语义学汇总

一、语义学视角下语义的表现

（一）王寅教授的分析

(1)说话人意义（speaker‟s meaning）, 受话人的意义（hearer‟s meaning）[语言交际过程中参与者的角色分析]

(2)自然意义（natural meaning）和非自然意义（unnatural meaning）

(3)词素义（morpheme meaning）, 词义（word meaning）, 句义（sentence meaning）, 话词义（utterance meaning）, 语篇义（discourse meaning）

(4)内涵义（intensional meaning ）与外延义（extentional meaning）[从哲学和逻辑学角度]

(5)概念意义和附加意义（conceptual meaning and added meaning）

（二）、Leech 对意义的区分七种

Leech recognizes seven types of meaning in his Semantics

1)Conceptual meaning :logical, cognitive, or denotative content

2)Connotative meaning: What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to

3)Social meaning: What is communicated of the social circumstances of language use

4)Affective meaning: What is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer

5)Reflected meaning : What is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression

6)Collocative meaning: What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of

another word

7)Thematic meaning: What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and

emphasis.

以下为对上述的解释

1、自然意义，非自然意义Natural meaning and non-natural meaning

Natural meaning and nonnatural meaning is put forward by Grice in his famous article “Meaning”.

As for natural meaning, there is the evidential relationship between a cause and its effect. An example of natural meaning is “Those spots mean measles.” “x means y” is related to “x shows that y,” “x is a symptom of y” and “x lawfully correlates with y”. Those spots on little Jimmy do not really mean measles in natural meaning, if Jimmy does not have measles, even if the spots typically correlate with measles.

Nonnatural meaning pertains to language and communication. It means words and speakers. On nonnatural s ense, “x means y” is closer to “x says/asserts that y”, “x expresses y”. And when “x means y” is the case, it will usually be true that someone, or some group, means something by x. In nonnatural sense, it can be true that “x means y” even though x obtains when y is not the case. Thus our speaker might indeed have meant that you should bring more whisky, when in reality you should not: his meaning it, in nonnatural sense, does not make it so.

In Grice‟s opinion, nonnatural meaning is used to induce some bel ief in hearer. More than that, it is used to induce the belief by getting the addressee to recognize the intention to induce a belief: in meaning something, then speaker does not merely cause the hearer to have a belief, he/she overtly gives the speaker a reason to believe, the reason being that he/she wants the speaker to believe. Thus what a person means, in the nonnatural sense, comes down to his/her complex mental states, especially intentions.

2、关于听话人，说话人The Speaker and the Listener

To ensure smooth communication between the speaker and the listener, it is important to nail down the role of them and the interaction between them. Some basic linguistics theory, such as Speech Act Theory, the Cooperative Principle, Conversational Implicatures, the Politeness Principle, atc. will help learners to well understand the role of the speaker and