刘洪波雅思阅读词汇7天速成3(学员版)
剑桥雅思阅读7原文难度解析（test3）
剑桥雅思阅读7原文难度解析(test3)为了帮助大家更好地备考雅思阅读，下面小编给大家分享剑桥雅思阅读7原文翻译及答案解析(test3)，希望对你们有用。
剑桥雅思阅读7原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Ant IntelligenceWhen we think of intelligent members of the animal kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to mind are apes and monkeys. But in fact the social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence. Among these, the world of the ant has come in for considerable scrutiny lately, and the idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been rejected by those involved in these investigations.Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack. Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious chants, advertising images and jingles, political slogans and martial music) to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote, ‘Ants are so much like human beings as to be an embarrassment. They farm fungi, raise aphids_as livestock, launch armies to war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse enemies, capture slaves, engage in child labour, exchange information ceaselessly. They do everything but watch television.’However, in ants there is no cultural transmission —everything must be encoded in the genes — whereas in humansthe opposite is true. Only basic instincts are carried in the genes of a newborn baby, other skills being learned from others in the community as the child grows up. It may seem that this cultural continuity gives us a huge advantage over ants. They have never mastered fire nor progressed. Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand years ago but have been totally overtaken by modern human agribusiness.Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans were. Ants can’t digest the cellulose in leaves — but some fungi can. The ants therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food. Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as ‘weeds’, and spread waste to fertilise the crop.It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 862 different types of fungi taken from ants’ nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles — the forcing house of intelligence — the evidence suggests thatants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialised chambers and tunnels.When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, we are amazed at what has been accomplished by humans. Yet Hoelldobler and Wilson’s magnificent work for ant lovers, The Ants, describes a supercolony of the ant Formica yessensis on the Ishikari Coast of Hokkaido. This ‘megalopolis’ was reported to be composed of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4,500 interconnected nests across a territory of 2.7 square kilometres.Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of technical achievement outstrip by far anything achieved by our distant ancestors. We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. Ant societies existed in something like their present form more than seventy million years ago. Beside this, prehistoric man looks technologically primitive. Is this then some kind of intelligence, albeit of a different kind?Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update in their heads. They combine the evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of local directions, all within a framework which is consulted and updated. So ants can learn too.And in a twelve-year programme of work, Ryabko and Reznikova have found evidence that ants can transmit very complex messages. Scouts who had located food in a maze returned to mobilise their foraging teams. They engaged incontact sessions, at the end of which the scout was removed in order to observe what her team might do. Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze where the food had been. Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues. Discussion now centres on whether the route through the maze is communicated as a ‘left-right’ se quence of turns or as a ‘compass bearing and distance’ message.During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova has grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she feels she knows them as individuals — even without the paint spots used to mark them. It’s no surprise that Edward Wilson, in his essay, ‘In the company of ants’, advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to: ‘Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives.’Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Ants use the same channels of communication as humans do.2 City life is one factor that encourages the development of intelligence.3 Ants can build large cities more quickly than humans do.4 Some ants can find their way by making calculations based on distance and position.5 In one experiment, foraging teams were able to use theirsense of smell to find food.6 The essay, ‘In the company of ants’, explores ant communication.Questions 7-13Complete the summary using the list of words, A-O, below.Write the correct letter, A-O, in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.Ants as farmersAnts have sophisticated methods of farming, including herding livestock and growing crops, which are in many ways similar to those used in human agriculture. The ants cultivate a large number of different species of edible fungi which convert 7..............into a form which they can digest. They use their own natural 8..............as weed-killers and also use unwanted materials as 9.............. . Genetic analysis shows they constantly upgrade these fungi by developing new species and by 10..............species with neighbouring ant colonies. In fact, the farming methods of ants could be said to be more advanced than human agribusiness, since they use 11..............methods, they do not affect the12..............and do not waste 13.............. .A aphidsB agriculturalC celluloseD exchangingE energyF fertilizersG foodH fungiI growing J interbreeding K natural L other specesM secretions N sustainable O environmentREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-19Reading Passage 2 has seven sections, A-G.Choose the correct headings for sections A-F from the list ofheadings below.Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi The results of the research into blood-variantsii Dental evidenceiii Greenberg’s analysis of the dental and linguistic evidence iv Developments in the methods used to study early population movementsv Indian migration from Canada to the U.S.A.vi Further genetic evidence relating to the three-wave theory vii Long-standing questions about prehistoric migration to Americaviii Conflicting views of the three-wave theory, based on non-genetic evidenceix Questions about the causes of prehistoric migration to Americax How analysis of blood-variants measures the closeness of the relationship between different populations14 Section A15 Section B16 Section C17 Section D18 Section E19 Section FExample AnswerSection G viiiPopulation movements and geneticsA Study of the origins and distribution of human populations used to be based on archaeological and fossil evidence. Anumber of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing. The best information on early population movements is now being obtained from the ‘archaeology of the living body’, the clues to be found in genetic material.B Recent work on the problem of when people first entered the Americas is an example of the value of these new techniques. North-east Asia and Siberia have long been accepted as the launching ground for the first human colonisers of the New World1. But was there one major wave of migration across the Bering Strait into the Americas, or several? And when did this event, or events, take place? In recent years, new clues have come from research into genetics, including the distribution of genetic markers in modern Native Americans2.C An important project, led by the biological anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes) of one particular protein — immunoglobin G — found in the fluid portion of human blood. All proteins ‘drift’, or produce variants, over the generations, and members of an interbreeding human population will share a set of such variants. Thus, by comparing the Gm allotypes of two different populations (e.g. two Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic ‘distance’, which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since these populations last interbred.D Williams and his colleagues sampled the blood of over 5,000 American Indians in western North America during a twenty-year period. They found that their Gm allotypes could be divided into two groups, one of which also corresponded to the genetic typing of Central and South American Indians. Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut3 formed a thirdgroup. From this evidence it was deduced that there had been three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait. The first, Paleo-lndian, wave more than 15,000 years ago was ancestral to all Central and South American Indians. The second wave, about 14,000-12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago). The third wave, perhaps 10,000 or 9,000 years ago, saw the migration from North-east Asia of groups ancestral to the modern Eskimo and Aleut.E How far does other research support these conclusion? Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA4 in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima-Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil. As would have been predicted by Robert Williams’s work, all three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral (Paleo-lndian) population.F There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages. The biological anthropologist Christy Turner is an expert in the analysis of changing physical characteristics in human teeth. He argues that tooth crowns and roots5 have a high genetic component, minimally affected by environmental and other factors. Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modern, suggest that the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern Asian populations by crown and root traits such as incisor6 shoveling (a scooping out on one or both surfaces of the tooth), single-rooted upper first premolars6 and triple-rooted lower firstmolars6.According to Turner, this ties in with the idea of a single Paleo-lndian migration out of North Asia, which he sets at before 14,000 years ago by calibrating rates of dental micro-evolution. Tooth analyses also suggest that there were two later migrations of Na-Denes and Eskimo-Aleut.G The linguist Joseph Greenberg has, since the 1950s, argued that all Native American languages belong to a single ‘Amerind’ family, except for Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut — a view that gives credence to the idea of three main migrations. Greenberg is in a minority among fellow linguists, most of whom favour the notion of a great many waves of migration to account for the more than 1,000 languages spoken at one time by American Indians. But there is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg’s view. Dates given for the migrations should nevertheless be treated with caution, except where supported by hard archaeological evidence.1 New World: the American continent, as opposed to the so-called Old World of Europe, Asia and Africa2 modern Native American: an American descended from the groups that were native to America3 Inuit and Aleut: two of the ethnic groups native to the northern regions of North America (i.e. northern Canada and Greenland)4 DNA: the substance in which genetic information is stored5 crown/root: parts of the tooth6 incisor/premolar/molar: kinds of teethQuestions 20 and 21The discussion of Williams’s research indicates the periods at which early people are thought to have migrated along certainroutes. There are six routes, A-F, marked on map below.Complete the table below.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.Route Period (number of years ago)20.................. 15,000 or more21.................. 600 to 700Early Population Movement to the AmericasQuestions 22-25Reading Passage 2 refers to the three-wave theory of early migration to the Americas. It also suggests in which of these three waves the ancestors of various groups of modern native Americans first reached the continent.Classify the groups named in the table below as originating fromA the first waveB the second waveC the third waveWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.Name of group Wave numberInuit 22..................Apache 23..................Pima-Papago 24..................Ticuna 25..................Question 26Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.Christy Turn er’s research involved the examination ofA teeth from both prehistoric and modern Americans andAsians.B thousands of people who live in either the New or the Old World.C dental specimens from the majority of prehistoric Americans.D the eating habits of American and Asian populations.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage. The decline of Europe’s forests over the las t decade and a half has led to an increasing awareness and understanding of the serious imbalances which threaten them. European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage. There has been a growing awareness of the need for countries to get together to co-ordinate their policies. In December 1990, Strasbourg hosted the first Ministerial Conference on the protection of Europe’s forests. The conference brought together 31 countries from both Western and Eastern Europe. The topics discussed included the coordinated study of the destruction of forests, as well as how to combat forest fires and the extension of European research programs on the forest ecosystem. The preparatory work for the conference had been undertaken at two meetings of experts. Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be thesubject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.As a whole, European countries see forests as performing a triple function: biological, economic and recreational. The first is to act as a ‘green lung’ for our planet; by means of photosynthesis, forests produce oxygen through the transformation of solar energy, thus fulfilling what for humans is the essential role of an immense, non-polluting power plant. At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. Finally, they offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking. The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man — wood was the first fuel. The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries but they are becoming more and more important. Hence, there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.The myth of the ‘natural’ forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining ‘primary’ forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of years. This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion. A general declaration wasmade that ‘a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained’.That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policy-making. The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline. Forest decline is still poorly understood but leads to the loss of a high proportion of a tree’s needles or leaves. The entire continent and the majority of species are now affected: between 30% and 50% of the tree population. The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of a number of factors, with atmospheric pollutants the principal culprits. Compounds of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched. However, their effects are probably accentuated by climatic factors, such as drought and hard winters, or soil imbalances such as soil acidification, which damages the roots. The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree species or at least to preserve the ‘genetic material’ of all of them. Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject. All information used in the development of national preventative policies would become generally available. The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountain forests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and is most at risk. A thinly scattered permanentpopulation and development of leisure activities, particularly skiing, have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems. Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests. The fifth resolution relaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Eurosilva. Eurosilva should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical aspects. Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial support for doctoral theses and research projects in this area. Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involve harmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection of forests. The Strasbourg conference’s main concern was to provide for the future. This was the initial motivation, one now shared by all 31 participants representing 31 European countries. Their final text commits them to on-going discussion between government representatives with responsibility for forests.Questions 27-33Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this27 Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting or experts.28 Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community.29 Forests are a renewable source of raw material.30 The biological functions of forests were recognized only in the twentieth century.31 Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.32 Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries.33 The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of change.Questions 34-39Look at the following statements issued by the conference.Which six of the following statements, A-J, refer to the resolutions that were issued?Match the statements with the appropriate resolutions (Questions 34-39).Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.A All kinds of species of trees should be preserved.B Fragile mountain forests should be given priority in research programs.C The surviving natural forests of Europe de not need priority treatment.D Research is to be better co-ordinated throughout Europe.E Information on forest fires should be collected and shared.F Loss of leaves from trees should be more extensively and carefully monitored.G Resources should be allocated to research into tree diseases.H Skiing should be encouraged in thinly populated areas.I Soil imbalances such as acidification should be treated with compounds of nitrogen and sulphur.J Information is to be systematically gathered on any declinein the condition of forests.34 Resolution 135 Resolution 236 Resolution 337 Resolution 438 Resolution 539 Resolution 6Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.40 What is the best title for Reading Passage 3?A The biological, economic and recreational role of forestsB Plans to protect the forests of EuropeC The priority of European research into ecosystemsD Proposals for a world-wide policy on forest management剑桥雅思阅读7原文参考译文(test3)TEST 3 PASSAGE 1 参考译文：蚂蚁智能每当我们想到动物界的智能成员时，头脑中立刻出现的会是猿和猴子。
刘洪波雅思写作真经班(1)
5
刘洪波雅思写作真经班 Grammatical Range and Accuracy
7 • uses a variety of complex structures • produces frequent error-free sentences • uses a mix of simple and complex sentence forms • makes some errors in grammar and punctuation but they rarely reduce communication • uses only a limited range of structures • attempts complex sentences but these tend to be less accurate than simple sentences • errors can cause some difficulty for the reader
• uses an adequate range of vocabulary for the task • attempts to use less common vocabulary but with some inaccuracy • uses a limited range of vocabulary, but this is minimally adequate for the task • may make noticeable errors in spelling and/or word formation that may cause some difficulty for the reader
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雅思阅读考点词汇 刘洪波 解析汇报+同义替换
雅思阅读考点词汇X洪波解析+同义替换考点核心词abandon abstract accelerate * access *Acknowledge=Admit=recognize express gratitude for；=notice=accept as legally binding and valid=accept (sb) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority-----The crown prince was ackownledged as the heir TO the throne *adapt to * addictive adjust *admit adversity=hardship misfortune affliction /hard knocks /Disaster tragedy grief evil= a stroke of ill fortune; a calamitous events-adverse=harmful inauspicious untoward contrary counteraggression=hostility violence invasion infringement-hostile=unfriendlyagreeableAidAllergic=Hypersensitive hypersensitizedhypersensitised Sensitized sensitisedsupersensitizedalter * alternativealtitude analyse * ancient * applicationapply to * appreciate * approach * approvearray=series of/ranging=clothes/thread/garmentan array of troops/books/emotions/fruit and vegetables artificial *Assess对人judgment对物calculate estimate=evaluate valuate value measure=tax* assign-assignment=任命职务，任务sb to a 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先天的固有的与生俱来的installment integrate intelligence intenseinteraction interference干扰干预妨碍interior内部的interruptinvolve isolate * keen敏锐敏捷渴望热爱labellack landscape latitude纬度界限活动X围legal Legitimate合法的正当的合理的；使合法=legitimize legislate用立法规定，立法，制定法律legislation立法，法律* likelihood可能性limb分支枝干肢臂limitation *linguistic link log look-in迅速一瞥，顺便看望Lopsided=imbalanced倾向一方的不平衡的loss * magnetic=geomagnetic地磁的有磁性的，有吸引力的=charismatic，attractive* mainlyMalfunction=misfunction发生故障不起作用；故障失灵，疾病mammal manage to do manifestmanufacture 制造，制造业Marine船舶的海产的航海的，海运业，舰队水兵海军massive * matemeasure * mechanism机制原理途径，机械装置mental mercury水银，水星，温度表，精神元气Meteorological流星migrate military * minimise *modify * moisture水分湿度潮湿降雨量monitor moral Mortal凡人的终有一死的-immortal不朽的不死的motif主题动机主旨mould模具，浇筑用泥土覆盖，发霉nativeNocturnal夜间发生的-nocturne夜景夜曲夜景画Norm标准standard规Xnormal惯例pattern notoriety-notoriousnourishmentnutrient obey objective obligationobtain oddodour气味smell aroma scent声誉prestige offensiveofficial opportunity optimum最适宜的optimal option * ordinary organ original * other thanout of the question overe overtake paralyse使麻痹无力瘫痪Paramount最重要至高无上的=overriding推翻践踏不顾predominant predominate preponderant preponderating占据优势胜过压倒，最高统治者participate particular patient pattern peakperceive *peripheral外围的次要的神经末梢的，外部设备permit persuade pessimistic phasephysical plagiarise剽窃抄袭Plague瘟疫epidemic disease，pest灾难捣乱annoyance折磨使苦恼=harass hassle harry chivy使灾祸=blight破坏使枯萎plenty ofplot portable pose potential *poverty praise predict prefer to *Preferential优先的pressing primary * principalprinciple * priority private profit *Prohibit=forbid interdict proscribe disallowStem block dispute bar banprolong promote promptproperty * proportion * prosper provision规定条款，供给品=supply*purify qualify quantity *radical激进的extremist revolutionary根本的fundamental ultimate彻底的plete thorough ，根底stem root base原子团range rapid * rare raterather than * react realise * recognizeRecreation=entertainment amusement pleasure reduction refer to regulaterehearsal reject relevant reliancereligious reluctant=unwilling to-reluct对抗不同意rely on * remain *reproduce resemble * resistance responsiblerestrict * result from * retain *Revision=alternation=revise rescriptreviveRudimentary=fundamental underlying-rudiment ruin scenicsecrete * separate * setting settle *shade shift * signal similar *skepticism soarSolicitvt. 征求；招揽；请求；乞求begvi. 征求；招揽；恳求；请求sophisticate *specific * stable standard steerstem fromstride n. 大步；步幅；进展vt. 跨过；大踏步走过；跨坐在…vi. 跨；跨过；大步行走Make big stridessubdivide vi. 细分，再分vt. 把……再分，把……细分substancesubstitute * subtle sufficiency superiorsupersedeadj. 作废的；被取代的supplement suppressvt. 抑制refrain control subdue；镇压；oppress crush conquer废止inhibitSupremacy=dominationsurrounding * surveillance=observation supervision monitoring oversightsurvive * suspicious=mistrustful untrustingSustenance-sustain support survival foodswift =fast* symbol symptomSyntheticadj. 综合的~substance；合成的，人造的n. 合成物tension term thanks to *therapy threatthroughout=from first to lastTolln. 通行费；代价；钟声；伤亡人数vt. 征收；敲钟vi. 鸣钟；征税Toxic=poisnousTracevi. 追溯；沿路走vt. 追踪，查探；描绘；回溯n. 痕迹，踪迹；微量；[仪] 迹线；缰绳trackwordn. 轨道；足迹，踪迹；小道vt. 追踪；通过；循路而行；用纤拉vi. 追踪；走；留下足迹trait n. 特性，特点；品质；少许*Transcend=exceed surpass例句we have mon interests which transcend those differences. tremendoustriggervt. 引发，引起；触发tropicalUnbiased=just justical fairunderlie sth = base on sthunexpectedly * uniformunusual valuable vanish /fade awayVariation=change fluctuationvariety * versatile violent visiblevisual waste well-being witness.guixue.11 / 11。
刘洪波词汇真经单词excel
刘洪波词汇真经单词excel摘要：1.刘洪波词汇真经简介2.单词Excel方法介绍3.高效记忆单词策略4.实例分析与应用正文：随着英语学习的日益普及，词汇记忆成为了许多学生的一大挑战。
刘洪波词汇真经以其独特的方法帮助学生高效记忆单词，受到了广泛好评。
本文将详细介绍刘洪波词汇真经的单词Excel方法，并提供一些实用的记忆策略。
一、刘洪波词汇真经简介刘洪波词汇真经是一套系统的英语词汇学习方法，强调通过科学的词根、词缀、词义分析，以及联想记忆等方法，帮助学生快速掌握单词。
该方法将单词学习分解为四个层次：识记、理解、应用、熟练，旨在培养学生全面掌握单词的能力。
二、单词Excel方法介绍1.建立单词表格：将单词按照字母顺序排列，形成一个表格。
在表格中，可以添加词根、词缀、词义等信息，方便学生查阅和学习。
2.制定学习计划：根据个人时间和学习进度，制定合适的学习计划。
每天学习一定数量的单词，不断积累。
3.循环复习：利用艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，定期复习已学过的单词。
可以根据复习次数和记忆程度，调整复习频率。
4.单词检测：通过自测或与他人交流，检验学习效果。
及时发现自己的薄弱环节，有针对性地加强学习。
三、高效记忆单词策略1.联想记忆法：通过将单词与生活中的场景、人物或其他单词联系起来，增强记忆效果。
2.词根词缀法：掌握常见的词根、词缀，可以帮助学生更好地理解单词含义，提高记忆效果。
3.制定个性化学习计划：根据个人学习能力，制定适合自己的学习计划，提高学习效率。
4.多样化学习方式：尝试使用单词卡片、默写、听写等多种方式，增加单词学习的趣味性。
四、实例分析与应用以单词“excel”为例，可以使用以下方法进行学习：1.识记：注意单词的字母顺序和拼写，记住单词发音。
2.理解：通过查阅词典，了解单词的基本含义和用法。
3.应用：在学习过程中，尝试使用excel这个单词，加深对其含义的理解。
4.熟练：在实际工作和学习中，不断提高使用excel的能力，使其成为自己的熟练技能。
(完整版)刘洪波雅思阅读同义词替换大全
Cambridge同义词替换大全(剑桥4-8)Cambridge4 TEST11.ignore=pay no attention=not pay any attention=take no notice=not take any notice忽略，无视v.2.encounter=face=confront=meet遇见，遭遇v.3.mistaken view=misconception错误的观点n.4.easy to reach=accessible容易达到的adj.5.change=modify(modification) 改变v.6.destruction=destroy=loss毁坏n.7.investigate=make inquiries=enquiries=go into=probe=look into 调查v.8.where=geographical location 表地点9.important=vital=essential=crucial重要的adj.10.reason=cause=factor=origins=root=stimulus=impetus原因n.11.protect=guard=safeguard=shield=conservation保护v.12.newspapers, television=media媒体n.13.where to live=habitat居住地n.14.get warmer=global warming变暖n.15.contribute to=play a part有助于v.16.survive=continuing existence幸存，活下来v.17.curriculum=course=syllabus课程n.18.link to=be connected with=be linked with把…和…相联系v.19.underdeveloped=degenerated=rudimentary不发达的adj.20.poor=bad=badly=not very good=no good at something=weak贫穷的，可怜的adj.21.exceptional=good=excellent=outstanding=brilliant=impressive=admirable超常的，例外的adj.22.mating=courtship交配.23.follow=track=tail=shadow=hound=stalk=stalker跟随，跟踪v.24.good vision ability=vision is obviously more useful…好的视力25.best=well=greatest=finest=ideal= top= number one=ultimate=optimum=definitive=unsurpassed=record-breaking极好的adj.26.surprised=amazed=astonished=astounded=be taken aback=startled感到惊讶的adj.27.volunteer=subject实验研究对象n.28.similar=resemble=like=alike相似的adj.29.blind=can not see瞎的adj.Cambridge4 TEST21.initiative=on your own/by yourself=independently=on your own initiative=under your own steam=to be theperson who starts something=plan=law主动的，自发的adj. 主动权n.2.increase=go up=rise=grow=climb=gain=escalate=pick up=widen=be on theincrease=intensify=expand=build up上升，增加v.3.teach=educate=train=coach=instruct=bring up教学v.4.more than one language=bilingual=sb's second language多种语言n.5.determine=establish=identify=pinpoint=diagnose 决定v.6.young people=teenager=youth=in your teens=adolescent=minor年轻人n.munity=all the people in a particular area, city, country etc.群体，团体，社区n.8.traditional=old-fashioned=outdated=outmoded=unfashionable传统的adj.9.fail=failure=not succeed=unsuccessful=vain=fruitless=unproductive=be a failure=go wrong=not work=do nogood=fall through失败v.10.endanger=to put someone or something in danger of being hurt=damaged=destroyed危及，使危险v.11.diverse=varied=variety=wide-ranging=mixed各种各样的adj.12.inevitable=certain to happen and impossible to avoid不可避免的adj.13.differ from=unusual与…不同v.14.reluctant=unwilling=not willing=drag your feet=be loath to do something=conservative勉强的adj.15.consult=ask somebody's advice=seek advice=get/obtain advice资询v.16.alternative=another=other=different=new=else=variation=variant另一个17.therapist=someone who has been trained to give a particular form of treatment for physical or mental illness临床医学家n.18.retrain=taking courses再教育v.19.salary=pay=wage=income=earnings=fee工资，收入n.20.long-term=chronic=long-running=long-standing=lasting=lifelong=prolonged=lingering=enduring=abiding=incurable长期的adj.plaint=complain=make a complaint=protest=object=complain抱怨n.22.illness=disease=virus=bug=infection疾病n.23.connection=relationship=link=correlation联系n.24.beneficial=be good for you/ do somebody good=wholesome=nutritious=nourishing=healthful有益的adj.25.insight=comprehension=understanding理解，见解n.26.physical=relating to the body=bodily身体的adj.27.hazard=risk=danger=threat障碍，危险n.28.accompany=with=together=along with=come wit陪伴,伴随29.mental=relating to the health or state of someone's mind精神上的，心理的adj.30.possible=possibility=can=potential=there is a chance/possibility可能的adj.31.reduction=decrease=drop=fall=cut 减少n.32.class=type=kind=sort=style=category=variety种类n.33.rehearsal=practice=training=run-through=exercise排练，演习n.34.peer=your peers are the people who are the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social classetc同伴n.35.defensive=used or intended to protect someone or something against attack 防御n.36.strategy=way=method=approach=technique=system=tactics 方法，功略n.37.assist=help=aid=with the aid of帮助v.38.specific=give (somebody) more details=expand on=enlarge on=go into more=greater detail=be morespecific=be more explicit=elaborate特定的adj.39.substance=a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas 物质n.40.surroundings=environment=circumstance 环境n.41.engage=give somebody a job=employ=take on=appoint=recruit=sign up雇佣v.bine=mix=stir=beat=blend=whisk=dilute联合v.43.survival=the state of continuing to live or exist幸存n.Cambridge4 TEST31.quotation= a sentence or phrase from a book, speech etc which you repeat in a speech or piece of writingbecause it is interesting or amusing 引言n.2.exemplify= example=case=instance=to be a very typical example of something=to give an example ofsomething 例证v.3.explain=tell=say what/why/where etc=show=demonstrate=go through=throw/shed light on=set out解释v.4.outline= to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details概述v.5.purpose=aim=point=idea=objective=object=goal= target=end目的n.6.encourage=persuade=persuasion=get somebody to do something=influence=encourage=talk somebodyinto=put somebody up to鼓励v.7.loan= an amount of money that you borrow from a bank etc. 贷款n.8.poverty= being poor贫穷n.9.crime= illegal activities in general犯罪n.10.reject=to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with something 拒绝v.11.employ=give somebody a job=take on=engage= appoint=recruit=sign up雇佣v.12.courier=a person or company that is paid to take packages somewhere快递员n.13.storage=keep=store=keep something in storage=preserve 存储n.14.facility=rooms, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular purpose 设备n.15.ambitious=ambition=power-hungry/power-mad=competitive= determined to be successful, rich, powerfuletc.有志向的，雄心壮志的adj.16.effort=to try very hard to do something= attempt=campaign=drive努力n.17.feature= a part of something that you notice because it seems important, interesting, or typical；a part of theland, especially a part that you can see: a part of someone's face, such as their eyes, nose etc特点n.18.planet= the world=earth/Earth=the globe 地球n.19.unpredictable=can't say/tell=unforeseeable=it remains to be seen 无法预测的adj.20.machinery=machines, especially large ones= a system or set of processes for doingsomething=machine=device=robot=appliance=mechanism 机械n.21.ultimate=someone's ultimate aim is their main and most important aim, that they hope to achieve in thefuture= final最终的，根本的adj.22.atmosphere= the feeling that an event or place gives you= the mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth气氛;大气n.23.occur=happen=take place=there is=come about=come up=turn up=arise=strike发生v.24.expand= get bigger=grow=swell up=stretch扩张，扩大v.25.form= type= way something is/appears=shape形式n.26.emerge=appear=become visible=come into view/come into sight=come out=reappear 出现v.27.emit= to send out gas, heat, light, sound etc 发出，放射n.28.situation= circumstances=position=case=plight情况，状况n.29.self-conscious=worried and embarrassed about what you look like or what other people think of you自觉的n.30.generate= to make someone have a particular feeling= form=produce=create 产生v.31.various=there are several different types of that thing=different=a variety ofsomething=differing=varying=an assortment of something=assorted=a mix of something=a mixture of something各种各样的adj.32.convenient= a thing or way of doing something that is easy and quick; a time or arrangement that isconvenient 方便的adj.33.objective=impartial=neutral=not take sides=unbiased=disinterested客观的adj.34.enquiry=investigate=make inquiries/enquiries=go into=probe=look into=solve=be under investigation 调查35.observe=notice=can see/can tell=see=spot=detect=note become aware/conscious=catch somebody'seye=perceive观察v.ment=remark=thing to say=point=statement= announcement=declaration=observation评论37.include=consist of=comprise=be composed of= be made up of包含，包括v.38.focus on=deals only with=concentrate专注于v.39.affect=have an effect=have an impact=take effect= make a difference=impact影响v.40.gained from=come from=be based on=originate= go back to=have its origins in=have its roots in=derivefrom/be derived from=develop from/evolve from产生于…. V.41.concern=worry=stress=anxiety=strain= a feeling of worry about something important关心，担心n.Cambridge4 TEST41.official=formal=authorized=on (the) record官方的，正式的adj.2.athletic=physically strong and good at sport=fit=be in shape=be in good condition运动的adj.3.intensive=involving a lot of activity, effort, or careful attention in a short period of time=rapid=crash course密集的，加强的adj.4.burst=a short sudden effort or increase in activity=burst of anger/enthusiasm/temper etc 爆炸，突发5.recognize=know=identify=pick out=tell认出，承认v.6.inadequate=not enough=too little=few=scarce=insufficient=be in short supply=lack of something=be short不足的adj.7.develop=come from=be based on=originate=go back to=have its origins in=have its roots in=derive from=bederived from=be founded on=grow out of=develop from=evolve from发展，生长v.8.enable=make something possible=allow=permit=pave the way for=clear the way for使能够v.9.predict=anticipate=forecast=foretell=prediction=projected=guess in advance预测v.10.specialist=someone who knows a lot about a particular subject, or is very skilled at it=expert专家n.11.theoretical=relating to the study of ideas, especially scientific ideas, rather than with practical uses of theideas or practical experience理论的adj.12.basic=fundamental=essential=central=underlying=simple=crude=primitive=rudimentary=unsophisticated=low-tech基本的adj.13.nature=plants/animals etc=somebody's character=qualities of something=type自然n.14.aim=purpose=point=idea=objective=object=goal=target=end目的n.15.translate=change languages=interpret=put something into English/French/Japanese etc翻译v.16.ancient=belonging to a time long ago in history, especially thousands of years ago 古老的adj.17.realistic=when pictures, films etc make things seem real=lifelike=realism=true to life=vivid实际的，现实的18.field=area=branch=world=domain=realm=sphere领域n.19.document=a piece of paper that has official information on it；a piece of written work that is stored on acomputer文件n.20.equal=the same in number, amount, level etc as something else平等的adj.21.influence=effect=side effect=impact=what something does to=the implications 影响n.22.behavior=manner=conduct=behave=well-behaved=good=be on your best=stay out of trouble行为n.pare=to examine or judge two or more things in order to show how they are similar to or different fromeach other=liken=make a comparison=draw an analogy=draw a parallel=contrast 比较v.24.economically=in a way that is related to systems of money, trade, or business经济上地adv.25.establish=determine=identify=pinpoint=diagnose=to start a new business or organization.建立新的生意/组织v.26.sustainable=able to continue without causing damage to the environment; able to continue for a long time可持续的adj.27.realize=know=be/become aware=can tell=appreciate=be conscious=know perfectly well=know/learn fromexperience意识到v.28.limit=restrict=set/impose/put a limit=keep to/keep within=confine=fix 限制29.produce=form=create=generate生产v.30.guarantee=promise=assure=give somebody your word=swear=vow=commit to=pledge保证v.31.liberty=freedom=a free hand自由n.32.independence=self-sufficiency=self-reliance 独立n.33.consistent=always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc - usually used toshow approval持续的adj.34.underestimate=to think or guess that something is smaller, cheaper, easier etc than it really is=to think thatsomeone is not as good, clever, or skilful, as they really are低估v.35.provision=when you provide something that someone needs now or in the future 提供n.Cambridge5 TEST11.produce=develop=manufacture生产v.2.central=middle中心的adj.3.did not have=without没有v.4.bring=confer=award=present=grant=confer=allocate=offer带来v.5.time limit=deadline时间限制，期限n.6.increase=go up/rise=grow=climb=gain=escalate=expand=pick up=widen=intensify=build up增加7.assistant=helper=coach 助手n.8.immense=big=major=considerable=great=huge/enormous=tremendous=large scale/large-scale巨大的adj.9.illustrate=show=be a sign=demonstrate=mean=make clear=reflect=tell=be evidence=reveal 表明，显示v.10.quotation=a phrase or sentence that is well-known or often used 引用语n.11.predecessor=someone who had your job before you started doing it 前辈，前任n.12.rival=a person, group, or organization that you compete with in sport, business, a fight etc=competitor 对手，竞争者n.13.distraction=something that stops you paying attention to what you are doing分心的事物n.14.fault=defect=problem=trouble=flaw=weakness =bug=virus=be something wrong with 错误，缺点15.cornerstone=basis=foundation=the key 基石n.16.confer=award=present=grant=allocate 给予v.17.stability=the condition of being steady and not changing稳定n.18.prevail=win=come out on top=prevail=carry the day流行,获胜v.19.contract=agreement=understanding=compromise 合约n.20.grant=award=present=confer=allocate给予v.21.fascinate=if someone or something fascinates you, you are attracted to them and think they are extremelyinteresting吸引，使着迷v.22.disturb=interrupt=bother=distract=put somebody off 打扰v.23.expect=think=anticipate预期，期待v.24.psychology=the study of the mind and how it influences people's behavior 心理学n.25.obey=comply with=abide by=keep to=stick to the rules=conform to=observe=respect=toe the line=go by thebook/do something by the book 服从，顺从v.26.identity=someone's identity is their name or who they are 身份n.27.severity=used of the degree of something undesirable 严重性n.28.unfold=open=happen=develop=expand 展开，发生v.29.deliberately=intentionally=on purpose=purposely故意地adv.30.moral=relating to the principles of what is right and wrong behavior, and with the difference between goodand evil 道德上的，与道德有关的adj.31.prior to=before=previous在…前面32.repetition=doing or saying the same thing many times重复n.33.genetic=relating to genes or genetics基因的，遗传学的adj.34.sacrifice=when you decide not to have something valuable, in order to get something that is more important牺牲v.35.victim=someone who has been attacked, robbed, or murdered受害者n.36.forge=form=counterfeit 形成;伪造v.37.persuade=convince=win over=talk around 说服v.38.surrender=give in 投降，放弃v.39.extinct=an extinct type of animal or plant does not exist anymore=disappear=vanish灭绝的，绝种的adj.40.abundant=plenty=ample 充裕的，丰富的adj.41.exaggerate=overstate夸张，夸大v.42.phenomenon=something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that isstudied because it is difficult to understand 现象n.43.perception=idea=notion=view=belief=insight 认识，观念，看法n.44.impression=infection=effect=influence=affection印象，感想n.45.entitle=to give someone the official right to do or have something 使某人有权利/资格v.46.distortion=a change for the worse=deformation扭曲，曲解v.47.dispose=to arrange things or put them in their places=arrange=settle=manage=cope with=deal with 安排，处理v.48.intuition=the ability to understand or know something because of a feeling rather than by considering thefacts=instinct 直觉n.49.emission=a gas or other substance that is sent into the air排放物，散发物n.50.diminish=reduce=decrease=fall=lessen=cut 减少，减小v.51.postpone=put back=delay=adjourn 延期，推迟v.52.crucial=important=critical=vital=necessary=essential 至关重要的adj.53.pessimistic=expecting that bad things will happen in the future or that something will have a badresult=getting worse悲观的adj.54.attempt=purpose=order=effort 尝试，努力Cambridge5 TEST21.similar=like=resemble相似的adj.2.derive=originate=come from=stem from起源v.3.impetus=momentum=stimulus=incentive=motivation=encouragement 动机，动力n.4.generate=produce=bring into existence=make=manufacture产生v.5.couple with=and=accompany=with 伴随v.6.factor=reason=element=component=ingredient 因素n.7.unique=have the distinction=distinct=different=extraordinary=special独特的adj.8.advance=progress=development=growth=increase进步n.9.field=domain=territory=industry=sector领域n.10.alternative=substitute=replacement替代物n.11.like=such as=for example=for instance 例如12.resource=material=source资源，来源n.13.limited=restricted=exhaustible=finite有限的adj.14.involve=rely on=contain=comprise 包含，牵涉v.15.current=modern=recent=present最近的adj.16.particular=extraordinary=special=detail=specific=unique特别的，独有的adj.17.draw on=absorb=do with吸收v.18.settle on=make choice of=decide on选定v.19.superiority=advantage=edge=high quality优势n.20.accompany=when=keep company=be associated with 陪伴，伴随v.21.view=belief=opinion=insight=perception 观点n.22.artificial intelligence=reasoning in machine人工智能n.23.involve with=associate with=link to=relate to与…有关联v.24.release=issue=launch=convey=public=deliver 发行，发表v.25.difficult=demanding=hard=tough困难的adj.26.task=job=work=labour 任务，工作n.27.instantly=rapidly=immediately立即地adv.28.react=respond 反应v.29.relate to=depend on=link to=associate with=involve with 与…有关系v.30.subject views=outlook=personal/individual views=personal/individual opinions 主观观点n.31.distort=to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so that it is strange or unclear; to reportsomething in a way that is not completely true or correct=misinterpret 扭曲，歪曲v.32.figure out=settle=decide=tell=understand 理解，想出v.33.assessment=appraisal=evaluation=estimate=judgment评估，估计v.34.emerge=appear=come forth出现v.35.remain=keep=stay=maintain保持v.36.exploitation=development=utilization=usage利用，使用n.37.foster=cultivate=raise=nurture培养，养育v.38.overtake=catch up=sweep over赶上，压倒v.39.initial=original=premier最初的，开始的adj.40.whereas=however=while=nevertheless=but=yet然而，但是adv.Cambridge5 TEST31.outcome=product=result=conclusion=consequence 结果，后果n.2.overcome=win=get over=exceed克服，战胜v.3.insufficient=deficient=shortage=lack=scarcity不足的adj.4.supply=provide=furnish=give 提供v.unch=release=project=send=shot=emit 开始，投放v.6.suppose=expect=imagine=guess=speculate=think猜想，设想v.7.detect=perceive=explore=sense发觉，觉察v.8.handicap=difficult=obstacle=hindrance=bar=deterrent 障碍，困难n.9.peer=the people who are at the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc.同龄人，伙伴n.10.positive=optimistic=uplifting 积极的adj.11.administer=manage=conduct=implement=perform执行，管理v.12.funding=money=funds=financial resource 资金，基金n.13.interact=if people interact with each other, they talk to each other, work together etc. 互动v.14.irrigation=the supplement of land or crops with water 灌溉n.15.sedimentation=the natural process by which small pieces of rock, earth etc settle at the bottom of the sea etcand form a solid layer 积淀n.16.interrupt=break=violate=cut in打断，打扰v.17.process=procedure=method=approach过程n.18.threat=danger=intimidation 威胁n.19.valuable=precious=worthy宝贵的，珍贵的adj.20.construct=build=make=found 建造v.21.blame=to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad责备，怪罪v.22.stimulate=encourage=activate=motivate鼓励，刺激v.23.long-term=long-run=long-period长期的adj.24.impact=affect=influence=effect影响v.&n.25.occur=happen=exist=come发生v.26.contain=include=cover=possess 包含v.itary=battlefield=martial军事的adj.28.separate=disparate=distinct=different分开的，不同的adj.29.vanish=extinct=disappear 消失v.30.consciousness=awareness 意识n.31.ignite=light=inflame点燃v.32.encompass=include=contain=cover包含，围绕v.33.reckon=think=suppose=believe=imagine=expect=feel认为v.34.widespread=universal=extensive=popular=general广泛的，普遍的adj.unch=coin=project=release=issue创新，开辟v.36.contemporary=modern-day, present-day同时代的adj.37.potential=possible=underlying=likely=expected=latent 潜在的，可能的adj.38.prospect=expectation=outlook=chance展望，希望n.39.perception=idea=insight=viewpoint感觉，领悟n.Cambridge5 TEST4munity=organization=group=body团体n.2.fragile=delicate脆弱的adj.3.remote=distant 遥远的adj.4.require=desire=order=command要求v.5.inhabitant=resident=dweller居住者，居民n.6.consequently=thus=accordingly=hence=therefore=as a result 结果，因此adv.7.destination=goal=end point=terminus目的地n.8.throughout=around=wholly=everywhere=end-to-end自始至终，到处，全部adv.9.operate=act=run运转v.10.output=product输出，产品n.11.decline=reduction=fall=slump=decrease=recession 下降n.12.undermine=destroy=damage=hurt=ruin 破坏v.13.revive=renaissance复兴v.14.unusual=rare=strange=uncommon罕见的，不寻常的adj.15.ordinary=standard=common=usual=general普通的,平常的adj.16.fragment=shard=debris=pieces=ruins碎片n.17.break=shatter=crack打碎，打破v.18.interior=inner layer=inside 内部的n. &adj.19.insist=claim=argue=believe=think坚持，坚称v.20.expand=extend=grow=boom=spread out=enhance扩张，扩大v.21.suppress=control=restrain=repress=put down=oppress=inhibit=ban=forbid=stifle 压制v.22.speed up=increase speed=quicken up=accelerate speed加速v.23.examine=analyse=survey=inspect=study=detect=investigate检查，调查v.24.dispute=debate=controversy=disagree=argue争论，争执n.&v.25.detect=analyse=explore=research=survey=investigate=inspect 察觉，发现v.26.claim=say=state=insist=argue=think=believe声称v.27.cue=implication=reminder=hint=evidence提示，信号，暗号n.28.unpredictable=fluctuate=changeable无法预测的adj.29.be referred to as=be known as=be regarded as 被称为30.encourage=induce=trigger=stimulate=boost=inspire鼓励，促使v.31.considerable=plenty=big=major=important数量可观的adj.32.regardless of=despite of=take no notice of 不管，不顾33.adequate=plenty=proper=appropriate=suitable充足的,适当的adj.34.assure=make sure=guarantee=ensure=insure=secure=make certain of保证，确保v.35.suitable=appropriate=proper=adequate=matching 合适的adj.Cambridge6 TEST11.exchange=apply something learned in one to others=change 交流v.2.expertise=skill 专门技术n.3.employ=analyze=study 使用v.4.investigation=analysis 调查n.5.narrow=focus on 缩小范围v.6.reproduce=copy=replicate=repeat 复制v.7.funded support=finance 资金n.8.athlete=sportsmen and women 运动员n.9.calculate=measure 计算v.10.event=championship 赛事n.11.plan=prepare=design 计划v.12.improve=grow=get better 进步v.13.trade=economy 贸易n.14.transport=import or export=deliver 运输v.15.local=domestic=native=indigenous 当地的adj.16.weakening=less=reduced=decreased 下降的adj.17.value=worth=price=credit=use=benefit=profit 价值n.18.delivery=export or import 运输n.19.nearby nations=geographic neighbours 近邻n.20.international=ocean=global=worldwide 国际的adj.21.shipping=freight 船运n.22.cargo=freight=goods 货物n.23.tariff=charge=fee=tax 税费n.ndscape=environment=nature=surrounding=circumstance=view风景n.25.difficult=harsh=demanding=tough=challenging 困难的adj.26.essential supplies=food and clothing=necessities 必需品n.27.supply=provision=support 供给n.28.grow=increase=rise=improve=go up=boost=expand=extend 增长v.29.respect=credibility=weight=hour=admiration=consideration尊重n.30.understanding=knowledge 了解n.31.well-being=health 健康n.32.impossible=out of the question=unlikely 不可能adj.33.catch=exploit=capture 抓捕v.34.surrounding=environment=circumstance 环境n.35.push to one's limits=test one's limits 挑战极限36.not unmanageable=can cope with 能处理的37.present inhabitant=descendant 居民38.give up=abandon 放弃39.mainly=heavily=most 主要地40.visit=venture 参观Cambridge6 TEST21.successfully=spectacularly well=wonderfully 成功地adv.2.people power=local pressure groups 群众力量n.mute=travel 通勤v.4.higher=increasing=more 更高的adj.5.income=wealth=salary=wage=payment 收入n.6.beneficial=valuable=profitable=good 有益的adj.7.together=face to face 共同8.refute=not mean=rebut=deny 反驳v.9.accommodation=live=living condition 住宿n.age=use=benefit=profit 用处n.11.averagely good=reasonable but not special 较好的12.limited=minimal 有限的adj.13.move from one to another=adopt one over another 转移14.show=reveal=uncover=indicate=point out=imply 表明15.related=associated 有关联的adj.16.suffer=be afflicted 忍受（病痛）v.17.research=study=investigation=survey 研究n.18.affect=afflict=influence=change 影响v.19.disease=medical complain=illness 病痛n.20.increase=surge=rise=gain=grow=go up=add=escalate 上升v.21.link=correlation=connection=relationship 关系n.22.considerable=significant=substantial=massive=marked大量的adj.23.reduction=drop=concession=fall=decrease 下降n.24.elderly people=old people 老人n.25.independent=self-reliant 自立的adj.26.regular=daily 定期的adj.27.exercise=physical activity 运动n.28.challenging=difficult=tough=demanding 有挑战性的adj.29.decline=deteriorate=reduce=drop=decrease 下降v.30.lonely=emotionally isolated 孤独的adj.31.hand signal=gesture=body language 手势n.32.restricted=limited 有限的adj.33.concept=abstract idea=definition 定义n.34.specific=particular=detailed 特定的adj.35.early=older 早期的adj.36.fulfill=qualify=achieve=keep=satisfy 完成v.37.sufficient=enough 足够的adj.38.quantity=how many=amount 数量n.39.misunderstanding=confusion 误解n.40.prevent=resolve=forbid=stop 防止v.41.poor=lack of=impoverished 贫穷adj.42.newer=later=recent=present 新的adj.43.ancestor=early people=predecessor 祖先n.Cambridge6 TEST31.teach=educate=cultivate=nature 教育v.2.actor=star 演员n.3.first=initial=early=primary 最早的adj.4.storyline=narrative=plot 故事情节n.5.globe=world 世界n.6.early=first=ancient 早期的adj.7.passing of time=flow of time 时光的流逝8.describe=tell 描述v.9.realistic=achievable 现实的adj.10.target=goal=aim 目标n.11.feedback=comment=advice=criticism 反馈n.12.match to=suit to 合适13.reward=promotion or advancement=prize=benefit 奖励n.14.link to=make something contingent on=associate with=connect with=relate to 联系起来15.achievement=attainment=gain=success 成就n.16.remuneration=payment 酬金n.17.tend to=prone to 倾向于18.feel=perceive=think=find=experience=notice=have an opinion 感觉v.19.participate=be involved in=take part in=join 参加v.20.staff=employee=worker 员工n.21.visible=disclosed=obvious=noticeable 可见的adj.22.clerical worker=clerk 书记员n.23.judge=rate=criticize=assess=evaluate=gauge=appraise 评判v.24.job=work=assignment 工作n.25.delay=slow=prolong=postpone=procrastinate=shelve=put off延后v.26.growing old=ageing 变老27.people=mortal=people=individual 人n.28.life=lifespan 生命29.chance=likelihood=fortune=hope=possibility=opportunity=risk=luck 机会n.30.production=generation=output 产量n.31.theory=hypothesis=guess=guesswork 猜想n.32.focus on=emphasize=aim at=concentrate on 集中于33.short=scarce=limited=insufficient 短缺的adj.Cambridge6 TEST41.drug company=pharmaceutical company 医药公司n.2.promotion=marketing 营销n.3.increase=escalate=rise=go up=grow 上升v.4.research=study=survey=investigation 研究n.5.work=be an effective way=be useful=help=achieve=succeed=have an effect=happen=turn out 奏效v.6.technique=strategy=skill=expertise=method=way 技术n.7.criticism=judgement=skepticism=disapproval=denunciation 批评n.8.moral=ethical 道德的adj.9.legitimate=have every right to do=legal=right=authorized 合法的adj.10.money=profit=benefit=income=currency 钱n.11.adults=men and women 成人n.12.maternal=mother=female 母亲的adj.cation=literacy=cultivation 教育n.14.child=infant=kid 孩子n.15.approximately=about=around=nearly 大约adv.16.impressive=greatest=touching=unforgettable 印象深刻的adj.17.programme=campaign=project 项目n.mon=persistent=normal=usual=ordinary=everyday 常见的adj.19.be halved=decline by 50% 减半20.key=most important=crucial=critical=significant 关键的adj.21.produce=develop=generate=engineer=manufacture 生产v.22.detailed=explicit=specific 细节的adj.23.on its own=alone 自身24.however=but=yet 但是25.self-confidence=assertiveness=confidence 自信n.26.effective=useful=beneficial=good=needed 有效的adj.27.distinguish=recognize the difference=differentiate 区别v.Cambridge7 TEST11.rely on=depend on 依靠v.2.avoid=stay away=keep away=steer clear of=make a detour 避免v.3.die out=extinct=disappear=no longer exist 灭绝v.4.hunt=search for=look for=try to find=in search of 打猎v.5.limb=arm or leg=body=organ 四肢n.。
刘洪波阅读考点词539
剑桥雅思阅读考点词真经（剑 10 版） 致谢剑桥雅思阅读考点词首先感谢贵学教育阅读教师郭佳荣老师。
应我邀请他为《剑桥雅思 10》做出了 全部“真题考点词替换清单”和核心词挑选，收录在本书中。
郭佳荣老师的经历本身 有点传奇。
他是一名羽毛球教练，原来雅思阅读考试 5.0 分，使用阅读真经体系后阅 读迅速考到了 8.5。
然后他选择来贵学上课提高其它三项。
他在课余时间热心主动帮 助同学讲解阅读，以身说法传授真经。
后来累积经验一步步从贵学助教、辅导老师、 教师，最后成为贵学一线名师。
前言——写于 2015 年2012 年，贵学教育成立。
作为她诞生之礼，我以她之名出版了《剑桥雅思听力 考点词真经》和《剑桥雅思阅读考点词真经》，并同步公开了“雅思听力阅读考点词 理论”的部分研究论文。
当时，新浪教育、网易教育、搜狐教育和网易教育同步转载 了相关论文，引发了热议。
本书包含的《剑桥雅思 5》、《剑桥雅思 6》的“真题考点词替换清单”是由李 热议的意思就是有褒有贬。
批评者认为我蔑视了几十年传统英语考试培训累积的 各种技巧，一味强调同意替换；赞扬者则认为我开创了一个崭新的领域，教学理念领 先整个行业很多年。
悦老师应我邀请完成。
本书包含的《剑桥雅思 4》、《剑桥雅思 7》、《剑桥雅思 8》、《剑桥雅思 9》 的“真题考点词替换清单”是由我亲自解析完成。
当然，我的学生们都自称“贵粉儿”、“脑残粉”、“真经死忠粉”，他们第一 时间投入无比的热情开始研究听力阅读中的同意替换，开始背诵我提出的“考点词库”。
我对他们的“盲目崇拜”感动得更加努力工作。
在本书的编写过程中，赵小锐、刘畅、谭乐、刘娟、付晓楠、田杨、冯涛、成岩、 程玲、 李慧芳、刘素良、焦磊、柏立明、焦鸿增、曹爱丽、张靖娴、袁伟、李海静、 刘伟、杨志、贾玉梅、 李悦也参与了资料收集及部分编写工作，在此一并感谢。
无论外界纷扰，我心宁静依旧。
因为历史为证，《剑桥雅思听力考点词真经》和《剑 桥雅思阅读考点词真经》是中国英语培训史上讲解同意替换的第一批出版专著。
刘洪波 雅思阅读真经 内部讲义 上
Cambridge IELTS 9TEST 1READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.William Henry Perkin1 William Henry Perkin was born on March12, 1838, in London, England. As a boy, Perkin’s curiosity prompted early interests in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grandfather’s home that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm for chemistry.2As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Thos speeches fired the young chemist’s enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.3At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin’s scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention and, within two years, he became Hofmann’s youngest assistant. Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.4At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply. Thus, When Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the challenge.5During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin’s scientific training and nature prompted him to investigate the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a deep purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘chance favours only the prepared mind’, Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.6Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so costly that in society at the time only the rich could afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop that Perkin’s discovery was made.7Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world’s first synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. But perhaps the most fascination of all Perkin’s reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities.8Perkin originally named his bye Tyrian Purple, but it later became commonly known as mauve (from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet). He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e. Would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry.9 With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited byproduct of London’s gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world’s first synthetically dyed material in 1857. The company received a commercial boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon, mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable, ladies in that country. Not to be outdone, England’s Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more. Perkin went back to the drawing board.10Although Perkin’s fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued his research. Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline rd (1859) and aniline black (1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin’s green. It is important to note that Perkin’s synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical research in many ways. For instance, they were used to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria.Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationF ALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Michael Faraday was the first person to recognise Perkin’s ability as a student of chemistry.2 Michael Faraday suggested Perkin should enrol in the Royal College of Chemistry.3 Perkin employed August Wilhelm Hofmann as his assistant.4 Perkin was still young when he made the discovery that made him rich and famous.5 The trees from which quinine is derived grow only in South America.6 Perkin hoped to manufacture a drug from a coal tar waste product.7 Perkin was inspired by the discoveries of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur. Questions 8-13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.8 Before Perkin’s discovery, with what group in society was the colour purple associated?9 What potential did Perkin immediately understand that his new bye had?10 What was the name finally used to refer to the first colour Perkin invented?11 What was the name of the person Perkin consulted before setting up his own bye works?12 In what country did Perkin’s newly invented colour first become fashionable?13 According to the passage, which disease is now being targeted by researchers using synthetic dyes?。
雅思教父刘洪波作品《雅思阅读真经3》命中8月5日考试
雅思教父刘洪波作品《雅思阅读真经3》命中8月5日考试雅思教父刘洪波于2007年编著的《雅思阅读真经3》中第20页收录文章：吉尔伯特和磁场。
2010年8月5日中国区雅思考试阅读第一篇正好考到！《雅思阅读真经》是刘洪波老师的经典著作，于2004年开始出版第一本，至今已随题库升级出版到了《雅思阅读真经4》。
当前市面上已出现山寨版的《雅思阅读真经》，请广大雅思考生购书时仔细分辨，认清作者。
READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 –13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.William Gilbert and MagnetismThe accredited father of the science of electricity and magnetism was the English scientist, William Gilbert, who was a physician and man of learning at the court of Elizabeth. Prior to him, all that was known of electricity and magnetism was what the ancients knew, that the lodestone possessed magnetic properties and that amber and jet, when rubbed, would attract bits of paper or other substances of small specific gravity. William Gilbert's great treatise De magnete, magneticisique corporibus"or "On the Magnet", printed in Latin in 1600, containing the fruits of his researches and experiments for many years, indeed provided the basis for a new science.William Gilbert was born in Colchester, Suffolk, on May 24, 1544. He studied medicine at St. John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1573. He was prominent in the College of Physicians and became its president in 1599. The following year he was appointed physician to Queen Elizabeth I, and a few months before his death on Dec. 10, 1603, physician to James I.The ancient Greeks knew about lodestones, strange minerals with the power to attract iron. Some were found near the city of Magnesia in Asia Minor (now Turkey), and that city lent its name to all things magnetic. The early Chinese also knew about lodestones and about iron magnetized by them. Around the year 1000 they discovered that when a lodestone or an iron magnet was placedon a float in a bowl of water, it always pointed south. From this developed the magnetic compass, which quickly spread to the Arabs and from them to Europe.Britain was a major seafaring nation in 1588 when the Spanish Armada was defeated, opening the way to British settlement of America. British ships depended on the magnetic compass, yet no one understood why it worked. Did the pole star attract it, as Columbus once speculated; or was there a magnetic mountain at the pole, as described in Odyssey, which ships should never approach, because the sailors thought its pull would yank out all their iron nails and fittings? Did the smell of garlic interfere with the action of the compass, which is why helmsmen were forbidden to eat it near a ship's compass? For nearly 20 years William Gilbert conducted ingenious experiments to understand magnetism."William Gilbert was fascinated by magnets,” as Dr. David P. Stern of NASA notes. Given two magnets, Gilbert knew that magnetic poles can attract or repel, depending on polarity. In addition, however, ordinary iron is always attracted to a magnet. Gilbert guessed, correctly, that near a permanent magnet iron became a temporary magnet, of a polarity suitable for attraction. That is, the end of an iron bar stuck to an S pole of a magnet (south-seeking pole) temporarily becomes an N-pole. Because magnetic poles always come in matched pairs, the other end of the bar temporarily becomes an S-pole, and can in its turn attract more iron. Gilbert confirmed his guessof temporary ("induced") magnetism by an original experiment. Usingstrings, he hung two parallel iron bars above the pole of a terrella, a modelearth he designed for this experiment, and noted that they repelled each other.Under the influence of the terrella, each became a temporary magnet withthe same polarities, and the temporary poles of each bar repelled those of theother one.In 1600 Gilbert published De magnete in Latin. Very quickly itbecame the standard work throughout Europe on electrical and magnetic phenomena. In this work he describes many of his experiments with his model earth terrella. From his experiments, he concluded that the Earth was itself magnetic and that this was thereason compasses pointed north. In his book, he also studied static electricity using amber. Gilbert strongly argued that electricity and magnetism was not the same thing. For evidence, he (incorrectly) pointed out that electrical attraction disappeared with heat, magnetic attraction did not. By keeping clarity, Gilbert's strong distinction advanced science for nearly 250 years. It took James Clerk Maxwell to show electromagnetism is, in fact, two sides of the same coin.De Magnete is not only a comprehensive review of what was known about the nature of magnetism, Gilbert added much knowledge through his own experiments. He likened the polarity of the magnet to the polarity of the Earth and built an entire magnetic philosophy on this analogy. In Gilbert's animistic explanation, magnetism was the soul of the Earth and a perfectly spherical lodestone, when aligned with the Earth's poles, would spin on its axis, just as the Earth spins on its axis in 24 hours. He speculated that the moon might also be a magnet caused to orbit by its magnetic attraction to the Earth. This was perhaps the first proposal that a force might cause a heavenly orbit.Gilbert did not, however, express an opinion as to whether this rotating Earth was at the center of the universe or in orbit around the Sun. In traditional cosmology the Earth was fixed and it was the sphere of the fixed stars, carrying the other heavens with it, which rotated in 24 hours. Since the Copernican cosmology needed a new physics to under gird it, Copernicans such as Johannes Kepler and Galileo were very interested in Gilbert's magnetic researches. Galileo's efforts to make a truly powerful armed lodestone for his patrons probably date from his reading of Gilbert's book.The first major scientific work produced in England, Gilbert’s De magnete reflected a new attitude toward scientific investigation. Until then, scientific experiments were not in fashion: instead, books relied on quotes of ancient authorities and that is where the myth about garlic interfering with the compass started. Unlike most medieval thinkers, Gilbert was willing to rely on sense experience and his own observationsand experiments rather than the authoritative opinion or deductive philosophy of others. In the treatise he not only collected and reviewed critically older knowledge on the behavior of the magnet and electrified bodies but described his own researches, which he had been conducting for 17 years. It was because of this scientific attitude, together with his contribution to our knowledge of magnetism, that a unit of magneto motive force, also known as magnetic potential, was named the Gilbert in his honor.Questions 1 - 8Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1 – 8 on your answer sheet write.TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN if the statement is trueif the statement is falseif the information is not given in the passage1.It was Gilbert who first discovered some substances with magnetic properties.2.Arabs invented the magnetic compass in which an iron magnet always pointedsouth.3.Gilbert explained the phenomenon of the magnetic compass in his book De magnete.4.Gilbert’s mistaken notion about the distinction between electricity and magnetism held backthe development of science.5.Gilbert speculated that the moon orbited the Earth by magnetic force.6.Copernicans such as Galileo favored traditional cosmology which held that the earthwas the center of the universe.7.Gilbert's magnetic theories contradicted the traditional cosmology.8.As a scientist, Gilbert set himself apart by favoring an intuitive approach andexperiments rather than the deductive reason.Questions 9-13Choose the appropriate letters A –D and write them in boxes 9-13on your answer sheet.9. In Odyssey, why could not ships approach the mountain at the pole?A.People believed that they would get lost if garlic hampered the action of the compass.B.People believed that the pole star would distract ships away.C.People believed that the magnetism would wreck the ship.D.People believed that the magnetic mountain would make the compass out ofwork.10. By contacting two metal bars, one magnetized, the other neutral, he was able to pass on a charge to the neutral bar. He called this___________A.induced magnetism.B.permanent magnetism.C.terrella magnetism.D.polar magnetism.11. In De magnete, Gilbert ___________ discussed electricity, magnetism and heat.A.emphaticallyB.scientificallyC.wronglyD.passionately12. James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that ____________A. electricity and magnetism was the same thing.B. electrical and magnetic attraction disappeared with heat.C. there was some relationship between electricity and magnetism.D. electromagnetism has two opposite sides.13. Gilbert’s De magnete, a collection of his theories and experiments and reflections on others’ work is commonly known as _____________A. an essay.B. a treatise.C. a volume.D. a contribution.。
刘洪波雅思阅读词汇总结
刘洪波雅思阅读词汇总结雅思阅读备考中我们需要积累大量的词汇，来关怀我们更好的理解〔文章〕内容。
今日我为大家预备的是刘洪波雅思阅读词汇，大家可以参考一下。
希望各位考生能找到适合自己的词汇〔记忆〔方法〕〕，关怀我们扩大词汇量。
刘洪波雅思阅读词汇〔总结〕atmosphere n. 大气, 气氛，空气, 风格, 情趣, 气压hydrosphere n. 水圈, 水界, 水气lithosphere n. 岩圈,地壳core n.中心，核心，精髓; 果心，果核; [地质学]地核; [计] 磁心vt.去(果)核，挖去…的果心; 提取岩芯(样品)mantle n. 斗篷, 覆罩之物, 罩子v. 罩住, 覆盖, 脸红crust n. 外壳,坚硬的外壳,面包皮vt. 盖以硬皮vi. 结硬皮magnetic adj. 有磁性的,有吸引力的,催眠术的gravity n. 地心引力,重力,严重,庄重,严峻plate n. 碟,盘,金属板,板块vt. 镀金,电镀,为...制印版,, 给...装钢板,用金属板固定drift n. 漂移,漂流物,观望,漂流,吹积物,趋势vi. 漂移,漂流,吹积vt. 使漂流,把...吹积crack vt.裂开，打开; (使…)开裂; 说(笑话); 开瓶vi.断裂，折断; 碎裂声，爆裂声; 镜子裂开了; 失去把握，衰退n.裂缝; 试图; 缝隙; (可听到响声的)重击adj.训练有素的; 技艺高超的; 优秀的; 一流的trigger vt. 引发，引起;触发vi. 松开扳柄n. 扳机;[电子] 触发器;制滑机flaw n. 缺点,裂纹,瑕疵,突然的狂风天气vi. 变得有缺陷vt. 使裂开interact vi. 相互作用,相互影响absorb v. 吸收,吸引...的留意,使全神贯注melt n. 熔化,熔化物vt. vi. 熔化,溶解, 软化, 渐渐混合thaw n. 融雪v. 使融解, 温柔dissolve vt. 消除,解散,使溶解,解决(问题),使沮丧vi. 消散,溶解, 解散, 液化,变得模糊n. 叠化画面release n. 释放, 让渡, 发行vt. 释放, 让与, 准予发表, 发射accumulate vt. 积聚,累加,积累vi. 累积decompose vi. vt. 分解vt. 腐烂volcano n. 火山erupt v. 爆发magma n. 岩浆，糊剂lava n. 熔岩, 火山岩tsunami n. 海啸tidal adj. 潮的, 有关潮水的hurricane n. 飓风,飓风般猛烈的东西adj. 有防风罩的tornado n. 飓风,旋风,龙卷风typhoon n. 台风earthquake n. 地震avalanche n. 雪崩glacier n. 冰河, 冰川fertile adj. 肥沃的,能繁殖的n. 多产,肥沃fertilizer n. 肥料barren adj. 不育的, 贫瘠的drought n. 干旱famine n. 饥荒, 极度缺乏flooding n. 泛滥, [医]产后出血adj. 泛滥的动词flood的如今分词形式arid adj. 枯燥的, 不毛的adj. 枯燥的，无趣的acid adj. 酸的n. 酸, 酸味物质ozone n. 臭氧, 新颖空气layer n.层，层次; 膜; [植]压条; 放置者，准备者vt.把…分层堆放; 借助压条法; 生根繁殖; 将(头发)剪成不同层次vi.形成或分成层次; [植]通过压条法而生根photosynthesis n. 光合作用greenhouse n. 温室, 暖房phenomenon n. 现象, 非凡的人或事物carbon n. 碳,灯芯,复写纸sulfur n. 硫vt. 用硫处理液化nitrogen n. 氮hydrogen n. 氢oxygen n. 氧,氧气dioxide n. 二氧化物pollutant n. 污染物质pollution n. 污染, 污染物toxic adj. 有毒的n. 有毒物质devastate vt. 毁坏,使震惊deteriorate vt. (使)恶化vi. (使)恶化, 瓦解, 衰退aggravate vt. 使...恶化,使...更严重vt. [口]激怒contaminate vt. 弄脏,污染erode vt. 腐蚀,侵蚀vi. 受到侵蚀degrade vt. 贬低;使……丢脸;使……降级;使……降解vi. 降级，降低;退化upgrade vt. 提高(上升,浓集,加强) n. 提高(上升,浓集,加强)recycle vt. 使再循环,再利用,再制vi. 循环n. 再循环conservation n. 保存, 防止流失, 守恒, 爱惜自然资源conversation n. 会话,谈话ecosystem n. 生态系统eco-friendly adj. 对生态环境友好的，不妨害生态环境的sediment n. 沉淀物deposit vt. 存放, 积累, 使沉淀vi. 沉淀n. 存款, 定金, 积累物petroleum n. 石油petrol n. 汽油gasoline n. 汽油fume n. 臭气, 烟, 激怒v. 熏, 冒烟smoke n. 烟, 无常的事物, 抽烟v. 吸烟, 以烟熏, 冒烟fog n. 雾, 朦胧, 喷雾, 迷惑vt. vi.以雾覆盖, 使模糊, 迷惑smog n. 烟雾solar adj. 太阳的,太阳能的lunar adj. 月亮的,阴历的,银的calendar n. 日历,月历,日程表vt. 进入日历radiation n. 辐射,放射线ultraviolet adj. 紫外线的n.紫外线thermodynamics n. 热力学extinction n.熄灭; 消灭，灭亡; 废除; [物]消光，自屏，衰减extinct adj. 灭亡的,熄灭的n. 消灭,熄灭catastrophe n. 大灾难,大祸,彻底失败disaster n. 灾难endanger vt. 危及，危害jeopardize vt. 危害,使受危困,使陷危地habitat n. (动植物的)产地,栖息地habit n. 习惯，习性;嗜好vt. 使穿衣deforestation n. 森林开伐, 滥伐森林desertification n. (土壤)荒漠化, 沙漠化dessert n. 甜食vegetation n. 植物,草木,(植物)生长vegetarian n. 素食者adj. 素食的log n. 记录,圆木,日志,计程仪vt. 伐木,切,记录,航行,度过(时间) vi. 采伐logo n. 图形,商标,标识语dune n. 沙丘dust-storm n. 尘暴, 大灰尘delta n. (河流的)三角洲granite n. 花岗岩;坚毅;冷酷无情clay n. 粘土,泥土mechanism n. 机制,原理，机械,机构,结构dump n. 垃圾场,堆放处vt. 丢弃,抛售,导出vi. 骤降,扔垃圾landfill n. 垃圾堆reclaim v. 开垦, 纠正, 收回circulation n. 流通,循环,发行量,消息传播precipitation n. 坠落, 沉淀, 凝聚; 冰雹evaporation n.蒸发(作用)meteorology n. 气象学, 气象状态Celsius adj. 摄氏的Fahrenheit adj. 华氏的n. 华氏温度计longitude n. 经度latitude n. 纬度，界限,自由选择权altitude n. 高度,海拔,高地attitude n. 看法, 看法, 姿态equator n. 赤道Arctic adj. 北极的,极寒的n. (首字母大写时)北极圈,北极地方Antarctic adj. 南极的n. 南极洲, 南极圈border n. 边缘vt. 作...之疆界,加边tropical adj. 热带的, 酷热的, 热带植物的temperate adj. 温顺的, 适度的, 有节制的mild adj. (烟、酒)味淡的,轻微的,温顺的,文雅的frigid adj. 寒冷的, 死板的，(指女性)性冷淡的freeze v. 冻结, 冷冻, 僵硬[计算机] 冻结irreversible adj. 不行逆转的inevitable adj. 不行避开的, 必定(发生)的feasible adj. 可行的,可能的viable adj. 能生存的,可行的,能居住的的opt vi. 选择,确定做某事option n.选择(的自由); 选项; 选择权; 选择能力vt.得到或获准进行选择; 调动球员prioritize vt. 把... 区分优先次序prior adj. 更重要的, 较早的, 在先的adv. 居先n. 小修道院院长; 大修道院副院长priority n. 优先权, 优先顺序, 优先attribute n. 属性, 特征; 标志, 象征vt. 归于, 属于雅思阅读真经总纲刘洪波编著内容笔记阅读分为四种题型1、单词题(最简洁：summary,流程图，填空，填句)2、〔句子〕题T/F和选择(中等难度：推断题和选择题)3、段落题Heading题(最难的，归纳中心思想)4、匹配题Matching题(有诀窍，并不难)前两种直拳，第3种还我秀丽拳，第4种面目全非掌无标题的文章很可能出标题题：末段+大意(把题干读一遍)!!雅思文章首段不是最重要段落，末段和第二段才是最重要的防盗版内容：Before群里去背单词During 助教讲部分内容After 模考如何提升阅读速度1扩大视距：把单词变为意群，不要默读2跳读和变速：重点读认识的单词，读得懂的读慢，读不懂的读快题干3类词汇假如任意打开一篇题干13道题不认识的有3个及以上，阅读词汇需补充三大类：主题词不认识没关系模板词如account /reference/ mention在阅读题干中就是“描述”之义，毫无意义，不需要去特别记(拿任何一本剑桥，把题干中全部不认识的词记下来) 考点词如resemble考点词真经很重要，要背3类关键词Keywords问题:正确读题方法确定要慢且2遍找到Keyword 解题，不用再读题干三大类：眼球级朴实级一般动词、名词、形容词规律关系词并列(重大考点)、转折、因果总纲标注法：(做真题时做这个工作)画出题干和原文全部对应之处(同义替换)要用此法做真题练习精细理解力句子题段落题匹配题为什么不要精读?而要〔快速阅读〕和对比阅读首先就要背考点词，才能敏感地找到同义替换按总纲标注法做文章填空题考察的不是空格而是空格前后的同义替换假如找不到替换，关键词的本行和上下行，找不认识的词。
刘洪波-雅思阅读真经(YY)
III. How to understand more “天下间的所有阅读考题只有一种命题方式，无论雅思托福、 四六级考研、GRE、GMAT。”
III. How to understand more
《剑桥雅思7》第25页第21题。 文章标题：Make every drop count 题型：TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN
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V. Hot Topics 12/01/12 雪崩 Avalanche 12/09/06 吉尔伯特 和磁场 Magnetism
V. Hot Topics
12/02/04 奥运火炬 Olympic Torch
12/03/08 飓风 Hurricane
题目：Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily to improved irrigation system.
原文：Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world’s food.
各种跟风
直接抄袭
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刘洪波33篇范文雅思词汇真经 刘洪波说文解字系列
刘洪波33篇范文雅思词汇真经刘洪波说文解字系列内容提要早在xx年当我策划《雅思阅读真经》一书时就有个想法：如果能把课堂上讲解英语词汇时的各种亮点及记忆方法融入词汇表里边，大家在背记词汇时也就不会觉得枯燥乏味了。
背单词最重要的是坚持，而兴趣则是坚持下去的最好的原动力。
于是我邀请当时教授雅思词汇的大师曲冰同志参与《雅思阅读真经》的写作，并且每隔几个单词挑选出一个来，从词源、文化、实际应用等各个角度加入趣味的注释，希望大家能对英语单词学习产生一点兴趣。
事实证明这种说文解字背单词的方法是成功的。
xx年《雅思阅读真经》在全国各大图书销售网站上高居雅思类图书排行榜榜首，各地的许多英语培训机构把它作为指定教材，一版再版。
而我也清楚地认识到，这种独辟蹊径的单词注释方法是该书成功的重要原因之一。
当我和曲冰同志决定再一次合作，照此模式共同创作“说文解字背单词系列”书籍（包括《雅思词汇真经》、《托福词汇真经》、《四级词汇真经》）时，不幸的事情发生了：曲冰同时收到了牛津和剑桥的博士offer。
更不幸的是不久后她从剑桥打来电话，说什么正在闭关研究孔夫子和耶酥基督的异同，而且还thoroughly enjoy，红尘俗事不愿再管。
悲伤啊。
万般无奈，只好一个人在深夜里奋笔疾书。
我坚信付出总是有回报的。
终于有那么一天，英语培训界泰斗人物、北京新航道学校校长胡敏教授被我的黑眼圈所吸引，一番长谈后对本书的创作兴趣颇浓，提出了许多宝贵的写作建议。
之后更不时的从家里搜出一本本泛黄的英语书籍拿来供我参考。
对这些书我从来都是小心翼翼的，不敢用力翻动，怕损毁文物。
得到英语培训界奇才李传伟教授的详细指导也是本书之大幸。
李老时常在百忙之中抽空指点词汇的注释亮点，他在词汇学上的功力让人叹服。
李老本人精通七国语言，对拉丁文、希腊语、西班牙语、法语的领悟使他对英语词汇的把握进入了极高的一种境界。
据说李老在新航道学校考研英语的课堂上偶尔会把各种语言讲窜，同学们大跌眼镜之余纷纷高山仰止。
刘洪波 雅思阅读真经总纲 学习笔记
一、做题顺序1.看文章标题2.看文章后题型分布组合段落中心题和匹配题后做，先做细节题。
注意不同题型间交叉混合节题3.定位词（中心体和匹配题除外）画出题型中前两道题目中的定位词（1）特殊词汇：数字、大写、特殊符号、长相怪异词（2）朴素词汇：简单具体词（3）逻辑词汇：重要语法结构：并列、因果、转折对比4.回到原文阅读查找，边读边做5.匹配题出现，画出题型中所有题目定位词，打包记忆查找6.除匹配题型内部乱序外，其余题型内部大部分按顺序出题二、同义替换1.同义词替换手法同义词设计、双重反义词、对原文思想归纳总结三、填空题技巧1.选词填空完成摘要定位：题目给出位置若为第二种题型，对应1-3自然段最后一种题型，对应末尾1-3自然段首句中Keywords的定位空格前后单词，特别是动词和名词，特别注意这两块在原文中的同义词替换。
词性：n80% v10% a, ad, num10%注意：大多数顺序，有可能出现1-2倒序。
注意and并列结构，前后信息可调换。
一个summary题型会设置1-2难题空格答案可能需要变换原文单词的词性答案常是高难词或生词重点考察空格前后单词对原文中同义词理解。
2.从单词列表中选词填空完成摘要读懂3.原文选词填空完成句子4.原文选词回答问题Who找人名，where找地名，when找时间，how，why找due to，thanks to，based on，by等介词后名词，what找名词。
四、判断题1.方法(1)末题少驳斥，首题少NG（仅用于蒙题时使用）(2)放慢速度读懂题目(3)90%顺序，一次读两题记忆两道题的keywords(4)题目中出现only，all，most，first，比较级，最高级，比较结构morethan，数字，因果关系等，这些词是该题考点2.True命题规律（1）对原文一句话的同义替换（2）对原文相邻两个句子或同一自然段中上下文信息的归纳总结（3）对原文不同自然段中信息归纳总结3.False命题规律（1）反义词（2）关系型驳斥4.Not given命题规律（1）根据原文无法确定，或者题目描述是原文的一种可能性（2）题目陈述句中前或后的信息原文没有提及，大多是具体名词：（3）题目中描述的关系原文没有提及五、段落题1.最后做2.中心句对应法（1）自然段首句总结（2）自然段首句设问（3）举例前的观点句eg. Blablabla. For example, blablabla...（4）转折词所在句子（5）强调句型或有强调语气词所在的句子（6）起定义功能的句子（7）下一自然段首句六、匹配题1.句子信息与段落匹配（1）画出所有题目中的keywords，短暂记忆（2）看下一题型，记忆下一题型中题目keywords（3）回原文从首段开始阅读，阅读中优先做其他题型在该段落中的题目最后做该段落和句子信息匹配（4）只要某段落中有某题目中keywords的同义词出现，即可确认选择。