2008年课程与教学论考博试题

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华中师范大学08年考博真题

华中师范大学08年考博真题2008年华中师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题（A卷）（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效）Part I Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each withfour suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the one you think is the best answer,and then write your answer on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneIn America’s fiercely adversarial legal system, a good lawyer is essential. Ask O.J Simpson. In a landmark case 35 years ago, Gideon v. Wainwright, a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that indigent defendants must be provided with a lawyer at state expense because there could be no fair trial in a serious criminal case without one.“This seems to us to be an obvious truth,”wrote Justice Hugo Black in his opinion. At the time, the decision was hailed as a triumph for justice, anexample of America’s commitment to the ideal of equality before the law.This is the image most Americans still have of their criminal-justice system---the fairest in the world, in which any defendant, no matter how, gets a smart lawyer who, too often, manages to get the culprit off on a technicality. Nothing could be further from the truth. About 80% of people accused of a felony have to depend on a publicly-provided lawyer; but over the past two decades the eagerness of politicians to look harsh on crime, theirreluctance to pay for public defenders, and a series of Supreme Court judgments restricting the grounds for appeal have made a mockery of Gideon. Today many indigent defendants, including those facing long terms of imprisonment or even death, are treated to a “meet’em and plead’em”defense --- a brief consultation in which a harried or incompetent lawyer encourages them to plead guilty on if that fail, struggle through a short trial in which the defense is massively outgunned by a more experienced, better-paid and better-prepared prosecutor.“We have a wealth-based system of justice,”says Stephen Bright, the director of the Southern Center for Human Rights. “For the wealthy, it’s gold-plated. For the averagepoor person, it’s like being herded to the slaughter-house. In many places the adversarial system barely exists for the poor.”Many lawyers, of course, have made heroic efforts for particular defendants for little or no pay, but the charity of lawyers can be relied on to handle only a tiny fraction of cases. As spending on police, prosecutorsand prisons has steadily climbed in the past decade, increasing the number of people charged and imprisoned, spending on indigent defense has not kept pace overwhelming an already hard-pressed system.1. It can be inferred from the passage that O.J Simpson was probably______.A. a person who was found not guilty because he hired a very good lawyer.B. a person who won his case because he was provided with a lawyer at state expense.C. a person who was denied a lawyer and thus lost his case in the court.D. a brilliant lawyer who won numerous cases for the averagepoor people.2. What is the author’s view of America’s adversariallegal system?A. It is the embodiment of the ideal of equality before the law.B. It is the fairest criminal-justice system in the world.C. As it is, it benefits the rich but works against the poor.D. It is unfair by nature and should be overhauled.3. Which of the following statements is true?A. Lawyers who provide defense for the poor often work heroically for little or no pay at all.B. As crime rate increases, American politicians have become more tolerant towards crime than before.C. In America, if a person refuses to accept the judgment of a lower court, he can always appeal to the Supreme Court.D. Government-provided lawyers tend to go through the formalities of defense and prove to be no match for the prosecutors.4. What is the author’s specific purpose in writing this passage?A. To appeal for more public spending on court defense for the poor.B. To criticize America’s fiercely adversarial legal system.C. To draw attention to the injustice of the American legalsystem.D. To make a suggestion on how to mend the criminal-justice system.Passage TwoThe media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the eventsrelated to t he People’s Park that were occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of that was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more o f their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contract you have with others simply byusing telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action”such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed any immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This event was triggered by the verdict in the Rodney King beating. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgment, and most people, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able toacquit the policemen involved. Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to providepositive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.5. The best title for the passage is_____.A. The 1992 Los Angeles Riots.B. The Impact of Media on Current Events.C. The 1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots.D. How Media Cover Events.6. All the following statements are true EXCEPT that____.A. electronic media can extend one’s contact with the world.B. those living far away from a certain event can also have some perception of realities by watching television.C. all the events occurring on the university campus at Berkeley were given national media coverage.D. video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquakegave the viewers the impression of total disaster.7. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because______.A. the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.B. people can make their own judgments.C. video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.D. video coverage had provided powerful feedback.8. It can be inferred from the passage that______.A. media coverage of events as they occur can have either good or bad results.B. most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with the verdict of the jury.C. the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.D. Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday.Passage ThreeNo one knows for sure when or where the first cow went mad, but the first recorded case occurred in December 1984 when a dairy cow on a farm in West Sussex began to act strange. That cow, identified only as No.133in a British。

（精选）全国2007~2012年自考课程与教学论试题与答案

（精选）全国2007~2012年自考课程与教学论试题与答案（精选）全国2007~2012年自考课程与教学论试题与答案小桂子,加油哦!!全国2007年7月高等教育自学考试课程与教学论试题课程代码:00467一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1.20世纪50年代末至60年代末，西方世界发生了一场指向于教育内容现代化的课程改革运动，这场运动被称为( )A. 进步主义运动B. 教育心理学化运动C. 课程开发科学化运动D.学科结构运动2.最早提出“curriculum”(课程)一词，并将其界定为“教学内容的系统组织”的教育家是( )A.洛克B.斯宾塞C.杜威D.克伯屈3.在泰勒看来，课程开发的出发点是( )A.确定教育目标B.选择教育经验C.组织教育经验D.评价教育计划4.“把一切事物教给一切人类”，体现的是 ( )A.“经验论”思想B.“兴趣论”思想C.“文化论”思想D.“泛智论”思想5.以下判断正确的是 ( )A.“工作分析”和“活动分析”是完全相同的，“工作分析”就是“活动分析”，“活动分析”就是“工作分析”B.“工作分析”和“活动分析”在基本精神上是完全相通的，但“活动分析”所指的领域要来得空泛C.“工作分析”和“活动分析”在基本精神上是完全相通的，但“工作分析”所指的领域要1小桂子,加油哦!!来得空泛D. “活动分析”和“工作分析”完全不同6.布拉梅尔德在“未来中心教育”理念的基础上提出了一种新的课程理念，这种课程理念被称为( )A.相关课程B.融合课程C.广域课程D.轮形课程7. “教学过程是教师与学生以课堂为主渠道的交往过程”，这一命题中对师生关系的理解是 ( )A.教师主体学生客体的关系B.学生主体教师客体的关系C.教师主导学生主体的关系D.教师与学生是交互主体的关系8.课程实施有三种基本取向，其中之一是 ( )A.哲学取向B.心理学取向C.相互适应取向D.背离取向9. 从研究方法上来看，行动研究属于 ( )A.量的研究B.质的研究C.课堂研究D.实验研究10.“概念重建主义课程范式”的本质是追求 ( ) A.活动兴趣 B.技术兴趣C.解放兴趣D.实践兴趣11.斯金纳的程序教学模式的理论基础是 ( ) A.经典性条件反应和强化原理 B.经典性条件反应和平衡原理 C.操作性条件反应和强化原理 D.操作性条件反应和平衡原理12.柏拉图把“有德性的生活”视为教育的终极目标，亚里士多德认为教育的终极目的是“幸福”，昆体良认为“受过教育的人”的理想是“大演说家”。

2008年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2008年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．In general, the______amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total for living expenses.A．acceptableB．advisableC．availableD．applicable正确答案：B解析：本题答案是B。

B项的意思是：advisable可取的，明智的。

其他各项的意思是：acceptable可接受的，合意的；available有空的，接受探访的；applicable 可适用的，可应用的。

2．Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ______the color of his skin.A．with the exception ofB．in the light ofC．by virtue ofD．regardless of正确答案：D解析：本题答案是D。

D项的意思是：regardless of不顾，不管。

其他各项的意思是：with the exception of除……以外；in the light of根据，依据；by virtue of依靠，凭借，由于。

3．Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their fullA．capacityB．strengthC．lengthD．possibility正确答案：A解析：本题答案是A。

课程与教学论真题答案汇集

课程与教学论真题答案汇集一、2010年4月课程与教学论真题答案二、全国2009年4月课程与教学论试题及答案一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)1.以下属于“课程开发科学化运动”早期代表的是（）A.多尔 B.麦克尼尔C.博比特 D.阿普尔2.泰勒认为，为获得恰当的教育目标，就需要对所得到的教育目标的有关资料进行两次甄选，分别是A.哲学的甄选和心理学的甄选B.学生的甄选和学科专家的甄选C.社会的甄选和学生生活的甄选D.教师的甄选和学生的甄选3.通过把事物、现象的经过与过程直观地、动态地呈现出来而进行教学的方法，被称为（）A.示范B.呈示C.展示D.口述4.确立了“同时诚实地尊重学科本身的逻辑和儿童的心理逻辑”的课程形态是（）A.活动课程B.学术中心课程C.科目本位课程D.隐性课程5.把课程分为理想的、正式的、理解的、运作的、经验的五个不同层次的课程论专家是（）A.古德莱德B.帕里斯C.斯金纳D.兰德6.按照美国课程理论专家派纳的观点，20世纪70年代以来课程研究的范式正从“课程开发范式”转变为（）A.课程解读范式 B.课程理解范式C.课程实施范式 D.课程评价范式7.范例教学的三个基本特征是（）A.基本性、基础性、范例性 B.个体性、基础性、范例性C.全员性、基本性、范例性D.基本性、全面性、范例性8.在非指导性教学中，教师的身份是（）A.先知者 B.管理者 C.促进者 D.指导者9.泰勒在20世纪80年代初期曾指出，泰勒原理“是作为特定环境条件下的产物而形成的”。

这里的“特定环境条件”指的是（）A.经济大萧条 B.泰罗主义C.八年研究 D.课程开发科学化运动10.“将所选出的课程要素根据学科的逻辑体系和学习者身心发展阶段由浅至深、由简至繁地组织起来”，这指的是课程组织的（）A.连续性 B.阶段性 C.整合性 D.顺序性11.教师与学生交往的主渠道是（）A.课外活动 B.课堂 C.游戏 D.提问12.从研究方法上来看，行动研究属于（）A.量的研究 B.质的研究 C.课堂研究 D.实验研究13.根据施瓦布等人的观点，学科结构指的是（）A.学术结构与心理结构的统一B.学术结构与句法结构的统一C.实质结构与句法结构的统一D.实质结构与心理结构的统一14.代表了评价发展方向的评价模式是（）A.目标达成模式 B.过程模式 C.差别模式 D.回应模式15.布卢姆认为，“教育目标分类学”应包括认知领域、动作技能领域和（）A.情感领域B.思维领域C.意志领域D.思想领域16.功利主义课程论的主要代表是（）A.巴格莱 B.狄尔泰 C.斯宾塞 D.皮特斯17.“教学设计是一个连续创造的过程，指向于人的解放”，教学设计的这种特征反映的课程实施取向是（）A.忠实取向 B.相互适应取向 C.创生取向 D.实践取向18.在第三次技术革命和信息时代，科学与技术的关系表现为（）A.主导与依附的关系B.平等与共存的关系C.对等与融合的关系D.独立与对等的关系19.以“社会发展和科学技术发展的失控所招致的生态系统的破坏和人类生存环境的急剧恶化”作为直接社会背景而产生的课程形态是（）A.轮形课程B.环境教育课程C.国际理解教育课程D.STS课程20.1893年，以埃利奥特为首的美国“中等学校研究十人委员会”基于充分的调查研究，正式倡导在中学开设（）A.轮形课程 B.STS课程 C.经验课程 D.选修课程21.提出形成性评价和总结性评价的课程评价专家是（）A.斯克里文B.斯太克C.普罗沃斯D.莱斯22.奥苏贝尔讲解式教学的设计原则是（）A.小步子原则B.高速度原则C.高难度原则D.逐渐分化原则23.杜威对课程与教学的整合以及他的整个实用主义认识论所追求的是一种（）A.科技理性B.实践理性C.工具理性D.解放理性24.《大学》中曾这样规定教育宗旨：“大学之道在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。

2008北师大古籍所考博真题-附硕题 (2)

北京师范大学2008古籍所考博试题 (1)2008年历史文献学考博试题 (3)硕士题 (4)古籍所中国古典文献2003年研究生入学考试题 (5)古籍所2004年中国古典文献-中国古代文学与文学文献 (6)古籍所2004年文学理论试题 (7)mark72畅意三江水木铎校园的古籍所论坛考古籍所的同学请注意古典文献部分，最好是看孙钦善先生的那一本书，那一本很全。

我因为不知道，也因为我们那里也没什么书卖，我看的都是些电子书，参考了好几本，听了常书红老师的课；常老师的课的内容基本上都在我看到的那几本，就是杜泽逊的，罗孟祯的，张舜徽的，洪湛侯的等。

可是我感觉内容上有交叉的，都是常识性的。

我们所里考的更全面一些。

所以建议直接看孙先生的书就可以了。

几个其他考的同学有好几个都是看这本书的。

至于那本要籍我这里有自己从超星转换的pdf的电子书，能传上来我就传上来。

我在这本书上下了不少工夫，可惜基本上没考到。

都这么大了，也不一定再考了，考不上，我就调我们聊大去。

虽然条件差了点，但是还是有图书馆的。

再说有机会也可以联系其他的老师么。

人的脑细胞是有限的，要装些有用的东西。

没用的东西装的越多，有用的东西装的就越少。

[本帖最后由mark72于2007-3-2609:25编辑]2008-8-18查看详细资料------------------------------------我放到一个公共邮件里帐号：geixiaocaodedaima@密码：himark72需要的话自己取考博题北京师范大学2008古籍所考博试题来自北大中文论坛：2008年北京地区古典文献学或古代文学博士生招生入学考试试题4 2008年4月5日上午8：30-11：30中国古代文学史一、写出以下文集的作者或编者（25个，共25分）牧斋集东维子集滹南诗话小山词临川先生文集渔洋山人精华录蜕庵词乐府诗集灜奎律髓河岳英灵集饮冰室合集诗式山中白云词江文通集庾子山集韦苏州集淮海居士长短句（按：忘记8个）二、从目录学的角度，指出以下各属于哪一部类？（5分）1、搜神记2、水经注3、酸斋乐府4、玉台新咏5、？三、按要求答题（10分/个，共20分）1、文学史上一些著名的诗词作品，往往存在作者真实性的问题，如苏李诗。

2008医学考博英语统考真题

2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. A. It was called off unexpectedly.B. It raised more money than expected.C. It received fewer people than expected.D. It disappointed the woman for the man’s absence.2. A. A thoracic case. B. A nervous disorder.C. A stomach problem.D. A psychiatric condition.3. A. In the housing office on campus. B. In the downtown hotel.C. At a rental agency.D. In the nursing home.4. A. Trilled. B. Refreshed C. Exhausted. D. Depressed.5. A. To travel with his parents. B. To organize a picnic in the country.C. To cruise, even without his friends.D. To take a flight to the Maldives.6. A. He’s got a revert. B. He’s got nausea.C. He’s got diarrhea.D. He’s got a runny nose.7. A. To suture the man’s wound. B. To remove the bits of glass.C. To disinfect the man’s injured.D. To take a close look at the man’s wound.8. A. Mr. Lindley had got injured. B. Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C. Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D. Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A. She will apply to Duke University.B. She will probably attend the University of Texas.C. She made up her mind to give up school for work.D. She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10. A. Her boyfriend broke up with her.B. She was almost run over by a truck.C. One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D. She dumped her boyfriend’s truck in the river.11. A. The patient will not accept the doctor’s recommendation.B. The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C. The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D. The medicine is not available to the patient.12. A. It was more expensive than the original price. B. It was given to the woman as a gift.C. It was the last article on sale.D. It was a good bargain.13. A. excited. B. Impatient. C. Indifferent. D. Concerned.14. A. She regrets buying the car. B. The car just arrived yesterday.C. She will certainly not buy the car.D. This is the car she has been wanting.15. A. He is seriously ill. B. His work is a mess.C. The weather is lousy this week.D. He has been working under pressure. Section BPassage One16. A. He has got bowel cancer. B. He has got heart disease.C. He has got bone cancer.D. He has got heartburn.17. A. To have a colonoscopy. B. To seek a second opinion.C. To be nut on chemotherapy.D. To have his bowel removed.18. A. A pretty minor surgery. B. A normal life ahead of him.C. A miracle in his coming years.D. A life without any inconveniences.19. A. Thankful. B. Admiring. C. Resentful. D. Respectful.20. A. It was based on the symptoms that man had described.B. It was prescribed considering possible complications.C. I was given according to the man’s actual condition.D. It was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21. A. Smoking and Lung Cancer. B. Lung Cancer and the sexes.C. How to quit smoking.D. How to prevent lung cancer.22. A. Current smokers exclusively. B. Second-hand smokers.C. With a lung problems.D. At age 40 or over.23. A. 156 B. 269 C. 7498 D.942724. A. Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancer.B. Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C. Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D. When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than men.25. A. Lung cancer can be early detected.B. Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C. Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D. Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26. A. A hobby B. The whole worldC. learning experience.D. A career to earn a living27. A. Her legs were brokenB. Her arms were brokenC. Her shoulders were severely injuredD. Her cervical vertebrate were seriously injured.28. A. She learned a foreign language B. She learned to make friends.C. She learned to be a teacher.D. She learned a living skills.29. A. She worked as a skiing coach.B. She was a college instructor.C. She was a social worker in a clinic.D. She worked as elementary school teacher.30. A. Optimistic and hard-bitten. B. Pessimistic and cynical.C. Humorous and funny.D. Kind and reliable.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section A31. I’m afraid that you’ll have to ___________ the deterioration of the condition.A. account forB. call forC. look forD. make for32. Twelve hours a week seemed a generous ___________ of your time to the nursing home.A. afflictionB. alternativeC. allocationD. alliance33. Every product is _________ tested before being put into market.A. expensivelyB. exceptionallyC. exhaustivelyD. exclusively34. Having clean hands is one of the ___________ rules when preparing food.A. potentB. conditionalC. inseparableD. cardinal35. The educators should try hard to develop the ________ abilities of children.A. cohesiveB. cognitiveC. collectiveD. comic36. Mortgage ___________ had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.A. defectsB. deficitsC. defaultsD. deceptions37. The symptoms may be __________ by certain drugs.A. exaggeratedB. exacerbatedC. exceededD. exhibited38. Her story was a complete __________ from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.A. facilityB. fascinationC. fabricationD. faculty39. The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out _________.A. salvageB. safeguardC. sabotageD. sacrifice40. The government always _________ on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.A. takes upB. checks upC. works outD. looks intoSection B41. The 19th century physiology was dominated by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass and activity.A. boostedB. governedC. clarifiedD. pioneered42. Surely, it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.A. realisticB. sensitiveC. reasonableD. sensational43. The Chinese people hold the ancestors in great veneration.A. recognitionB. sincerityC. heritageD. honour44. I worked to develop the requisite skill for managerial.A. perfectB. exquisiteC. uniqueD. necessary45. If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity and an index of physiological age, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.A. instanceB. indicatorC. appearanceD. option46. The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.A. arduousB. demandingC. potentD. continuous47. The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it delivers.A. practicableB. reliableC. flexibleD. responsible48. Greenpeace has been invite to appraise the environment costs of such an operation.A. esteemB. appreciateC. evaluateD. approve49. The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak.A. chillyB. dismalC. promisingD. fanatic50. These were vital decisions that bored upon the happiness of everybody.A. ensuredB. minedC. achievedD. influencedPart III Cloze (10%)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely ___51___, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius ___52____ a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in boring environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surrounding. Thus the ___53___ of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his ___54___. This view, not held by most experts can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent ___55___ we are born with. The closer the bloodrelationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people ___56___, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have ___57___ intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.___58___ now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment ___59___ birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the ___60___ that people who live in close contact with each other. But who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.51. A. quiet B. enough C. sure D. so52. A. out of B. into C. from within D. off53. A. amounts B. qualities C. limits D. scores54. A. disposition B. perception C. endowment D. environment55. A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything56. A. in advance B. for effect C. at random D. under way57. A. similar B. various C. appropriate D. inborn58. A. Look B. Believe C. Suggest D. Imagine59. A. and B. or rather C. as well as D. but for60. A. fact B. event C. condition D. environmentPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage OneFourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Sean would die. Sean’s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren’t enough human organs to go around.Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig heart for transplants by the year 2008.That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activities. They protest that that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust. Some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans.Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthily, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs.Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.61. What is the problem the passage begins with?A. High mortality rate of immune rejection.B. A malpractice in heart transplantation.C. An unusual case of organ transplant.D. A shortage of human organs.62. Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it _________________________.A. introduces an issue of inhumanityB. raises the issue of justice in medicineC. presents a significant threat to human natureD. pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits63. Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists ___________________.A. are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB. switch to the development of artificial organsC. come up with alternatives to the current problemD. set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease64. It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that __________________.A. the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB. the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC. people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD. the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed65. The information the passage carries is __________________________.A. enlighteningB. unbelievableC. imaginativeD. factualPassage TwoThere is a great irony of 21st century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes.To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental cause. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, television set, and computers that promote sedentary behaviour. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly business because everyone eats.Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones, have far more than they need - another irony. In the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories – are overweight. The U.S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many adults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, large portions. And campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of lobbyists to discourage government from doing anything to inhibit overeating.66. The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to _____________.A. the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB. the inefficient and superfluous consumption of foodC. the seas natural resource and the green of food sourceD. the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases67. To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is _______.A. to improve political and economic managementB. to cope with the energy imbalance issueC. to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD. to increase investment in global health68. As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to _____________.A. affluence and obesityB. food energy and nutritional valueC. food business and economic prosperityD. diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity69. As a result of the third irony, people _____________________.A. consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisB. complain about food overproductionC. have to raise their food expensesD. are driven towards weight gain70. Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?A. The economic dimension.B. The political dimensionC. The humane dimension.D. The dietary dimensionPassage ThreeWomen find a masculine face with a large jaw and a prominent brow more attractive when they are more likely to conceive, according to a study published in the June 24 Nature. Before, during, and just after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more “feminine”male faces, the researchers report.“Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle,”says leading author Ian Penton-V oak of the University of St. Andrews on Scotland. “we thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also.The research showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine Dr feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more muscular features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase.The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment.The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-V oak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle.Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says.Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as “kinder’men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素) levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn’t yet shown a link between a woman’s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.71. The researchers made a study on _____________________.A. women’s menstrual cycleB. men’s preferred female imagesC. women’s visual preferences of menD. men’s masculine and feminine features72. Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they ___________.A. grow to be feminineB. are on oral contraceptivesC. are ready for conceptionD. are on menstruation73. It was found in Britain that women’s preferred male images were influenced by ___________.A. their family planningB. the years of marriage they hadC. the length of their menstrual cycleD. the term or relationship they seek74. Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Penton-Voakimplies, does not mean that __________________.A. visual preferences do existB. a woman acts this way is realityC. a man will buy into the phenomenonD. men and women prefer the same image75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Does a woman judge from a man’s appearance?B. Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C. Are women more emotional than men?D. Is beauty more than meets the eye?Passage FourWell-do they or don’t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer, especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights.One team from Bristol announced that it has evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer (Electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about what is going on.Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interesting. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon- a gas normally associated with lung cancer-would cause leukemia in children.The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world’s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and the electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link.Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were nearby.Which is not to say the research is perfect. Critics argue that Britain’s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week’s study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields connot penetrate the body significantly, for example.A more serious concern whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries such as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants (书呆子) would conclude that it doesn’t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study.In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in Britain homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.76. Both the question “Well-do they or don’t they?”and the question “what is going on?”suggest _______________.A. the high incidence of LeukemiaB. the advent of bewildermentC. the warning of the worsening air pollutionD. the tense relation between Bristol and London77. What would the author say of the result of the first study?A. EnlighteningB. InsignificantC. ReassuringD. Apparent78. What can be suggested from the results of the second study?A. There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B. There is much to be improved in terms of design.C. There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.D. There is no link between the first and second study.79. It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes ____________.A. are expected to convince nobody but pedantsB. were found to have left much room for doubtC. could have implications in such countries as the USD. will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future80. To conclude, the author _____________.A. reassures us of the responsibility of the latest research in BritainB. asks for improved measurements for such an investigationC. points out the drawbacks of the latest research in BritainD. urges further investigations on the issuePassage FiveSmoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body’s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking age skin prematurely.Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs. They chop up the fibers that form collagen (胶原质) – the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin.Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body’s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline (盐的) solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen.After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells.Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent.He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. “This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing,”he says, “It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation.”Morita doesn’t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. “So far we’ve only done this in the lab.”He says. “We don’t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time.”Other dermatologists are impressed by the work. “This is fascinating,” says Lawrence Parish, director of the centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. “This confirms scientifically what we’ve long expected,” he says, “Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin.”81. Healthy skin lies in ______________________.A. a well-kept balance between two working processesB. the two processes of breaking down skin cellsC. a fine balance in the number of cigarettesD. the two steps of forming collagen82. For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is _________.A. to verify the aging of human beingsB. to find out the mechanism of renewing skinC. to prove the two processes of wrinkle formationD. to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise83. The Japanese scientists tested their idea using ___________.A. MMPs to for fresh collagenB. cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cellsC. human fiber blasts to produce fresh collagenD. non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke84. As inferred from Morita’s results, smoking __________________.A. could stimulate the production of fresh collagenB. is unlikely to promote the production of MMPC. tends to cause skin to age prematurelyD. may cause collagen to die by 60%85. Morita implies that his findings ____________________.A. took less time than expectedB. were hard to accept in dermatologyC. were not exclusively based on the labD.need to be further verified in the human bodyPassage SixToday I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called “Harold” (his first name: Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with “Harold”- it was what he was called in the army - but Dad never – has been “Harold” except to those who really don’t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for “Harold” were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson.Dad doesn’t correct his physicians or the office receptionists – he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal “Jack,” strong athletic, quietly confident and imminently trustworthy, but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments, his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced this life-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as “Harold”.86. The author relates the story _____________________.A. from a consumer’s point of viewB. with a view to punctuating patient rightsC. according to his own standards of healthD. based on his own unpleasant medical treatment87. Apparently the author’s father _______________________.A. did not like to be called by the first nameB. was not well taken care of as expectedC. was mistaken for somebody elseD. was treated like a businessman88. As the author implies his father_________________________.。

中国传媒大学博士考试2004-2008对外汉语教学试题及答案

北京广播学院 2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试对外汉语教学试题一、请列出你所知道的一些有代表性的现代汉语（含词汇）著作，并对其中你最了解的一部著作或论文做一简要述评。

（20）答：1. 陆俭明著《现代汉语语法研究教程》（第三版。

北京大学出版社2005年出版。

2. 吴福祥主编《汉语语法化研究》，商务印书馆2005年出版3. 邢福义著《汉语语法学》，东北师范大学出版社1997年出版4. 邢欣著《现代汉语兼语式》，北京广播学院出版社2005年出版。

5. 李临定著《现代汉语句型》，商务印书馆1986年出版。

6. 张伯江方梅著《汉语功能语法研究》，南昌:江西教育出版社,19967. 刘丹青著《语序类型学与介词理论》商务印书馆 2003年出版我比较感了解的是《现代汉语语法研究教程》（第三版），此书是我国著名语言学家陆俭明先生为广大青年学子撰写的教程，以阐述现代汉语语法研究的理论和方法为目的。

内容侧重于现代汉语语法研究中的一些热点问题以及汉语语法研究的主要的理论和方法，也适当地介绍当前国际上形式语言学与功能语言学这两大学派的研究思路，此外，还从中文信息处理、对外汉语教学和中学语文教学等方面就汉语语法研究的应用问题进行了深入浅出的阐述。

《教程》旨在拓宽语法研究的视野，引导学生对现代汉语语法研究的理论和方法有更深入的认识。

每一讲都紧密结合汉语实际，深入浅出，是一部理想的研究性教材。

全书共分5章，分别为：第一章词类研究；第二章汉语句法分析；第三章范畴研究；第四章汉语虚词研究；第五章形式学派与功能学派和第六章汉语语法应用研究。

我认为全书写的比较好的是第二章和第五章。

第二章，作者系统讲解了现代汉语句法分析的5种方法，比如：层次分析法、变换分析法、语义特征分析法、配价分析法和语义指向分析。

第五章，形式学派与功能学派。

作者分别从形式学派的研究思路和功能学派的研究思路，两个角度介绍了语言学中两种研究思路的起源、主要观点和对汉语的应用分析。

博士历年考试题

博士历年考试题2004.教学论试题一．简答题1.什么是教学？为什么说教学工作是学校的中心工作？2.简述教学与学生发展的关系。

3.简析班级的优缺点。

二、论述题1.教学目标有哪些作用？怎样确定体育课教学目标，请举例说明。

2.运用教学论的有关原理，论述怎样对体育教学改革提出的要求。

运动生理学试题一.简答题1.简述肌肉收缩形式及其生理特点。

2.简述个体乳酸提出的生理学依据。

3.简述间歇训练的生理特点。

体育教育训练学、民族传统体育学-----运动学一.简答题1.简述运动训练的研究内容。

2.试述运动训练计划的定义及其基本内容。

3.何谓“朝量恢复集中效应”。

4.简述战术意识的含义和内容。

二．论述题1.你认为我国在雅典奥运会中夺金点有哪些项目？并任举一个运动项目分析起面临的形势。

2.请从训练学度分析我国男子足球、短跑、拳击、篮球、公路自行车、网球中任意一个项目竞技水平与世界水平有明显差距的原因。

3.试述周期安排原则的含义、科学依据及应用该原则的训练学要点。

4.“非典”期间我国优秀运动员参赛次数明显减少，请举例说明其对我国2003年竞技水平带了什么影响。

2005教学论试题一.简答题1.简述教学科学管理发展的基本趋势2.评述“学生中心论”3.分析课程与教学的关系二.分析论述题1.试论当代教学论发展的背景、趋势和面临的主要问题。

2.联系实际论述在体育教学中如何贯彻因材施教的原则，并举例说明。

3.结合我国当前基础教育改革的实际，运用教学论的用关原理论述如何进一步深化体育教学改革。

运动生理学试题一、简答题1.1.有哪些因素可影响运动后过量氧耗。

2.什么是运动性疲劳？有哪些解释运动性疲劳机理的学说？3.什么是个体乳酸阈？二、分析论述题1.肌纤维类型是如何划分的？不同类型肌纤维的形态和生理学特征是什么？2.运动训练对运动员心血管系统有何影响？3.试述如何运用生理学知识指导运动训练。

体育教育训练学、民族传统体育学------运动训练学一、简答题1.简述竞技体育的基本特点。

2008级博士生考试试卷

English Test for Doctoral Candidates （A卷）Dec。

28，2008Part I Listening Comprehension （20%）Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be spoken only once。

After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A，B，C and D, and decide which is the best answer。

Then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I witha single line through the center。

1. A。

T ouch all his friends.B. Write a lot.C. Have a lot of time.D。

H ave a lot of friends。

2。

A。

T o work for a small company.B。

T o start a large company.C. To be independent.D。

T o graduate.3. A。

B uy a new car.B。

G o to a new store。

C。

F ind a new repair shop。

D. Take a different bus.4。

2008年7月自考课程与教学论试题与答案（大全5篇）

2008年7月自考课程与教学论试题与答案（大全5篇）第一篇：2008年7月自考课程与教学论试题与答案小桂子,加油哦！全国2008年7月高等教育自学考试课程与教学论试题一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)1．范例教学的三个基本特征是(A)A．基本性、基础性、范例性 B．个体性、基础性、范例性C．全员性、基本性、范例性D．基本性、全面性、范例性2．“确定教育目标、选择教育经验、组织教育经验、评价教育计划”，这四个基本问题构成了(C)A．塔巴目标模式的基本内容 B．惠勒目标模式的基本内容C．泰勒原理的基本内容 D．坦纳目标模式的基本内容 3．奥苏伯尔讲解式教学的设计原则是(D)A．包摄性较广的原则与包摄性较弱的原则B．说明性组织者原则与比较性组织者原则C．上位学习原则与下位学习原则D．逐渐分化原则与综合贯通原则4．布卢姆认为，“教育目标分类学”应包括认知领域、动作技能领域和(A)A．情感领域 B．思维领域 C．意志领域 D．思想领域 5．“生成性目标”取向本质上是(C)A．对“解放理性”的追求 B．对“普遍主义”价值观的体现C．对“实践理性”的追求 D．对“科技理性”的追求 6．选择社会生活经验的根本问题是如何认识(A)A．学校课程与社会生活的关系问题 B．学校课程的价值问题C．社会生活的价值问题 D．学校课程与社会生活各自的价值问题7．教师与学生交往的主渠道是(B)A．课外活动 B．课堂 C．游戏 D．提问 8．提出形成性评价和总结性评价的是课程评价专家(A)A．斯克里文 B．斯太克 C．普罗沃斯 D．莱斯9．教材中介绍了四种典型的评价模式，其中“以所有与方案有利害关系或切身利益的人所关心的问题为中心的一种评价”是(B) A．差别模式B．回应模式C．外貌模式D．目标达成模式10．情境教学认为测验不应独立于问题解决的过程，而应采用与教学过程、与教学情境融为一体的评估，称为(C)小桂子,加油哦！A．总结性评价 B．目标游离评价 C．场合驱动评价 D．内在评价11．美国80年代以来倡导的“卓越教育”实质上体现了20世纪世界课程改革的一个基本价值取向，即(B)A．多元主义价值观 B．教育民主化与教育公平的理念C．精英主义教育理念D．主体教育观12．以下属于建构主义教学模式的是(A)A．实例式教学B．非指导性教学C．范例教学D．程序教学13．我国当下推行的“素质教育”，实质上体现了当今世界课程改革的一个共同趋势，即追求(C)A．国际性与民族性的内在统一 B．平等与高质量的内在统一C．科学世界与生活世界的内在统一 D．教师主体与学生主导的内在统一 14．进入20世纪70年代，课程研究内容的取向发生了重要转变，开始由研究课程开发为主转向研究(C)A．如何设计课程 B．如何实施课程C．如何理解课程 D．如何评价课程15．美国课程论专家查特斯所提倡的课程开发方法被称为(B)A．活动分析B．工作分析C．目标分析D．过程分析16．认知性教学设计理论的代表人物是布里格斯和(D)A．斯金纳 B．拉伊 C．格拉泽 D．加涅17．确立了“学科结构运动”的理论基础与行动纲领的著作是(B) A．《课程与教学的基本原理》 B．《教育过程》C．《怎样编制课程》D．《课程编制》18．第一次明确提出“教育性教学”理念的教育家是(C)A．夸美纽斯B．卢梭C．赫尔巴特D．裴斯泰洛齐19．施瓦布主张课程审议的主体应该是(C)A．课程专家 B．教材专家C．由校长、社区代表、教师、学生、教材专家、课程专家、心理学家和社会学家等组成的课程集体D．教师20．以下不属于概念重建主义课程范式的课程专家是(D)A．派纳 B．阿普尔 C．韦克斯勒 D．哈罗普小桂子,加油哦！21．首次把课程开发视为一个专门的学术研究领域，并进而开启了课程开发科学化历程的是(A)A．博比特B．查特斯C．哈里斯D．泰勒22．提出“课程教学”概念的教育家是(C)A．艾斯纳 B．斯宾塞 C．韦迪 D．布劳迪23．《中国大百科全书·教育》中把课程定义为“课程是指所有学科（教学科目）的总和，或学生在教师指导下各种活动的总和”。

2008和2010年北京大学对外汉语教育学院考博专业课试题

2008年对外汉语教育学院考博专业课试题专业课（七选五）1、简述配价语法的基本观点并谈一谈其在对外汉语教学中的应用价值。

2、语言习得研究的发展脉络3、介绍一个国外教学标准（美国21世纪外语学习的目标或欧盟语言框架）并谈一谈其对汉语教学的启发意义。

4、谈一谈汉语拼音方案的作用和问题及如何处理方案的问题，将之灵活运用于教学的策略。

5、你觉得是否应该为外国人编写文化教材？为什么？6、谈一谈关于词汇本体研究和教学的接口问题。

7、简述副词的相关研究及关于副词教学的问题。

基础课（六选四）1、对外汉语教学学科的体系有哪些？并选一至两个方面，详述其相关研究的发展。

2、简述三个平面理论的基本观点并谈一谈其在对外汉语教学中的应用价值。

3、谈一谈你对汉语本体研究与教学语法的关系的理解。

4、影响汉语语音习得的有哪些因素？5、谈一谈跨文化交际与对外汉语教学的关系？6、有观点认为“词汇具有开放性，词汇的系统性也不强，因此在汉语教学中不适宜系统进行词汇教学”，你怎么看这种观点。

北京大学对外汉语教育学院2010年考博试题专业：语言学及应用语言学【对外汉语专业基础课】考试时间：２０１０年３月１３日 8：30—11：30（共５题，每个２０分。

）1．对外汉语学科都有哪些研究领域？请选择两个方面介绍主要研究成果。

2．请评述近三十年来对外汉语教学方法的发展。

3．请评述近十年来副词研究的主要成果。

4．在对外汉语教学中，语言教学与文化教学是否具有同一性？请举实例说明。

5．第二语言测试的类型都有哪些？每种类型的测试在第二语言教学中的作用是什么？【对外汉语专业课】考试时间：２０１０年３月１３日 14：00—17：00（每题２０分，１－３为必答题，４－６中任选两道作答。

）1．请论述对外汉语语法教学的主要成果以及所面临的挑战。

2．对外汉语教学中的语音训练产生的误导都有哪些？纠正方法是什么？3．请从理论与实践两方面分别论述在对外汉语教学中，语言类教材与文化类教材在跨文化交际中所发挥的作用。

课程与教学论真题及部分答案汇集

课程与教学论历年真题及部分答案汇集一、全国2011年7月自学考试课程与教学论试题一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)1.被认为是科学化课程开发理论的奠基者、开创者是( )A.博比特B.麦克尼尔C.查特斯D.波特2.学术中心课程主张课程的( )A.相关化B.专门化C.融合化D.广域化3.“泰勒原理”的深层价值取向是( )A.技术兴趣B.实践兴趣C.解放兴趣D.建构兴趣4.维果茨基在其“文化—历史心理理论”的基础上提出了( )A.“基础教养论”B.“中间语言”C.“最近发展区”D.“居室教育学”5.旨在阐明“把一切事物教给一切人类的全部艺术”的经典教育著作是( )A.《教学的艺术》B.《大教学论》C.《实验教学论》D.《教育学讲授纲要》6.在赫尔巴特四个教学“形式阶段”中，“把业已形成的知识系统通过应用于各种情境而使之进一步充实和完善”属于( )A.明了阶段B.联合阶段C.系统阶段D.方法阶段7.首次明确提出把心理发展的研究作为教学总原则的基础的是( )A.福禄贝尔B.奥苏贝尔C.裴斯泰洛齐D.拉特克8.提出“任何学科都能够用在智育上是诚实的方式，有效地教给任何发展阶段的任何儿童”的是( )A.赞科夫B.皮亚杰C.瓦根舍因D.布鲁纳9.范例教学的特殊之点在于“范例”，范例的基本特征是( )A.基本性、基础性、范例性B.具体性、学术性、范例性C.具体性、精确性、范例性D.基本性、专门性、范例性10.“给学生一篇文章，学生在五分钟内不靠帮助或参考书，能够识别出它的风格”这个教学目标的取向属于( )A.生成性目标取向B.普遍性目标取向C.表现性目标取向D.行为目标取向11.在学校课程与社会生活的关系问题上，认为“教育为社会生活作准备，学校课程是使学习者适应当代社会生活的工具”，这种观点是( )A.主动适应论B.被动适应论C.相互作用论D.超越论12.共同解决问题型教学方法对应的学习方式是( )A.探究性学习B.自主性学习C.社会性学习D.接受性学习13.罗杰斯关于学习的分类，是将学习分为( )A.无意义联结的学习、有意义的经验学习B.有意学习、机械学习C.发现学习、接受学习D.上位学习、下位学习14.在非指导性教学中，教师的角色变成了( )A.引领者B.管理者C.促进者D.指导者15.教师向学生作出一定的活动、行动、态度以供学生仿效的教学方法，被称为( )A.呈示B.示范C.展示D.口述16.课程的垂直组织有两个基本标准，即( )A.学术性和逻辑性B.顺序性与重复性C.连续性与顺序性D.逻辑性与一致性17.浪漫自然主义经验课程的终极目的是( )A.使人成为“自然人”B.个体经验和社会整体的持续生长C.使人之个性完全获得自由与独立，使人获得解放，使社会日臻公正D.使人获得全面发展18.“人本主义经验课程”内容的基本来源是( )A.儿童、自然、知识、社会B.儿童、学科知识、社会C.自我、自然、知识、社会D.学生经验、历史文化、自然19.布拉梅尔德在“未来中心教育”理念的基础上提出了著名的( )A.微型课程B.STS课程C.轮形课程D.国际理解教育课程20.最早在中学开设选修课程的国家是( )A.美国B.英国C.德国D.法国21.“隐性课程是指那些包含着特殊信息的班级社会关系，这些特殊信息使维持资本主义逻辑和合理性的特殊的价值观、社会规则观、权威观和劳动观得以合法化”。

北京师范大学2008年考博英语真题和答案

2008年北京师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题SECTION IPart A1. Until the constitution is____, the power to appoint ministers will remain with the president.A) Corrected B) amended C) remedied D) revised2. Several experts have been called in to plan ____ for boating, tennis, refreshments and children’s games in the projected town park.A) equipment B)instruments C)implement D)facilities3. You can try ___with the landlord for more time to pay the money.A) pleading B) requesting C)demanding D)dealing4. His sprained ankle ____ his chances of wining the tournament.A) damaged B) broke C)ruined D)demolished5. When he realized he had been ____ to sign the contract by intrigue, he threaten to start legal proceedings to cancel the agreement.A) elicited B)excited C)deduced D)induced6. While attempting to look into the case, ____.A) he found it was difficult B)the case was difficultC) it happened that the case is difficult C) difficult as the case7. ____ you cannot pick me up at the airport, please call me immediately.A) in order that B)in the event that C)if only D)unless8. It is impossible that the brain, ____, will be replaced by computer.A) as we know B)which we know C)we know that D) we know9. it’s more difficult to solve a probl em than ____.A) a question is found B) finding a questionC) that of finding a question D) to find a question10. ____ in doing an examination, the time passed by quickly.A) Being absorbed B) Having been absorbedC) When they were absorbed D) Be absorbedPart B11. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that are(is) the main focus of social psychology.12. Although we had been present at roughly the same time, Mr. Brown saw thesee) from the way I saw it.13. Should John resign and Henry succeed him, we would have had (would have) a more vigorous leadership.14. Historically, no artists have presented clearer or the more(more) complete records of the development of human culture than sculptors have.15. Although the police are given considerable authority by society to enforce its laws, they get a relatively low salary as compared with that of other occupational groups16. Thirteen hundred medical professionals, have been trained to treat drug dependency, attended the annual convention sponsored by a society.17. More than three years after moving from Australia to this remote point of England, we are still learning how things have done(are done) here.18. There that children in language classrooms learn foreign languages any better than adults in similar classroom situations.19. When he speaks at banquets, he makes a point of going into the kitchen and20. Other guests at yesterday’s opening, which was broadcast alive (live) by the radio station, included the princess and her husband.Part CScience writer must 21 information regarding scientific events. In this capacity, they make the information clearer and more understandable and help readersto coordinate fresh information 22 the knowledge they already have 23 they can relate it to personal circumstances. Science journalism also means making reader curious and entertaining them. Entertainment is the most successful didactic form. Journalists supply readers 24 material for further education and opinion-formation, because, in a society 25 terms like growth, market economy and full employment are filled with new meanings and basic technical innovation such as microelectronics and genetic engineering also makes 26 to the reader fields of knowledge hitherto 27 to him, conveys the fascination of science and 28 readers to follow discussions and controversies between experts.Do the popular science publications accomplish all this? If one analyzes the science magazines 29 to, one comes to the conclusion that science journalism has reached a high degree of maturity and finds the necessary reader 30.21. A. elect B. filter C. choose D. select22. A. to B. for C. with D. by23. A. so that B. in order that C. in the fact that D. on condition that24. A. for B. with C. on D. about25. A. on which B. by which C. in which D. of which26. A. access B. accessible C. accessary D. accessory27. A. know B. known C. unknow D. unknown28. A. makes B. helps C. enables D. unable29. A. let B. referred C. related D. concerned30. A. acceptance B. to accept C. acceptable D. acceptantSECTION IIPassage 1In the late 20th century, information has acquired two major utilitarian connotations. On the one hand, it is considered an economic resource, somewhat on par with other resources such as labor, material, and capital. This view stems from evidence that the possession, manipulation, and use of information can increase thecost-effectiveness on many physical and cognitive processes. The rise in information-processing activities in industrial manufacturing as well as in human problem solving has been remarkable. Analysis of one of the three traditional divisions of the economy, the service sector, shows a sharp increase in information-intensive activities since the beginning of the 20th century. By 1975 these activities accounted for half of the labor force of the United States, giving rise to the so-called information society.As an individual and societal resource, information has some interesting characteristics that separate it from the traditional notions of economic resources. Unlike other resources, information is expansive, with limits apparently imposed only by time and human cognitive capabilities. Its expansiveness is attributable to the following: (1) it is naturally diffusive; (2) it reproduces rather than being consumed through use; and (3) it can be shared only, not exchanged in transactions. At the same time, information is compressible, both syntactically and semantically. Coupled with its ability to be substituted for other economic resources, its transportability at very high speeds, and its ability to impart advantages to the holder of information, these characteristics are at the base of such societal industries as research, education, publishing, marketing, and even politics. Societal concern with the husbanding of information resources has extended from the traditional domain of libraries and archives to encompass organizational, institutional, and governmental information under the umbrella of information resource management.The second perception of information is that it is an economic commodity, which helps to stimulate the worldwide growth of a new segment of national economies —the information service sector. Taking advantage of the properties of information and building on the perception of its individual and societal utility and value, this sector provides a broad range of information products and services. By 1992 the market share of the U. S. information service sector had grown to about $ 25 billion. This was equivalent to about one-seventh of the country’s computer market, which, in turn, represented roughly 40 percent of the global market in computers in that year.However, the probably convergence of computers and television (which constitutes a market share 100 times larger than computers) and its impact on information services, entertainment, and education are likely to restructure the respective market shares of the information industry before the onset of the 21st century.31. The first paragraph is mainly about ______.A) The remarkable rise in information-processing activities.B) a sharp increase in information-intensive activitiesC) information as an economic resourceD) the birth of information society32. which of the following is NOT a characteristic of information?A) information can be condensedB) information can be consumed through use.C) information can be shared by many peopleD) information can be delivered at very high speed33. The characteristics of information are ______ those of other economic resourcesA) same with B) different fromC) contrary to D) opposite to34. According to this passage, the market share of _______.A) the U.S. information service sector was equivalent to 40 percent of the global market shareB) the U.S. information service sector was about one-seventh of the global market shareC) computers in the United States had reached about $ 3.5 billion by 1992.D) computers in the United States is much smaller than that of television35. which would be the most appropriate title for the passage?A) information SocietyB) Characteristics of informationC) Two major utilitarian connotationsD) information as a Resource and commodityPassage 2Pity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then, most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject which has blighted their holidays and ruined their evenings.The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25% of PhD candidates were finish ing within four years. The ESRC’s response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39%. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University, the London School of Economics and the London Business School.Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finis their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertakingtheir first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style of thesis, too.36. By the time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time .A) their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobs.B) most of them are completely tired of their subjectC) most of them have got some fatal diseasesD) most of their grants are running out37. Oxford University would be excluded out of those universities that receive PhD gr ants from ESRC, because the completion rate of its PhD students’ theses within four years is lower than _______A) 25% B) 39% C) 55% D) 10%38. Which is not arguments against ESRC’s policy ?A) All the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negative, which will inevitably result in howls of protests.B) Faster completion rates may result from lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics rather than efficiency.C) it takes some good students longer to finish their theses because they go more quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills.D. polytechnics students’ performances vary unpredictably and penalty based on theses completion rate is not justified.39. The ESRC would prefer _______A) that PhD students were less modest in their aimsB) that more students were carrying out knowledge-based studiesC) more systematic teaching of research skillsD) higher standards of PhD students’ these and more ambitious doctoral topics40. what the ESRC can do is to _____A) force departments to give graduates more teaching timeB) try to persuade universities to change their waysC) dictate the standard of thesis required by external examinersD) notify students they want less elaborate style of thesisPassage 3Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possi bilities produced novel dramatic effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot to camera shot.Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological and emotionalexploration as well as narrative that were not chronological, and the crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of American cinema. When he remade Enoch Arden in 1911, he insisted that a subject of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel. Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense revolution. Two years later, Judith of Bethulea, an elaborate historic philosophical spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a new intellectual respectability to the cinema.41. the suthor suggests that Griffith film innovations had a direct effect on all of the following EXCEPT ______A) film editing B) camera work C) scene composing D) sound editing42. it can be inferred from the passage that passage that before 1910 the normal running time of a film was _____.A) 15 minutes or less B) between 15 and 30 minutesC) between 30 and 45 minutes D) between 45 minutes and 1 hour43. it can be inferred from the passage that Griffith would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?A) the good dirctor will attempt to explore new ideas as quickly as possibleB) the most important element contributing to a film’s success is the ability ofthe actorsC) the camera must be considered an integral and active element in the creatin of a filmD) the cinema should emphasize serious and sober examinations of funfamental human problems.44. the author’s attitude toward photography in the cinema befo re Gritffith can best be described as ______.A) sympathetic B) nostalgic C) amused D) condescending45. the primary purse of the passage is to _______A) discuss the importance of Griffth to the development of the cinemaB) describe the impact on cinema of the flashback and other editing innovationsC) deplore the state of American cinema before the advent of GritffithD) analyze the changes in the cinema brought by the introduction of the multi-reel filmPassage 4In the early 1950’s historians who stu died pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period fro, roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One difficulty, however, was that few of the remaining 97 percent recorded their thoughts or had them chronicled by contemporaries. Faced with this situation, many historians based their investigations on the only records that seemed to exits: birth, marriage, and death records. As a result, much of the early work on the non-elite was aridly statistical in nature; reducing the vast majority of the population to a set of numbers was hardly more enlightening than ignoring them altogether. Historian still did not know what these people thought or felt.One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, anddefendants. These documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.” Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. It has been societies that have had a developed police system and practiced Roma law, with its written depositions, whose court records have yielded the most data to historians. In Anglo-Saxon countries hardly any of these benefits obtain, but it has still been possible to glean information from the study of legal documents.The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court record may be put. Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series of categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. This use of the records does yield some information about the non-elite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the non-elite. We also know that the number of indictments in pre-industrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time. In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the pre-industrial period with rates in another decade. Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case history use of court records is to be preferred.46. which of the following did most historians who studied pre-industrial Europe do before the early 1950’s, according to the author?A) they failed to make distinctions among members of the pre-industrial European political.B) they used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature.C) they inaccurately estimated the influence of the pre-industrial European political and social elite.D) they confined their work to a narrow range of the pre-industrial European population.47. it can be inferred from the passage that much of the early work by historians on the European non-elite of the pre-industrial period might have been more illuminating if these historians had ____A) used different methods of statistical analysis to investigate the non-eliteB) been more successful in identifying the attitudes of civil authorities, especially those who administered justice, toward the non-eliteC) been able to draw on more accounts written by contemporaries of the non-elite that described what these non-elite thoughtD) relied more heavily on the personal records left by members of the European political and social elite who lived during the period in question48. the author mentions Le Roy Ladurie(in paragraph 2) in order to ________A) given a example of a historian who has made one kind of use of court recordsB) cite a historian who has based case histories on the birth, marriage, and death records of the non-eliteC) gain authoritative support for the view that the case history approach is the most fruitful approach to court records.D) point out the first historian to realize the value of court records in illuminating the beliefs and values of the non-elite49. According to the passage, which of the following is true of indictments for crime in Europe in the pre-industrial period?A) they have, in terms of their numbers, remained relatively constant over timeB) their problematic relationship to actual crime has not been acknowledged by most historians.C) they are not a particularly accurate indication of the extent of actual criminal activity.D) their importance to historians of the non-elite has been generally overestimated.50. the passage would be most likely to appear as part of _____A) a book review summarizing the achievements of historians of the European aristocracyB) an essay describing trends in the practice of writing historyC) a textbook on the application of statistical methods in the social scienceD) an article urging the adoption of historical methods by the legal profession. SECTION IIIPart AMany people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society. This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause. and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science.What is needed in the case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are. The United States Navy, for instance, recently examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers: the study was known as Project Anehin. It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome. But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors. This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies: if there is any effect of noise upon mental health it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it. That does not prove that it does not existPart B1. 科学技术是第一生产力。

2008年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2008年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：W: How many people turned out at the fund raising event?M: Fewer people came than we had expected. It was disappointing, but we made a little money for our organization. W: Sorry, I wasn’ t able to attend. I intended to. Q: What did the man say about the fund raising event?1．A．It was called off unexpectedly.B．It raised more money than expected.C．It received fewer people than expected.D．It disappointed the woman for the man’ s absence.正确答案：C解析：根据男士的话Fewer people came than we had expected，可知募捐仪式来的人比预料的少。

听力原文：M: The reflux disease is often caused by the relaxation of the sphincter which opens at the wrong time, allowing acid content to flow into the esophagus. What do you think is the result? W: It burns. That’s what causes heart burn, right? Q: What are they talking about?2．A．A thoracic case.B．A nervous disorder.C．A stomach problem.D．A psychiatric condition.正确答案：C解析：根据男士的话allowing acid content to flow into the esophagus(让酸性物质流进食道)可知这是关于胃的疾病。

08年华东师大课程与教学论专业考博试题（共5篇）

08年华东师大课程与教学论专业考博试题（共5篇）第一篇：08年华东师大课程与教学论专业考博试题08年华东师大课程与教学论专业考博试题课程与教学论（选择其中两题，每题不少于1500字。

每题50分）1.根据当前学校课程中的问题，谈谈建立学校课程制度的现实意义。

2.论述“对话”的课程与教学论意义。

3.以“基于课程标准的教学”为主题，写一篇短文。

4.案例分析题（历史课程论考生必做题）。

（大意是：）一个学生在老师讲完三年自然灾害的历史之后说：如果不是那次灾害饿死那么多人，中国现在的从口会更多。

分析：学生为什么会这么说？身为教师的你应如何回答？教育心理学（选择其中两题。

每题50分）1.学习是建构的，试分析学习的心理建构机制。

2.态度与价值观是教育的一个目标。

用班杜拉的态度学习理论分析下面的案例：（大意是：）袁老师喜欢通过具体的事件来教育学生。

一次，一个学生把作业薄撞翻了一地，其他几个学生跑去告诉袁老师。

袁老师来到教室，亲切地对那个学生说：来，我们一起把薄子拾起来吧。

于是弯下腰去拣。

那几个“告状”的学生看到老师并没有批评那个学生，还去拾作业薄，于是也一去拾。

老师表扬了他们，他们很高兴，也意识到，“报告”老师是不好的行为。

问：学生是如何学习的？教师是如何教的？3.动机是影响学习的一个重要因素。

谈谈学习动机的归因理论与自我效能感理论的主要内容以及对学生的学习动机培养的启示。

08年北师大学前教育专业考博试题学前教育学1.根据当前学前教育的现状，谈谈学前教育与社会发展的关系。

（50分）2.你认为什么是高质量的托幼机构教育？如何评价托幼机构教育质量？当前的评价存在什么问题？（30分）3.论述幼儿园教学与课程的关系。

（20分）学前儿童心理学一、名词解释（每个8分）1.社会学习2.数理逻辑经验3.心理理论二、论述1.儿童概念形成的过程与基本规律。

（20分）2.自我形成的影响因素与机制。

（20分）3.论述儿童发展研究的理论物体及当前的观点。

2008年北京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2008年北京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. Proofreading 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．“What courses are you going to do next semester?” I don’t know. But it’s about time______on something.A．I’d decideB．I decidedC．I decideD．I’m deciding正确答案：B解析：此题考查的是句型It is about time that的使用方法，这是一个虚拟语气句型，表示与现在的事实相反，因而that从句的谓语动词一般用一般过去时。

如：It is about time that we went to school(现在是我们该去上学的时候了)。

本题的句意是“你下学期要选什么课?”“我不知道，但是应该是做决定的时候了”。

所以正确答案是B项。

2．______a ticket for the match, he can now only watch it on TV at home.A．Obtaining notB．Not obtainingC．Not having obtainedD．Not obtained正确答案：C解析：此题考查的是现在分词的完成式。

因为本题属于已发生的事情对后来的事情产生了影响，所以应该用现在完成时态。

句首处省略了主语，所以应该用现在分词的完成式。

如：Having succeeded in the last examination，she was more confident of another success in the coming one(因为成功地通过了上次的考试，因此她更有信心在即将到来的考试中再次取得成功)。

教学论博士试题及答案

教学论博士试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 教学论作为一门学科，其主要研究的是什么？A. 教学方法B. 教学过程C. 教学效果D. 教学理论答案：B2. 下列哪项不是教学设计的基本要素？A. 学习目标B. 学习内容C. 学习评价D. 学习动机答案：D3. 根据布鲁姆的认知领域教育目标分类，最高层次的认知学习目标是什么？A. 知识B. 理解C. 应用D. 评价答案：D4. 在教学过程中，教师的哪项角色是最为关键的？A. 知识的传递者B. 学习的促进者C. 纪律的维护者D. 情感的关怀者答案：B5. 以下哪个理论不是建构主义教学理论的基本原则？A. 学习者通过主动建构知识B. 知识是在社会文化背景中建构的C. 学习是一个被动接受的过程D. 学习者通过经验来建构知识答案：C6. 教学评价的目的是什么？A. 选拔和淘汰学生B. 促进学生的学习C. 增加学生的学习负担D. 为教师提供教学反馈答案：B7. 翻转课堂模式中，学生主要在什么时间进行知识的学习？A. 课堂上B. 课后C. 家里D. 任何时间答案：C8. 以下哪项不是有效教学策略的特点？A. 以学生为中心B. 强调教师的权威C. 促进学生的主动学习D. 适应不同学习风格的学生答案：B9. 教学媒体的选择应该基于什么原则？A. 媒体的新颖性B. 媒体的可用性C. 教学目标和内容D. 媒体的成本答案：C10. 以下哪项不是形成性评价的作用？A. 诊断学生的学习问题B. 为学生提供反馈C. 作为最终成绩评定的依据D. 调整教学策略答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述教学论中“学生中心”的教学模式有哪些特点。

答案：学生中心的教学模式强调学生的主体地位，教师的角色转变为指导者和促进者。

这种模式下，教学活动围绕学生的兴趣、需求和学习风格设计，鼓励学生主动探索和发现知识。

教师通过设计开放性问题、小组讨论、合作学习等活动，激发学生的思考和参与，同时提供及时的反馈和支持，帮助学生构建知识体系。

首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷

首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Section I Vocabulary Test(20%)Directions：In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.1. After the snow storm, the government plans to ______the run-down houses in the rural area as soon as possible.A. reviveB. replaceC. renovateD. remove2. The doctor assured her that the pain would _________in a few days.A. die offB. wear offC. get offD. go off3. The speeding woman’s _______________for some mercy could not change the policeman’s decision to give her a fine.A. pleaB. flatteryC. distressD. demonstration4. Owing to lack of money, these experiments must now be _______before the objective has been achieved.A. transferredB. transformedC. terminatedD. testified5. Quite unexpectedly, the young man __________ with success, the problem which had baffled his forerunner.A. tickledB. trickedC. trickledD. tackled6. The Space Age _____ in October l957when the first artificial satellite—was launched by the Soviet Union.A. embarkedB. initialedC. commencedD. originated7. Indoor or roof space antennae do not ___________give satisfactory performance even in strong signal areas.A. faithfulB. invariablyC. voluntarilyD. habitually8. These old houses are in good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. preservationB. observationC. compensationD. conservation9. She works bard at her task before she felt sure that the result would ______her long effort.A. verifyB. rectifyC. testifyD. justify10. The country is now undergoing an economic _________in which business activity is greatly reduced and the unemployment rate is high.A. sanctionB. accessionC. flourishD. recession11. The river is already ____its banks because of excessive rainfall and the town is threatened with a likely flood.A. level inB. flat onC. parallel toD. flush with12. Because of his outstanding achievements, the university _____ an honorary degree upon Mr. Adams.A. conferredB. dedicatedC. awardedD. presented13. It is one of the paradox of social intercourse that a ___________is much harder to respond to than an insult.A. complimentB. condemnationC. complementD. complaint14. The shop assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of_______quality he’d tell them so.A. minerB. inferiorC. awkwardD. humble15. A terrible traffic accident happened;people were saddened when they watched the ______sight on TV.A. periodicB. panicC. patheticD. patriotic16. Even you were not in the mood, you should have known better than to refuse a lady this way. You could have _______her instead.A. deniedB. declinedC. denotedD. denounced17. As the nation attaches excessive importance to football, the triumph or frustration of the national team is most likely to drive many of her nationals ______________.A. overexcitedB. turbulentC. overwhelmedD. hysterical18. On Labor Day the workers will march in __________though the town.A. processB. procedureC. processionD. progress19. Although we had lord them not to keep US waiting, they made no _____to speed up deliveries.A. trialB. actionC. attemptD. progress20. Mr.Moore is one of the most prosperous persons in the town, yet he does take _____at questioning the way he makes money.A. offenceB. rageC. hostilityD. revengeSection II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions：There are 5 passages ill this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.Passage 1An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers Oil the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess now his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case. Before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely accepted that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business-men, and so many accountants. . Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, all entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.21. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is________________.A. far-reaching B self-contradictoryC. dubiously orientedD. radically reformatory22. The belief that education is indispensable to all children______________________.A. originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countriesB. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer education advocatesC. came into being along with the arrival of computersD. is indicative of a pessimism in disguise23. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author, s country the European model of professional training is __________________________.A. dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB. worth trying in various social sectionsC. attractive to every kind of professionalD. of little practical value24. According to the author, basic computer skill should be ______________________.A. highlighted I acquisition of professional qualification5B. included as an auxiliary course in schoolC. mastered through a lifelong courseD. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 2The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition was a small step from movements like hydreopathy (which advocated the ‘‘natural" healing powers of water), to the idea that flesh air, healthy food, and exercise could be beneficial. The physical fitness movement in America followed the influx of a large number of German immigrants who fled their country due to the 1848 revolution. The movement began there with Fredrich Ludwig Jahn who unified exercise and sport with German historyand tradition and saw a connection between mental and physical health. Charle Pollen, Jahn’s student, led the movement in America, organizing the Round Hill School at Harvard, which stressed rigorous mental and physical exercise. In the mid-west the Germans established their first gymnastic institution called the Turnverein in Cincinnati in l848. Later called the Turners, these groups developed nationally and organized outings of picnics, games, gymnastics, and celebrations of German culture.Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women, and felt that corsets (束腹) not only made such exercise impossible, but actually deformed women’s bodies, and could even be passed on to future generations and degrade the race. She was also in advocate of improving nutrition and an early opponent of gluttony (暴食), believing condiments on food stimulated the appetite towards excess. Others championed vegetarianism, or saw lack of sunshine as a cause of stomach discomfort. Regardless of their particular inclination, all of the food reformers had a common philosophy: bad eating habits led to social disorder. Like physical fitness proponents, they saw a connection between reshaping the body and reshaping American society to improve the individual and the country.The physical fitness movement declined in the years preceding the Civil War, then revived, as Americans became city dwellers and took sedentary jobs. Advocates promoted "Muscular Christianity," a movement begun in England, which stressed that the best and most moral Christians were those with sound bodies. Indian clubs became a favorite exercise tool with entire books written for club exercises. Team sports became popular after l 865, reflecting America’s growing urbanization. The most popular was baseball, and in l 869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the country’s first professional team. By the l 900s, Luther Gulick transformed the Young Men’s Christian Association (VMCA) into the epitome of typical "Muscular Christianity.’’It became the largest organization of urban gymnasiums and fitness centers in America.25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that as to the physical fitness movement in the 19th century _____________________.A. hydropathy was popularB. not all groups had a German focus、C. Germans were fitter than AmericansD. Harvard became a leader in America26. It can be inferred from the passage that the Tumverein was ________________.A. successful in the mid-westB. 1imited to GermansC. 1ater named Turners because it was too difficult to pronounceD not popular with many non=Germans because they celebrated German culture27. Why did the physical fitness movement revive after the Civil War?A. Because people returned to their usual occupationsB. Because ‘‘Muscular Christianity" became popular.C. Because of urbanization.D. Because of physical injuries caused by the war.28. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition.B. The German and Christian influences on nutrition and physical fitness.C. Development of the physical fitness movement.D. The nutrition and physical fitness movements.Passage 3An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services, for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.It is this economic interdependency of the economic system that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britainthan in some other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.Trade unions Nave problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed for life: Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers’ elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.9. What is the main point of the first paragraph?A. Great Britain is a highly centralized industrial country.B. The public services of Britain have widely spread to remote areas of dependency.C. As a highly-concentrated country, Britain depends heavily on some vital public services.D. The economy of Britain is frequently confronted with crises.30. Arguments among unions arise because ___________.A. different unions fight to win more membersB. some unions are engaged in protecting their own membersC. the printing of newspapers has been suspended for several timesD. some unions pay little attention to the disputes31. By comparing trade unions with companies, the author suggests_____________________.A. both companies and trade unions have lots of redundanciesB. both of them are in conflict with workersC. both of them fail to communicate with the outsideD. neither of them has succeeded in passing on information32. The issue of trade union power is important in Britain because_________________________.A. the economy of Britain is an interdependent systemB. there are many disagreements between unionsC. Some unions have difficulties in internal communicationD. The unions’ leader are elected and appointed for lifePassage 4Many Americans harbour a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts—Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, "the streets would be littered with people lying here and there."Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10%of a plant’s weight is made up of naturalpesticides. He says: "since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare." And many naturally produced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogen—a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additive. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: "We’ve got far worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything man-made."Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvement in food and water safety. They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amount of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink.To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry modify some long-accepted practices turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens.33. What does the author think of the Americans’ view of their food?A. They overstate the government’s interference with the food industry.B. They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food.C. They overlook the risks of the food they eat.D. They overestimate the hazards of their food.34. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk foodbecause_________________.A. no food id free from pollution in the environmentB. pesticides are widely used in agricultureC. many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicalsD. almost all foods have additives35. By saying "they employ chemical warfare’’ underlined in paragraph 2, Bruce Ames means "______________".A. plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseasesB. plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growthC. farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plantsD. farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases36. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on____________________.A. the governmentB. the consumerC. the processorD. the growerPassage 5A large part of effective leadership is dependent on something called "style". But style is difficult to teach, and what makes one leader great and another mediocre is not easily defined. Leadership always implies power, and a broad definition in this context is that leadership includes the power to influence thoughts and actions of others in such a way that they achieve higher satisfaction and/or performance. Over the past century, there have been three major approaches to understanding leadership.Identifying leadership traits, or the physical and psychological characteristics of leaders, was the first formal approach, and had a lot of intuitive appeal. It owed its origins to the turn of the century (about 1904) when trait studies began. At this time most American leaders came from certain wealthy families, the vast majority were white males, and there were some social norms about what leaders looked like (tall, square jaw, well groomed etc.). The original assumption that "leaders are born not made" has been discredited, because there were too many exceptions tothe trait to give them any credibility. Beginning after World War II, in sharp contrast to the trait approach the behavioral approach looked at what a leader does, what behaviors leaders use that set them apart from others. This approach assumed that leadership could be learned. Virtually all of the studies focused on classifying behaviors according to whether they fed into a process of ‘‘people approach’’(satisfying individual needs), or a "task approach" (getting the job done). The basis for this classification was in the both these roles in the group for it to be effective. The earliest of these studies began in Ohio State University and the University of Michigan in the late 1940s. Many of the early trait and behavioral writers tries to make their ideas applicable to all leadership situations. The earliest situation approach to leadership was developed in l958. This approach strived to identify characteristics of the situation that allowed one leader to be effective where another was not. The trend later developed toward the third approach, understanding the unique characteristics of a situation and what kind of leadership style best matches with these.37. The assumption that "leaders are born not made" has lost credibility because _____________.A. better theories have since been developedB. it was disproved after World War IIC. it was found not to be the most important factorD. there are too many exceptions to the rule38. What was the assumption of the behavioral approach?A. Leaders are born not made.B. Leadership could be learned.C. Leadership could be classified into two functions.D. Every effective group needs someone to fill each the two roles.39. What is the foundation for the classification of behaviors in the behavioral approach?A. An effective group needs both task and process roles fulfilled.B. Getting the job done h a more important task than satisfying needs.C. Both could be taught.D. Both could be applied to all leadership situations.40. Which of the three approaches tended to later gain most acceptance?A. Behavioral.B. Trait.C. Power.D. Situational.Section Three Cloze Test(10%)Directions：In the following passage, there are lo blanks representing words that are missing from the context。

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2008年课程与教学论考博试题
一、试分析教学论科学化历程的不同阶段及其特点10分
二、评析李秉德先生提出的“教学七要素”理论及其意义10分
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2008年教育学原理考博试题
一、杜威是如何看待教育与生活的关系的？结合有关理论，就此谈谈你对“教育回归生
活世界”命题的认识和理解25%
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结合教育学原理的相关理论，试从学理上分析这段论述并对现代教育作出批判，25%
四、二十世纪七十年代末以后，我国教育理论界对有关教育本质问题展开了有时代感的
大讨论。

在这场讨论中，有哪些基本观点？各自的基本主张是什么？你是如何看待这场讨论的？25%。