英语雅思术语翻译第二讲2
雅思听力Section2重点词汇
雅思听力Section 2重点词汇请注意！请注意！！小编有话说，这些单词在雅思听力考试第二部分经常出现!希望大家牢记solar pump 太阳能泵urban garden 城市公园visitor center 访客中心special feature 特点canoe 独木舟unaccompanied children 无人陪伴儿童under-age children 未适龄儿童racing car 赛车comment card 意见卡booking form 预定表格cabin keys 客舱钥匙room services 客房服务after formality 寒暄后music video 音乐视频camera man 摄像师stress levels 压力水平traffic noise 交通噪音donation 捐赠sculpture garden 雕塑花园oil painting 油画quarantine service 检疫服务postal items 邮政物件plant seeds 植物种子labels 标签lookout points 观景台luxury 奢华live music 现场音乐meeting point 碰头地点craft fair 手工艺品集市fringe stage 额外展台exhibitor entrance 展览者入口lock-up带锁的arm badge 袖标，手环academic record 学术记录class representative 班级代表local artists 当地艺术家river taxi 摆渡船traffic jam 堵车traffic lights 交通灯ferries 轮渡calling fee 电话费computer breakdown 电脑死机express trains 高速列车high winds 疾风self-cafeteria 自助餐厅local hero 当地的英雄European painting 欧洲画作learning zone 学习区historical photograph 历史摄影cinema zone 电影区coffee shop 咖啡店garden tools 园艺工具garden pots 洒水壶tap water 自来水comfortable 舒适的professional knowledge 专业知识special buses 特殊巴士education facilities 教育设施preservation保留authority 权威order form 预定表格check number 核对数目signed delivery note 签署过的交货通知unappealing appearance 无吸引力的外表flamingo 火烈鸟black swans 黑天鹅historical exhibition 历史展览trails 踪迹hot meal 热食poster 海报head office 总部music room 音乐室。
雅思雅思听力词汇2
动物场景词汇：zebra 斑马elephant大象calf elephant 小象crocodile 鳄鱼rhino 犀牛hippo 河马shark 鲨black velvet黑色天鹅绒ostrich鸵鸟ostrich chicks 小鸵鸟dolphin 海豚whale 鲸鱼falcon猎鹰rear 饲养poultry 家禽domesticated家养的hide 未经加工的皮，兽皮leather 皮delicate精致的lion puppy小狮子地理场景词汇：Geography geology 地质ecology 生态Asia Europe Africa Antarctica 南极洲 North America 北美洲South America 南美洲Oceania 大洋洲Pacific 太平洋Atlantic 大西洋Indian Ocean 印度洋Arctic Ocean 北冰洋Longitude 经线（竖）latitude 纬线（横）altitude= elevation 海拔Wetland 湿地marshland 沼泽woodland 林地（人工种植）Cropland 耕地snowfield 雪原Volcano 火山（volcanic）lava 火山岩，熔岩strait 海峡（Taiwan Strait ）（短而窄）Channel 海峡（English Channel）（长而宽）Greenhouse effect 温室效应global warmingEndangered species 濒危物种deforestation 乱砍滥伐，森林荒漠化（moral degradation）Sustainable development 可持续发展否定词：Un- non- dis- in-(im-\ il-\ ir- ) -lessHardly\ rarely\ barely\ seldom\ scarcelyFew\littleWithout\ stop...fromToo...to...Rather than\ other thanA instead of BA, B insteadAt no time/ by no means= neverBy all means= certainly信号词：1 表示列举，增补关系的信号词这类的信号词出现的时候，就说明下文出现的内容和前文是同类事物，或者对前文的补充说明，而不会是新的或者相反的信息。
雅思听力词汇2
Part 2:Unit 2 Listening 2:1. nutritionist 营养学家2. headmaster 校长3. active lifestyles 积极的生活方式4. be well aware 清楚地意识到5. I realise that… 我了解到…6. whole grains 全谷物7. in the long run 从长远看8. recommend 推荐9. serving (食物、饮料等)一份10. portion 一份11. cereal 麦片12. miss breakfast 不吃早餐13. resort to… 诉诸于…14. concentrating in class 在课堂上集中注意力15. cut into sticks 切成条状16. steamed or boiled 蒸的或煮的17. take advantage of … 利用18. a variety of … 各种各样的19. low-fat cooking method 低脂的烹饪方法20. stir-fry 翻炒21. additionally, 此外，22. Low-fat dressing 低脂的沙拉酱23. physical exercise 体育锻炼24. local court 当地的球场25. horse-riding 骑马26. on offer 在出售27. celery 芹菜28. light meals 便餐Unit 9:Listening 1:1. manage to do设法做到2. ask for … 要求得到…3. the view is great. 景色不错。
4. recommendations 推荐5. assignment 功课作业6. end up doing 以做…而告终7. for ages 很长时间8. starter 开胃菜9. main course 主菜10. feel like sth 想要…11. seafood chowder 海鲜杂烩浓汤12. garlic bread 蒜蓉面包13. roast lamb 烤羊肉14. the flavor’s too strong. 口味太重。
英语雅思术语翻译第二讲1
幻灯片1第二章术语翻译的原则、策略和方法Chapter TwoThe Principles Strategies & Methods of TT第一节科技术语 (Scientific &Technological Terms)第二节文化术语 (Cultural Terms)第三节法律术语 (Legal Terms)第四节商务术语 (Business Terms)XISU1 幻灯片2第二章术语翻译的原则、策略和方法Chapter TwoThe Principles、Strategies & Methods of TT第一节科技术语(Scientific & Technological Terms)XISU2 幻灯片3第一节科技术语的翻译原则(The Principles of Translating S&T Terms)●Nature of Translation●Translation is the reproduction of the original message in the target language.●Translation is an art. (some specific pieces of translation) (with each piecemanifesting its own charms and style in the creative hands of the translator)XISU3 幻灯片4Nature of Translation●Translation is a science. (a subject) (rules, laws, principles for translators toabide by)●Translation is a craft or a skill. (a process)●(The process of translation has its peculiarity, and none of its rules andprinciples is universally applicable.)XISU4 幻灯片5Four Meanings of Translation● 1. translating: →the process● 2.a translation：→the translated text● 3. translation: →the abstract concept which includes both the process oftranslating and the product of that process;● 4. translator or interpreter: →the person who does the work of translating orinterpretingXISU5 幻灯片6Definition of Translation● 1. Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic, cross- cultural and cross-socialcommunication.●翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。
雅思英语ppt整理版(word)2
Lesson 2：定语•东湖，在我的家乡武汉市，是最有名的旅游地之一。
（定语）•East lake is one of the most famous tourist destinations in Wuhan, my hometown. •尽管有人认为湖水并不干净，但是我认为看起来碧绿的，很漂亮。
(表语）(Jade green)•Though some say the water in the lake is unclean, I think it does look jade green and pretty.•Lesson 2：定语•比较级、最高级的变化规则：•1)单音节和双音节：•一般直接在形容词后加er, est• a.以e结尾，直接加r, st;• b.以辅音字母加y结尾，改y为i加er, est;• c.重读闭音节结尾，双写最后一个字母加er, est•2)多音节形容词：在前面加more和most•3)不规则的形容词•注：英语中有许多“绝对”形容词，他们无比较级最高级。
•说出下列形容词的比较级和最高级few; fine; happy; hot; useful;little; much; old; farfull, perfect, unique, impossible, terrific, excellent, yearly,married2.形容词的级：Speaking ：她是我见过的最好（nice）和勤劳(diligent)的女人之一，她看起来要比一般的中年妇女要瘦（thin），她的家总是比邻居的家要整洁（tidy）的多。
She is one of the nicest and most diligent women I have seen. She looks thinner than the other ordinary middle-aged women. Her house is always tidier than those of herneighbors.2.形容词的级（Writing ）e.g. 与其他三年相比，在1970年美国的离婚率（divorce rate）是最低的。
7.新航道雅思口语Lesson2
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6. Advantages/Disadvantages
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A little different…
• 差别甚微 • It was slightly/subtly different a few decades ago.
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Question
• How was education different 50 years ago ?
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3. Causes of Problems
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No reason known…
• Why in the world people still insist on driving their own car is beyond me.
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Question
• What is the cause of traffic congestion ?
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4. Results
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Should do…
• I’d put it before the authorities to take swift measures that encourage more young people to become physicians and nurses before it’s too late. • If you want my advice, they ought to allocate more resources to medical research. • Health officials would be well-advised to start streamlining all medical procedures and administration.
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More than one reason…
雅思口语知识点解析chapter 2
Chapter 2 Talking about studyWhat’s your major? 你的专业是什么？Introduction：在雅思考试中，，作为考官对你个人背景了解之一的常问问题就是“专业”，其中包括最基本的个人专业的英文表达，选择专业的原因，是否喜爱自己的专业。
如果是高中在读的同学虽然还没有专业，不过也可以说说自己是文科生arts students还是理科生science students。
并且可以谈谈自己以后想学的专业。
在此节中重点要掌握如何表达自己的专业，和对专业喜爱的原因。
Task 1: you are going to hear two conversations, while listening, underline some useful phrases about Study.Conversation 1:Ann：Steve, who are the two women over there?Steve：Oh, their names are Shirley and Linda. Hi, Shirley. This is Ann. She is from Canada. Ann：Hello. Shirley, nice to meet you.Shirley：Hi, Ann. Nice to meet you, too. What do you study here?Ann：I’m studying Biology. And what’s your subject?Shirley：It’s engineering.Ann：Hi, Linda. What are you studying here?Linda：I’m studying Arts.Ann：Oh, that sounds interesting.Steve：Shirley. And Linda are from the UK.Ann：Oh, where are you from in the UK?Shirley：I’m from Edinburgh.Linda：And I come from Leeds.Conversation 2:Lily: What’s your major?Mike: I come to China just to study Chinese.Lily: Where are you studying now?Mike: At the Beijing Language and Culture University.Lily: How many years have you studied?Mike: I've already studied for three years. One year left for graduation.Lily: Are you going back to your country after graduation?Mike: Yes, I'll return to my country and look for a job.Lily: Is it difficult to find a job?Mike: Not very difficult, because there is not many people in my country who know Chinese.Lily: Mike, tell me why you chose to study Chinese?Mike: well, to be honest, I chose it based on my personal interest. You know, since I was a boy I have always been interested in language. And I reckon Chinese is a very interesting language to study.Lily: Good. Wish you good luck.Mike: Thanks.Task 2: Pair Work. Now, role-play the conversations in Task 1 with your partner. Then it is required for you to remember these phrases and expressions below. Inquiring about study:What are you studying? / What’s your major? / What’s your subject? 你的专业是什么What subjects do you like most and what subjects do you dislike most?你最喜欢/最不喜欢的专业是什么Why did you choose this major? 你为什么选择这个专业？What do you think of your major? 你觉得你的专业怎么样？Answering:I major in Finance. I am studying Finance. My subject is Finance. 我是金融专业的。
雅思基础词汇2
4.aliment
• aliment[‘ælimənt]n. ①疾病 • 【记】联想记忆：a(一个)+il(看做ill)+ment一 个ill—疾病 • 【例】New medical technology will cure more ailments that afflict humanity.
1.afford
• afford[ə‘fɔ:d]vt. ①提供,给予②负担的起 • 【记】联想记忆：af+ford(看做大财阀美国福 特家族)—财大气粗—负担的起 • 【派】affordable(a.能负担起的，承担的起 的) • 【例】They would not be able to afford cars or homes. • They did not consider whether they could afford the time or not.
22.apply
• apply[ə'plai] vt.①应用;实施[(+to)] ②涂,敷;将...铺 在表面[(+to)]③申请,请求[(+for/to)] • 【记】联想记忆：提供(supply)—使用(apply) • 【派】 application(n.申请，应用) applicant(n.申请人 ) • 【例】We should apply both theories in the language classroom. • The nurse applied the ointment to the wound. • He has applied for a post in England.
14.amplify
• amplify[‘æmpli,fai] vt. ①放大(声音等)vi. ② 详述 • 【记】词根记忆：ampl(大)+ify(使…)—放大 • 【例】Let me amplify so that you will understand the overall problem. • Let me amplify my earlier remarks.
雅思英译汉翻译2讲解
1. 蚕茧是用于蚕布生产的原材料。
The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth.2. 从该图表中我们可以看到，在1970年，鱼和薯条的受欢迎程度是汉堡的两倍，比萨饼在当时是最不受欢迎的快餐。
From the graph we can see that in 1970, fish and chips were twice as popular as burgers, pizza being at that time the least popular fast food.3. 如果我们要看到这种潜能得以实现，我们就应该在三个方面达成一致。
If we are ever to see that potential realized, we ought to agree on three conditions.4. 那些科学家正在低估被动吸烟所造成的损失。
Those scientists are underestimating the damage done by passive smoking.5. 老师在教室里走来走去，用手势帮助他讲解。
The teacher walked about the classroom, using his hands to help his explanation.6. 他惊讶地发现自己的房间被彻底地打扫过，一切都布置的井井有条。
He was surprised to find his room thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in good order.7. 任何希望了解未来工业的人都必须对电脑有所了解。
Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about the computer.8. 总有许多外国留学生来中国学习。
雅思分类词汇_2
雅思分类词汇雅思分类词汇- 亲属称谓雅思分类词汇- 亲属称谓表姑second cousin表叔second cousin表兄弟father's sister's sons; male cousin表兄弟maternal male cousin表侄second cousin表姊妹father's sister's daughters; female cousin表姊妹maternal female cousin伯父/大爷father's older brother; elder uncle伯母/大娘father's older brother's wife; aunt伯叔祖父father's father's brother; great uncle伯叔祖母father's father's brother's wife; great aunt 长兄/哥哥older brother长姊/姐姐older sister大伯husband's older brother; brother-in-law 大姑husband's older sister; sister-in-law弟妇/弟妹younger brother's wife; sister-in-law儿子son父亲/爸爸father高祖父great great grandfather高祖母great great grandmother公公husband's father姑夫father's sister's husband; husband of paternal aunt; uncle 姑母father's sister; paternal aunt姑爷father's father's sister's husband; paternal grandaunt's husband继父step father继母step mother襟兄弟husband of wife's sister舅父/舅舅mother's brother; maternal uncle舅母/妗子mother's brother's wife; maternal uncle's wife妹夫younger sister's husband母亲/妈妈mother内弟/小舅子wife's younger brother内兄/大舅子wife's older brother女儿daughter女婿daughter's husband; son-in-law婆婆husband's mother; mother-in-law 妻子/老婆wife嫂/嫂子older brother's wife; sister-in-law婶母/婶子father's younger brother's wife; aunt 叔父/叔叔father's younger brother; uncle叔丈母wife's aunt叔丈人wife's uncle孙女son's daughter; granddaughter孙女婿son's daughter's husband; granddaughter's husband 孙媳夫son's son's wife; grandson's wife孙子son's son; grandson堂兄弟father's brother's sons; paternal male cousin堂姊妹father's brother's daughters; paternal female cousin 同胞兄妹sibling外甥sister's son外甥wife's sibling's son外甥女sister's daughter外甥女wife's sibling's daughter外甥女婿sister's daughter's husband外甥媳妇sister's son's wife外孙daughter's son; grandson外孙女daughter's daughter; granddaughter外祖父/外公/老爷mother's father; maternal grandfather外祖母/外婆/姥姥mother's mother; maternal grandmother 媳妇son's wife; daughter-in-law小姑husband's younger sister; sister-in-law小叔husband's younger brother; brother-in-law 玄孙great great grandson养父foster, adopted father养母foster, adopted mother姨夫mother's sister's husband; husband of mother's sister 姨姐/大姨wife's elder sister; sister-in-law姨妹/小姨wife's younger sister; sister-in-law姨母/姨妈mother's sister姨甥男女wife's sister's children幼弟/弟弟younger brother幼妹/妹妹younger sister岳父wife's father, father-in-law岳母wife's mother, mother-in-law曾孙great grandson曾祖父/老爷爷father's father's father; great grandfatherａ曾祖母/老奶奶father's father's mother; great grandmother 丈夫/老公husband侄女brother's daughter; niece侄女婿brother's daughter's husband; niece's husband 侄孙grandnephew侄孙女grand niece侄媳妇brother's son's wife; nephew's wife侄子brother's son; nephew祖父/爷爷father's father; paternal grandfather祖姑母/姑奶奶father's father's sister;祖母/奶奶father's mother; paternal grandmother 姊夫/姐夫older sister's husband妯娌brother's wife; sister-in-law雅思分类词汇- 亲属称谓相关内容:。
英语雅思术语翻译第二讲4
幻灯片1第二章术语翻译的原则、策略和方法Chapter TwoThe Principles Strategies & Methods of TT第一节科技术语 (Scientific &Technological Terms)第二节文化术语 (Cultural Terms)第三节法律术语 (Legal Terms)第四节商务术语 (Business Terms)1XISU幻灯片2第二节文化术语翻译Section TwoTranslation of Cultural Terms2XISU幻灯片3Section TwoTranslation of Cultural Terms1.The Definition of Culture2.Culture Comparison betweenChina and the West3.Characteristics of Cultural Terms4. The Analects of Confucius3XISU幻灯片41.The Definition of Culture●OALED (Oxford Advanced Learner‘s English-Chinese Dictionary）●There are seven definitions as follows:4XISU幻灯片51.The Definition of Culture● 1.[U](a) refined understanding and appreciation of art, literature, etc.文化（对于文艺等的深刻的了解和鉴赏）●(b) (often derogatory常作贬义)art, literature, etc. collectively文化（文学、艺术等的总称）5XISU幻灯片61.The Definition of Culture● 2.[U]state of intellectual development of a society文化（一个社会智力发展的状况）● 3.[U, C] particular form of intellectual expression, e.g. in art and literature文化（智力表现的形式，如体现于文艺方面）6XISU幻灯片71.The Definition of Culture● 4.[U, C] customs, arts, social institutions, etc. of a particular group of people文化（某群体或民族的风俗、人文现象、社会惯例等）● 5.[U]development through training, exercise, treatment, etc.锻炼、训练、修养7XISU幻灯片81.The Definition of Culture● 6.[U]growing of plants or rearing of certain types of animals (e.g. bees,silkworms, etc.) to obtain a crop or improve the species（植物的）栽培；（动物、如蜂、蚕等，良种的）培育●7.[C](biology生)group of bacteria grown for medical or scientific study培养的细菌8XISU幻灯片91.The Definition of Culture●根据《现代汉语词典》，“文化”有三个定义：● 1.人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等；9XISU幻灯片101.The Definition of Culture● 2.考古学用语，指同一历史时期的不以分布地点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。
剑桥雅思 2词汇
剑2READING PASSAGE 1AIRPORTS ON WATER1.difficulta.难的，困难的，费力的同义词：hard，roughe.g.: River deltas are difficult places for map makers.2. dramatica.戏剧性的,引人注目的,给人深刻印象的词形变化:副词:dramatically同义词：spectacular，strikinge.g.: The changes in China’s Pearl River delta, however, are more dramatic than these naturalfluctuations.3 .similarlyad. 相像地, 类似于同义词：likewisee.g.: The giant dumper trucks rumbling across it will have finished their job by the middle of thisyear and the airport itself will be built at a similarly breakneck pace.4. risen.上升, 增加, 上涨, 高地, 小山, 发生, 出现vi.升起, 起身, 发源, 起义, 高耸, 增长, 上升, 复活,使飞起同义词：bring up，go upe.g.: As Chek Lap Kok rises, however, another new Asian island is sinking back into the sea.5. rarelyadv.难得，很少同义词：merely, hardly, little, scarcely,e.g.: The settlement is rarely even.6. bucklevt. 扣住, 使弯曲同义词：bend, clasp, distort, fasten7. crack.vt. (使)爆裂, (使)裂开, (使)发出爆裂声同义词：bang, blow, breake.g.: So buildings tend to buckle and crack.8. shiftvt. 替换, 转移, 改变, 推卸, 变速同义词：alter, change, substitute, varye.g.: The site was shifted a further five kilometres.9. consistvi. 组成, 存在于, 一致同义词：comprise, include, make upe.g.: Above a seabed that consisted of 20 meters of soft alluvial silt.10. gianta. 庞大的, 巨大的同义词：colossal, enormous, gigantic, huge, immense, tremendous, vastTo cope with settlement, giant terminal is supported on 900 pillars.11. originala. 最初的, 原始的, 有创意的同义词：primary, firstThere was some land there to begin with, the original little island and a smaller outcrop.12. deal withv.安排, 处理, 涉及, 做生意同义词：solve, cope with, handle, resolve, tacklee.g.: It would have been possible to leave this mud below the reclaimed land and to deal with theresulting settlement by the Kansai method.13. utilityn. 功用, 有用之物, 实用, 公用事业, 实用程序同义词：make good use of14. unyieldingadj.不屈服的; 顽强的; 弯曲不了的; 坚硬的同义词：firm，inflexible，rigid，stubborn，unbendinge.g.: This makes it easier for utilities to dig trenches-granite is unyielding stuff.15. persistenta.固执的, 坚持的, 持续的, 作用持久的同义词：never-ceasing，relentless, unrelenting16. take into account.v. 考虑到(顾及,体谅)同义词：allowe.g.: Gentler but more persistent bad weather---the downpours of the summer monsoon---is also being taken into account.17. separatevi. 分开, 隔开, 分居同义词：divide,isolate,sorte.g.: A mat-like material is being laid across the island to separate the rock and sand layers. READING PASSAGE2CHANGING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HEALTH1. conceptn. 观念, 概念同义词：idea, notion, opinion, thoughte.g.: The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups.2. evident显然的, 明显的同义词:apparent,clear, obvious,plaine.g.: This change is no more evident than in Western society today.3. connectvt. 连接, 联合, 联系同义词：attach,combine,join,link,unitee.g.: Good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body.4. definevt. 定义, 规定, 使明确同义词：clarify describe establish explain fix outline sete.g.: Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medicalterms.5.emphasisn. 强调, 加强, 重点同义词：importance,stresse.g.: There was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.6. merelyad. 只同义词：barely,only,purely,simplye.g.: They stated that ‘health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease’.7. holisticadj.整体的, 全盘的同义词：overall, wholee.g.: Health and the person were seen more holistically and just in physical terms.8. fitnessn. 适合, 合宜, 合理, 恰当, 健康同义词：good shape, good conditione.g.: Specific behaviors which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitnessand unhealthy eating habits, were targeted.9. povertyn.贫穷,虚弱; 低劣同义词：poorness, impoverishment10. benefitvt. 有益于同义词：profit，gain，do goode.g.: People experiencing poverty,unemployment, underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach.11. swingvi. 摇摆, 悬挂, 旋转, 大摇大摆地走, 转向同义词：fluctuate，swaye.g.: During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health.12. basicn. 基本原理, 要素, 基本规律同义词：essential，fundamental，underlyinge.g.: Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements.13. complexadj. 复杂的, 合成的, 综合的同义词：bias，complicated，confusede.g.: It is the complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote health.14. promotionn. 晋级, 创建, 增进同义词：advancement，betterment，improvement，lift，progress ，risee.g.: A broad socio-ecological view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include astrong social, economic and environmental focus.15. backbonen. 脊椎, 志气, 骨干, 支柱同义词：mainstay, keystonee.g.: This charter remains as the backbone of health action today.16. favourn.亲切, 宠爱同义词: helpe.g.: Biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it.17. overall全部的, 全体的, 从头至尾的, 一切在内的同义词：total, wholee.g.: The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of ‘enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health’. READING PASSAGE 3CHILDREN’S THINKING1. eminent显赫的, 杰出的, 有名的同义词：distinguished，famous，important，noble，outstanding，prominent，superiore.g.: One of the eminent of psychologists claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in some novel way.2. explicit详述的, 清楚的, 直言的同义词：candid，clear，definite，direct，distinct，detailede.g.: Two followers devised a test for children that was explicitly based on principles.3.integratevt. 综合, 使完整, 使成整体同义词：balance, coordinate, equalizee.g.: But they did not for the most part ‘integrate’.4. lessenvt. 减少, 缩小, 减轻同义词：reducee.g.: But it lessens, on the other hand, when we learn that a task was devised.5. familiar熟悉的, 常见的, 亲密的同义词：close, intimate, well-knowne.g.: Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects.6. cruciala.决定性的, 重要的, 严厉的同义词：critical, decisive, important, pressing, urgente.g.: Hewson made two crucial changes.7. assumevt. 假定, 承担, 呈现同义词：presume, suppose , suspect, thinke.g.: Yet he must assume that if he is to solve the problem.8. equivalencen. 同等, 等价, 等值同义词：comparisone.g.: Hewson made the functional equivalence of different marbles clear by playing a ‘swapping game’ with theTEST2READING PASSAGE1IMPLEMENTING THE CYCLE OF SUCCESS: A CASE STUDY1. accommodationn. 膳宿, 预订铺位, 适应性调节, 调和, 贷款同义词：adjustment, fittinge.g.: The hotel is designed to provide the best available accommodation.2. implementvt. 实现, 使生效, 执行同义词：bring about , carry out , complete, devicee.g.: AHI decided to implement some new policies and practices at SAH.3. initiativen. 主动行动, 首创精神, 主动权同义词：initiatory，first，maiden，opening movee.g.: The first of the initiatives was an organizational structure with only three levels ofmanagement---compared to the traditional seven.4. significanta.重要的, 有效的, 有含义的, 暗示的, 值得注意的同义词：important ，substantiale.g.: There are 25 percent fewer management positions, enabling a significant saving.5. fit in装配好同义词：harmonize, accord, concord, agreee.g.: The hotel also recognised that it would need a different approach to selecting employees who would fit in with its new policies.6. fill inv.填充, 填写, 填满, 替代同义词：complete, fill out, make oute.g.: Over 7000 applicants filled in application form for the 120 jobs initially offered at SAH.7. predominanta.占主导地位的, 卓越的同义词：chief, foremost, leading, main, principal, superiore.g.: The balance of the positions at the hotel were predominantly filled by transfers from othereproperties.8. exhibitvt. 展现, 陈列, 展览同义词：demonstrate, display, present, showe.g.: Category A was for applicants exhibiting strong leadership qualities.9. adoptvt. 采用, 正式通过, 收养, 接受同义词：assume, choosee.g.: Another major initiative by SAH was to adopt a totally multi-skilled workforce.10. objectiven.目的, 目标, 宗旨, 宾格, 实物a.客观的, 如实的, 无偏见的, 宾格的同义词：aim, object, targetnonsubjectivee.g.: The prime objective of the benchmarking process was to compare a range of service deliveryprocesses.11. enhancevt. 提高, 加强, 增加同义词：better, enrich, improve, uplifte.g.: This process resulted in performance measures that greatly enhanced SAH’s ability to improveproductivity and quality.12. proportionn. 比例, 比率, 均衡, 部分, 面积同义词：amount, percentage, portion, ratio, sharee.g.: A high proportion of AHI Club member reservations were imcomplete.13. collatevt. 校对, 校勘同义词：assembleThese are collated regularly to identify opportunities for improvement.14. note down记下同义词：write downe.g.: Employees are requested to note down their own suggestions for improvement.15. valida.有确实根据的, 有法律效力的, 正当的, 正确的同义词: adequate, authorized, cogent, effective, established, sound, true, well-groundede.g.: A valid reason is given for non-implementation.16 . numerousadj.许多的, 无数的同义词：abundant, considerable, many, multitudinouse.g.: Numerous overseas visitors have come to see how the program works.READING PASSAGE21. impedevt. 妨碍, 阻碍, 阻止同义词：arrest, delay, inhibit, interrupt, limit, obstruct, stope.g.: The lack of a common language can severely impede progress or can halt it altogether.2. fatala.致命的,毁灭性的同义词：deadly, destructive, disastrouse.g.: Publicity comes only when failure to communicate has major consequences, such as strikes, lostorders, or fatal accidents.3. instancen. 例子v. 举...为例,举例说明同义词：case, circumstance, example, occasione.g.: One reported instance of communication failure took place in 1970.4. consistencyn. 稠度(一致性,相容性)同义词：firmness,steadiness, uniformitye.g.: Some firms run part-time language courses to ensure consistency when material is beingtranslated.5. permeatev. 弥漫,渗透,普及同义词：penetrate, pervadee.g.: The regional and social variation can permeate speech.READING PASSAGE3WHAT IS A PORT CITY?1. fascinatinga.迷人的同义词：charminge.g.: The port city provides a fascinating and rich understanding of the movement of people.2. distinguishedv. 区别同义词：celebrated, famous, outstanding, popular, well-knowne.g.: A port must be distinguished from a harbour.3. cosmopolitana.世界性的同义词：worldwide, metropolitan, globale.g.: Port functions make a city cosmopolitan.4. multiplea.多样的,多重的同义词：manye.g.: The sound of boat whistles or the moving tides are symbols of their multiple links with a wideworld.5. externala.外部的,外用的,客观的,表面的同义词：exterior, outer, surfacee.g.: What evidence we have suggests that domestic trade was greater at all periods than externaltrade.6. retainv. 保持,保留同义词：hold, keep, maintain, preserve, savee.g.: Cities which began as ports retain the chief commercial and administrative centre of the cityclose to the waterfront.Test 3Reading Passage 1ABSEBTEEISIM IN NURSING: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY1.disruptive (adj.) 使混乱的，使瓦解的→disrupt (v.)→disruption (n.)e.g.: Absence from work is a disruptive problem for any organization.2. prior to(prep.) 在…之前e.g.: Prior to this time, few active steps had been taken to manage it.3. prevalent (adj.) 流行，盛行，普遍的→prevalence (n.)→popular→commone.g.: A prevalent attitude among the nurses is that there is no reward for not utilizing it.4. utilize (v.) 使用= use→utilization (n.)e.g.: There was no reward for not utilizing the paid sick leave entitlement.5. shift (v. n. ) 转变，移动e.g.: Administration was not sympathetic to the problems shift work causes to their lives.In the affluent 1980s, the emphasis was shifting.→alter (v.) alteration (n.)e.g.: This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt.→transform (v.) transformation (n.)e.g.: However, when fish were added, dramatic transformation occurred.→modify (v.) modification (n.)e.g.: The two modifications together produced a jump in success rates from 30 percent to 90 percentfor five-year-olds.6. incentive (n.) 激励前进的动力→motivatione.g.: non-financial incentive7. cease (v.) 停止cease to do sth. ↘cease doing sth →stop doing sthcease sth. ↗e.g.: Cities ceased to be port cities when other functions dominate.8. genuine (adj.) 真正的→ authentic→反义：fake/ inauthentic/ artificial/ pseudo/ 假的e.g.: They had long-term genuine illness.People claiming welfare payments are genuine.9.implementation (n.) 实施→implement (v.) ( strategy/ policy/ solution)e.g.: A similar effect was found from the implementation of the third strategy.New solutions to this old problem are being implemented.→enforce (laws) (v.)e.g.: The police have the power to enforce anti-pollution laws.10.donate (v.) 捐赠→donation (n.)e.g.: The prizes are donated by local businesses.11. initially (adv.) 最初→initial (adj.) = originale.g.: Initially, there was a 20% improvement in absenteeism.Reading passage 2THE MOTOR CAR1.give rise to 导致→contribute toe.g.: This dependence on motor vehicles has given rise to major problems.2. depletion (n.) 用光→deplete =use up =exhaust (v.)e.g.: the depletion of oil resources3. emission (n.) 排放→emit (v.)e.g.: Fuel consumption and exhaust emission also depends on which cars are preferred by customers.→dischargee.g.: The chimney discharged smoke.→releasee.g.: the contaminants released by spring melting4. hazard (n.) 危害→hazardous (adj.)e.g.: Vehicle pollution is a health hazard.5. adaptation (n.) 适应，调整→adapt (v.)→adaptable (adj.)e.g.: Adaptation to the motor cars has involved adding ring roads, one way system.6. be blamed on 归咎于，归因于→be attributed to =result frome.g.: Other social effects have been blamed on the car, such as alienation and aggressive humanbehavior.7. alienation (n.) 疏远→alien (adj.)→alienate (adj.)e.g.: Other social effects have been blamed on the car, such as alienation and aggressive humanbehavior.8. external (adj.) 外部的，国外的→反义internal = domestic 国内的e.g.: Car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of external social costs.external trade9. habitat (n.) 栖息地e.g.: animal’s natural habitat→ habitual (adj.) 习惯的e.g.: There is no way that habitual consumption of foodstuff grown using toxic chemicals can behealthy for consumers.10. surpass (v.) 超过，胜过→exceede.g.: Cars easily surpas s trains or buses as a flexible and convenient mode of personal transport.11. exhaust (n.) 尾气→traffic fumes→smog/ haze 烟雾e.g.：the exhaust of 6000 vehicles→exhaust= use up/ deplete（v. ）e.g.: exhaust the supply of oxygen→ inexhaustible 用不尽的12. put forward/forthOne solution that has been put forward is the long-term solution of designing cities and neighborhoods so that car transport is not necessary.13. accessible (adj.) 易接近的，可进入的→access (n.)e.g.: All essential services are accessible by public transport.14. feasible (adj.) 可行的，可能的e.g.: Better integration of transport system is mad feasible by modern computers.15. predominate (v.) 占支配地位，占优势e.g.: Old technologies continue to predominate.→ predominant (adj.)→ dominate (v.)16.merit (n.) 优点→benefite.g.: the relative merits of cars and public transport17. prediction (n.) 预言，预告→ predict (v.)→ foresee (v.) 预见，预料到→ envision (v.)e.g.: the writer’s own prediction of future solutionsReading Passage 3THE KEYLESS SOCIETY1.objection (n.) 反对→ object (v.)e.g.: common objections→ oppose (v.) 反对→ opposition (n.)e.g.: It faced ultimately successful opposition.→ anti- :against2.fraud (n.) 欺骗，欺诈，骗子e.g.: fighting fraud3. inevitable (adj.) 不可避免的e.g.: accept the inevitable4. authenticate (v.) 证实，鉴别真伪→ authentic (adj.) 真正的→反义inauthentic/ artificiale.g.: Their identities must be authenticated by an electronic hand scanner.→ genuine (adj.) 真正的，名副其实的e.g.: People that claiming welfare payments are genuine.5. verify (v.) 证实，查证→ verification (n.)e.g.: Her voice must be verified.6. application (n.) 应用e.g.: All of these are applications of biometrics.→ apply (v.)→ apply for 申请e.g.: apply for the job→ apply ( to) 适用e.g.: This also applies to human brains.→ apply …应用e.g.: apply the theory in practice7. characteristic (n.) 特点e.g.: The technology involves the use of physical or biological characteristics to indentify individuals→characteristic (adj.) 典型的→ feature (n.) 特点e.g.: The systems operate by storing a digitized record of some unique human feature.8. viable (adj.) 可行的，会成功的e.g.: They are commercially viable.The plan is viable in practice.munity (n.) 社会，集体e.g.: Support for biometrics is growing in Toronto as it is in many other communities.the sense of community集体感10.privacy (n.) 隐私，不受干扰→ private (adj.)e.g.: Biometrics raise thorny questions about privacy.Test 4Reading Passage 1Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping1.misjudge (v.) 判断错，估计错e.g.: Politicians may be misjudging the public mood.→ mis- : falsemis lead (v.) mis manage (v.)2.mood (n.) 心境，情绪e.g.: the public moodalter one’s mood = change one’s psyche3.environmentally friendly 环保的e.g.: More people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products.→ environmentally benign / environmentally safe4.predict (v.) 预言，预告，预示e.g.: The report also predicts that the process will repeat itself.→ foresee (v.)→ envision (v.)5.previous (adj.) 以前的e.g.: A green wave has swept through consumerism, taking in people previously untouched byenvironmental concerns.6.ethical (adj.) 道德的，伦理的e.g.: ethical concernsethical spenders→ moral (adj.)e.g.: His marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral ground.7.proportion (n.) 比例，比率e.g.: The proportion who look for green products and prepared to pay more for them has climbed.→ percentagee.g.: This percentage is higher among women.8. managerial (adj.) 经理的，管理的e.g.: managerial group9. professional (adj.) 职业的，专业的，职业性的e.g.: professional group10. manual (adj.) 体力的e.g.: manual workers11. substantial (adj.) 大量的e.g.: The proportion rose substantially.12. eccentric (adj.) 反常的，古怪的e.g.: the eccentric members of the society13. virtually (adv.) 几乎，差不多，近于=almoste.g.: The image of green consumerism has virtually disappeared.14. mainstream (n.) 主流e.g.: a mainstream market / mainstream societies15. tend to 倾向于e.g.: 21 percent are ‘pale green’–tending to buy green products if they see them.→ be prone toe.g.: The best workers are prone to leave.16. deter (v.) 拦阻，阻止e.g.: They would be deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animals.17. specific (adj.) 详细且精确的，特别的e.g.: Concerns for specific issues is lower than in1990.→ explicit (adj.) 明晰的，清楚的e.g.: explicit guidelines→ detailed 详细的e.g.: detailed guidelines18. commercial (adj.) 商业的e.g.: commercial trends→ commercialize (v.) 商业化commercialization (n.) 商业化19. financial (adj.) 经济的，金融的e.g.: be financially better off20. sensitive (adj.) 敏感的，感觉敏锐的e.g.: Being financially better off has made shoppers more sensitive to buying ‘green’.21. undertake (v.) 承担，担任，从事e.g.: Mintel undertakes market surveys on an annual basis.22. pre-occupy (v.) 提前占有e.g.: They are pre-occupied with the recession and financial problems.→ pre : before→ pre-school education 学前教育→ pre-linguistic infants 说话前的婴儿→ pre-historic plants 史前植物23.anticipate (v.) 期望=expecte.g.: There is more widespread interest in the environmental agenda than they anticipated.→ anticipation (n.)24.constraint (n.) 压抑，约束，压制因素e.g.: financial constraints→ constrain (v.)Reading Passage Two1.literacy (n.) 识字，有文化e.g. There is a great concern about declining standards of literacy in schools.→ literate (adj.) 有文化的，有读写能力的→反义illiterate (adj.) illiteracy (n.)2.prompt (v.) 促使，激起，引起e.g.: It helped to prompt massive educational changes.→ ignite (v.)3.massive (adj.) 很大的，结实的e.g.: It helped to prompt massive educational changes.→ large-scale massive-scale mass→反义small-scale4.intellectual (adj. n.) 智力的，显示智力的, 知识分子e.g.: The development of literacy has far- reaching effects on general intellectual development.5. versus (prep.) 对e.g.: The research has focused on the effectiveness of ‘traditional’versus‘modern’ teachingtechniques.5.fruitless (adj.) 无效的，徒劳的e.g.: The fruitless research is a tragic example of the saying ‘They can’t see the wood for the trees’.→反义fruitful6.increasingly (adv.) 越来越…e.g.: Illustrations have become increasingly detailed.→ progressively7.obtrusive (adj.) 突出的e.g.: Illustrations have become increasingly detailed and obtrusive ..8. impoverish (v.) 使贫穷e.g.: Language has become impoverished.9. extinction (n.) 灭绝, 消灭= dying oute.g.: Language has become impoverished—sometimes to the point of extinction.→ extinct (adj.)→ be extinct = die out = vanish (v.)11.virtually (adv.) 几乎=almoste.g.: There is virtually no empirical evidence to support the use of illustrations in teaching reading12. interfere (v.) (with, in, between) 妨碍，阻止，干涉，干预e.g.: Pictures interfere in a damaging way with all aspects of learning to read.13. adverse (adj.) 不利的e.g.: adverse effects 不利影响adverse reactions 不良反应adverse conditions 不利条件14.offset (v.) 抵消，赔偿e.g.: The adverse effects of television can be offset by experiencing ‘rich’ language at school.15. repetitive (adj.) = repetitious 重复的，啰唆的e.g.: It is not unusual for a book of 30 or more pages to have only one sentence full of repetitivephrases.→ repeat (v.) repetition (n.)15.redundant (adj.) 过剩的，多余的e.g.: The pictures make the language redundant.→ redundancy (n.)16.imagine (v.) 想象e.g.: The children have no need to imagine anything.→ imagination (n.)→ imaginable 可以想象的e.g.: every imaginable possibility→ imaginative 富于想象力的e.g.: She is an imaginative child.→ imaginary 假想的，虚构的e.g.: All characters in this book are imaginary.17. vulnerable (adj.) 脆弱的，易受影响的e.g.: The least intelligent are most vulnerable.→ vulnerability (n.)18. extend (v.) 伸展，延伸，延长e.g.: The response of educators has been to extend the use of pictures in books.→ extension (n.) extensive (adj.) 广大的，广阔的19.simplify (v.) 使简单，使精简e.g.: simplify the language→ simple (adj.) simplicity (n.) 简单，单纯，无知20.motivate (v.) 促使，激发，作为…的动机e.g.: Pictures are also used to help motivate children to read.→ motivation (n.)e.g.: Motivation to read should be provided by listening to stories well read.→ incentive (n.)21. creative (adj.) 创造性的，有创造力的e.g.: We present pictures to save children the trouble of developing these creative skills.→ create (v.) creation (n.)→inventive / ingenious22.detrimental (adj.) 伤害的e.g.: Experiments demonstrate how detrimental picture are for beginner readers.23. consistent (adj.) 一致的，始终如一的e.g.: The research results were clear and consistent.→ consistency (n.)→反义inconsistent24. superior (adj.) 高级的，优质的e.g.: A word without a picture was superior to a word plus a picture.25. assess (v.) 评估，确定，评价e.g.: They have difficulty assessing its meaning.→ evaluate26.detailed (adj.) 详细的e.g.: Pictures in books should be less detailed.→specific (adj.) 详细且精确的，特别的e.g.: Concerns for specific issues is lower than in1990.→ explicit (adj.) 明晰的，清楚的e.g.: explicit guidelines27. expose (v.) 揭露，暴露e.g.: They are exposed to modern teaching techniques.→ exposure (n.)28.adjust (vi.) 适应，(vt.) 调整e.g.: Older readers are having difficulty in adjusting to texts without pictures.29. differ (v.) 不同，相异e.g.: The decline of literacy is seen in groups of differing ages and abilities.Reading Passage 3IN SEARCH OF THE HOLY GRAIL1.humanity (n.) 人性，人类e.g.: This project should open up new understanding of the ailments that afflict humanity.2. autoimmune (adj.) 自体免疫的e.g.: autoimmune disease→ auto – : self→ automatic (adj.)自动的autonomy (n.) 自治，独立autonomous (adj.) 独立的，自治的3.objective (n.) 目标，目的（adj.）客观的e.g.: The objective of the project is easy to state.→ object (v.) 反对4.gene (n.) 基因→ genetic (adj.)e.g.: the genetic defect5.conception (n.) 观念，想法e.g.: The genetic inheritance a baby receives from its parents at the moment of conception fixes muchof its later development.→ conceive (v.)6. characteristic (n.) 特点(adj.) 典型的e.g.: The genetic inheritance determines characteristics as varied as whether it will have blue eyes.The protein gives blood its characteristic red color.7. give rise to 导致e.g.: An error in a single ‘word’ can give rise to the crippling condition of cystic fibrosis.→ contribute to8.disorder (n.) 紊乱e.g.: a genetic disorder9. fatal (adj.) 致命的e.g.: The majority of the defects are fatal.→ deadly / lethal 致命的10conventional (adj.) 传统的e.g.: in the conventional sense→ convention (n.)11. preprogram (v.) 预编程序e.g.: The defect is preprogrammed into every cell of the sufferer’s body.→ pre-: before→ pre-school education pre-historic pre-dispose 有…的倾向，易患…病12.identify (v.) 认出，认明，识别e.g.: American researchers identified the genetic defect.13. underlie (v.) 形成…的潜在原因e.g.: The genetic defect underlies one type of muscular dystrophy.14. transmit (v.) 发射，传送，传输e.g.: The parents might be at risk of transmitting a single gene defect to any children that they conceive.15. apply (vi.) 适用(vt.) 应用e.g.: The techniques could be applied to a larger project.→ application (n.)16. fundamental (adj.) 基础的，基本的e.g.: at the most fundamental level17. generate (v.) 发生，产生e.g.: the new knowledge generated by the project→ generation (n.) generator (n.)18. diverse (adj.) 各色各样的，形形色色的e.g.: diverse diseases→ diversity (n.)→ variety19. discrimination (n.) 歧视e.g.: It holds the threat of creating new forms of discrimination.→ discriminate (v.)→ prejudice20. interaction (n.) 互动e.g.: the interaction between genes and the environment21. implication (n.) 暗示，暗指e.g.: What would be the implications if humanity were to understand the genetic construction?22. overshadow (v.) 使…蒙上阴影e.g.: The mastery of the power of the atom has shaped the destiny of nations and overshadowed all ourlives.→over - : too much→ overdose overstaffed overestimate over-stimulate23.alter (v.) 改变e.g.: We may be able to alter our genetic inheritance.→ transform→ modify→ shift24.potential (n. adj.) 潜力，潜能，可能的e.g.: Such a potential is a premise and not a threat.25. component (n.) 组成部分，成分e.g.: All the components are to be recorded and studied.26. make up 构成e.g.: The components make up the DNA.27. inter-relation 相互关系，相互联系e.g.: The correct order and interrelation of all genetic data in all DNA will be mapped.28. offspring (n.) 儿女，子孙e.g.: Parents will no longer worry about giving birth to defective offspring.。
雅思口语part2词汇
雅思口语part2词汇雅思口语part2是关于个人经历或观点的描述题目，需要考生在2分钟内准备并展开自己的回答。
以下是一些在雅思口语part2中常用的词汇，供你参考：1. Experience（经历）:Memorable（难忘的）。
Exciting（令人兴奋的）。
Challenging（具有挑战性的）。
Inspiring（鼓舞人心的）。
Unforgettable（难以忘怀的）。
Life-changing（改变生活的）。
Impactful（有影响力的）。
Educational（有教育意义的）。
2. Travel（旅行）:Adventure（冒险）。
Explore（探索）。
Discover（发现）。
Culture（文化）。
Landscape（风景）。
Cuisine（美食）。
Sightseeing（观光）。
Relaxation（放松）。
3. Hobbies and Interests（爱好和兴趣）:Photography（摄影）。
Music（音乐）。
Sports（运动）。
Reading（阅读）。
Cooking（烹饪）。
Painting（绘画）。
Gardening（园艺）。
Dancing（跳舞）。
4. Education（教育）: School（学校）。
University（大学）。
Degree（学位）。
Major（专业）。
Knowledge（知识）。
Skills（技能）。
Research（研究）。
Graduation（毕业）。
5. Future Plans（未来计划）: Career（职业）。
Ambition（抱负）。
Goals（目标）。
Success（成功）。
Further Education（继续教育）。
Job Market（就业市场）。
Entrepreneurship（创业）。
Personal Development（个人发展）。
6. Technology（科技）:Internet（互联网）。
英语雅思术语翻译第二讲3
幻灯片1第二章术语翻译的原则、策略和方法Chapter TwoThe Principles 、Strategies & Methods of Terminology Translation幻灯片2第一节科技术语的翻译Section One The Translation ofScientific & Technological Terms●科技术语的构词特点● The Formation of of STT●科技术语翻译的原则● The Principles of Translating STT●科技术语翻译的策略和方法● The Strategies & Methods of Translating STT幻灯片3科技术语翻译的方法The Methods of Translating STT●科技术语翻译的异化和归化策略主要具体体现为以下方法：●“音译” Transliteration●“意译” Free translation /Liberal translation●“音意兼顾” Sound-meaning combination● translation●“形（象）译” Image translation幻灯片4科技术语翻译的方法The Methods of Translating STT1.“意译” Free /Liberal translation ：A.意译就是对原词所表达的具体事物和概念进行仔细推敲，以准确译出该词的科学概念。
幻灯片5科技术语翻译的方法The Methods of Translating STTB.意译就是根据原文术语的意思,运用汉语的构词要素,按照汉语的构词法则,译出相应的汉语术语。
它具有简洁、易记、见词明意之特点。
幻灯片6“意译” Liberal translation ●例如：● holography [hɒ'lɒgrəfɪ] 全息摄影术●astrionics [,æstrɪ'ɒnɪks] 宇航电子学●guided missile 导弹●aircraft carrier 航空母舰●Salt-former 卤素幻灯片7“意译” Liberal translation Exercises:1. air-conditioning unit2. insufficient power3. gear box4. frequency modulation5. earth’s gravitational field6. antibiotic幻灯片8“意译” Liberal translation1.空气调节装置2.电源不足3.齿轮箱；变速箱4.调频5.地球引力场6.抗生素幻灯片9“意译” Liberal translation7. input8.high technology9.Camera Recorder(Camcorder) ['kæmkɔːdə]10.Bulletin Board System( BBS)11. knowledge economy12.videophone幻灯片10“意译” Liberal translation7.输入8.高科技9.摄录机10.电子公告板11.知识经济12.可视电话幻灯片11“意译” Liberal translation13.Magnetic Levitation(Maglev) ['mæglev]14.foldback=fold+back15.downcast=down+cast16.droppage=drop+page)17.dyejigger=dye+jigger18.earphone=ear+phone幻灯片12“意译” Liberal translation13.磁悬浮列车14.返送（系统）15.下风井,通风坑16. 落下物17.卷染机18.耳机,听筒幻灯片13“意译” Liberal translation19.EBWR=experimental boiling waterreactor20.pugmill=pug+mill21.pullman=pull+man22.EBIC=electron-beam-inducedconductivity23.semiconductor=semi+conductor幻灯片14“意译” Liberal translation19.实验性沸水反应堆20.搅土机21.普尔门式火车卧车22.电子束感应电导率23.半导体幻灯片15“意译” Liberal translation24.semicircumference=semi+circumference [sɚ'kʌmfərəns]25.tricar=tri+car26.turnbutton=turn+button27.warhead=war+head28. cybernetics幻灯片16“意译” Liberal translation24.半圆周25.三轮汽车26.旋钮27.(实弹)弹头28.控制论幻灯片17“意译” Liberal translation29.noise suppressor30.noise elimination31.paper feed unit32.radarproof33.Black hole34.biological clock幻灯片18“意译” Liberal translation29. 消声器、噪声抑制器30. 消声31.输纸部件32.防雷达33.黑洞34.生物钟幻灯片19“意译” Liberal translation35.dew-point36.flow sheet37.heatwave38.hot-press39.software幻灯片20“意译” Liberal translation35.露点36.流程图37.热浪38.热压39.软件幻灯片21“意译” Liberal translation40.reflex arc [ɑːk]41.grey matter42.seed production43.available soil moisture44.microelectronics45.acid rain幻灯片22“意译” Liberal translation40.反射弧41.灰质42.良种繁育43.土壤有效水分44.微电子学45.酸雨幻灯片23“意译” Liberal translation46.white matter47.tympanitic [timpə‘nitik] cavity48.superconductivity49.underground fruiting of peanut50.evaluation of salt tolerance51.snow damage幻灯片24“意译” Liberal translation ● 46.白质● 47.鼓室● 48.超导性● 49.花生地下结实● 50.耐盐性鉴定● 51.雪害幻灯片25“意译” Liberal translation ●有三类科技术语常采用意译法：●● 1.合成词：由两个或两个以上旧词构成的复合词●skylab 太空实验室● friction factor 摩擦系数幻灯片26“意译” Liberal translation● 2.多义词：旧词转义，即通过赋予旧词以新义而构成新术语● bug 臭虫→窃听器computer 计算者→计算机幻灯片27“意译” Liberal translation● 3.派生词：在原有的词根上加前缀或后缀构成新术语● thermocouple 热电偶(测温元件)● voltmeter 电压表幻灯片28“意译” Liberal translation运用意译法翻译科技术语时,还可分别运用增词、减词、转换等技巧。
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幻灯片1第二章术语翻译的原则、策略和方法Chapter TwoThe Principles 、Strategies & Methods of Terminology Translation幻灯片2第一节科技术语的翻译The Translation ofScientific & Technological Terms●科技术语的构词特点● The Formation of of STT●科技术语翻译的原则● The Principles of Translating STT●科技术语翻译的策略和方法● The Strategies & Methods of Translating STT幻灯片3科技英语翻译的标准The Criteria of Translating EST●三大标准 Three Criteria●准确(Accurate)●简洁(Concise)规范(Normal)幻灯片4科技英语翻译的标准The Criteria of Translating EST●一要准确(Accurate)：●就是理解和表达科技内容，包括科技概念(尤其是科技术语)、语言形式、逻辑关系、符号公式、图表数字等要准确无误，要忠实于原文。
幻灯片5科技英语翻译的标准The Criteria of Translating EST●二要简洁(Concise)：就是用词、造句、行文要简洁明了精练通顺。
幻灯片6科技英语翻译的标准The Criteria of Translating EST●三要规范(normal)：就是语言、文字、术语、简称、符号、公式、语体、文章体例、计量单位等都要规范统一，符合有关国家标准和国际标准。
幻灯片7科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating STT科技术语的八种特征：1. 确切性（accuracy）2. 单义性（monosemy）3. 系统性（systematization）4. 语言的正确性（linguistically correct）5. 简明性（concisness）6. 理据性（motivation）7. 稳定性（stability）8. 能产性（productivity）幻灯片8科技术语的特征翻译合成科技术语时应处理好以下几方面的关系：1. 单义性与简明性例如中文里的简化科技术语：数控numerical control ，digital control。
在此情况下，应舍弃简明性而求单义性。
幻灯片9科技术语的特征2. 理据性与确切性翻译合成科技术语时，在不损害基本概念的前提下，可以增加一点理据色彩。
例如：machine tool 机床幻灯片10科技术语的特征3. 稳定性与能产性synchronous even pressure tamping system 同步稳压捣固系统。
non-synchronous even pressure tamping system 异步稳压捣固系统。
幻灯片11科技术语的特征4. 系统性与语言的正确性在正确把握原文的基础上，要遵循汉语本身的构词特点和构词规律。
还必须考虑到汉语的构词习惯，尤其是汉语词组的构成习惯。
例如：railway 铁路，铁道。
汉语翻译中，有铁道部、铁道兵、铁道学院等，也有铁路局、铁路医院等。
幻灯片12科技术语的特征5. 汉语特性与简洁性汉语偏爱使用偶数（pair characters）词和词组，尤其喜欢采用四字结构。
例如：bi-stable circuit→双稳态电路→双稳电路例外的情况：dog clutch 爪形离合器rubber-metal spring 橡胶-金属夹心弹簧幻灯片13科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating STT为了进一步规范科技术语，我国专门为术语的定名制定了原则，它包括“科技术语的单义性、科学性、系统性、稳定性、简明性、国际性、约定俗成性、见词明义性和中文特性等”，其中术语的单义性则被摆在了重要的位置。
幻灯片14科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating STT●第一、科学性原则比如石油工程名词中有个doghouse, 过去直译为“狗窝”, 不确切也不雅, 现在定名为“井场值班房”。
公路中的catwalk 曾称“猫道”, 现在翻译为“施工步道”。
这些都较好地体现了翻译工作中的科学性和“信、达、雅”原则。
幻灯片15科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating STT●第二、单义性原则一个术语只能表达一个概念, 反过来, 一个概念也只能有一个术语与之相对应。
1.如大气科学中的now casting 曾有“现时预报”、“现场预报”、“即日预报”、“短时预报”、“临近预报”等5 个译名, 现在统一翻译为"临近预报"。
幻灯片16科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating STT● 2.又如地理学中的over land flow 曾被翻译为“坡面水流”、“坡面漫流”、“陆面水流”、“地面径流”、“表面水流”等8 个词, 现在统一为“坡面流”。
幻灯片17科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating STT●第三、简明性原则Radio detecting ranging 意思是“无线电探测与定位”, 按英文词首radar 音译定名为“雷达”。
Long range and tactical navigation system 全称是“远程战术导弹系统”, 现按其缩写词LORTAN 音译定名为“罗坦系统”。
幻灯片18科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating STT●第四、习惯性原则（约定俗成性）1.如英文robot 定名为“机器人”是不准确的, 其本质不是“人”而是“机器”, 称其为“拟人机”或“智能机”更确切。
但是考虑到社会上已普遍接受“机器人”这个称呼, 就约定俗成, 不再改称, 以免引起新的混乱。
幻灯片19科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating STT●如遇约定俗成的情况, 可在定名时采取变通的办法, 使旧术语向新术语逐步过渡。
2.如计算机术语menu 已约定俗成为“菜单”, 从其功能上分析定为“选单”更为科学。
考虑到其习惯性, 公布规范术语时, 确定为“选单”, 而将“菜单”作为“俗称”( 不推荐使用的术语) 。
等到社会承认“选单”后, 再废止“菜单”的使用。
幻灯片20科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating STT●第五、系统性原则Highway、expressway、freeway过去都译为“高速公路”, 现在分别译为“公路”、“快速路”、“高速公路”。
幻灯片21科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating STT●第六、协调性原则如probability 这一概念, 在数学中定名为“概率”, 而在物理学及其他学科中, 过去多翻译为“几率”或“或然率”。
其实“概率”、“几率”、“或然率”说的都是一回事。
现在统一按其主学科数学定名为“概率”。
幻灯片22科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating STT●第七、中文特性原则1. 如物理学名词damping 的汉译过程中, 有译为“减幅”、“阻迟”等说, 均欠贴切。
物理学家杨肇宁先生偶发奇想, 得“尼”字有“逐步减阻”之意, 遂译为“阻尼”, 应用巧妙得体, 沿用至今。
幻灯片23科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating STT2.又如mirage 一词表示“一种与大气温度分布有关的反常大气折射光现象”, 由于中国早有“海市蜃楼”之说, 故定名为“蜃景”。
幻灯片24科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating STT●第八、国际性原则●如采用“原文音+义”的方法, 把AIDS（Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome）翻译成“艾滋病”; 采用音译的方法, 把clone 翻译成“克隆”等, 这样便于在国际交往中对等互译。
幻灯片25科技术语翻译的原则The Principles of Translating科技术语翻译的单义性原则（Monosemy of Translating STT)幻灯片26科技术语翻译中单义性缺失现象1.在 IT 术语中，virtual reality ( 虚拟现实) 一词在中文里至少有 10 种对应词，如:“灵境、临境、虚拟实境、虚拟现实、虚境、拟真、拟实、幻真、电象、犹真现实”。
幻灯片27科技术语翻译中单义性缺失现象2.在军事术语中，西方一种防空导弹 stinger(毒刺)，竟有“斯汀”、“针刺”、“刺针”、“毒刺”、“痛击”、“霹雳火”等多种译名。
幻灯片28科技术语翻译中单义性缺失现象3.在医药术语中，用于预防和持久治疗心绞痛的英语术语Isosorbide Mononitrate，本名为单硝酸异山梨酯，被医药生产商译为“伊贝特、德明、艾司莫、异乐定、艾迪莫尼、依母多、欣康、晋新泰、莫诺美地、臣功再佳、力唯、山苏、舒比莱特、丹佐、依索曼、丽珠欣乐、千新、诺可达、格芬达、鲁南新康”等名称。
幻灯片29实现术语单义性的途径一、置身语境，明辨词义英国语言学家弗思 ( J. R. Firth) 认为:“每个词用在一个新的语境中就是一个新词。
”语境对词义的确定有着决定性作用，离开了语境，词义就无法明确。
幻灯片30实现术语单义性的途径●pound 在语境之外时，既可以表重量单位，又可以表货币量单位，还可以表药品量单位，也可以表金银量单位。
●subject 在语境之外时，除了有“科目、课程、学科、对象、主题”等外，还可以作语法术语理解，也可以作医学术语、解剖学术语、哲学术语、逻辑学术语以及医学实验术语。
幻灯片31实现术语单义性的途径二、去伪存真，统一译名规范术语，力求其单义性、标准性、规范性及统一性，避免模糊性或故弄玄虚。
幻灯片32实现术语单义性的途径●2003 年，专家钟南山院士-- “非典型性肺炎”( 简称“非典”) 。
●国外专家-- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ( 严重急性呼吸道综合症) ，简称SARS ( 萨斯) 。
●我国官方媒体 --“非典”和 SARS---最终采用了国际上公认的 SARS 一词，以确保这一术语的单义性。
幻灯片33实现术语单义性的途径三、遵循标准，求同存异在翻译同义术语时，须遵循术语翻译标准，把源语术语中的同义术语当做一个整体，不要考虑其表面形式的不同，主要考虑其涵义的共同性，然后根据源语涵义译出与之对应的译入语术语，从而实现翻译术语的单义性。