jude the obscure无名的裘德
二元对立与_无名的裘德_张维娜
0 引言
《无 名 的 裘 德 》 是 英 国 批 判 现 实 主 义 作 家 托 马 斯·哈 代 的 一 部 力 作，也是作者小说创作的“封笔”之作。 小说以裘德为代表的贫苦人民 受社会环境影响和制约的不幸遭遇为线索，深刻反映了不平等的法律 和教育体制下的社会悲剧，猛烈抨击了维多利亚时代虚伪的道德和价 值观。 在小说中，社会“环境”与个人“性格”的尖锐矛盾贯穿了主人公 艺术形象和悲剧命运发展的整个历程，确立了二元对立的内在结构。
【关键词】哈代；《无名的裘德》；二元对立；结构主义；冲突 Binary Oppositions and Jude the Obscure ZHANG Wei-na
(The English Department of The Foreign Languages School , Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu Anhui, 233000) 【Abstract】Binary oppositions exist substantially in literary works and binarism has become a very important means in literary criticism. In Jude the Obscure, Hardy employs several pairs of binary oppositions to enhance its artistic values. This thesis, starts from the principle of structural linguistics, and by analyzing the various pairs of opposing elements, arrives at the conclusion that the employment of binary oppositions successfully discloses the conflicts between the characters and the environment, uncovers the theme and intensifies the tragedy. 【Key words】Hardy; Jude the Obscure; Binary oppositions; Structuralism; Conflicts
全英文读书报告《无名的裘德》
Reading Report on Jude the ObscureI. Author: Thomas Hardy1. His LifeThomas Hardy, (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) is an English poet and regional novelist, whose works depict the county "Wessex", named after the ancient kingdom of Alfred the Great. Hardy's career as writer spanned over fifty years. His earliest books appeared when Anthony Trollope (1815-82) wrote his Palliser series, and he published poetry in the decade of T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land. Hardy's work reflected his stoical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life.Hardy was born in Upper Bockhampton, a hamlet in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England in 1840. His father Thomas worked as a stonemason and local builder. His mother Jemima was well-read. She educated Thomas until he went to his first school at Bockhampton at age eight. For several years he attended Mr. Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen in Dorchester. Here he learned Latin and demonstrated academic potential. However, a family of Hardy's social position lacked the means for a university education, and his formal education ended at the age of sixteen when he became apprenticed to James Hicks, a local architect. Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862; there he enrolled as a student at King's College, London. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. Hardy never felt at home in London. He was acutely conscious of class divisions and his social inferiority. However, he was interested in social reform and was familiar with the works of John Stuart Mill. He was also introduced to the works of Charles Fourier and Auguste Comte during this period by his Dorset friend, Horace Moule. Five years later, concerned about his health, he returned to Dorset and decided to dedicate himself to writing.While on an architectural mission to restore the parish church of St Juliot in Cornwall, Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Lavinia Gifford, whom he married in 1874. Although he later became estranged from his son her death in 1912 had a traumatic effect on him. After her death, Hardy made a trip to Cornwall to revisit places linked with their courtship, and his Poems 1912–13 reflect upon her death. In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior. However, he remained preoccupied with his first wife's death and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry.Hardy became ill with pleurisy in December 1927 and died at Max Gate just after 9 pm on 11 January 1928, having dictated his final poem to his wife on his deathbed; the cause of death was cited, on his death certificate, as "cardiac syncope", with "old age" given as a contributory factor. His funeral was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, and it proved a controversial occasion because Hardy and his family and friends had wished for his body to be interred at Stinsford in the same grave as his first wife, Emma. However, his executor, Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that he be placed in the abbey's famous Poets' Corner. A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma, and his ashes in Poets' Corner.Shortly after Hardy's death, the executors of his estate burnt his letters and notebooks. Twelve records survived, one of them containing notes and extracts of newspaper stories from the 1820s. Research into these provided insight into how Hardy kept track of them and how he used them in his later work. In the year of his death Mrs. Hardy published The Early Life of Thomas Hardy,1841–1891: compiled largely from contemporary notes, letters, diaries, and biographical memoranda, as well as from oral information in conversations extending over many years.Grave of Thomas Hardy's heart at Stinsford parish churchHardy's work was admired by many writers of a younger generation including D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf. In his autobiography Goodbye to All That, Robert Graves recalls meeting Hardy in Dorset in the early 1920s, and Hardy received him and his new wife warmly, and was encouraging about his work.Hardy's cottage at Bockhampton and Max Gate in Dorchester are owned by the National Trust.Thomas Hardy was bestowed many honors during his lifetime, including being nominated President of the Society of Authors in 1909; the Order of Merit from King George V in 1910; the Gold Medal from the Royal Society of Literature in 1912; an honorary degree from Cambridge University, and an honorary fellowship of Magdalene College, Cambridge.2. His Literary ThemesHardy‟s witness of the change of the Victorian society made his later works seem to be more desperate too. Life after 1870s in England became drastically different with drastic changes in mood and tenor. Science and industrialization went hand in full swing, the nation was heading to the phase of aggressive and barbaric capitalism, and millions of people found themselves struggling for mere existence. Factories straggled across the country; farms went bankrupt; and huge numbers of the poor landed in city slums. The world became increasingly more amoral. Man was no longer a free ethical being in face of the forces out of his control. He was manipulated by fate and destiny and chances, and there was nothing he could do about it. The mood of frustration, despair, and pessimism hanged over the nation, and the age of Emile Zola‟s naturalism had arrived. Although Hardy did not embrace Zola‟s naturalistic aesthetic, he was apparently affected; the spirit of determinism characteristic of the naturalistic works of the period permeated his later novels as well. Hence in this aspect and more, Hardy anticipated the coming of the modern novel in his country.Hardy criticizes certain social constraints that hindered the lives of those living in the 19th century. Considered a Victorian Realist writer, Hardy examines the social constraints that are part of the Victorian status quo, suggesting these rules hinder the lives of all involved and ultimately lead to unhappiness. In Two on a Tower, Hardy seeks to take a stand against these rules and sets up a story against the backdrop of social structure by creating a story of love that crosses the boundaries of class. The reader is forced to consider disposing of the conventions set up for love. Nineteenth-century society enforces these conventions, and societal pressure ensures conformity. Swithin St Cleeve's idealism pits him against contemporary social constraints. He is a self-willed individual set up against the coercive strictures of social rules and mores.Hardy‟s characters often enco unter crossroads, which are symbolic of a point of opportunity and transition. But the hand of fate is an important part of many of Hardy's plots. Far From the Madding Crowd tells a tale of lives that are constructed by chance. “Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, had Fanny not missed her wedding, for example, the story would have taken an entirely different path.”[9] Hardy's main characters often seem to be in the overwhelming and overpowering grip of fate.3. His WorksNovels of Character and Environment:The Poor Man and the Lady (1867, unpublished and lost)Under the Greenwood Tree (1872)Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)The Return of the Native (1878)The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)The Woodlanders (1887)Wessex Tales (1888, a collection of short stories)Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891)Life's Little Ironies (1894, a collection of short stories)Jude the Obscure (1895)Romances and Fantasies:A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873)The Trumpet-Major (1880)Two on a Tower (1882)A Group of Noble Dames (1891, a collection of short stories)The Well-Beloved (1897) (first published as a serial from 1892)Novels of IngenuityDesperate Remedies (1871)The Hand of Ethelberta (1876)A Laodicean (1881)Hardy also produced a number of minor tales and a collaborative novel, The Spectre of the Real (1894). An additional short-story collection, beyond the ones mentioned above, is A Changed Man and Other Tales (1913). His works have been collected as the 24-volume Wessex Edition (1912–13) and the 37-volume Mellstock Edition (1919–20). His largely self-written biography appears under his second wife's name in two volumes from 1928–30, as The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–91 and The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928, now published in a critical one-volume edition as The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy, edited by Michael Millgate (1984).Short Stories (with date of first publication):"How I Built Myself A House" (1865)"Destiny and a Blue Cloak" (1874)"The Thieves Who Couldn't Stop Sneezing" (1877)"The Duchess of Hamptonshire" (1878)"The Distracted Preacher" (1879)"Fellow-Townsmen" (1880)"The Honourable Laura" (1881)"What The Shepherd Saw" (1881)"A Tradition of Eighteen Hundred and Four" (1882)"The Three Strangers" (1883)"The Romantic Adventures Of A Milkmaid" (1883)"Interlopers At The Knap" (1884)"A Mere Interlude" (1885)"A Tryst At An Ancient Earthwork" (1885)"Alicia's Diary" (1887)"The Waiting Supper" (1887–88)"The Withered Arm" (1888)"A Tragedy Of Two Ambitions" (1888)"The First Countess of Wessex" (1889)"Anna, Lady Baxby" (1890)"The Lady Icenway" (1890)"Lady Mottisfont" (1890)"The Lady Penelope" (1890)"The Marchioness of Stonehenge" (1890)"Squire Petrick's Lady" (1890)"Barbara of the House of Grebe" (1890)"The Melancholy Hussar of The German Legion" (1890) "Absent-Mindedness in a Parish Choir" (1891)"The Winters And The Palmleys" (1891)"For Conscience' Sake" (1891)"Incident in Mr. Crookhill's Life"(1891)"The Doctor's Legend" (1891)"Andrey Satchel and the Parson and Clerk" (1891)"The History of the Hardcomes" (1891)"Netty Sargent's Copyhold" (1891)"On The Western Circuit" (1891)"A Few Crusted Characters: Introduction" (1891)"The Superstitious Man's Story" (1891)"Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver" (1891)"To Please His Wife" (1891)"The Son's Veto" (1891)"Old Andrey's Experience as a Musician" (1891)"Our Exploits At West Poley" (1892–93)"Master John Horseleigh, Knight" (1893)"The Fiddler of the Reels" (1893)"An Imaginative Woman" (1894)"The Spectre of the Real" (1894)"A Committee-Man of 'The Terror'" (1896)"The Duke's Reappearance" (1896)"The Grave By The Handpost" (1897)"A Changed Man" (1900)"Enter a Dragoon" (1900)"Blue Jimmy: The Horse Stealer" (1911)"Old Mrs. Chundle" (1929)"The Unconquerable"(1992)Poetry Collections:The Photograph (1890)Wessex Poems and Other Verses (1898)Poems of the Past and Present (1901)The Man He Killed (1902)Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses (1909)The V oice (1912)Satires of Circumstance (1914)Moments of Vision (1917)Collected Poems (1919)Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses (1923)Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles (1925)Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres (1928)The Complete Poems (Macmillan, 1976)Selected Poems (Edited by Harry Thomas, Penguin, 1993)Hardy: Poems (Everyman's Library Pocket Poets, 1995)Thomas Hardy: Selected Poetry and Nonfictional Prose (St. Martin's Press, 1996)Selected Poems (Edited by Robert Mezey, Penguin, 1998)Thomas Hardy: The Complete Poems (Edited by James Gibson, Palgrave, 2001)[edit] DramaThe Dynasts (verse drama)The Dynasts, Part 1 (1904)The Dynasts, Part 2 (1906)The Dynasts, Part 3 (1908)The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse (1923) (one-act play)II. The Novel Jude the ObscureJude the Obscure, published in 1895, met with overwhelming negative outcries from the Victorian public for its frank treatment of sex, and was often referred to as "Jude the Obscene". Heavily criticized for its apparent attack on the institution of marriage through the presentation of such concepts as erotolepsy (erotolepsy is a term first used by English author Thomas Hardy in his 1895 novel Jude the Obscure to describe a passionate sensual desire and longing which is more violent and urgently felt than erotomania(色情狂). It has been variously described as "love-seizure" and "sexual recklessness". The term has since made its way into more widespread common parlance, being used by such writers as American poet Susan Mitchell in her 2001 poetry collection Erotikon), the book caused further strain on Hardy's already difficult marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that Jude the Obscure would be read as autobiographical. Some booksellers sold the novel in brown paper bags, and the Bishop of Wakefield is reputed to have burnt his copy. In his postscript of 1912, Hardy humorously referred to this incident as part of the career of the book: "After these [hostile] verdicts from the press its next misfortune was to be burnt by a bishop – probably in his despair at not being able to burn me".In Jude the Obscure, Thomas Hardy presents the characters Jude Fawley and Sue Bridehead who violate the conventions of the repressive Victorian society while attempting to follow their natural instincts. Their journey of pursuing true love has never been joyful under the pressure from the Victorian society, especially when Jude is a romantic and lower-class man who is ambitious to enter university and Sue is a so educated and wise woman. Just before they got to know clearly the love between each other, both of them had paid their marriage or freedom forpublic pressure----Jude had to marry Arabella for his first curiosity of woman and that resulted in a unhappy marriage; Sue had to promise Phillotson that she would marry him after she finished the teaching work Phillotson introduced to her. However, both of them cannot live such boring life. Finally Jude, being rejected by his dream of entering university, ran away with Sue and could at least live with his love. Though both of them were kind of suffering the pain of escaping or abandoning their former marriage, they had a relatively happy life and had two children of their own and one eldest kid from Arabella and Jude who was very peculiar and nicknamed …Father Time‟. At this time, though the family did everything to get better off, gossips always haunted them, which made Sue grow more and more depressed and doubt whether she made the wrong choice. Unfortunately, her painful words were heard by Father Time, and he thought all these sorrow and pain in life was caused by the three kids. Thus he killed the other two children and committed suicide. The huge grief of losing three kids made Sue so desperate that she turned to be another totally different woman all of sudden. She began to believe in those creeds she ever scorned and started to pray all the time in the church and considered only her former formal marriage in church to be the only accepted sacred marriage. Thus finally she went back to Phillotson as an atonement of her …crime‟, leaving Jude in frustration and hopelessness. Till the end, Jude not only did not realize his university dream, but also failed to make his true love survive in cruel Victorian society.Every reader should recognize that the failure of realizing a dream or having romantic love could never be the only thing Hardy wants to tell them. The themes of the novel consist of enormous issues, such as the struggle of the lower class people, reveal and critique of traditional Victorian values, and the struggle of female consciousness and so on. This reading report is aimed to analyze the three themes mentioned, mainly focused on the last one and taking Sue as the example.Firstly, in this novel, Jude stands for many other lower class people who were born to be poor and had to work hard to make a living. Even though Victorian Age in people eyes seems to be full of gold and luxury, what cannot be ignored is the more and more furious contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the working class. Workers have to work very hard to survive, not to mention realizing dreams. In this case, readers will never think of that in real life an ordinary worker would struggle to seize every opportunity to study on his own, dreaming one day he could go to university just like those noble students. That is what mostly makes Jude so peculiar and lovely in readers‟eyes. His persistent longing to being a university student and all his seemingly silly efforts for that has touched many readers‟ heart. Furthermore, his desperate love also arises much contemplation. When a man meets his true love, should he rushes to catch it disregarding anything else, especially when he was nobody? Actually the reason why readers conclude Jude is so special is that in real life few people pay a little attention to those common and obscure workers around them. Every worker must have their dreams just like Jude, dreams of having better life. Every worker must have their love just like Jude, love they think they could never leave behind. Both these workers and Jude live their life as every other higher class people do, only harder and tougher. But Jude in the novel Hardy depicts to readers still has something special----Jude seeks for knowledge, and entering university is a good approach. This kind of dream makes readers more surprised and more sensitive about Jude‟s experience. Thus Jude‟s similarity with other workers and his peculiarity as a seeker of education form a tension and exaggeration which lead readers to penetrate workers‟ both life and mind problems. As a result,it is a little one-sided to consider the novel as a song of failure of one man, instead taking Jude in a background where though workers have been exhausted to make a living in a very tough environment, they still have dreams and also exert all their energies to try to finish it. However, Jude does not realize his dream. Though his dream itself seems to be romantic and unpractical, the workers‟ struggle will not end for some time.Secondly, readers could easily find many Victorian values broken in this novel in not only the character‟s behaviors and words but also Hardy‟s description of sex. Generally speaking, the whole Victorian Age is a period when light and darkness, grace and dirty, saint and evil coexist with each other. What people and the society accept and praise at that time is always the good side, even if all the people are doing bad things simultaneously. Reason, moral integrity and self-restrainment become people‟s creed and at the same time the suppression of human and freedom. What is most emphasized is that marriage is sacred and couples should not have sex before they get married. However, in this background, Hardy tells readers a fresh story. The hero and heroine should abandon their respective lawful marriage and live together unmarried in church and have two children. No doubt that more and more gossips appear and linger on. And over once Hardy describes the sex boldly (in Victorian Age women should not be seen any piece of skin from head to toe). Thus it is imaginable that Jude the Obscure must be an atomic bomb at that time. However, modern readers should believe that what Jude and Sue do is not wrong and they just want to pursue the true love. What stop them are the society and the traditional value system. Even only the heroine, Sue, is a rather educated woman with wisdom. Her bold contact with a college man, her scorn toward those traditional creed and her bravery to run away with Jude, show that her mind goes far more advanced than other people, even than Jude. Nevertheless, in the end Jude and Sue‟s marriage gets broken like a bubble, Jude loses his ambition and his love and dies lonely and desperately, and Sue go away from her love and suffers the spiritual pain. At the ultimate moment, the particular couple cannot go through the pressure of the traditional values and morality.Thirdly, compared to Jude, Sue, as an smart enough woman, shows more spiritual conflict and arouses more controversy and readers‟ rethinking about women at that time. Just as what is mentioned in last paragraph, women in Victorian Age are both respected and despised. In life they should cover themselves up to teeth for protection but one man could buy any thirteen-year-old girl by 3 pounds. Women have no right to make big decisions at home and are considered by men to be the attachment to men. Women from higher class are treated like a vase, and those from lower should go out to work. Even the greatest politician at that time thinks that the vote right can destroy women‟s purity. Patriarchy is the dominant force. All these lead to many unsatisfied responses from women. Women's suffrage movement began in 1872in the United Kingdom unquestionably. As a tide-chasing writer, Hardy is deeply influenced by it. Not only in Jude the Obscure, but in his many other works can readers find his attention toward and remarkable description of women. Sue, a fresh female figure Hardy depicts, not only reads many books but also has wise brain. She looks down on those religion creeds, believes that marriage is just used to be shown to others to prove love and she never thinks that man is superior to woman so that she ever makes friends with a university student for a long time but when the schoolboy show his love to her, she thinks that is not actually what she wants and leaves him. Even when she finally lives together with Jude, she still refuses Jude‟s suggestion that they get married in church. Her passion and honesty in love, in her opinion, does not need to be proved withmarriage, or the cage of marriage could only make her love fade. Such a new female in Hardy‟s novel indeed reflects the females‟ situation at late nineteenth century: women were no longer the embodiment of innocence and obedience but became a new knowledgeable force against the patriarch society. They began to know the world and fought for themselves for freedom and rights. Sue is an example of them. She is undoubtedly learned, which astonishes Jude, and her words and behaviors show her reversal of the established rules at that time. However, she pays a lot for these so that she falls into endless guilty and identity crisis. Her faith changes and she turns to be a devout believer. She not only abandons her love, her passion but also her all definition of her life. Equality, freedom and true love have been cast away and are replaced by religion, atonement, obedience, self-restrainment dominating her later life. From here, it can be considered that Hardy could not offer a right way for women to fight a way out or he also cannot totally put women on the equal position with men. Thus Sue, and Arabella who manages to get everything she wants by any means, the two women, do not achieve real freedom and become the sacrifice of abnormal society under the pressure of traditional values in the end.。
世界名著《无名的裘德》介绍
《无名的裘德》是英国作家托马斯·哈代的一部长篇小说，被誉为19世纪英国文学的巅峰之作。
全书共分三部分，讲述了一个关于爱情、梦想和命运的故事。
这部小说不仅展示了哈代深刻的人性洞察力，也反映了19世纪英国社会的复杂现实。
故事的开端，年轻的主人公裘德·范立在多塞特郡的一个小镇上出生。
他的父亲是一个石匠，母亲则是一个普通的女子。
然而，裘德的命运并不平凡。
在他出生后不久，父亲就因为家族的恩怨而被迫离开家乡，带着裘德四处流浪。
在这个过程中，裘德经历了无数的冒险和挑战。
他曾在海上遭遇风暴，被海盗劫持；他曾在战场上英勇杀敌，成为英雄；他曾在巴黎的宫廷里追求爱情，却最终失去了自己的爱人。
这些经历让裘德逐渐成长为一个勇敢、聪明、狡猾的年轻人。
在这个过程中，哈代通过对人物的描绘，展现了人性的复杂和多样。
他让我们看到了欲望、信仰、理性和疯狂之间的斗争，也让我们看到了人类在面对命运时的无奈和挣扎。
这部作品不仅具有很高的文学价值，也具有很强的现实意义。
它让我们思考人类的道德、信仰和社会，也让我们反思自己的生活和命运。
总的来说，《无名的裘德》是一部震撼人心的文学巨著，它以其独特的艺术风格和深刻的思想内涵，成为了世界文学史上的一部分。
这部小说不仅让我们感受到了文学的魅力，也让我们对人生有了更深刻的理解和感悟。
《无名的裘德》的故事背景设定在一个充满矛盾和冲突的时代。
在这个时代，人类面临着生存的困境，他们渴望自由和解放，却又无法摆脱社会和家庭的压力。
哈代通过对人物的描绘，展现了这个时期人类面临的生存困境。
首先，哈代展示了当时人类的生存压力。
在小说中，裘德为了生存，不得不四处流浪，历经磨难。
这种压力让他感到窒息和绝望，最终导致了他的崩溃。
其次，哈代揭示了当时人类的精神困境。
在小说中，裘德在经历了无数的冒险和挑战之后，逐渐认识到自己的渺小和无力。
他开始反思自己的过去和现在，试图寻找生命的意义和价值。
这种现象反映了当时人类精神的空虚和迷茫。
无名的裘德
" the Obscure of Jude " is the most outstanding works of Hardy, one of Hardy claimed to write "body and soul of life and death struggle." The novel describes the sorrowful tone of rural life, young Jude's tragedy.. Shu intelligent heroine beauty, more importantly, an independent personality and thinking, rigid contempt for secular and religious, but her love with Jude, but not for the church, despised by the secular. Jude aspirations do not pay, job no way, nowhere borrow, despair, his eldest son, together with the weak sister younger brother hanged. Shu befell the unfortunate incident, the final yield to destiny and the church, left the love of Jude, free thinking, independent personality have all been destroyed. Jude the day drunken, Yu Yucheng disease, in thirty years that swallowed their anger and eventually died."Jude the Obscure" is a longer time span. Story of the beginning, the hero is only eleven years old, orphaned, poor lonely but sentimental, but young minds have been deeply buried in the quest for upward mobility Hongzhi big wish. When he first bakery for the village servant, after the apprentice mason, while in hard labor, and explore the self, eliminate obstacles, came to him as the knowledge of Christ Temple in the Holy Land (Oxford, mapping), but only in the body of mason a long time wandering in institutions of higher education outside the gate mansions Shen Yuan, Fu session thirty, their dreams and who are dead. This statement Jude experience, the British half of the nineteenth century the increasing popularity of rural education after generation of young workers have the knowledge to change their status map shadow. Shu as his father's footsteps and trained craftsmen icon of the young woman teacher education, social status and Jude similar. But as a woman, her thoughts words and deeds reflect the time the UK has more Beginning of the feminist movement, and in temperament, she is more acceptable than some of Jude and more sensitive to radical new ideas; Johnson, one chip to resist the evil forces of the brave persistence. In real life, this type of young men and women, through self-struggle, has had no shortage of success cases, but the end is rare; Under normal circumstances, is always conditioned by the society at that time, but painful even to pay a high price, but also difficult to do so eventually. Hardy to his self-styled "sincere school" attitude of the novelist, the shape of the loser, which itself has a social critique of the efforts.撤消修改Hardy's work reflects the rural town of capitalism after the British invasion caused by socio-economic, political, moral, customs and other aspects of the profound changes and people (especially women) of the tragic fate of the bourgeoisie revealed the ethical, legal and religious hypocrisy of. Connecting link between his work, while carrying on the fine British tradition of critical realism, but also for the 20th century English literature opened up the road.I believe that, in addition to the above other than the hero and heroine of their religion seems to better reflect the evolution and dislocation creation of the author's intent: to reflect individual circumstances at the time of struggle and social difficulties, is stillsuffering after the failure of the unfortunate fate. In this paper, Jude and Shu point of the respective religious conversion, re-examine "Jude the Obscure", pointed out that the cause of the tragedy of life for many reasons, the influence of religion is undoubtedly very important, especially in the religious hero and heroine the dislocation, exacerbated by the formation of the tragedy. First, Jude is a spiritual world Qiude Fan endowment established excellent, honest and kind-hearted, ambitious young people in rural areas. Parents died, he came from Mailer's Village Glen and old regardless of his wife Mary live together. Cost of labor in the rural teacher Richard Sun guidance, hard work, there作者：托马斯·哈代初版地点和时间：英国，1895年；美国，1895年初版者：Osgood ,McIlvaine; Harper文学形式：小说内容提要《无名的裘德》讲述的是一个由于私欲膨胀而对名誉和声望充满野心和欲望的人——裘德·福雷的故事。
裘德悲惨命运
题目裘德悲惨命运的根源探究来源自拟题目1、研究目的和意义《无名的裘德》是哈代继《德伯家的苔丝》后又一部长篇小说，同时也是哈代最受争议的一部作品。
小说以孤儿裘德的求学受挫，最终未能担任神职，郁闷而死为主线，以裘德和其表亲淑的爱情悲剧为副线。
该作品批判维多利亚时代中后期社会的黑暗、落后与压抑，同时多视角的描述了个人与社会这个大环境的紧张关系。
本课题的研究目的在于通过小说的主人公与事件、偶然与巧合、悬念与猜测来分析小说的悲剧效果，同时通过对小说中的环境分析与人物的心理分析来探索悲剧形成的原因。
本课题将结合悲剧理论和心理分析、新历史主义、存在主义来着重展现由于人的性格和社会环境的冲突所导致的人类思维层面的变化以及人类面对困难所体现的决不妥协的纯朴性情。
裘德的悲剧折射出的社会现实的残酷性以及小人物的斗争精神深深地震撼了读者，同时诠释了哈代本人对悲剧人物的定义。
2、国内外发展情况(文献综述)国外对《无名的裘德》的研究现状：作为托马斯·哈代的最后一部长篇小说，《无名的裘德》一出版就受到了猛烈地攻击。
有的评论家把这部小说更名为“淫秽的裘德”，谴责哈代背离现实，宣布这部小说破坏家庭稳定、动摇宗教基础，是一部不道德的教科书。
威尔菲尔大主教把《无名的裘德》逐出教门，并且把小说当众焚毁。
更有甚者将此书焚烧后的灰寄给哈代，以示“抗议”，因此英国许多图书馆禁止这部小说外借，就连哈代的妻子爱玛也认为《无名的裘德》“不洁净”、“不道德”，造成两人矛盾深化。
《纽约世界》的一位女评论家悲痛地写到：“托马斯·哈代到底怎么的啦？……我为部作品震动和惊恐! ……这恐怕是我所读过的最坏的一本书……除了不道德之外,还非常地粗暴……当我读完以后,我打开窗户,使屋内换换空气……”对此，哈代坚定答到：“《无名的裘德》比我所写的另外任何一本书都可以巩固道德……”然而令世人惊讶与不解的是赢得小说创作辉煌成就的哈代，在完成引起巨大争议的长篇小说《无名的裘德》后毅然辍笔小说创作，而将写作兴趣完全转向了诗歌。
无名的裘德读书报告(英文版)
The Book Report of Jude the ObscureJude the Obscure is one of the most famous novels in Victorian age written by Tomas Hardy, which has withstood the test of time. It is also the last of Tomas Hardy's tragic novels. When I first read this book, I was deeply touched by the anfractuous characters, plots and space-time structure of this masterpiece.This is a story full of tragedies. Jude Fawley is a young Wessex villager who has intellectual aspirations but had no chance to be admitted to a university all through his life. Heroine Sue is a beautiful woman with independent personality and thoughts. She looked down upon the secular and rigid religions. They fall in love with each other for their similar interests. But under the double pressure of poverty and social disapproval, their relationship deteriorates and tragedy overtakes them. Jude has no way to support his family and trapped into a dilemma. At the same time, Jude's eldest child by Arabella hangs Jude and Sue's two children. Sue was distressed by this reality, eventually succumbed to the fate and the church, left Jude and returned to Phillotson. After that, Jude begins to drink heavily and dies miserably soon after under the age of thirty. This is the main plot of the novel. When I finished reading this book, hardly can I believe in such pure love between Jude and Sue.What caused the tragedy of Jude at that period? Of course, it was because of his poverty, low status that led him no way to escape from the lowest depths of the actual social world. Jude failed in his career as well as his marriage. So Jude suffered a double blow. The novel devotes too much space to discuss the relationship between love and marriage. Generally speaking, if one has deep feelings to his spouse, they will have a perfect marriage undoubtedly. However, in Victorian age, it is not a truth in real life. It also involved with the limitation and affection of the social customs and values. Jude first lived with Arabella and then lived with Sue, while the two women has distinct personalities. Arabella is a practical woman with strong desire. In terms of personality, she is not suitable for Jude and the gap between them is enormous. While for the lack of possessiveness, Jude had sex with Arabella, and later, Arabella cheats him that she was pregnant, Jude had no choice but to got married with her. Thereupon, they started their tragic marriage with no love. Arabella doesn't care that they have love or not, what she cares is that whether it is useful for her. Once she knows that one cannot bring benefits to her, she can leave at any time. It is no wonder that she left Jude and went abroad to marry another man later. And at last, she went out of her way to let remarried with her. This is the image of Arabella.However, Sue is utterly different from Arabella, but her personality has changed a lot by suffering a lot of hard times. Previously, Sue is a well-educated, intelligent and independent girl. She has brave rebellion to the old traditional customs. For instance, she brings that little statue to her room which is not accepted by the social life then. In addition, she interacts with Jude openly regardless of the objections of school. She is so unique that Jude praised her a progressive female with V oltaire spirits. And it's a good summary for her. Nevertheless, she is not strong and powerful enough as well as Jude to struggle against the traditional Victorian values. She suffered blows one by one. Firstly, she was confined to prison by the school becauseshe escaped from her room to make appointments Jude. Then she left Phillotson and eloped with Jude to pursue her own happiness. However, she still cannot live happily with Jude ever after. She believed that all the tragedies were the punishments by God, they cannot get rid of the shackles and obstacles of fates. Both of them become the victims of the old traditions.Although in this novel, a lot of space is devoted to describing the matter of love and marriage. What is the true essence of the two notions? How to deal with the relationship between them? Is there true love in the world? These are all the matters discussed by people in all ages. While in the Victorian age, the true love between Jude and Sue is defeated by the conventions of the repressive society. At that time, people believed that it is illegal to live together before one get married with another, so Jude and Sue have trouble in finding jobs and renting house. They were so severely judged by the secular society. But now, without any trouble, we can pursue our own happiness and life patterns. And I am firmly believed that all of us can lead a happy life with the true love for that love is a rare and precious thing which can help us overcome any difficulties. Despite that we may come across some practical matters, we can get through all the obstacles by strong convictions.Although the novel use a large amount of word to describe love and marriage. The true essence is to reveal the tragedies of the lower class like Jude, whom is too powerless to struggle against the unfair society and inhumane bourgeoisie. In addition, the themes of the novel consist of enormous issues, such as the struggle of the lower class people, reveal and criticize the traditional Victorian values, and the struggle of female consciousness and so on. From Hardy's point ot view, it seems like a conflict between individuals and society. As a matter of fact, it's a clash between workers and bourgeoisie. Only when we have had solved this contradiction, can our society make big advancements in the future.The book becomes a world classic not only because of the rich connotations, but also the deep thoughts and profound themes. The author exquisitely detailed portrays the characters. A masterpiece will succeed not in plots but the implied meaning of the work though it reflected a lot of intricate relationships. So when we read a famous work, we must use patience to appreciate every line and every word carefully to understand the true essence. Just as Jude the Obscure, it needs your careful reading and tasting. Not like the popular fiction, we just enjoy the interesting plots only and do not need to consider the language structures. The more famous works you read, the more knowledge you will get. You will find it deserves all the efforts you spared sooner or later.。
浅论小说《无名的裘德》中的重复艺术
作为一名既具有英国传统文化气质同时又富有时代精神与现代气息的作家，托马斯·哈代（Thomas Hardy）是19世纪批判现实主义文学的典型代表作者，其作品广为人知。
《无名的裘德》（Jude the Obscure）（以下简称《裘德》）发表之后曾一度引起轩然大波，支持者与反对者各执一词，针锋相对。
支持者认为这是“一部天才之作，表现了极为重要的思想情感。
”①但批判者却认为这部书“可以归入为是所读过的小说中最伤风败俗的作品之一。
”②在评论家的口诛笔伐中哈代开始转向诗歌创作，而这部毁誉参半的作品也最终成为哈代小说创作的封笔之作。
即便如此，国内外诸多学者对于《裘德》的研究兴趣依然有增无减。
本文则从重复艺术的角度进行研究。
一、情节与主题重复1.情节重复展现的递推性亚里士多德在《诗学》中指出，“在悲剧里，情节是第一，也是最重要的成分。
”③一部小说中，情节具有非常重要的地位，情节的安排直接影响文章的行文与发展。
福斯特（E·M·Forster）认为哈代在进行文本安排布局的时候，强调因果律，将情节作为基础，而人物都是奉命遵从情节的要求。
“命运高悬在我们头上，而非命运通过我们起作用——这就是威塞克斯小说最突出、最令人难忘的特征。
”他认为哈代为了成就情节而让小说中的人物做出了巨大牺牲；“除了他们的乡村气质以外，他们的生命力已然耗尽，已然干瘪了。
”④由此可见哈代对于情节安排的重视程度。
在《裘德》中，情节主要有两条线：裘德与阿拉贝娜的结合是“合——分——合”，菲洛特桑与淑的结合是“合——分——合”；但是裘德与淑的结合却是“分——合——分”，他们以短暂相守开始，以长久分开而结束。
这种结合注定最终只能是一场悲剧，爱情最终走向幻灭。
情节重复展现文本递推性的同时也贯穿了对于婚姻与宗教的思考。
浅论小说《无名的裘德》中的重复艺术吴彬华（湘潭大学，湖南湘潭411100）摘要：英国著名小说家托马斯·哈代的小说封笔之作《无名的裘德》展现了高超的重复艺术。
Jude the Obscure
Tragic Causes in Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure- Id, Ego and Superego Abstract:Jude the Obscure is the last novel of Thomas Hardy, also the most controversial one. As to the reasons of the tragedy of this novel, critics mostly discussed it from Hardy’s fatalism or from the social or environmental aspects, and few people have ever analyzed them through the three “ego”that created the great tragedy in Jude the Obscure. This paper is a brief study on the three “ego” in Jude the Obscure.Key words: Id; Ego; Superego; Dislocation1. IntroductionJude the Obscure, first published in 1895, was Thomas Hardy’s last and best novel. On publication the novel received very harsh criticism, which promoted Hardy to give up writing (Su Huan 2007). As to its tragic reasons, critics mostly discussed it from Hardy’s fatalism or from the social or environmental aspects. Social environment indeed has effect on Jude’s tragedy, but according to Fraud’s theory, the deep reason is Jjude’s dislocation of id, ego and superego.2. Jude’s dislocation of id, ego and superegoEgo comes from id, and superego comes from ego.Jude was ambitious at his age, and his eagerness pushed him to resolve to attend Christminster school. “ He was in an enthusiastic mood. He seemed to see his way to living comfortably in Christminster in the course of a year or two, and knocking at the doors of one of those strongholds of learning of which he had dream so much” [1] “And then he continued to dream, and thought he might become even a bishop by leading a pure, energetic, wise, Christian life. And what an example he would set!” [1]As such was Jude’s ego. Therefore, his superego formed due to his sublime pursuit.The imperfect childhood was the reason which resulted in Jude’s Id was the last one to come into being. Although Jude has his ideal pursuit of lofty, it in return caused superego came up to early. Whereas when Jude faced the seduction of Arabella, Jude’s natural instincts showed up obviously. “In short, as if materially, a compelling arm of extraordinary muscular power seizes hold of him – something which had nothing in common with the spirits and influences that had moved him hitherto. This seemed to care little for his reason and his will, nothing for his so-called elevated intentions, and moved him along, as a violent schoolmaster a schoolboy he was seized by the collar, in a direction which tended towards the embrace of a woman for whom he had no respect, and whose life had nothing in common with his own except locality.”[1] Actually, the compelling arm of extraordinary muscular power was the carnal desire hidden in Jude’s Id. However, Jude clearly realized that he do not love Arabella, he had already been impelled by the desire to approach her.3. ConclusionIt was the first time that Jude’s superego collided with Id. In Jude’s character, such kind of collision were everywhere, and the dislocation of Id, ego and superego caused Jude’s severe tragedy. This aspect of analysis was a new field to study Hardy’s Jude, and thus we can draw a different explanation in Hardy’s tragedy stories, which deepened and widened readers’ interpretation in Hardy and his works.References[1] Thomas Hardy. 1985. Jude the Obscure [M].[2]Su Huan, 2007, A Study on the Characterization of Jude the Obscure[J], SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION 2007年第36 期。
jude the obscure无名的裘德
Jude the Obscure, the last completed of Thomas Hardy's novels, began as a magazine serial and was first published in book form in 1895. Jude is a working-class young man who dreams of becoming a scholar. The other main character is his cousin, Sue, The themes in the novel revolve around issues of class, education, religion and marriage. .when it published, the novel and hardy had been criticized, because of the criticism of Jude the Obscure, he gave up writing novels.Writing [edit]Around 1887, Hardy began making notes for a story about a working-man's frustrated attempts to attend the university, perhaps inspired in part by the scholastic failure and suicide of his friend Horace Moule. originally under the title The Simpletons, then Hearts Insurgent. In 1895, the book was published in London under its present title, Jude the Obscure(dated 1896). In the Preface to the first edition, Hardy provides details of the conception and writing history of the novel, claiming that certain details were inspired by the death of a woman (most likely his cousin, Tryphena Sparks) in 1890.Plot summary[edit]The novel tells the story of Jude Fawley, Jude dreams of studying at the university in Christminster, but his background as an orphan raised by his working-class aunt leads himinstead into a career as a stonemason in the southern English region of Wessex As a youth, Jude teaches himself Greek and Latin in his spare time while working in his aunt's bakery. Before he can try to enter the university, Jude has slept with a young woman named Arabella, and then they get married, and cannot leave his home village. Before long their marriage goes sour and Arabella moves to Australia, Jude resolves to go to Christminster at last.In Christminster, Jude meets his cousin Sue Bridehead and tries not to fall in love with her. Jude hopes her in Christminster, so shortly introduces Sue to his former schoolteacher, Mr. Phillotson, whom she later marries Sue. Once they marry, Jude finds that Sue is not happy with her situation. She can no longer tolerate the relationship and leaves her husband to live with Jude.Both Jude and Sue get divorced, but Sue doesn’t want to marry Jude. Arabella reveals to Jude that they have a son in Australia after she leaves Jude 8 mouths. And Jude asks to take him in. After that they remove to another place where nobody knows them. Jude serve as parents to the little boy and have two children of their own.Jude falls ill, and when he recovers, he decides to return to Christminster with his family. They have trouble finding lodging because they are not married, and Jude stays in an inn separate from Sue and the children. At night Sue takes Jude's son out to look for a room and the little boy decides that they would be better off without so many children.In the morning, Sue goes to Jude's room and eats breakfast with him. They return to the lodging house to find that Jude's son has hanged the other two children and himself with a simply reads, "Done because we are too menny.” Feeling she has been punished byGod for her relationship with Jude, Sue goes back to live with Phillotson, and Jude is tricked into living with Arabella again. Jude dies soon after.CharactersThemes[edit]The novel explores several themes of social unrest, especially concerning the institutions of marriage, Christianity, and the university. These themes are developed through Hardy's use of contrasting foils. For example, at the beginning of their relationship, Jude's Christian faith contrasts with Sue's religious scepticism, a contrast which is heightened even further by their later role-reversal. Although the central characters represent both perspectives, the novel as a whole is firmly critical of Christianity and social institutions in general.Although Hardy claimed that "no book he had ever written contained less of his own life", contemporary reviewers found several similarities between the themes of the novel and Hardy's life as a working-class man of letters.[3] The unhappy marriages, the religious and philosophical questioning, and the social unrest of Jude the Obscure appear in many other Hardy novels and in Hardy's life. The struggle against fixed class boundaries is an especially important link between the novel and Hardy's life, especially concerning higher education and the working class. Although Jude wishes to attend the university at Christminster, he cannot afford to pay for a degree, Hardy since he, like Jude, was not able to afford a degree at Oxford or Cambridge.。
【作文】无名的裘德
分类: 作文 > 无名的裘德
版权所有：碧意之时 创作时间：
1、Jude the obscure_无名的裘德英语读后感500字 "Jude the obscure" is a British writer Thomas. Hardy wrote a book, because "Jude the obscure" tells the story of a love story of cousins, so the author of this book has been public attacks. The book is about a young man named Jude who is studious, ambitious and eager to go to college, but is shut out of college. And his beloved cousin looks smart, open mind, but she and Jude love is not worldly accepted, so she left Jude, and Jude were caused by the disease, early death. Jude has always been a studious person, hoping to become a priest, so he worked very hard, but in his time, a dark time, everything is to serve the rich and powerful people, born poor cold, no money no forces Jude is destined to go to university, his family like an invisible wall to prevent him from entering the University gate. It was such a sad thing that a knowledgeable and talented man was buried. Some have questioned whether the college entrance examination should be cancelled because it puts too much pressure on students. But if there is no entrance, it will not appear more Jude, because of the existence of , many ordinary students can have their own future, is leading to the way of my dreams, there will not be such a tragedy of Jude. While the heroine in the book Sook, began as a warm and cheerful person, disdain to abide by the tradition, bold and love Jude, it has been by the people, the old forces strong social pressure suffocatively in social forces of oppression, she became a traditional conservative man, she became numb, no longer enthusiastic, optimistic, a tragedy is caused by the old custom of the. Just like in ancient China, the feudal forces also make women imprisoned in the traditional thought of the three obediences and the four virtues ", and poor, but never sway at the time it seems the etiquette is more important than life, Pu Songling wrote" Ning Ying "is like a lady, began to warm and cheerful, in the little finger, she also from a person not to stick at trifles into the rules, abide by the traditional people, these traditional old ideas that women suffer oppression, caused many tragedies. This book fully questioned the dark social environment and the denial of traditional marriage. 版权作品，未经《碧意之时》书面授权，严禁转载，违者将被追究法律责任
Jude the Obscure
Wessex Novels 威赛克斯小说
威赛克斯小说是哈代以其故乡英国西南部农 村（古称赛威克斯地区）为背景所作小说的 总称，又称性格与环境小说。反映了十九世 纪中叶以来英国农村的生活，特别是反映了 资本主义侵入农村之后所激起的剧烈社会变 动，农民的破产，农村经济﹑道德﹑风俗等 方面的变化以及人们的精神痛苦。对资本主 义社会的法律﹑道德﹑宗教和教育制度多有 批判。有浓厚的宿命观和悲剧气氛。
—《英国小说发展史》 （浙江大学出版社） 蒋承勇等著 p177
Comments on the novel
Jude the obscure is Hardy‟s last tragic novel, and the theme of this novel, in Hardy‟s words, is “a deadly war waged between flesh and spirit” and “the contrast between the ideal life a man wished to lead and squalid real life he was fated to lead”. The novel epitomizes Hardy‟s longing for spiritual values and his despair of them.
Background Information
Jude the Obscure, the last of Thomas Hardy‟s tragic novels. Began as a magazine and was firstly published in book form in 1895. The themes in the novel revolve around issues of class, education, religion and marriage. One of the Wessex novels of Hardy.
【微书评】《无名的裘德》(Jude the Obscure)
【微书评】《无名的裘德》（Jude the Obscure）发表于：2014-03-20【推荐理由】《无名的裘德》（Jude the Obscure）是英国著名小说家、诗人哈代的重要代表作之一，是公认的世界名著。
男主人公裘德自幼父母双亡，虽然贫困孤苦，但他却有着一颗上进求索的心。
他先是在乡村面包店里做伙计，后在石匠铺学徒。
在艰苦劳作之余，他好学深思、刻苦自修，却始终被拒之于大学门外。
女主人公苏珊娜聪颖美貌，接受过正规的师范教育，她不但具有独立的思想和人格，而且蔑视世俗和僵化的宗教。
为了爱情，他们敢于挑战世俗与教会，并且最终走到了一起。
裘德雄心不止，但壮志未酬，更不幸的是他们的孩子因故而亡。
绝望中，苏珊娜终向命运和教会屈服，离开了深爱的裘德；而裘德则终日纵酒，郁郁成疾，未满三十岁即含恨而终。
这是一部关于无名小卒的史诗。
丰富的生活细节、文学化的表达手法，使这部小说在浪漫的悲情之外多了一分史诗的气魄和韵律，凄美而又波澜壮阔，正如作者哈代自称的那样——写出了“灵与肉的生死搏斗”。
作者托马斯·哈代（ThomasHardy，1840—1928），英国著名小说家、诗人，是一位跨世纪的文学巨匠。
在哈代的众多作品中，《苔丝》是他最重要的代表作，也是英语文学中最伟大的作品之一。
而《无名的裘德》则是一部经受住了时间长期考验的世界名著。
它是英国著名作家托马斯·哈代继《苔丝》之后的另一部代表作，也是作者小说创作的“封笔”之作，自1895年出版以来，影响巨大，在世界各国已拥有大量读者！英语口语培训/。
哈代《无名的裘德》
人物形象分析
裘德
裘德是一个勤奋、自尊、敏感的青年，他对表妹淑有着炽热的爱情。然而，在面对宗教和 社会压力时，他选择了屈服，导致与淑的悲惨分离。他的内心矛盾和痛苦贯穿了整个故事 。
淑
淑是一个勇敢、独立的女性，她敢于追求自己的爱情。然而，她也具有一定的传统观念， 对裘德的屈服持默许态度。她的命运反映了当时英国女性在爱情和社会压力面前的无奈和 挣扎。
02
个人奋斗
小说中裘德的奋斗历程反映了个人与社会的冲突，揭示了社会对个人
的束缚和压抑，展现了人性的复杂和无奈。
03
婚姻与爱情
哈代在小说中深入探讨了婚姻与爱情的关系，裘德与淑、费劳孙与安
妮的婚姻和爱情经历，揭示了当时社会对婚姻和爱情的观念和态度。
艺术特色
现实主义
哈代在《无名的裘德》中运用了现实主义手法，通过对 社会生活和人物形象的细致刻画，生动地展现了维多利 亚时代的英国社会风貌。
03
比较研究
将《无名的裘德》与其他哈代作品或 同时代文学作品进行比较，探讨哈代 的思想演变和文学成就。
研究展望与挑战
跨学科研究
未来研究可尝试从跨学科的角度出发，将文学与社会学、心理学 、历史学等学科相结合，为理解作品提供更多维度的视角。
哈代其他作品比较研究
《无名的裘德》与其他哈代作品在主题、风格等方面的比较研究 ，有助于全面了解哈代的文学成就。
故事梗概
故事背景
作品以英国维多利亚时代为背景，描绘了社会底层青年裘德的人生经历。
故事概述
裘德自幼父母双亡，靠勤奋自学成为一名小学教师，却因社会偏见而失去工作。他四处漂泊，与表妹淑·布莱 德赫相识并相爱，但遭到宗教和社会的反对，两人悲惨分离。裘德为生存而屈从于宗教，成为主日学校的校长 ，但内心痛苦不堪。最后，他在绝望中病逝。
用空间批评理论解读哈代的《无名的裘德》共3篇
用空间批评理论解读哈代的《无名的裘德》共3篇用空间批评理论解读哈代的《无名的裘德》1用空间批评理论解读哈代的《无名的裘德》众所周知，哈代是以描绘英国社会生活见长的文学大师，其作品《无名的裘德》也不例外。
作为一部涉及到阶级和社会问题的小说，《无名的裘德》探讨了工人阶级和资产阶级之间的冲突，同时更为深刻地展现了英国资本主义工业化的显著特点。
本文将通过应用空间批评理论来对该小说进行解读，让我们从另一角度来审视哈代的这部经典之作。
首先，空间批评理论强调“空间的重要性”，同时也强调，空间是社会实践的产物。
因此，在分析小说中的空间布局时，我们需要考虑到它们所代表的社会和文化的意义。
在小说中，从城市到乡村的空间转变，折射出了工人阶级和资产阶级之间的对立。
在城市里，工人们生活在狭小的房间里，他们的生活质量非常低，而资产阶级拥有豪华的住宅和宽敞的空间。
通过这种安排，小说揭示了英国当时的社会现实，揭示了工人阶级和资产阶级之间明显的差距，并显示出资本主义对人类的影响。
其次，空间批评理论还强调了“身体”的概念，即身体是赋予空间意义的重要指标。
通过小说中角色的身体动作和行为，空间批评理论可以洞察空间中的权力关系。
在小说中，《无名的裘德》的主人公裘德是一名工人，他不仅受到资产阶级的压迫，而且还被这个社会阶级化的体系所束缚。
例如，裘德上工之前得注意头发是否凌乱，穿着是否整齐，言语举止是否规范。
这表明，在英国社会中，工人阶级的身体几乎毫无控制力，由此产生了社会压迫和隔离。
反之，资产阶级自由支配自己的身体，更直接的发挥了他们的权利和优势。
因此，空间和身体是建立在对权力和地位的基础上的，潜在地体现了英国当时的阶级固化。
最后，通过小说中人物的行动和空间的分配，空间批评理论可以加深对小说中角色关系的理解。
在小说中，裘德经常被其他角色排斥或讥讽。
这种排斥，不仅是由于裘德无法获得资产阶级的接纳，还是因为他身份的固定。
他父亲的身份、自己从事的工作，所有这些使得裘德不得不沦为这个社会体系的边缘人。
张谷若无名的裘德译本赏析
张谷若无名的裘德译本赏析裘德（Jude the Obscure）是英国作家托马斯·哈代（Thomas Hardy）创作的一部长篇小说，该小说于1895年首次出版。
裘德译本出现后，其影响力远远超出了哈代自己的预期。
本文将对张谷若无名的裘德译本进行赏析。
裘德译本被许多文学评论家誉为对哈代原著极佳的翻译。
张谷若无名的翻译成果在语言的流畅性和准确度上都表现出色。
他巧妙地将哈代深邃的思想和复杂的情感用最贴切的词语表达出来。
这就为读者提供了一个更深入理解哈代文学魅力的机会。
裘德是一个具有悲剧色彩的故事，讲述了主人公裘德·费尔斯在追求美好理想的过程中所遭受到的生活压迫和精神困惑。
裘德的一生充满了不幸和悲剧，他在追求理想的过程中面对着无法逾越的阶级壁垒和道德束缚。
通过张谷若无名的翻译，读者可以更加真切地感受到裘德内心的痛苦和挣扎，使得整个故事更加深入人心。
张谷若无名在翻译裘德时，注重保留了哈代原著中的节奏感和句法结构。
他巧妙地运用词汇和语句结构，使得译文更贴近原著的风格和特点。
读者在阅读裘德译本时会感觉到仿佛哈代亲自撰写的感觉，这个感受对于理解和欣赏该作品具有重要意义。
此外，张谷若无名的裘德译本在描写环境和氛围上也相当出色。
他以生动的笔触为读者绘制了一个真实而细腻的景象。
无论是小溪旁的风景，还是城市街头的热闹场景，都被他描绘得十分生动，使读者仿佛身临其境。
这种细腻的描写为裘德的情感变化和内心经历提供了良好的背景。
裘德译本中，张谷若无名对于角色的塑造也十分精准。
他成功地将哈代笔下的每一个角色的个性特点和情感状态都贴切地翻译出来。
这使得读者不仅能够理解每个角色的心理活动，还能够感受到他们在故事中的存在感。
读者可以通过裘德译本更加清晰地看到角色之间复杂的关系和他们的情感纠葛。
总的来说，张谷若无名的裘德译本是对托马斯·哈代经典作品的一次非凡呈现。
他的翻译功力使得读者不仅能够深刻理解原著的思想和情感内核，同时也享受到了一种独特而真实的阅读体验。
jude and obscure赏析2000字中文
jude and obscure赏析2000字中文用了三周左右的时间，在穿插阅读其他书本的情况下，终于将《无名的裘德》翻阅了一遍。
悲惨的结尾，紧紧揪住了我的内心，又是一部让人潸然泪下的悲剧。
男主人公裘德是个孤儿，上进好学，却囿于当时的英国社会环境，难以进入正规学院进一步深造，而所谓的正规大学，在宗教礼法的束缚下，充斥着偏见，傲慢，自私与无知。
上进无门的裘德，遇到了自己的表妹，女主人公苏，痴迷于苏的风度，很快爱上了这个优雅知性的女子。
但在社会风气的制约下，苏被迫嫁给了并不相爱的人。
连遭打击的裘德，痛苦不已。
历经磨难，两个相爱的人才走到了一起，谁曾想，这只是悲惨命运的开始。
本着遵从内心，脾睨社会风俗的意愿，两人并没有按照宗教礼仪举行正式的婚礼。
很快，流言蜚语以及其他的压力让两人举步维艰，不得不一次次迁徙，去寻找能容纳他们的地方。
社会的熔炉炙烤着他们，他们超前的思想与社会格格不入，裘德与前妻所生的孩子以及裘德与苏的孩子的死亡，成为压垮他们的最后一根稻草。
如果说160页前的裘德是雄心勃勃、对生活和爱情充满强烈的希望和追求的话，那到最后，我们只能用“可怜”两个字来形容他人生最后的命运了。
他所心仪的表妹苏柏瑞和原先是那么富有个性，想怎么拥有自己的爱情就由着自己的性子怎么拥有。
不想和费乐生过下去了，断然和丈夫提出分手，然后义无返顾地和裘德生活在一起，这在那个婚姻受教会严格制约的时代是决不允许发生的，然而它却确确实实、绝无仅有地发生了。
尽管苏·百瑞和以外冷内也不分外热烈的独特方式和裘德生活在一起，但袭德终究得到了自己想要的爱情，每天务工格外的有精神。
后来，由于袭德的前妻阿拉贝拉的从中作梗，越来越多的人知道裘德和苏曾经的婚姻和现在的状况，人们对他们的态度发生了更本*的改变，裘德的工作越来越少了。
苏和袭德普经也很想去教堂过那一道结婚程序，可苏到教堂忍受不了那一纸公文的约束临阵又退却了，即使裘德和阿拉贝拉的儿子从天上掉下来时，他们想为了孩子解决这个问题，结果还是没有完成这个手续。
论_无名的裘德_中_灵_与_肉_的对比(1)
摘要：托马斯.哈代(1840—1928)是维多利亚时期最后一名重要的小说家，同时也是一位造诣非凡的诗人。
他的主要著作被称为“威赛克斯小说”，这些小说再现了英国西南部多塞特郡的风土人情，描写了现代文明对宗法制传统的侵蚀，以及普通人在时代转型期的人生境遇及心态，其中包括《德伯家的苔丝》、《远离尘嚣》、《无名的裘德》等。
作为哈代文学生涯的转折点，《无名的裘德》是哈代悲剧故事中思想、艺术上最成熟的作品。
关键词：对比；灵与肉；人物裘德生于乡村，立志成为一名大学毕业生。
但是他和阿拉贝拉的结合却使他失去了念大学的资格。
于是他前往克里斯特明斯特去追求他的梦想。
在那里裘德爱上了他的堂妹苏，然而苏后来却嫁给了裘德的小学校长为妻，这使得裘德非常痛苦。
最终裘德在事业和婚姻失败的双重打击下忧郁地死去。
裘德挫败的人生主要取决于两个因素：社会因素和女性因素。
社会因素包括道德标准、婚姻法律、阶级观念等等。
而女性因素则指两个女人：一个是阿拉贝拉，另一个是苏。
大多数哈代的小说都与性和激情有关，《无名的裘德》也不例外。
哈代在小说的序言中指出：“这部小说要毫不掩饰地讲述灵与肉之间的殊死搏斗…”[1]这里他指出了小说的主题：讲述“灵”与“肉”之间的斗争。
哈代按照性灵观念，将他的“性格与环境小说”的人物分为灵性（soul）和肉性（flesh）。
灵性人物是精神追求远高于本能欲求的人，他们是充满了理性、情感、有节制、灵魂空灵剔透的人。
而肉性人物则是本能欲求占主导地位、充满了肉欲的人。
而上面提及的两个女人恰恰代表了“灵性”与“肉性”两类人物。
在这部小说中，哈代通过从多方面比较阿拉贝拉和苏的人物特点从而形成了鲜明的“灵”与“肉”的对比。
一、通过对比人物的身体特征哈代首先通过比较两个女人的身体特征向读者展示了两个女人的差别。
当阿拉贝拉第一次出现在读者面前时，作者是通过下面的语句来描绘她的：…She had a round and prominent bosom,full lips,perfect teeth,and the rich complexion of a cochin hen’s egg.She was a complete and substantial female animal———no more,no less (2)哈代在这里的描述突出了人物的肉体特征。
无名的裘德
主要内容
《无名的裘德》讲述了主人公社 会下层人士裘德为理想而奋斗， 最终却悲剧的一生。小说的主人 公裘德和苏都是普通人，他们没 有金钱、地位，但又非罪大恶极 之辈，他们是千千万万个普通人 中的一员。裘德和苏为了理想和 命运抗争所造成的两种悲剧结果 ——死亡和屈服，都在不同程度 上反映了当时与他们所处相同阶 层的人的无声呐喊，具有悲剧人 物所应有的代表性。
只讲究爱情的享受，没有爱的能力,她的 爱如同她的生命一样无力，造成灵与肉 严重失衡。有欲望,但她认为克己自制才 是高尚，试图与男人保持精神恋爱。 淑的精神的沉郁直接诱发了三个孩子死 的惨剧
一个失败的母亲
人物分析
时光老人：在他的母亲阿拉贝拉离开他父亲八个月以后
出生。在澳洲与外祖父母住，与父亲裘德与继母苏生活，杀 死弟弟妹妹并自杀。
3
作 品
他的第一部长篇小说《计出无奈》问 世于1871年。成名作是他的第四部小 说《远离尘嚣》（1874）。 小说：《无名的裘德》、《德伯家的 苔丝》、《还乡》,《卡斯特桥市长》
作 品
1896年，他发表了他的最后一部小 说《无名的裘德》（Jude the Obscure），以后即转向写诗，整个 晚年他都用来写诗。 诗集：《韦塞克斯诗集》、《今昔 诗集》、《时光的笑柄》、《早期 与晚期抒情诗》、诗剧《列王》
谢 谢 ！
12中教4班
讲 课： 马艳蓉 找资料： 马艳蓉、何洁琼、 洪瑞洁、汪娜、李明洁 ppt制作：何洁琼、李明洁
心理和性格不能健康发展的孩子
父母婚姻的残缺，与父亲及前后 两位母亲都没能建立一种能保证 他心理和性格健康发展的安全的 依恋关系
世界上仿佛没有任何东西能引起他的兴趣
对周围世界漠然的孩子
缺乏安全感的孩子
迷雾人生——《无名的裘德》中的虚无主义
Misty Life： Nihilism in Jude the Obscure 作者： 杨丽
作者机构： 西南大学外国语学院,重庆400715
出版物刊名： 重庆交通大学学报：社会科学版
页码： 76-79页
年卷期： 2011年 第6期
主题词： 迷雾 《无名的裘德》 虚无主义
摘要：�无名的裘德》作为哈代的封山之作，是一部不折不扣的毁灭文学。
小说的很多地方都体现了虚无主义，不管是裘德、艾拉白拉、淑，还是费劳孙和小时光老人，都没能拥有实实在在的幸福，事业不得志，爱情不幸福，生命终究灰飞烟灭，一切都如雾一般飘渺。
小说在事业、感情、生命方面体现出来的梦幻意识、孤独意识和死亡意识，以及虚无意象“雾”的描写，都与虚无主义有着密切的联系。
在悲剧和虚无中，对基督教信仰的回归并不是救赎之道。
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Part I: At Marygreen
in Christminster
Jude Fawley
orphan
Part I: At Marygreen
Jude teaches himself Greek and Latin in his spare time .
stonemason
Part I: At Marygreen
Arabella Donn Jude's first wife. She enjoys spending time in bars and in the company of men.
Characters
Richard Phillotson
The schoolmaster who first introduces Jude to the idea of studying at the university. He later marries Sue.
• Arabella Donn
Jude and Arabella get married
Part II: At Christminster
Jude tries not to fall in love with sue
Sue Bridehead
Part II: At Christminster
• shortly introduces Sue to his former schoolteacher, Mr. Phillotson
• Hardy claimed that "no book he had ever written contained less of his own life"
unhappy marriages
several similarities
religious and philosophical questioning
Little Father Time (Little Jude)
Jude and Arabella's son, raised in Australia by Arabella's parents. He is said to have the mind of an old man, though he is a young child.
social unrest
• They have trouble finding lodging because they are not married
Part IV : At Christminster Again
Jude's son has hanged the other two children and himself
with a simply reads
Characters
Jude Fawley
A young man who dreams of studying in Christminster but becomes a stonemason.
Sue Bridehead
Jude's cousin. She is unconventional in her beliefs and education, but marries the schoolmaster Richard Phillotson.
Phillotson and Sue get married
Part III: At Elsewhere
• Little jude
Jude serve as parents to the little boy and have two children of their own.
Part IV : At Christminster Again
• Themes:
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Jude the Obscure
The novel explores several themes of social unrest, especially concerning the institutions of marriage, Christianity, and the university. These themes are developed through Hardy's use of contrasting foils. Jude's Christian faith ﹠Sue's religious scepticism
he gave up writing novels.
Jude the Obscure
• Writing background: Around 1887, Hardy began making notes for a story about a working-man's frustrated attempts to attend the university, perhaps inspired in part by the scholastic failure and suicide of his friend Horace Moule. Originally under the title The Simpletons, then Hearts Insurgent. In 1895, the book was published in London under its present title, Jude the Obscure. In the Preface to the first edition, Hardy provides details of the conception and writing history of the novel, claiming that certain details were inspired by the death of a woman (most likely his cousin, Tryphena Sparks) in 1890.
Jude the Obscure, the last
completed of Thomas Hardy's novels, began as a magazine serial and was first published in book form in 1895. Jude is a workingclass young man who dreams of becoming a scholar. The other main character is his cousin, Sue, The themes in the novel revolve around issues of class, education, religion and marriage. when it published, the novel and hardy had been criticized, because of the criticism of Jude the Obscure,