第 十一课 翻译层次--段落与篇章
逐句精讲新概念英语第二册：第十一课礼尚往来
Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another 课⽂内容： I was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry Steele came in. Harry worked in a lawyer's office years ago, but he is now working at a bank. He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back. Harry saw me and came and sat at the same table. He has never borrowed money from me. While he was eating, I asked him to lend me &2. To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately.'I have never borrowed any money from you,' Harry said,'so now you can pay for my dinner!' 本⽂语法：动词+sb.(宾语)+to do(宾补) 语法归纳：宾补⽤来补充说明宾语的动作或状态。
常见的这类动词有：ask要求;tell告诉;order命令;expect期待;teach 教;train训练;prefer宁愿;wish希望;want想要;allow允许;advise建议 逐句精讲： 1.I was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry Steele came in. 我正在⼀家饭馆⾥吃饭，这是托尼.斯蒂尔⾛了进来。
新概念第二册Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another讲义
新概念第二册Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another一、单词精讲turn/tɜ:n/【搭配】a good turn 善事、好事take turns 依次、轮流in turn 依次，逐个地turn on(off)打开(关闭) turn down 把……调低;拒绝turn up开大(音量等);到达;被找到turn into(使)变成turn to 向……求助·【联想】turning n.岔口处←turn→return v.归还【释义】n.行为，举止【例句】He is ready to do a good turn for anyone.他乐于为任何人做好事。
【释义】v.旋转，转动，转向【例句】:Is it electricity that turns the wheel?是电使轮子转动的吗?【释义】轮流，轮班【例句】:It's your turn now.现在轮到你了。
【释义】使变得【例句】:Cold turned their ears pink.他们的耳朵冻得发红了。
【释义】到达，超过(某一年龄或时间)【例句】:She turns 21in June.她到六月份就满21岁了。
【释义】vi. 翻动【例句】Let's turn to page 8.让我们翻到第八页。
【释义】旋转，转动【例句】The earth turns round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
【释义】变得【例句】:She turned pale.她的脸变得苍白。
【释义】转身，扭转(身体部位)【例句】We turned and headed for home.我们转身朝家走去。
deserve /dɪ'zɜ:v/【搭配】deserve to do sth.值得做某事【联想】deserve→dessert n.甜食deserved adj应得的，理所当然的【释义】vt.①应得到deserve + n.应该得到……，值得……，应得(奖赏、惩罚等)【例句】Do you think I deserve this?你认为这是我应得的吗?He deserves praise. 他应该得到表扬。
Lesson 11 修辞与翻译
瞧瞧你干的好事！ Look at what you have done! The French and the English were so ardent about art that they sent their armies to search for invaluable paintings and sculptures all around the world. 英国人和法国人号称热爱艺术，不惜派出军队在世界各地搜罗珍贵的绘画和 雕刻作品。
2. Understatement
She was not a girl without ambition. 她可不是一个胸无大志的女孩。 （她是个很有抱负的女孩子。）
这可不是闹着玩儿的事儿，弄不好会出人命的。 This is no trifling matter and it could cost someone’s life if not dealt properly. （比较：It’s case involving human matter.）
unit 11 课文及翻译
Eat, have fun and learn in Watertown !Watertown is a great place for the family to take a vacation. Teenagers will want to visit the world’s largest water slides and eat at Uncle Bob’s. A different rock band plays at Uncle Bob’s every night. Kids will enjoy the Clown City Café. They have organized games and the staff dress up as clowns.There’s also a lot for parents in Watertown. If they love good food, they can find it at the Farmer’s Market where the food is both delicious and cheap. While the children have fun, parents can take dance lessons on the beach. And everyone can learn something in Watertown. There are three museums! Teenagers love the Sports Museum and kids enjoy the Science Museum. Parents will spend many happy hours walking through the History Museum.在水城、玩、学习水城是一家人度假的好去处。
青少年会想去世界上最大的水滑道和去鲍勃大叔的餐厅吃饭。
高级英语第一课到第十一课课文翻译
第一课中东的集市中东的集市仿佛把你带回到了几百年、甚至几千年前的时代。
此时此刻显现在我脑海中的这个中东集市，其入口处是一座古老的砖石结构的哥特式拱门。
你首先要穿过一个赤日耀眼、灼热逼人的大型露天广场，然后走进一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。
这市场一直向前延伸，一眼望不到尽头，消失在远处的阴影里。
赶集的人们络绎不绝地进出市场，一些挂着铃铛的小毛驴穿行于这熙熙攘攘的人群中，边走边发出和谐悦耳的叮当叮当的响声。
市场的路面约有十二英尺宽，但每隔几码远就会因为设在路边的小货摊的挤占而变窄；那儿出售的货物各种各样，应有尽有。
你一走进市场，就可以听到摊贩们的叫卖声，赶毛驴的小伙计和脚夫们大着嗓门叫人让道的吆喝声，还有那些想买东西的人们与摊主讨价还价的争吵声。
各种各样的噪声此伏彼起，不绝于耳，简直叫人头晕。
随后，当往市场深处走去时，人口处的喧闹声渐渐消失，眼前便是清静的布市了。
这里的泥土地面，被无数双脚板踩踏得硬邦邦的，人走在上面几乎听不到脚步声了，而拱形的泥砖屋顶和墙壁也难得产生什么回音效果。
布店的店主们一个个都是轻声轻气、慢条斯理的样子；买布的顾客们在这种沉闷压抑的气氛感染下，自然而然地也学着店主们的榜样，变得低声细语起来。
中东集市的特点之一是经销同类商品的店家，为避免相互间的竞争，不是分散在集市各处，而是都集中在一块儿，这样既便于让买主知道上哪儿找他们，同时他们自己也可以紧密地联合起来，结成同盟，以便保护自己不受欺侮和刁难。
例如，在布市上，所有那1些卖衣料、窗帘布、椅套布等的商贩都把货摊一个接一个地排设在马路两边，每一个店铺门面前都摆有一张陈列商品的搁板桌和一些存放货物的货架。
讨价还价是人们习以为常的事。
头戴面纱的妇女们迈着悠闲的步子从一个店铺逛到另一个店铺，一边挑选一边问价；在她们缩小选择范围并开始正儿八经杀价之前，往往总要先同店主谈论几句，探探价底。
对于顾客来说，至关重要的一点是，不到最后一刻是不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西的。
新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson11
新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson11【课文】First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What, according to the author, is the best way to overcome the fear of death as you get older?Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed inbattle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it -- so at least it seems to me -- is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river -- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. Ishould wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.BERTRAND RUSSELL How to grow old from Portraits from Memory【New words and expressions 生词和短语】oppress v. 忧郁，压抑justification n. 正当理由justifiably adv. 无可非议地cheat v. 欺骗abject adj. 可怜的ignoble adj. 不体面的，可耻的impersonal adj. 超脱个人感情影响的ego n. 自我receded v. 退去increasing adv. 日益，持续passionately adv. 激昂地painlessly adv. 毫无痛苦地vitality n. 精力weariness n. 疲惫感【课文注释】1.oppress，压迫，使担心、使烦恼。
(完整版)新人教版九年级英语unit11课文翻译
胜利之队彼得的眼睛盯着地面，当他独自一人走在回家的路上时觉得双肩沉重。
今天是他人生中最糟糕的日子。
他脑海里总是不停地想一个小时之前发生在学校足球场上的事。
他怎么错过那个球呢？他让整个球队失望。
他愚蠢的错误使他很生气。
他的球队因为他输了那场比赛。
他很担心教练会把他开除。
他一走进家门，爸爸就问：怎么了，儿子？”彼得的感觉都写在了脸上，“我输了比赛”彼得回答，然后没说一句话就走进了他的房间。
十分钟之后，彼得听到爸爸敲他卧室的门他打开门让他进来。
“看，彼得，我不知道发生了什么，但不管结果怎样不要对自己要求太苛刻。
“我输了比赛，父亲。
我让球队输了。
他们可能永远不会让我踢球了”。
“足球需要团队合作，你不是你们球队输了的唯一原因，如果你们有一个优秀的球队应该互相支持。
除此之外，输赢只是比赛的一半。
另一半是学会如何与队友合作并从错误中吸取教训。
彼得没说什么，但是爸爸的话使他陷入了深思。
第二天，皮特并没有害怕，而是勇敢地去参加足球训练。
他对队友们说，“我对昨天的事感到很抱歉，我们几乎要赢得那场比赛，但我想只要我们继续团结一致，我们就会赢得下一场比赛。
”令他惊讶和欣慰的是，他的队友全都赞同地点头。
他们说，“不要担心，那绝不是一个人的错，我们应该考虑如何在下次比赛中做的更好。
彼得笑了，知道在一个走向胜利的团队中使他感到很幸运。
Key Words and Phrases（重点单词和词组）：1. __________ n. 重量；2.___________n. 肩；肩膀3. ______ n. 球门；射门；4. __________ 使失望________v. 使失望5. ________ 教练；私人教师6. __________ 开除某人7. __________ 对某人苛刻8. _________n.勇敢；勇气9. ________ n. 轻松；解脱10. _________n. 过失；缺点11. ________ n. （意见、看法）一致12.__________ 齐心协力；通力合作。
新概念英语第二册Lesson11Onegoodturndeservesanother讲义
新概念英语第二册Lesson 11One good turn deserves another 礼尚往来I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in. Tony worked in a lawyer's office years ago, but he is now working at a bank. He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back. Tony saw me and came and sat at the same table. He has never borrowed money from me. While he was eating, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds. To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately. I have never【课文翻译】I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in.我正在一家饭馆吃饭，托尼.斯蒂尔走了进来。
Tony worked in a lawyer's office years ago, but he is now working at a bank.托尼曾在一家律师事务所工作，而现在正在一家银行上班。
He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.他的薪水很高，但他却总是向朋友借钱，并且从来不还。
Tony saw me and came and sat at the same table.托尼看见了我，就走过来和我坐到一张桌子前。
英语冀教版第十一课笔记第二部分写作文
英语冀教版第十一课笔记第二部分写作文The English language has become a global lingua franca, serving as a vital means of communication in various spheres, from business and academia to interpersonal interactions. As a non-native English speaker, I have encountered numerous challenges in mastering this language, but the journey has been both rewarding and transformative. In this essay, I will delve into the key lessons I have learned from the 11th unit of the English Jiaoban curriculum, focusing on the writing component.One of the fundamental lessons I have internalized is the importance of developing a clear and coherent structure in my writing. The Jiaoban curriculum emphasizes the significance of organizing ideas in a logical and accessible manner, guiding students to construct well-structured paragraphs and essays. I have learned that a strong introduction should capture the reader's attention, clearly state the main idea or thesis, and provide a roadmap for the rest of the piece. The body paragraphs should then systematically expand on the central theme, using supporting evidence and examples to substantiate the arguments. Finally, a compelling conclusion shouldeffectively summarize the key points, leaving the reader with a lasting impression.Closely related to the aspect of structure is the emphasis on cohesion and coherence. The Jiaoban curriculum has equipped me with the skills to effectively use transition words and phrases to seamlessly connect ideas and guide the reader through the flow of the writing. I have learned to employ a variety of transitional devices, such as "in addition," "furthermore," "on the other hand," and "in conclusion," to ensure a smooth and logical progression of thoughts. Additionally, I have become more conscious of maintaining a consistent tone and voice throughout the essay, which contributes to the overall coherence and unity of the piece.Another crucial element that the Jiaoban curriculum has highlighted is the importance of developing a strong and persuasive argument. The writing tasks in this unit have challenged me to take a clear stance on a given issue and defend it with well-researched evidence and logical reasoning. I have learned to anticipate and address counterarguments, demonstrating my ability to think critically and present a balanced perspective. This skill has been particularly valuable in crafting essays that require me to analyze a topic from multiple angles and draw insightful conclusions.Closely tied to the development of a persuasive argument is theemphasis on using appropriate and effective language. The Jiaoban curriculum has emphasized the importance of selecting precise and descriptive vocabulary, as well as constructing grammatically correct sentences. I have learned to carefully choose my words to convey my ideas clearly and concisely, avoiding ambiguity or vagueness. Furthermore, I have been trained to maintain a formal and academic tone, which is essential in various writing contexts, such as research papers, essays, and reports.In addition to the technical aspects of writing, the Jiaoban curriculum has also highlighted the significance of incorporating relevant and reliable sources to support my arguments. I have learned to conduct thorough research, evaluate the credibility of sources, and seamlessly integrate quotes, paraphrases, and citations into my writing. This skill not only strengthens the overall quality of my essays but also demonstrates my ability to engage with scholarly discourse and contribute to the ongoing dialogue on a particular topic.Moreover, the Jiaoban curriculum has emphasized the importance of revising and editing one's work. I have learned to approach the writing process as a cyclical endeavor, where I constantly refine and improve my drafts. This includes carefully proofreading for grammatical errors, ensuring logical flow and coherence, and critically evaluating the overall effectiveness of my writing. By embracing the revision process, I have become more attuned to thenuances of language and better equipped to produce polished and impactful essays.Beyond the technical aspects of writing, the Jiaoban curriculum has also encouraged me to cultivate a deeper understanding of the cultural and social contexts that shape the use of the English language. I have learned to be mindful of cultural differences, idioms, and colloquialisms, and to adapt my writing style accordingly. This awareness has not only improved my ability to communicate effectively with a diverse audience but has also broadened my cultural horizons and fostered a greater appreciation for the richness and diversity of the English language.In conclusion, the lessons I have learned from the 11th unit of the English Jiaoban curriculum have been instrumental in shaping my development as a proficient and confident writer. From mastering the fundamentals of structure and coherence to honing my persuasive abilities and incorporating reliable sources, I have gained a comprehensive set of skills that will serve me well in various academic and professional endeavors. As I continue to refine and expand my writing capabilities, I am grateful for the guidance and insights provided by the Jiaoban curriculum, which has equipped me with the tools to effectively communicate my ideas and contribute to the global discourse in the English language.。
现代大学英语精读3第11课翻译
第十一课姑妈的笔约瑟芬·泰伊人物:夫人西蒙陌生人上士1.场景：第一次世界大战期间德国军队占领下的一座法国乡村宅邸。
房子的女主人坐在客厅。
2.西蒙(走近)：夫人！哦，夫人！夫人，你已……3.夫人：西蒙。
4.夫人，你已看见发生……5.夫人：西蒙！6.西蒙：可是夫人……7.夫人：西蒙，现在可能是一个野蛮时代，但我决不允许在这座房子的周围发生这种不文明行为。
8.西蒙：可是夫人，有一辆……有一辆……9.夫人(制止他)：西蒙，法国可以是一个被占领的国家，一个遭受蹂躏的国家，一个被征服的民族，对不起，请听我说，但我们要保持文明习惯。
10.西蒙：是的，夫人。
11.夫人：感谢上帝，我们还拥有一种东西，这就是文明礼貌。
敌人从来没拥有过，也休想从我们手中夺走它。
12.西蒙：您说的对，夫人。
13.夫人：从这个房间走出去，打开门……14.西蒙：哦！夫人！我想告诉你……15.夫人：打开门，随手关上……轻轻地……走两步进屋来，再说你想告诉我的事。
(西蒙匆忙走出去，关上门。
她再次出场，随手关上门，两步走进屋来，等候着。
)什么事呀，西蒙？16.西蒙：我想，现在有点迟了，他们就要到了。
17.夫人：谁就要到了？18.西蒙：士兵们沿着林阴小道过来了。
19.夫人：经过了近几个月后，我不该再认为士兵们沿林阴小道走来是一件值得关注的事。
毫无疑问，那是一伙奉命住在民居里的士兵。
20.西蒙(穿过客厅来到窗前)：不！夫人，是两个士兵坐着一辆小汽车，中间有一个平民。
21.夫人：什么平民？22.西蒙：一个米声人，夫人。
23.夫人：一个陌生人？士兵们是来自作战部队吗？24.西蒙：不是，是那些管理当局的畜生。
看，车停了，他们在下车。
25.夫人(站在窗户旁边)：是的，一个陌生人。
你认识他，西蒙？26.西蒙：我从未见过他。
夫人。
27.夫人：如果他是这个区的，你会认识他的。
28.西蒙：噢，夫人，我认识这附近和圣塔斯台夫的所有人。
29.夫人(面无表情)：毫无疑问。
英译汉的层次(段落篇章翻译)
REPORTING
句子的结构分析
主语、谓语、宾语
在英语句子中，主语、谓语和宾 语是句子的核心成分，需要准确 识别并翻译为对应的中文表达。
状语、定语
状语和定语是句子中修饰或限定 名词或动词的成分，需要仔细分 析并恰当地翻译。
省略与冗余
英语句子中有时会省略一些成分， 而有时则会出现冗余现象，需要包括深入理解原文含义，准确把握语言
差异，适当调整表达方式以符合汉语习惯。
02
文化背景差异问题
不同文化背景下的语言表达习惯和思维方式存在差异，可能导致翻译时
无法准确传达原文含义。解决方法包括了解相关文化背景，理解原文中
的文化内涵，适当进行解释和调整。
03
专业术语问题
不同领域和专业中存在大量专业术语，翻译时需要准确理解和表达这些
了解原文的文化背景和历史背景，以便在译文中进行适当的解释和补充。 注意文化差异，避免因文化误解而产生的歧义。
在译文中适当添加注释或说明，以帮助读者更好地理解原文的文化内涵。
2023
PART 06
英译汉的实践与技巧总结
REPORTING
翻译实践中的常见问题与解决方法
01
语言差异问题
英语和汉语在语法、词汇和表达方式上存在显著差异，导致翻译时容易
长句的翻译技巧
切分长句
01
对于长句，可以将其切分为若干个短句，按照中文的表达习惯
进行翻译。
顺序调整
02
在翻译长句时，可以根据中文的表达习惯调整句子的顺序，使
译文更加流畅。
增译与减译
03
根据原文的意思和中文的表达习惯，可以适当增译或减译一些
词语，使译文更加准确。
句子的语序调整
许国璋英语第二册第十一课课文、对话、练习
许国璋英语第二册《第十一课》（一）课文：1)课文原文：THE STORY OF HELEN KELLERA person who is deaf when he is born, is usually dumb as well. There seems to benothing wrong with his mouth and tongue, but he cannot speak. This is because, as he is deaf, he cannot hear other people, and therefore has nothing to imitate. He may try tomake sounds himself, but he cannot hear his own voice. However, even though he findsit difficult to speak and cannot hear, he can see. He can therefore earn to read.Nowadays he can also be taught to speak because we have modern methods andequipment, but we did not have these when Helen Keller was born.Helen Keller was born in a small Alabama town in 1880. When she was nineteen months old, she fell ill and had a fever. She became blind and deaf. She could notcommunicate with anyone, and no one could communicate with her. she grew frustrated and angry. She threw things and broke things.Then in 1887, a teacher, Annie Sullivan arrived at the home of the Kellers to be Helen’s tutor. Though Miss Sullivan herself had been blind, she had been partly cured,and although she could not see very well, she was not blind. She remained as Helen’stutor and friend for fifty years.Miss Sullivan began to work with Helen. She taught her to make different movements with her fingers. The movements represented the letters of the alphabet.Helen learned to make the movements, but she did not understand their meaning, shedid not know that the letters were related to something in the world. But, one morningMiss Sullivan took Helen to a water pond, and she put Helen’s hand under the water. Atthe same time she spelled the letters w-a-t-e-r on Helen’s other hand. At that moment,Helen understood. Later in her life, she said.“Somehow the mystery of language was revealed to me. I knew then that w-a-t-e-r was the wonderful cool something flowing over my hand.”Helen was smart and learned quickly. Soon she knew many words. When she was eight years old, she went to a school for the blind in Boston, and she learned to read books written for blind people., she even went to college and had a full education.She wrote many books, too. Although other people had written books about her, people agreed her own books are the ones that best explain how it feels to be deaf, dumb and blind. Her best book is the Story of My Life. Perhaps you have read it. Though it was written in 1902, it still is a very exciting book. Even if you have not read it, you may have heard of Helen Keller.2)全文译文：海伦•凯勒的故事一个人在出生时就耳聋的话，一般他也会是个哑巴。
新概念第三册第11课课文讲解
【课文精析】quite tolerant我们在运用形容词、动词时，往往需要用副词来强调。
表示“真正的” reallya really officious person强调“特别，尤其是” particularly强调“绝对的” absolutely强调“完全的，彻底的” completely, entirely, fully, thoroughlyfairly----强调“一般般”very ----语气程度强烈“非常”rather----语意程度接近fairly, 注意修饰形容词和副词，特别是形容词同时修饰名词时，不定冠词的位置。
A fairly good book.A rather good book / Rather a good bookrather tooquite---- ~ right / wrong / mistaken / sure 绝对不能用very替代。
Even really honest people…a particularly officious young Customs Officer…the Green Channel = the Custom Officeare made to feel guiltymadk, have, let 及感官性动词see, hear, notice, feel 用于主动语态，符合宾语不定式的to符号应该省略。
但这种结构改成被动式时，不定式符号必须还原。
We heard someone come up the stairs.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.(On the one hand…, ) on the other handOn the one hand we could stay and help you, but on the other hand it might be better if you went to help him instead.hidden in his suitcase过去分词短语作定语，修饰watches.even if / though he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.looking me in the eye: 两眼直盯盯的注视着我look sb. in the face, stare sb. in the eye = look directly at sb.Not one of the men dared look him in the eye.The Officer went through the case with great care. = The Officer examined the case carefully.with great care----强调相当的仔细in a mess:乱作一团介词in 和名词搭配，表示一种状态秩序井然： in good order身体健康： in good health心情好： in a good mood脾气好： in a good temperlight up:喜气洋洋，容光焕发Eg: Masha's face lit up when she saw her old friend.His face lighted up at the small triumph.Tom really lighted up when he saw the new biccycle.light有两种过去分词，过去式形式：lit, lighted但是如果运用过去分词作定语，表示被点燃的。
新概念英语第三册lesson11Notguilty课文原文翻译重点句子语法讲义
Lesson11 Not guiltyGoing through the Customs is a tiresome business. The strangest thing about it is that really honest people are often made to feel guilty. The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase. When I returned from abroad recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler.'Have you anything to declare?' he asked, looking me in the eye. 'No,' I answered confidently.'Would you mind unlocking this suitcase please ?''Not at all,' I answered.The Officer went through the case with great care. All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess. I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again. Suddenly, I saw the Officer's face light up. He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.'Perfume, eh?' he asked sarcastically. 'You should have declared that.' Perfume is not exempt from import duty.''But it isn't perfume,' I said.' It's hairoil.' Then I added with a smile,' It's a strange mixture I make myself.' As I expected, he did not believe me.'Try it!' I said encouragingly.The Officer unscrewed the cap and put the bottle to his nostrils. He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that I was telling the truth. A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalkmarks on my baggage.现在的海关官员往往相当宽容。
英译汉第十一课
绝对否定
• 表示绝对否定意义的词及由该词构成的短语有 none,nothing,nobody,no one, never, not at all,by no means, in no wise, certainly not,nothing short of 等。
• None of the books is interesting. • 这些书里没有一本有趣的。 • Nothing is hard in the world if only you dare to
• 否定一部分意义，而不是全部意义。 • All that glitters is not gold. • 闪光的并不一定都是金子。 • All criminals are not murderers. • 罪犯并非都是杀人犯。 • Every man cannot be a poet. • 并非人人都能成为诗人。 • Great man are not always wise. • 伟人并非总是聪明的。
neither...nor...,
• 1) Neither will go. • 两人都不去。 • 2）I like neither. • 我两个都不喜欢。 • 3）David neither loves Jane, nor wants to marry
her. • Daivd 既不爱简，也不打算同她结婚。 • 4）He cannot swim,neither can his brother. • 他不会游泳，他哥哥也不会。
半否定
• 表示半否定意义的词有 little,few,hardly,rarely,barely,scarcely,seldom.其 中little，few 的否定语气比noneh和nothing弱， 而hardly,scarely,barely,seldom 比not 和never弱。
新概念英语第二册第十一课课文详解.doc
新概念英语第二册第十一课课文详解一、生词1、turn n.行为，举止behavior ：行为，举止pay attention to your behaviorturn ：对人有影响力的行为2、deserve v.应得到，值得He deserves praise.他应该得到表扬Yor deserve the best.你应该得到的deserve + n.promotion ：提升He deserved a promotion.deserve to do：应该...She deserved to be punished.Good work deserves good pay.3、lawyer n.律师lawyer's office：律师事务所4、bank n.银行rob the bank：抢银行bank 在英语中有很多种意思，除了表示银行外，还可表示（贵重物品、信息等的）储库，以及河岸、坡地等。
例如： My father works in a bank.我父在一家行工作。
Our school is located on the south bank of the river.我的学校在河的南岸。
短展： bank blance行存款余break the bank① 博的比庄家的本多；②花不起bank-book 行存折bank 可作，表示将存行。
例句： Where do you bank?你把存有哪一家行？短展： bank with sb. /sth.（在某行中）有bank on sb. /sth.寄希望于某人或某物5、salary n.工pay：工（ salary+wage)通用salary ：工（月薪，年薪）⋯⋯有固定工作或管理wage：工（按小，周算的）⋯⋯不定的工作bonus：金，分collet：搜集，取collect salary/wage：工salary 、income、pay、wage几个的区salary 是指非体力者所得到的工、薪水，通常按月，有按季度或年算，而且是指基本工作。
课文翻译Unit11
岁月不待人尽管本文标题叫怎样变老，这篇文章实际上是关于如何防止衰老，在我生活的年代，这是个相当重要的话题。
我的第一个忠告便是仔细选对你的老祖宗。
虽然我的父母早亡，我却像我的其他老祖宗那样长命百岁。
我的外祖父，确实，在67岁的如花岁月里就夭折了，但我的外祖母和祖父母却都活到了耄耋之年。
至于远房老祖宗们，我只发现一个活得不长，因为他死于我们今天看来十分罕见的疾病，也就是斩首。
我的一个曾祖母，她也是吉本的朋友，活到了92岁，甚至在她临终前，她还掌控一切以致她的子孙们对她都怀有畏惧感。
我的外祖母，她经历了无数次流产并养育了九个孩子，另外一个在婴儿时已夭折，当她一旦成为寡妇后，便投身于女性的高等教育事业。
她是剑桥女子学院的创建者之一，是她的努力工作使得女性在日后能够从事医学职业。
她曾经这样描述她在意大利时遇到的一位忧郁老人。
她问老人为何郁郁寡欢，他答道，他刚与他的两个外孙离别。
“我的天啊！”她惊呼，“我有72个外孙，要是每次和他们离别都像你这样难过，我不要活了！”“冷酷无情的女人，”他回答。
不过作为72个外孙之一的我来说，我喜欢她的明智之举。
八十以后，她发现自己失眠了，所以她习惯性地总是每天从午夜至凌晨三点阅读大众科学。
我甚至相信，她根本就未意识到自己正在慢慢变老。
我想，这可能就是保持年轻的适当方法了。
如果你拥有能力所及的广泛兴趣活动并乐在其中，你就不会去想自己已经活了多少年，更不会去想日后生命的短暂。
至于健康，我倒没有什么有用的建议，因为我没生过什么病。
我什么喜欢就吃喝什么，困了就睡觉。
我不会因为某事对身体好而刻意地去做，尽管事实上，我喜欢做的大多数事情都是有益健康的。
从心理学上讲，老年人应警惕避免两种危险。
其一便是过度地沉溺于过去。
生活在过去的记忆中、生活在对往昔美好的哀叹中、或生活在朋友逝去的痛苦中都无济于事。
人的思想应该面向未来，面向一些未来要做的事上。
这并不容易，人对往昔的回忆会与日俱增。
人们很容易联想到过去他们的情感更加澎湃、过去的心智更加敏锐。
英语泛读教程3第三册课文翻译UNIT11
UNIT11非言语交际话语的影响力受说话的方式影响。
在讲话的时候，非言语交际是一个至关重要的因素，你可以在适当的场合使用适当的面部和身体运动。
设想你在参加一个晚会。
晚会期间你对周围的人有了种种印象。
艾伦看上去悠然自得，性情平和。
玛格丽特却是神经紧张，性格暴躁。
卡伦落落大方，直言快语；而埃米却是心存芥蒂，言辞含糊。
埃里克见到你很高兴，而马克则明显不是。
你是怎样得出这些结论的?令人吃惊的是，你得出这些结论并不是基于人们说了些什么话，而是由于他们以非言语方式，――即通过他们的姿势、手势，和面部表情所表达出来的东西。
假设你坐在马克旁边，他说，“这个晚会太棒了。
非常高兴今晚能和你在一起。
”然而，他的身体却微微挪到一边，并不断地看屋子对面的某个人。
不管他嘴上如何说，你知道那晚他并不高兴和你在一起。
在进行演讲时，类似的事情也往往发生。
下面一则故事讲的就是一个学生最初两次在教室里所作的演讲，以及每次演讲时他的非言语行为所产生的效果：丹·奥康纳的第一次演讲并不很成功。
尽管他事先选择了一个很有趣的话题，做过仔细的研究，并非常认真地练习过，他却没有考虑到非言语交际的重要性。
轮到他讲时，他的脸掠过惊恐的神色。
他像个死囚犯似的从椅子上站起来，步履沉缓地走上讲台，那样子像是走向断头台。
他说的相当不错，可演讲的同时他的那双手却自行其事。
他的手一会儿摆弄他的演讲稿，一会儿抚弄衬衫上的扣子，一会儿又在讲台上敲打。
整个演讲过程丹低着头，并不断地看表。
不管他嘴里在讲什么，他的身体在表明，“我可不想在这儿！”最后终于讲完了。
丹跑向他的座位，一下子瘫在位置上，如释重负的样子。
不用说，他的演讲不怎么成功。
幸运的是，人们指出他在非言语交际方面的问题时，丹认真地去改正。
他的下一次演讲就完全两样。
这次他从座位上站起来，迈着大步很自信地跨上讲台。
他控制着双手，集中注意力与听众进行目光接触。
这确实是个进步，因为丹和上次一样紧张。
不过，他发现自己越是显得自信，就越变得自信。
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例如下面一例就“主题句+展开句"段落，翻译时只 须"拿来"，在句式上作适当调整即可： It may be that I am a pessimist, for spring it is, not autumn, that makes me sad. Spring has always rightly been identified with youth, and the sorrows of youth are poignant（尖锐的；辛酸的） and bitter. The daffodils（水仙花）which challenge so proudly and splendidly the boisterous（狂暴的；猛烈的） March winds are soon shriveled（枯萎）and defeated, limply（柔软地，四肢无力地） wrinkling（起皱纹） ， to remind us of the inevitable ravages（蹂躏，破坏） of time. 我也许是一个悲观主义者，因为使我伤感的季节， 是春天而非秋天。人们总是把青春比作春天，这自 然无可厚非，但青春逝去的哀伤却是苦不堪言的。 那笑傲三月狂风的水仙花，很快枯萎一片，花残叶 败，紧锁的愁眉向人们诉说着天道的无情。
这一例是典型的"主题句--阐述句--总结句"结构。阐述部 分的句子一方面以语义与主题句的直接关联，另一方面以 一些逻辑标识（logic markers）显现论述的逻辑序列和句 际关系。英语段落中的句际关系按语义大致可分为四类： 一、平行式，包括并列关系、对立关系、比较关系、选择 关系等；二、偏正式，包括因果、层进等关系；三、承接 式，包括现实时空序列承接、心理时空序列承接等；四、 总分式，包括总说分承和分述总括两类。在衔接上主要依 靠关联词和词语重复、指代替换等手段。当然，英语中也 有"主题隐含式"段落，即无主题句的段落，但其中心思想 通过段落中的每个句子可以明白无误地反映出来。这里限 于篇幅，就不一一列举了。
The world is urgent with bursting life, with the wild exciting beauty of youth, but it is an impetuous beauty of scenes racing impatiently in to the florid and surfeited luxury of summer. Here is no comfort and fulfillment, only passionate creation of transitory delight. （Ona Low, My Favourite Season.） 蓬勃的生命和狂热激奋的青春美丽催动着春 天万物，良辰美景来去匆匆，转眼又是俗艳 奢华的夏天了。春天没有安然自得， 没有 任何结果，有的只是激情涌动和转瞬即逝的 快乐。
2) 篇章翻译 翻译篇章首先要对整个篇章进行两种分析：一是意义分析，或曰内容分析； 二是形式分析。意义分析主要是看原文的主题意义是什么，作者有什么样的 思想观点，进行人物的形象分析、个性分析以及意境营造、情节发展分析等。 同时，还要进行各种关系意义分析，如人物行为与情景，人物与角色等。形 式分析除了篇章类型、结构分析外，还应包括段际衔接手段分析和段落修辞 分析。篇章结构总的来讲可以分为三类：一是纵向结构，即叙述按事件发生、 发展的时间先后或空间分布情形来安排，常见于记叙文和说明文中。二是横 向结构，即以材料的性质特征分类讲述，各部分之间呈现平等关系。再就是 纵横结合式。篇章结构虽然可以概括出几种模式，但在翻译实践中，译者可 能面对的是极富变化的结构，尤其是文学作品。篇章结构是作者文体风格的 一部分，自有其形式意义，译者应尽量保留以求形似。同时，篇章结构也显 示着作品的脉络，译者必须有所把握，才能有效减少译误。 译者只有在做完 上述工作之后才能着手篇章翻译。译时要尽量注意全方位把握原文的形、意、 神，更加关注译文的整体效应，所谓大处着眼，小处着手；小单位、低层次 服从于大单位、高层次，词（组）从句，句从段，段从篇。在译入语篇章构 建过程中，要时刻关注原语篇章中所有的衔接和连贯。此外，译者心中必须 明了作者的意向，并在传达时注意恰倒好处地使用翻译方法。
该汉语段落的中心思想就是：历史告诉我 们，只有马克思列宁主义才能救中国。但 这一主题的阐发方式却明显不同于英语论 说文段落模式，它形散神聚，词句的随"意" 自然流动、重文气（气韵）而轻文理（理 则）、乃至断句不严等特点，均可在其中 找到。
（二）段落翻译 段落翻译首先是把段落看成一个语义分析单位，至于 语义转换单位则无定规。如果一个段落只有一个句群，而 句群中各句间的关系又需在译文中重作调整，那么该句群 就可以被作为一个翻译转换单位，也就是以段落为转换单 位。如果句群中各句之间的语义关系、逻辑关系在用译入 语表达中不需什么调整，那么译者完全可以将各句、各分 句作为转换单位。由于翻译单位可大可小，难以硬性进行 规定，因此翻译段落时有必要区分分析单位和转换单位。 译者应先将段落作为一个有机整体进行分析，然后再进一 步深入到词句，在转换时，一定要使局部服从整体。从段 落模式来看，英译汉时一般都可保留原模式，以尽量做到 形神意兼似。
下面再请看一例汉语段落： 自 1840 年鸦片战争使中国蒙受历史性屈辱以来，从林 则徐、魏源、龚自珍到孙中山，历代志士仁人曾为中践告诉我们，在一个半殖民地半封 建的中国，改良封建专制制度，不是出路；实行资本主义， 亦非良策。在历史的比较认识到，唯有马克思列宁主义， 才能救中国。马克思列宁主义一经传入中国，中国人民就 在精神上由被动转入主动，中国共产党才在马克思列宁主 义和中国工人运动的结合中诞生并成为中国革命的领导力 量，中国人民的民族解放和民族振兴才找到了正确的方向。 从此，开始了马克思列宁主义在中国的实践和发展历程。
英语的记叙文，一般是将故事分为开头、中间和结尾三 部分，记叙要符合时间、因果和意义为一体的模式结构， 也就是说要以时间、地点为连线，以事情的前因后果为逻 辑顺序，而意义就要在时间序列和因果序列中加以体现。 汉语的记叙文与英语的大体相同，也包括时间、地点、人 物、事件、原因、结果几个要素；叙述可分为顺序、倒叙 和插叙（以事物发展的时间序列记叙）。记叙文一方面要 将人物事件交代清楚，另一方面又以通过具体的人物形象 和感人的事件来感染读者为主旨。 论说文是英汉语中最 常见的文体。它对某一规则、现象、原理或某种思想进行 解释、说明或辩论，常用的方法是分类、定义、举例、比 较、推论等，大都可分为三部分，即提出问题、说明论证 和结论。无论是段落中或段落之间都依照逻辑序列展开。
（一） 英汉段落比较 段落是具有明确的始末标记的、语义相对完整、交际功能相对独 立的语篇单位。英语段落的构成大致可分两类：一类是典型的"主题 句--阐述句--总结句"结构，另一类则有点象汉语的以某一中心思想统 领的形散神聚结构，但注重形合的英语常常使用许多衔接和连贯手段， 以便从形式上显现各种组合关系。前一类结构的主题句标明段落的主 题思想，接下来的句子必须在语义上与这一主题关联，在逻辑上演绎 严谨。这一特征在英语的论说文中表现得尤为突出。而汉语段落通常 都围绕一个较为含蓄的中心思想，其表述方式多为迂回式和流散式的， 句际之间的意义关联可以是隐约的、似断非断的。当然，也有不少十 分注重逻辑推演的段落，句际之间环环相扣，但有相当数量的汉语段 落都是形分意合的，没有英语中常见的那些连接词。这种现象的背后 当然是中英思维方式上的某些差异。另外，段落构成在不同体裁的文 章中也有明显差异。比较一下英汉语段落构成情况，我们只能说它们 是同中有异、异中有同，异略大于同。例如：
Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection outside the spaceship. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty, but also for its utility.
第 十一课 翻译层次--段落与篇章
一、段落(paragraph) 段落是小于语篇的语义单位，是一个在概念上 比句子更大的翻译分析单位。它可能是几个句群， 也可能是一个句群，还可能只是一个句子，甚至 是一个词。以段落为单位对原语进行分析，较之 以句子为单位的分析更有利于译者对原文作者意 向及原文逻辑关联的把握。从翻译实践出发，这 里所讲的是至少有一个句群组成的段落。先谈英 汉对比，后说英语语段的译法。
For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago. Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications. The most recent use of gold is in astronaut's suits.
二、 篇章 篇章是比句段落更大的语言单位。它研究语篇中的句子排列、衔接和 连贯，研究语篇的生成。我国对于篇章的研究由来已久，但多注重篇 章结构分析，注重篇章修辞分析，且篇章只指书面语言。而在国外， 篇章研究大体有两种类型：text analysis 和discourse analysis。前者 多指书面语，而后者多指口语。由于篇章分析中的一些术语用法不一， 所以这儿只讨论书面语范围内的篇章，即由段落组成的、结构和语义 完整的交际单位。 1) 英汉篇章比较 由于篇章有各种各样的意图、功能，所以篇章之间常呈现出这样 或那样的差异，即便是同一体裁的篇章也不例外。因此，这里的篇章 比较不是十分全面的。总的来讲，英汉语篇章大致都可以分为三部分： 开篇、中间、结尾。如果篇章是由若干段落所构成的，那么它就可分 为引言段、展开段和结论段。在文意上又可分为启（起）、承、转、 合四部分。这是英汉语篇章的大同，即二者在篇章总体结构上的共性。 同时，英汉篇章也有小异。所谓“小异"，则指段落构成和语句安排 方面的差别。