英汉语言对比-练习题-2-reference answers

Chapter 2

Ⅰ. Answer Questions

15This is because English language has rigid rules on sentence structure centered on subject-predicate；English sentences are developed from subject-predicate structures.

16The simplest English sentence consists of only a subject and a predicate, based on which many components are attached or derived. And the verb is the core, the number of nouns attachable to the verb is called the verb’s valence. As Chinese language focuses on internal theme instead of external representation, Chinese sentences can hardly be classified according to verb variation like English sentences are

17SV, SVP,SVO, SVOO,SVOC

18Declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative.

19A) to add modifiers; B) to extend the elements in the basic sentence

a) grammatical concord; b) notional concord; c）principle of proximity

20It can be verbs, nouns, or adjectives; it can be one verb or more than one verbs or nor verbs; it can be one word or word phrases.

Nouns and pronouns （包括代词）

verbs：吃饭好

words referring to time, location, conditions：只有下定决心才行preposition：由你负责此事

phrases：我疯了怎么可能？我就这样怎么了？

21Theme sentences; transitive sentence; relative sentences;

exclamative sentence; existential sentence; ownership sentence;

descriptive sentence; and explicative sentence

22In summary, Chinese sentences are characterized in three uncertainties—Uncertainty of subject; uncertainty of predicate;

uncertainty in the relation between subject and predicate.

23Chinese sentence variation is embodied by large number of ambiguous sentences and full sentence and minor sentences. For example: 他欠你的钱；是前天发的电报；房间干干净净。

24Jespersen points out, analysis means suppleness, and synthesis means regidity; in analytic language you have the power of kaleidoscopically arranging and rearranging the elements that in synthetic forms are in rigid connexion.

Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks

25名词性短语和动词性短语

26.主语+谓语；主语+动词+表语；主语+动词+宾语；主语+动词+

直接宾语+间接宾语；主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语

27陈述句变疑问句；肯定句变否定句；主动句变被动句

28增加修饰语；扩展基本句型的成分

29语法一致、意义一致、就近原则

Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages

30妻子突然回家，使他感到很吃惊。

31离开时请顺手关门。

32谁污染谁负责。

33暴风雨袭击了这个村庄。

34违法者应受到惩罚。

35This bicycle is cheap and fine and sells well in Middle East.

36Chinese people were proud of their country with vast territory and abundant resources and great population in the past.

37I am a green hand in teaching translation for the senior students. 38The young men will decide for themselves for their marriage.

39Mother are fully conscious the worries in her daughter.

40I am still in the dark for this matter.

41As for money, I will try to borrow.

42The aim of reform is to develop the productive force.

43She likes Chinese painting.

44He nodded, indicating he heard what you said, but show sign of agreement or not.

45We firmly believe that our product will be welcomed in the European market.

46It is a great honor for me to participate in such a party today.

47An young man who talks and looks like American entered the car.

48To bear hardship before you enjoy the comforts.