段落与篇章
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• 八月一日第AG-3号合同项下的十万吨小麦,原定 于十月底以前交货。你方在合同中保证提前交货, 并且以此作为签订合同的条件。但是,这批小麦 迄今尚未装运。对此,我们深表遗憾。 • We very much regret that the 100, 000 tons of wheat under Contract No.AG-3 of August 1, scheduled to be delivered by the end of October, is up to this moment not dispatched, in spite of the fact that you have guaranteed an early delivery in the Contract, which was actually signed on this understanding.
• 下面再请看一例汉语段落: • 自1840年鸦片战争使中国蒙受历史性屈辱以来,从林 则徐、魏源、龚自珍到孙中山,历代志士仁人曾为中国的 救亡和发展,前仆后继,英勇奋斗,但由于缺少科学理论 的指导而饮恨九泉。实践告诉我们,在一个半殖民地半封 建的中国,改良封建专制制度,不是出路;实行资本主义, 亦非良策。在历史的比较中我们认识到,唯有马克思列宁 主义,才能救中国。马克思列宁主义一经传入中国,中国 人民就在精神上由被动转入主动,中国共产党才在马克思 列宁主义和中国工人运动的结合中诞生并成为中国革命的 领导力量,中国人民的民族解放和民族振兴才找到了正确 的方向。从此,开始了马克思列宁主义在中国的实践和发 展历程。 • 该汉语段落的中心思想就是:历史告诉我们,只有马 克思列宁主义才能救中国。但这一主题的阐发方式却明显 不同于英语论说文段落模式,它形散神聚,词句的随"意" 自然流动、重文气(气韵)而轻文理(理则)、乃至断句 不严等特点,均可在其中找到。
• 篇章是比句段落更大的语言单位。它研究语篇中的句子排 列、衔接和连贯,研究语篇的生成。 • 翻译篇章首先要对整个篇章进行两种分析: • 一是意义分析,或曰内容分析;
– 意义分析主要是看原文的主题意义是什么,作者有什么样的思想 观点,进行人物的形象分析、个性分析以及意境营造、情节发展 分析等。同时,还要进行各种关系意义分析,如人物行为与情景, 人物与角色等。
• It may be that I am a pessimist, for spring it is, not autumn, that makes me sad. Spring has always rightly been identified with youth, and the sorrows of youth are poignant and bitter. The daffodils which challenge so proudly and splendidly the boisterous March winds are soon shriveled and defeated, limply wrinkling to remind us of the inevitable ravages of time. The world is urgent with bursting life, with the wild exciting beauty of youth, but it is an impetuous beauty of scenes racing impatiently in to the florid and surfeited luxury of summer. Here is no comfort and fulfillment, only passionate creation of transitory delight. • (Ona Low, My Favourite Season.) • 我也许是一个悲观主义者,因为使我伤感的季节,是春天而 非秋天。人们总是把青春比作春天,这自然无可厚非,但青 春逝去的哀伤却是苦不堪言的。那笑傲三月狂风的水仙花, 很快枯萎一片,花残叶败,紧锁的愁眉向人们诉说着天道的 无情。蓬勃的生命和狂热激奋的青春美丽催动着春天万物, 良辰美景来去匆匆,转眼又是俗艳奢华的夏天了。春天没有 安然自得,没有任何结果,有的只是激情涌动和转瞬即逝的 快乐。
• 在四川,有一处美妙的去处。它背依岷山主峰雪宝顶,树 木苍翠,花香袭人,鸟声婉转,流水潺潺,名胜古迹荟萃。 它就是松潘县的黄龙。 • 译文1:There is a fine spot in the western part of Sichuan province. It lies beneath Xuebao, the main peak of the Minshan Mountain. It is filled with green forest, fragrant flowers, bubbling streams as well as songbirds. It is Huanglong, which is located in Songpan County. • 译文2:One of Shichuan’s finest spots is Huanglong, which lies in Songpan county just beneath Xuebao, the main peak of the Minshan Mountain. Its lush green forests, filled with fragrant flowers, bubbling streams and songbirds, are rich in historical interest as well as natural beauty.
– 篇章结构虽然可以概括出几种模式,但在翻译实践中,译者可能 面对的是极富变化的结构,尤其是文学源自文库品。篇章结构是作者文 体风格的一部分,自有其形式意义,译者应尽量保留以求形似。 同时,篇章结构也显示着作品的脉络,译者必须有所把握,才能 有效减少译误。
• 段落翻译首先是把段落看成一个语义分析单位 • 如果一个段落只有一个句群,而句群中各句间的 关系又需在译文中重作调整,那么该句群就可以 被作为一个翻译转换单位,也就是以段落为转换 单位。 • 如果句群中各句之间的语义关系、逻辑关系在用 译入语表达中不需什么调整,那么译者完全可以 将各句、各分句作为转换单位。 • 译者应先将段落作为一个有机整体进行分析,然 后再进一步深入到词句,在转换时,一定要使局 部服从整体。从段落模式来看,英译汉时一般都 可保留原模式,以尽量做到形神意兼似。
• 改写段落首句,使其担当英语段落的主题句 • 回顾过去,我们感到无比自豪和骄傲。 改革开放二十年, 我们不仅为社会创造了巨大的物质财富,而且也创造了巨 大的精神财富。二十年间,企业累计创利税17.89亿元, 是改革开放前三十年的总和的近二十倍;为国家上交利税 12.29亿元,相当于45年国家投资总和的4倍,连续5年被 评为国家500家经济效益最佳企业,… … • Looking back upon the past, we feel proud of the great contributions we made to the society not only on material wealth but also in spiritual civilization in the last twenty years of reformation and opening. In the past twenty years, our enterprise has created an accumulated profit and tax of 1,789 billion Yuan, nearly 20 times that of the 30 years before 1979, and we have delivered to the state a total profit and tax 1,229 billion Yuan, 4times as much as the total investment of the state in the last 45 years. Also in the twenty years, our enterprise has own in succession for 5 years the honor of one of the top 500 profitable enterprises in China,…
• The village of Marlott lay amid the northeastern undulations of the beautiful Vale of Blackemore or Blackmore aforesaid, an engirdled and secluded region, for the most part untrodden as yet by tourists or landscape-painter, though within a few hours’ journey from London. • 译文:前面说过的那个美丽的布雷谷或布莱谷, 是一处群山环抱、幽静偏僻的地方,虽然离伦敦 不过几个钟头的路程,但是它的大部分都不曾有 过游历家和风景画家的足迹。马勒村就在它东北 部那块起伏地带的中间。
• 有年轻的朋友告诉我,在她们女大学生宿舍,如果有校外 的某某人来找她们中间的某一位,而此人不在,同学说你 留个家里的电话号码吧,那人说公用电话不好打;那个留 个BP机号也行,那人说很抱歉本人没有BP机。——那就 对不起了,实话对你说,你连个BP机都置不起,某某小 姐根本连睬都不会睬你的。--张抗抗的散文《出售与投资》 • Several young women once told me what often happens these days in their dorms. When a male calls in for a female student who happens to be out, he is asked to leave a home telephone or pager number. If the caller is using a public telephone, he is likely to apologize for not having one of these novelties. “If you can’t even afford a pager,” he would be told bluntly, “she won’t bother to call you back!”
• 二是形式分析。
– 形式分析除了篇章类型、结构分析外,还应包括段际衔接手段分 析和段落修辞分析。 – 篇章结构总的来讲可以分为三类:
• 一是纵向结构,即叙述按事件发生、发展的时间先后或空间分布情形 来安排,常见于记叙文和说明文中。 • 二是横向结构,即以材料的性质特征分类讲述,各部分之间呈现平等 关系。再就是纵横结合式。
• poignant: painfully affecting the feelings • boisterous: noisily turbulent • shrivel: to draw into wrinkles especially with a loss of moisture • limply: lacking firm texture, substance, or structure • ravages: destruction • impetuous: acting without thinking carefully about the result • florid: having too much decoration or detail • surfeit: an amount that is too much