, management science and engineering and technical aspects of the basic knowledge, resume systematic, engineering way of thinking in order to carry out scientific work and effective orga nization design.The task of the modern designer 1.3The explosion in information society, individuals have the knowledge andcapability is very weak. Therefore the use of modern designers should have the wisdom related fields, the expansion of its design capacity. His task is to seize the new opportunities for product development, design has a good user market innovative products.As a modern designer, it is important to fully understand the professional design teams in the field of creative thinking, make full use of the members of the professional competence. Marketing is the background knowledge can design a scientific and feasible programme of research and analysis of the conclusions drawn for policy makers and designers; In addition, the staff can also meet the market well-developed marketing strategy, product successfully pushed To the market. Engineers had "sensitive technology", can make good use of the master design and manufacturing knowledge, to use a certain product features. And a "beauty of art," the designer, you can use the aesthetic qualities and good ergonomics, and other aspects of expertise, to complete the product interface design.Modern designers is to understand and through the effective means to mobilize members of the Organization's ability to enable all areas of professional staff to work together so that information-sharing, complementary advantages, so that the outstanding products as soon as possible into a successful programme of goods.1.4 modern design of new issuesModern design is the design team conducted in a way, modern designers have the ability to handle the design of several new issues:Sensitive to new product development opportunities, this is a new product design, may also be of their products have improved design;So that the different fields of expertise of the staff of a harmonious and efficient work. Eliminate the barriers between different professionals, the other with the design for the common goal to work hard;Construction of a full product development process. This team will be planned for phase, the design work;④ better understanding of the products extracted from a potential consumer of information, so that the design team that truly master users of modeling, and technical characteristics of the most profound impression, and so on;⑤successful consumer products often have been recognized form of attributes and characteristics of the design staff to in-depth analysis and enhance these attributes, and applied to product design.1.5 Design Education ReformIn order to meet the needs of the development of modern design, design education must also be a corresponding change.(1) design of the general education and design for the improvement of water Raising the level of design and design of the general education and promotion are inseparable. The manual from kindergarten classes, involving the design of early education: how to use certain materials to create good-looking, fun things. With the age of growth and the accumulation of knowledge the children produced by the object more complex, more sophisticated. To the secondary school stage, is likely to require students to mix with people working to complete the design of more complex tasks, each member of this period we should play to their respective expertise, to find, to exchange, to express to the production. In primary stage (can be extended to pre-school stage), you can practice by designing courses, guide the students to establish a "design" concept. To the higher education stage, is to ask students from theory to a high degree of awareness, understanding, "Design", which can make comprehensive use of the theory to guide the "design."Universal primary education in the stage, designed to promote education, students in higher education stage will be able to better grasp of modern design theory and methods. This is to raise the level of a country's overall design an effective means and in the United Kingdom and other countries has been very good proof of this.(2) the expansion of educational contentUnlike the artistic performance of specific techniques or structural design professional, modern design is a philosophy, is a way. Design of the contents is based on modern design has the knowledge and skills identified. Therefore, the arts, technology, engineering, economics, management, humanities, social sciences and other fields content should be included in this category.Of course, in today's knowledge explosion, students can not be limited in thelearning of the practice of so many, but through science curriculum of theory and practice of organic integration, it can enable students to master the basic and necessary knowledge. For example, the U.S. card-resistant ˙ ˙ Mellon University School of Design students to jointly complete the design project. Students in the design process of practice field staff understand the relevant way of thinking, make up the relevant professional knowledge, learning team's working methods. To the modern designers, the completeness of the knowledge structure and rationality of need than proficient in a particular profession is even more important..中文译文现代产品设计随着经济的增长和技术的发展，当工业设计的引申意义别不断的扩大时，一些对于工业设计最基本的定义也在逐渐的深化，这就导致了一些原本设计理论和内容的转变和整修。
工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献
工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Design Without DesignersI will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design.I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?"That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger.Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test.This procedure is hardly unique to Google. has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise.Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data?Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New ConceptsIn design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is incremental improvement. In the manufacturing of products, companies assume that unit costs will continually decrease through continual, incremental improvements. A steady chain of incremental innovation enhances operations, the sourcing of parts and supply-chain management. The product design is continually tinkered with, adjusting the interface, adding new features, changing small things here and there. New products are announced yearly that are simply small modifications to the existing platform by a different constellation of features. Sometimes features are removed to enable a new, low-cost line. Sometimes features are enhanced or added. In incremental improvement, the basic platform is unchanged. Incremental design and innovation is less glamorous than the development of new concepts and ideas, but it is both far more frequent and far more important. Most of these innovations are small, but most are quite successful. This is what companies call "their cash cow": a product line that requires very little new development cost while being profitable year after year.The second form of design is what is generally taught in design, engineering and MBA courses on "breakthrough product innovation." Here is where new concepts get invented, new products defined, and new businesses formed. This is the fun part of innovation. As a result, it is the arena that most designers and inventors wish to inhabit. But the risks are great: most new innovations fail. Successful innovations can take decades to become accepted. As a result, the people who create the innovation are not necessarily the people who profit from it.In my Apple example, the designers were devising a new conception. In the case of Google and Amazon, the companies are practicing incremental enhancement. They are two different activities. Note that the Apple product, like most new innovations, failed. Why? I return to this example later.Both forms of innovation are necessary. The fight over data-driven design is misleading in that it uses the power of one method to deny the importance of the second. Data-driven design through testing is indeed effective at improving existing products. But where did the idea for the product come from in the first place? From someone's creative mind. Testing is effective at enhancing an idea, but creative designers and inventors are required to come up with the idea.Why Testing Is Both Essential and IncompleteData-driven design is "hill-climbing," a well-known algorithm for optimization. Imagine standing in the dark in an unknown, hilly terrain. How do you get to the top of the hill when you can't see? Test the immediate surroundings to determine which direction goes up the most steeply and take a step that way. Repeat until every direction leads to a lower level.But what if the terrain has many hills? How would you know whether you are on the highest? Answer: you can't know. This is called the "local maximum" problem: you can't tell if you are on highest hill (a global maximum) or just at the top of a small one.When a computer does hill climbing on a mathematical space, it tries to avoid the problem of local maxima by initiating climbs from numerous, different parts of the space being explored, selecting the highest of the separate attempts. This doesn't guarantee the very highest peak, but it can avoid being stuck on a low-ranking one. This strategy is seldom available to a designer: it is difficult enough to come up with a single starting point, let alone multiple, different ones. So, refinement through testing in the world of design is usually only capable of reaching the local maximum. Is there a far better solution (that is, is there a different hill which yields far superior results)? Testing will never tell us.Here is where creative people come in. Breakthroughs occur when a person restructures the problem, thereby recognizing that one is exploring the wrong space. This is the creative side of design and invention. Incremental enhancements will not get us there.Barriers to Great InnovationDramatic new innovation has some fundamental characteristics that make it inappropriate for judgment through testing. People resist novelty. Behavior tends to be conservative. New technologies and new methods of doing things usually take decades to be accepted - sometimes multiple decades. But the testing methods allassume that one can make a change, try it out, and immediately determine if it is better than what is currently available.There is no known way to tell if a radical new idea will eventually be successful. Here is where great leadership and courage is required. History tells us of many people who persevered for long periods in the face of repeated rejection before their idea was accepted, often to the point that after success, people could not imagine how they got along without it before. History also tells us of many people who persevered yet never were able to succeed. It is proper to be skeptical of radical new ideas.In the early years of an idea, it might not be accepted because the technology isn't ready, or because there is a lot more optimization still to be done, or because the audience isn't ready. Or because it is a bad idea. It is difficult to determine which of those reasons dominates. The task only becomes easy in hindsight, long after it becomes established.These long periods between formation and initial implementation of a novel idea and its eventual determination of success or failure in the marketplace is what defeats those who wish to use evidence as a decision criterion for following a new direction. Even if a superior way of doing something has been found, the automated test process will probably reject it, not because the idea is inferior, but because it cannot wait decades for the answer. Those who look only at test results will miss the large payoff.Of course there are sound business reasons why ignoring potentially superior approaches might be a wise decision. After all, if the audience is not ready for the new approach, it would initially fail in the marketplace. That is true, in the short run. But to prosper in the future, the best approach would be to develop and commercialize the new idea to get marketplace experience, to begin the optimization process, and to develop the customer base. At the same time one is preparing the company for the day when the method takes off. Sure, keep doing the old, but get ready for the new. If the company fails to recognize the newly emerging method, its competitors will take over. Quite often these competitors will be a startup that existing companies ignored because what they were doing was not well accepted, and in any event did not appear to challenge the existing business: see "The innovator's dilemma."Gestural, multi-touch interfaces for screen-driven devices and computer games are good examples. Are these a brilliant new innovation? Brilliant? Yes. New? Absolutely not. Multi-touch devices were in research labs for almost three decades before the first successful mass-produced products. I saw gestures demonstrated over two decades ago. New ideas take considerable time to reach success in the marketplace. If an idea is commercialized too soon, the result is usually failure (and a large loss of money).This is precisely what the Apple designer of my opening paragraph had done. What I was shown was a portable computer designed for schoolchildren with a form factor unlike anything I had ever seen before. It was wonderful, and even to my normally critical eye, it looked like a perfect fit for the purpose and audience. Alas, the product got caught in a political fight between warring Apple divisions. Although it was eventually released into the marketplace, the fight crippled its integrity and it was badly executed, badly supported, and badly marketed.The resistance of a company to new innovations is well founded. It is expensive to develop a new product line with unknown profitability. Moreover, existing product divisions will be concerned that the new product will disrupt existing sales (this is called "cannibalization"). These fears are often correct. This is a classic case of what is good for the company being bad for an existing division, which means bad for the promotion and reward opportunities for the existing division. Is it a wonder companies resist? The data clearly show that although a few new innovations are dramatically successful, most fail, often at great expense. It is no wonder that companies are hesitant - resistant - to innovation no matter what their press releases and annual reports claim. To be conservative is to be sensible.The FutureAutomated data-driven processes will slowly make more and more inroads into the space now occupied by human designers. New approaches to computer-generated creativity such as genetic algorithms, knowledge-intensive systems, and others will start taking over the creative aspect of design. This is happening in many other fields, whether it be medical diagnosis or engineering design.We will get more design without designers, but primarily of the enhancement, refinement, and optimization of existing concepts. Even where new creative artificial systems are developed, whether by neural networks, genetic algorithms, or some yet undiscovered method, any new concept will still face the hurdle of overcoming the slow adoption rate of people and of overcoming the complex psychological, social, and political needs of people. To do this, we need creative designers, creative business people, and risk takers willing to push the boundaries. New ideas will be resisted. Great innovations will come at the cost of multiple great failures.Design without designers? Those who dislike the ambiguity and uncertainty of human judgments, with its uncertain track record and contradictory statements will try to abolish the human element in favor of the certainty that numbers and data appear to offer. But those who want the big gains that creative judgment can produce will follow their own judgment. The first case will bring about the small, continual improvements that have contributed greatly to the increased productivity and lowering of costs of our technologies. The second case will be rewarded with greatfailures and occasional great success. But those great successes will transform the world.不需要设计师的设计唐·诺曼我永远也不会忘记我第一次向人们介绍优秀产品设计的魅力的经历，那时候我刚刚到苹果公司，还在逐渐的学习工作上的事务。
绿色产品设计外文翻译文献
绿色产品设计外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于消费者的需求和使用过程的绿色产品设计[摘要]客户需求分析和产品的开发是设计的重要组成部分，决定了产品开发的成败，因此，开展绿色产品设计和客户需求分析的过程是很重要的。
本文讨论了客户需求的特点，传统方法也可以确定客户需求和分析客户的需求。
绿色环保产品是结合产品生命周期的设计，建造一个共同的客户需求的绿色产品设计模块，而传统方法确定的产品中存在的环境缺陷进行了改进。
最后到绿色洗涤产品设计例如，适应性和验证方法的有效性。
【关键词】绿色产品，绿色设计，客户需求，需求的重要性，产品的生命周期1、引言客户的需求就是客户的声音，是期望需求的总和，包括产品的功能，性能和产品，以满足客户的许多其他产品属性的产品，有竞争力的基础上的需求，填补了客户的需求空缺，提高满足客户需求或创造客户需求的新的水平，是提高产品的市场竞争力的重要组成部分。
整理客户对绿色产品的设计需求分析在近几年的重要作用的绿色浪潮的兴起，企业的绿色壁垒出现在产品需求对环境的影响持续的企业竞争力具有非常重要的影响，产品需求和有效整合绿色设计是公司面临的每一个重要的问题因此，对绿色设计分析的需求具有重要意义的客户的需求集合中单挂波模糊集理论，基于客户需求的描述方法，客户端需要的语言来描述，通过 XML，使用半形式化描述语言表达要确保客户要求转化为设计要求的准确性的信息，减少信息失真的转换过程中的信息。
Shieh和Yan等人提出的需求方面和图形信息的指令加入使客户需求的产品设计更容易获得??模板的基本思想的图形分类。
在完成对客户需求的分析，李嫣为质量功能展开（QFD）在一系列客户需求基础的重要性问题的粗略秩序的其他研究。
对于质量功能展开（QFD）的客户调查中存在的一些问题（模糊的需求，不完整和不确定的），多属性决策的不完备信息系统的使用粗糙集，产品设计以确定客户需求基础中的重要程度卡诺模型分析，以确定客户重要校正因子的程度，则客户重要结合的校正因子为度为最终客户需求的重要程度。
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中文译文产品设计，语义和情绪反应摘要本文探讨了人体工程学理论与语义和情感内容的设计问题。
其目的是要找到以下问题的答案：如何设计产品引发人心中的幸福；怎样的产品属性能够帮助你们沟通积极的情绪，最后，如何通过产品唤起某种情绪。
换言之，这是对“意义”——可以成为一个产品，旨在与用户在情感层面上进行“沟通”的调查。
1、介绍当代生活是促进社会和技术变革的代名词。
同样，产品设计通过材料技术，生产技术，信息处理技术等工序的发展而正在迅速转变。
在技术方面正在发生变化的速度和规模超出任何期望。
数字革命的对象是逐步转向与我们互动成更小，更聪明的黑盒子，使我们很难理解这一机制或工作方法（博尔茨2000年）。
因此，在设计时比以前不同的框架，参照社会变革，资源和能源节约，新出现的环境问题，以及客户导向的趋势（大平1995年，琼斯1997年）。
因此，无论是通过广告和营销推动战略，或潮流，时尚和社会活动，从消费产品的用户的期望也已改变。
功能性，吸引力，易于被使用中，可负担性，可回收性和安全性，预计所有已经存在于一个产品属性。
用户希望有更多的日常用品。
最近设计的趋势表明了用户对激励对象的倾向，提高他们的生活，帮助触发情绪，甚至唤起梦想（詹森1999年，阿莱西2000年）。
詹森预计，梦会快到了，下面的数据为基础的社会，所谓的信息社会（1999年）。
他还说，作为信息和智力正成为电脑和高科技，社会领域将放在一个人的能力还没有被自动然而新的价值：情绪。
功能是越来越多的产品中理所当然的，同时用户也可以实现在寻找一个完全不同的欣赏水平。
想象，神话和仪式（即情感的语言）会对我们的行为产生影响，从我们的购买决定，我们与他人（詹森1999年）的沟通。
此外，哈立德（2001：196）指出这是决定购买，可瞬间的，因此客户的需求可以被创建，速度非常快，而其他需要长期建立了'。
因此，情感和'影响'一般，都收到了最后一个（Velásquez1998）几年越来越多的关注。
'影响'是指消费者的心理反应产品的符号学的内容。
情绪和影响途径，可以研究在许多不同的层次，都提供不同的见解。
正如Velásquez指出，一些模型已经被提出来的领域和多种环境。
一些例子，他给包括情绪来创建逼真的品质和性格（贝茨1994年，克莱恩和布隆伯格1999年，埃利奥特1992年，赖利1996）系统合成剂，大约在叙事情感（艾略特等人在Velásquez1998年）。
原因，在情绪处理系统，依靠调解社会互动（Breazeal在Velásquez1998年），该模型和体系结构，行为和学习情绪的影响（Cañmero1997年，北野1994年，与自我萨尔瓦多，纳塞尔等人在Velásquez1998年。
）。
不同的做法不同领域工作的最好的，并决定按照一方或另一方在很大程度上取决于具体目标和这些模型的目的。
设计导演的情感内容可以被看作是当前的设计实践，研究和教育的核心认为。
正如保罗Hekkert（2002年），在设计与情感协会主席说：“它不再是足够的，设计良好的产品或服务，我们都希望设计经验，并产生愉悦或兴奋的感觉。
““...但什么我们能真正了解这些经验和产品的能力，唤起的情绪？可以情感互动设计，如何设计和工业处理这个新的设计模式？“这项研究的目的是揭示在设计产品符号学性质的情绪反应，以及有关的方案，探讨影响产品设计之间的关系和人类的经验。
2、在物理和认知水平的产品语意产品语意的开发和引进了Krippendorff和奶油（1984年：在莱利2001年），被看作是人为的形状象征性的特质研究其使用认知和社会背景，定义。
因此，根据这个定义，产品语意关注的是用户与产品的一方面，而且对象的重要性，另一方面对业务和承担社会环境的关系。
有意或无意，使所有出厂产品通过形状，形态，颜色，纹理等，他们与用户沟通，从来没有中立的声明内容相关。
人们普遍认识到，可视化是重要的，当涉及到评估的外观，功能，生产的可行性，产品语意，人体工程学和（约翰森2000年）社会因素方面的一个产品的可行性。
不管设计师如何使用颜色，形状，形式，并在设计产品的质地，邮件是通过发送通过一个产品结构的一部分，语言与意义，所谓的语义处理。
这意味着，设计师和ergonomists不仅要知道什么样的信息（），他们希望传递和反应排序（县），可以预期从正在接收用户，而且形成的符号和属性的语言。
一个产品告诉我们，一些本身和在某些情况下，还对人类生命，谁拥有它。
通过它的设计和功能，产品表现值，其重要性和价值的个人然后解释有一定的关系在接受或拒绝等方面的社会背景下，喜欢或不喜欢。
然而，该产品可以通过加强其语意内容和表达，这其中一个或削弱创造积极或消极的看法，情感，价值观以及在个人（Wikström 1996）协会的方式这个角色。
我们遇到的产品有不同的功能，例如技术，实用和语义。
莫诺（在Wikström 1996）定义了四种产品的语义功能：•来形容- 产品形态描述的事实（例如它的目的=定义的任务），使用方式，处理。
•为了表达- 产品形态，表达了产品的价值和品质。
•要信号- 产品形态敦促用户在一个特定的方式作出反应，例如要小心，要在他/她的工作精度。
•确定- 确定产品的形态（如目的=建立的相似性），来源，性质和产品领域（与系统，家庭，产品种类等，以及各部分的功能和位置连接）。
语义功能提供了可能性与沟通，通过一个明确的信息产品的设计师。
这意味着设计师必须明确向他/她什么，什么应该不应该通过产品（Wikström 1996）沟通。
黄油（Krippendorff和黄油1984:4），谁第一个提出了短语产品语义学'，声称设计师和ergonomists一个对如何使用设计功能可以'神秘化复杂的技术，提高工件之间的相互作用的认识和他们的用户和自我表达，提高的机会。
据Wikström（1996年），语义功能应该使产品的理解。
无论是整个产品的各个部分，并应传达预期的信息，让用户知道产品应如何处理看它而已。
例如，一个滚花旋钮说'把我';一个按钮的设计可以说'按我'，就像是杰克平面的形式，邀请特定的手柄;茶壶或瓷壶，上面写着'抱着我这里，我会为你倒'，一个椅子轻轻欢迎您轻松的姿势;形状或形式，表示'我朝这个方向'或'我进入那你身体的一部分适合。
用户的反应是什么东西，以及如何处理这事应该是一种有效和直接的（语义）的程度，产品的设计是自我指导的迹象。
复杂的产品需要一本手册，但简单的产品应该是自我指导。
在那些图片，标签或说明适用于简单的事情，需要的时候，箭头或标签，以区别于推拉;设计师都未能通过沟通的对象（诺曼1988年）的形式。
然而，可理解性的要求是不相同的背景。
在某些情况下，如Wikström（1996）提到，该产品甚至是不可理解应该有一定的用户群，例如医药瓶，医药柜，儿童，以防止他们访问这些。
在公共让人误解，但是，信息产品应进行自我指导。
用户组集中在这里应该能够识别产品的用途，能使用它，并积极地使用，而无需额外的信息（如手册，文字）需要它。
正在设计，在美国最重要的趋势之一，产品语意是一种方法，开发一个产品的视觉语汇，以便使它们成为主要的视觉线索（有时触觉和听觉），这成为可立即识别工具集设计人员沟通，通过他们的产品，帮助反映功能及相关文化协会（Zaccai1990年）。
换句话说，产品语意是试图找出适当的视觉，触觉和听觉信息，并将其纳入产品设计中。
了解人们如何融入陌生的产品是至关重要的语义在工业设计（格里芬1999年）的应用。
它结合了诸如艺术，人体工程学，符号学，通讯，逻辑，哲学和心理学的各种学科。
当产品语义应用得当，产品可以更情感和精神上的用户，雄辩和形状或细节表现让他们作出与客观对象的情感联系，否则，舒适。
这些成为直观的产品，用户都知道它是如何工作以及它没有说明一样。
两个诺曼（1988年）的基本原则，以协助建设一个心理模型的产品用户第一，提供了一个很好的概念模型，二，取得重要特征明显作为传播者。
3、Products和反射的意义格林里芬（1999年），解释和解码，不熟悉产品的语义内容的过程涉及到两个不同的反应。
第一个基于知识和对社会和文化背景有关，而第二个反应是情绪化。
意义被解释的基础上，从以往的经验得出的关联。
此外，情绪是密切相关的人的心理。
如果我们看一个简单的这些因素，激活情感心理的定义，我们可以看到，情绪不受情况或事件，而是由我们的思想，信念，价值观和有关的情况或事件的态度引起的。
的情绪反应是不是自动响应一个对象，事情，或一种情况。
这是一个自动回复（在我们的大脑深处）到我们的情况或对象关联的想法。
4、幸福和乐在产品使用为了消遣，快乐和快乐的一些一般定义可以给予如下：•快感：在愉快的情绪伴随着期望，收购或管有或需要的好东西。
相关词幸福，幸福，快乐和激情。
•幸福：一个幸福美满的状态。
•乐趣：一个愉快或满足的经验;的福祉，成功引起的情感，或由一个藏有什么愿望的前景。
四个不同的类别，产品的使用乐趣，约旦给予（1997）：1、生理愉悦- 与接触，手持产品。
2、社会的乐趣- 与社会关系和通讯产品启用。
3、心理愉悦- 产品时获得帮助用户建立一个任务。
4、IDEO公司，快乐- 相关的值，一个代表产品，其使用或支持。
满意是一个属性的可用性尼尔森的定义（1993年），是多么惬意的相关产品使用。
可用性和功能性是无可否认的产品非常重要的属性，但不是他们自己的快乐和传达足够的幸福'给用户。
事实证明，积极的情绪有重要作用，例如在决策，激励和社会互动（DeCatanzaro 1999年，艾辛河1993年，马卡拉1999）基于任务的活动所需。
越来越多的功能是在产品批准（商品）采取和用户的东西多看。
5、情绪反应或影响系统方案在情感反应系统，在固有的心理结构，价值观念和程序，承担相似的，其中神经系统之间的相互作用涉及杏仁核，海马，前额叶皮质和被认为有调解情绪，比如分配方面的一些基础情绪价不同的刺激，活化的情绪行为和情感学习（达马西奥1994年，勒社1996年，Panksepp 1995年，在Velásquez，1998）。
工作从不同的理论家（埃克曼1992年，约翰逊莱尔德和奥特利1992年，Panksepp 1998年）和随后的设计标准上的一个以前的研究基础，以良好的设计与评估获奖产品（Demirbilek和公园2001年），六个不同类型的影响方案涉及'快乐的感受，喜悦，或唤起梦想已经确定了这样如下：感官，乐趣，可爱，熟悉，转喻和颜色。