the name and nature of translation studies《翻译学的名与实》
《英语翻译》PPT课件
• 翻译是异语交际活动，通过语言转换达到交际 目的。（张泽乾）
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The Definition of Translation
• Semantic views on translation:
• Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that author intended the text. (Newmark)
• 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种 语言文字表达出来的文化活动。 (王克非)
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The Criteria for Translation
• General laws of translation (Tytler) • 1. The translation should give a complete
A branch of science
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The Nature of Translation
• What is the nature of translation?
傅雷
An art
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The Nature of Translation 孙迎春
skill/craft/instrument
-- Eugene Nida
所谓翻译，是指从语义到风格在译语中用最 切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
--尤金.奈达
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The Definition of Translation
• Communicative views on translation:
• The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target language readers as was produced on the original source language readers. (Newmark)
第一章 翻译研究名与实
21内容提要霍姆斯的这篇文章一直被翻译研究界视为具有划时代的重要意义。
两千多年以来，人们对翻译的方方面面进行了不懈的探讨，但对翻译研究作为一门学科的研究对象、研究范围以及研究方法却不甚明了，或莫衷一是。
首先，霍姆斯提出将翻译研究（Translation Studies ）作为学科的称谓，并强调翻译研究是一门经验学科，研究对象是翻译活动（过程）和翻译作品；翻译研究的功能是不仅要探讨如何翻译，同时还要描述翻译现象和行为，解释、甚至预测未来的翻译。
更重要的是，霍姆斯第一次详尽地描绘出翻译研究的结构图（见下页）。
对照这个图可以发现，翻译研究的领域比我们传统想像的要宽阔得多。
黑体是我国研究较为深入的领域，而下划线表示还有待加强。
此外，还有一些未开垦的处女地。
这个结构图同时表示了翻译研究自下而上的发展路径：首先作者简介詹姆斯·霍姆斯（James Holmes )，著名的翻译理论家。
生于美国艾奥瓦中部，曾就读于威廉·潘学院和布朗大学；1949年作为富布赖特交换教师到荷兰国际学院任教，1950年移居阿姆斯特丹，以自由编辑和诗歌翻译为业。
1956年以非本族语使用者身份荣获翻译大奖，1964年任阿姆斯特丹大学翻译研究高级讲师。
发表多篇有关翻译的论文，《翻译研究名与实》（The Name and Nature of Translation Studies, 1972)第一次比较完整系统地界定了翻译研究作为一个跨学科的研究领域，成为当代翻译研究划时代的重要文献，得到国际译界的普遍认可。
本篇选自James Holmes 的Translated! Papers on Literary and Translation Studies ，由Rodopi 出版社于1994年出版。
第一章翻译研究名与实The Name and Nature of Translation Studies 1 James S. Holmes当代西方翻译研究原典选读22翻译史与翻译研究方法论是翻译实践和翻译活动本身，然后是对翻译现象的客观描述，然后是概括出规律，形成翻译原则，抽象成为翻译理论。
introducingtranslationstudies《翻译研究入门知识点总结》
Introducing Translation Studies—Theories and ApplicationsName: Zhu MiClass: English 1122013/12/24Introducing Translation Studies—Theories and ApplicationsI.Main issues of translation studies1.1The concept of translationThe term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product or the process.The process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original verbal language into a written text in a different verbal language.—interlingual translationThe Russian-American structuralist Roman Jakobson in his seminal paper”On linguistic aspects of translation’gave his categories as intralingual translation, interlingual translation and intersemiotic translation.1.2What are translation studies?Written and spoken translations traditionally were for scholarship and religious purposes.Yet the study of translation as an academic subject has only really begun in the past fifty years, thanks to the Dutch-based US scholar James S.Holmes.Reasons f or prominence: first, there has been a proliferation of specialized translating and interpreting courses at both and undergraduate and postgraduate level; second, other courses, in smaller numbers, focus on the practice of literary translation; the 1990s also saw a proliferation of conferences, books and journals on translation in many languages; in addition, various translation events were held in India, and an on-line translation symposium was organized.1.3A brief history of the disciplineThe practice of translation was discussed by, for example, Cicero and Horace and St Jerome;their writings were to exert an important influence up until the twentieth century.The study of translation of the field developed into an academic discipline only in the second half of the twentieth century.Before that, translation had normally been merely an element of language learning in modern language courses, known for the grammar-translation method.With the rise of the direct method or communicative approach to English language teaching in the 1960s and 1970s, the grammar-translation method fell into increasing disrepute.In the USA, translation was promoted in universities in the 1960s by the translation workshop concept. Running parallel to it was that of c omparative literature.Another area in which translation become the subject of research was c ontrastive analysis.The continued application of a linguistic approach in general, and specific linguistic models such as generative grammar or functional grammar, has demonstrated a n inherent and gutlink with translation. And it began to emerge in the 1950s and 1960s.—Eugene Nida1.4The Holmes/Toury “map”James S.Holems’s” The name and nature of translation studies” was regarded as “generally accepted as the founding statement for the field”. He puts forward an overall framework, describing what translation studies covers. It has been subsequently presented by Gideon Toury.Another area Holmes mention is translation policy, where he sees the translation scholar advising on the place of translation in society, including what place, if any, it should occupy in the language teaching and learning curriculum.“Translation policy”would nowadays far more likely be related to the ideology that determines translation than was the case in Holmes description.1.5Developments since the 1970sContrastive analysis has fallen by the way side. The linguistic-oriented “science”of translation has continued strongly in Germany, but the concept of equivalence associated with it has declined.Germany has seen the rise of theories centred on text types and text purpose, while the Hallidayan influence of discourse analysis and systemic functional grammar, which vies language as a communicative act in a sociocultural context, has been prominent over the past decades, especially in Australia and the UK.The late 1970s and 1980s also saw the rise of a descriptive approach that had its origins in comparative literature and Russian Formalism.The polysystemists have worked with a Belgium-based group and the UK-based scholars.The 1990s saw the incorporation of new schools a nd concepts, with Canadian-based translation and gender research led by Sherry Simon, the Brazilian cannibalist school promoted by Else Vieira, postcolonial translation theory.II.Translation theory before the twentieth century2.1“Word-for-word” or “sense-for-sense”?Up until the second half of the twentieth century, translation theory seemed locked in whatof“literal”, ”free”and “faithful”George Steiner calls a ”sterile” debate over the “triad”translation. The distinction goes back to Cicero and St Jerome.Cicero said,”…keeping the same ideas and forms…but in language which conforms to our usage…Ｉpreserved the general style and force of the language.”He disparaged word-for-word translation.St Jerome said,”…where even the syntax contains a mystery—I render not word-for-word, but sense-for-sense.”2.2Martin LutherLuther follows St Jerome in rejecting a word-for-word translation strategy since it would beunable to convey the same meaning as the ST and would sometimes be incomprehensible. He focuses on the TL and the TT reader and his famous quote:” You must ask the mother at home, the children in the street, the ordinary man in the market and look at their mouths, how they speak, and translate that way; then they’ll understand and see that you’re speakingto them in German.”2.3Faithfulness, spirit and truthFlora Amos notes that early translators often differed considerably in the meaning they gave to terms such as “faithfulness”, “accuracy” and even the word “translation” itself.Louis Kelly in The True Interpreter calls the “inextricably tangled”terms “fidelity”, ”spirit”and“truth”.Kelly considers that it was not until the twelfth century that truth was fully equated with “content”. By the seventeenth century, fidelity had come to be generally regarded as more than just fidelity to words, and spirit lost the religious sense and was thenceforth used solely in the sense of the creative energy of a text or language.2.4Early attempts at systematic translation theory: Dryden, Dolet andTytlerFor Amos, the England of the seventeenth century—with Denham, Cowley and Dryden—marked an important step forward in translation theory with” deliberate, reasoned statements, unmistakable in their purpose and meaning”.John Dryden reduces all translations to three categories: metaphrase, paraphrase and imitation. Dryden thus prefers paraphrase, advising that metaphrase and imitation be avoided. He is author-oriented.Etienne Dolet is TL-reader-oriented and sets out five principles in his 1540 manuscript The Way of Translating Well from One Language into Another”:1.The translator must perfectly understand the sense and material of the original author,although he should feel free to clarify obscurities.2.The translator should have a perfect knowledge of both SL and TL, so as not to lessen themajesty of the language.3.The translator should avoid word-for-word renderings.4.The translator should avoid Latinate and unusual forms.5.The translator should assemble and liaise words eloquently to avoid clumsiness.Alexander Fraser Tytler has three general “laws” or “rules”:1.The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.2.The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.3.The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.2.5Schleiermacher and the valorization of the foreignWhile the 17th century had been about imitation and the 18th century about the translator’sduty to recreate the spirit of the ST for the reader of the time, the Romanticism of the early nineteenth century discussed the issues of translatability or untranslatability.In 1813, the German theologian and translator Friedrich Schleiermacher wrote On The Different Methods of Translating and put forward a Romantic approach to interpretation based on the individual’s inner feeling and understanding.He first distinguishes two different types of translator working on two different types of text:1.the “Dolmetscher”, who translates commercial texts;2.the “übersetzer”, who works on scholarly and artistic texts.How to bring the ST writer and the TT reader together is the real question. He considerstranslator: Either the translator leaves the there to be only two paths open for the “true”writer alone as much as possible and moves the reader toward the writer, or he leaves the reader alone as much as and moves the writer toward the reader.Schleiermacher’s consideration of different text type becomes more prominent in Reiss’s text typology.The “alienating”and “naturalizing”opposites are taken up by Venuti as “foreignization”and “domestication”.Additionally, the vision of a “language of translation”is pursued by Walter Benjamin and the description of the hermeneutics of translation is apparent in George Steiner’s “hermeneutic motion”.2.6Translation theory of the ninetieth and early twentieth centuries inBritainIn Britain, the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century focused on the status of the ST and the form of the TL.Francis Newman emphasized the foreignness of the work by a deliberately archaic translation.Matthew Arnold advocated a transparent translation method.2.7Towards contemporary translation theoryGeorge Steiner l ists a small number of 14 writers who represent “very nearly the sum total of those who have said anything fundamental or new about translation”, includes St Jerome, Luther, Dryden and Schleiermacher and also takes us into the 20th century with Ezra Pound and Walter Benjamin, amongst others.He covers a range of theoretical ideas in this period: We have seen how much of the theory of translation—if there is one as distinct from idealized recipes—pivots monotonously around undefined alternatives: ”letter”or “spirit”, ”word”or “sense”. The dichotomy is assumed to have analyzable meaning. This is the central epistemological weakness and sleight of hand.Translation theory in the second half of the 20th century made various attempts to redefine the concepts “literal”and “free”in operational terms, to describe “meaning”i n scientific terms, and to put together systematic taxonomies of translation phenomena.Case studiesThe criteria for assessing the translations are given:1.accuracy: the correct transfer of information and evidence of complete comprehension.2.the appropriate choice of vocabulary, idiom, terminology and register;3.cohesion, coherence and organization;4.accuracy in technical aspects of punctuation, etc.III.Equivalence and equivalent effect3.1Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and equivalenceIn his paper “On linguistic aspects of translation”, he describes three kinds of translation: intralingual, interlingual and intersemiotic translation and he goes on to examine key issue of interlingual translation, notably linguistic meaning and equivalence.Jakobson approaches a now-famous definition: “Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics.”He thinks poetry is which requires “creative” transposition.“untranslatable”，3.2Nida and “the science of translating”3.2.1The nature of meaning: advances in semantics and pragmaticsMeaning is broken down into linguistic meaning, referential meaning and emotivemeaning. There are three techniques: hierarchical structuring, componentialanalysis a nd semantic structure analysis.3.2.2The influence of ChomskyNoam Chomsky’s generative-transformational model analyzes sentences into a series of related levels governed by rules. The key features of this model can be summarized:1.Phrase-structure rules generate an underlying or deep structure w hich is2.transformed by transformational rules relating one underlying structure to another,to produce.3. a final surface structure,which itself is subject to phonological and morphemicrules.Nida presents a three-stage system of translation (analysis, transfer andrestructuring).This involves analysis using generative-transformational grammar’s four types offunctional class: events, objects, abstracts and relationals.3.2.3Formal and dynamic equivalence and the principle of equivalent effectFor Nida, the success of the translation depends above all on achieving equivalentresponse. It is one of the “four basic requirements of a translation”, which are1making sense;2conveying the spirit and manner of the original;3having a natural and easy form of expression;4producing a similar response.3.3Newmark: semantic and communicative translationIn Newmark’s Approaches t o Translation and A Textbook of Translation,he suggests narrowing the gap by replacing the old terms with those of “semantic” and “communicative”translation.3.4Koller: Korrespondenz and AquivalenzWerner Koller examines more closely the concept of equivalence and its linked term correspondence. And he also goes on to describe five different types of equivalence: denotative, connotative, text-normative, pragmatic and formal equivalence.IV.The translation shift approach4.1Vinay and Darbelnet’s modelThe two general translation strategies identified by Vinay and Darbelnet are direct translation and oblique translation, w hich hark back to the “literal vs. free” division.The two strategies comprise seven procedures, of which direct translation covers are borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition and modulation and of which oblique translation includes are equivalence and adaptation.three The seven main translation categories are described as operating on three levels; these levels reflect the main structural elements of the book. They are: the lexicon, syntactic structure and the message.A further more important parameter taken into account by Vinay and Darbelnet is that ofservitude a nd option.They continued by giving s list of five steps f or the translator to follow in moving from ST to TT:1.Identity the units of translation.2.Examine the SL text, evaluating the descriptive, affective and intellectual content of theunits.3.Reconstruct the metalinguistic context of the message.4.Evaluate the stylistic effects.5.Produce and revise the TT.They consider the unit of translation to be a combination of a“lexicological u nit”and a “unit of thought”.4.2Catford and translation “shifts”Catford makes an important distinction between formal correspondence and textual equivalence, which was developed by Koller.Catford considers two kinds of shift: shift of level and shift of category.Most of Catford’s analysis is given over to category shifts. These are subdivided into four kinds: structural shifts, class shifts, unit shifts/rank shifts and intra-system shifts.4.3Czech writing on translation shiftsIn the 1960s and 1970s some writing introduces a literary aspect, that of the “expressive function”or style of a text.4.4Van Leuven-Zwart’s comparative-descriptive model of translationshiftsKitty van Leuven-Zwart applies shift analysis to the descriptive analysis of a translation, attempting both to systematize comparison and to build in a discourse framework above the sentence level.The model is “intended for the description of integral translations of fictional texts”and comprises a comparative model and a descriptive model.Shifts are divided into three main categories w ith numerous subcategories. The three main categories are modulation, modification and mutation.V.Functional theories of translation5.1Text typeKatharina Reiss’s work in the 1970s builds on the concept of equivalence but views the text, rather than the word or sentence, a s the level at which communication is achieved and at which equivalence must be sought. Her functional approach aims initially at systematizing the assessment of translation.Three text types—informative, expressive and operative types—are given by Reiss and presented visually by Cheserman.Reiss also lists a series of intralinguistic and extralinguistic instruction criteria by which the adequacy of a TT may be assessed.5.2Translational actionTranslation action views translation as purpose-driven, outcome-oriented human interaction and focuses on the process of translation as message-transmitter, c ompounds involving intercultural transfer.5.3Skopos theoryHans J. Vermeer introduces skopos into translation theory in the 1970s as a technical term for the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating, as it deals with a translational action that is ST-based.5.4Translation-oriented text analysisChristiane Nord’s Text Analysis in Translation makes a distinction between two basic types of translation production —documentary translation and instrumental translation.VI.Discourse and register analysis approachesVII.Systems theoriesVIII.Varieties of cultural studiesIX.Translating the foreign: the (in)visibility of translation X.Philosophical theories of translationXI.Translation studies as an interdiscipline。
the-name-and-nature-of-translation-studies《翻译学的名与实》
I. 霍姆斯其人：1924-1986生平：霍姆斯出生在美国Iowa爱荷华州，后在宾夕法尼亚州的哈弗福德Haverford学院学习英语文学，1949年受富布莱特项目Fulbright Project资助来到荷兰，从此荷兰成为他的第二故乡。
他虽然一直保留美国国籍，但绝大部分时间是在荷兰度过的。
霍姆斯师从阿姆斯特丹大学荷兰文学系主任，接触了大量荷语文学作品。
他从五十年代处就开始将荷语文学介绍到英语世界，此间也没有间断自己的诗歌创作，他的翻译理论研究工作则始于60年代末期。
在他的老师改任阿姆斯特丹大学综合文学系主任后，霍姆斯被聘为该系教师，除教授文学翻译实践外，他还率先开设了翻译理论课程。
霍姆斯同时还在以培养翻译人才为目标的阿姆斯特丹翻译学院任教。
他极力促成将该学院并入阿姆斯特丹大学人文学院，但1982年二者正式合并并且成立翻译系以后，作为翻译领域最重要的学者，霍姆斯没有顺理成章地成为该系教授，原因之一是他没有博士学位，另一方面则是因为它的同性恋行为、反传统的着装及他在翻译方面的见解为该系一些教员所不容，而霍姆斯也无意为他人而改变自己的生活方式。
他于1985年辞去在阿姆斯特丹大学的教职，次年因艾滋病去世，时年62岁。
成就：霍姆斯在诗歌创作、诗歌翻译和翻译理论研究等方面都有突出成就。
首先，他是一个诗歌翻译家。
霍姆斯最大的贡献在于充当荷兰在英语世界中的文学大使，使世界认识到荷兰文学的存在。
他的第一部译作是1955年出版的《当代荷兰诗选》，在此后30多年的翻译生涯中，他介绍过荷语地区几乎所有重要诗人的作品。
早在1956年，霍姆斯获得象征荷兰文学翻译界最高荣誉的马丁内斯·那霍夫奖（Martinus Nijhoff Prize），成为第一位获此殊荣的外国人。
他还在晚年1984年获得弗兰芒地区首届荷兰语文学奖，是迄今为止唯一获得两个翻译奖项的人。
其次，霍姆斯是一个同性恋诗人。
霍姆斯的诗作既有韵律诗又有自由体诗，绝大多数都是同性恋题材。
The Name and Nature of Translation Studies 翻译学的名与实(课堂PPT)
描写翻译研究（翻译描写） 翻译功能研究：译作在目的语文化中所起的作用，这一方
面发展的目标是翻译社会学(或社会翻译学)；
理论翻译研究（翻译理论）
译者培训 翻译工具 翻译政策
翻译过程研究：翻译过程或翻译行为本身，其中涉及到译 者的所思所想对翻译所起到的影响，目标是翻译心理学。
翻译总论特ຫໍສະໝຸດ 媒介理论特定区域理论4
翻译学科的命名
霍尔姆斯认为术语研究在学术研究中处于十分重要的地位，因此，阻碍学科 建设的一大障碍往往就是不恰当的学科命名，而在西方，对翻译学科的名称 一直颇有争议。他认为“翻译理论(theory of translation)”这个名称的最大 缺点在于对研究范围的限制; “翻译科学(science of translating)”也不可取, 因为翻译研究远远没有达到精确、定型的地步，尚未形成一个范式，不宜称 之为科学；而学科名称式的新词Translatology又过于学究气。因此，霍姆斯 建议把这门学科称为“翻译研究”,可以消除许多混乱和误解，因为在汉语 里“翻译研究”听起来不像是一门学科，所以我国普遍接受和使用的是“翻 译学”这个词。
The Name and Nature of Translation Studies 翻译学的名与实
1
概述
1972年，第三届国际应用语言学会议在哥本哈根召开，霍尔姆斯在会上首次 发表了《翻译研究的名与实》一文，该文章对翻译学科的研究目标和性质、 研究范畴及其学科框架的构建提出了详细的构想，被西方翻译学界认为是 “翻译学学科的创建宣言”。
局部翻译理论
特定层级理论 特定文类理论
特定时间理论
特定问题理论
翻译批评
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描写翻译研究、理论翻译研究和应用翻译研究之间的关系
The Nature and Role of Norms in Translation 翻译规范
文本语言规范影响或决定译者实际上选择什么译语材料来代替源语材料，或作为源语材料的对等
物。
元规范与操作规范的关系 一般说来，元规范在逻辑和顺序排列上优先于操作规范，因为译者首先要慎重考虑翻译什么和选择 何种译本的问题。同时，两类主要规范之间相互影响甚至互为条件。例如，作为操作规范重要内容的 篇章切分一直有各种各样的传统(或模式)，他们之间的差别对翻译来说都起一些暗示作用，通常，篇 章切分越接近目标文化传统翻译作品的可接受性就越强，所以，操作规范的作用也不容忽视。
图里翻译规范论的贡献与不足
贡献：
他把翻译纳入到一个宏观的社会文化语境进行研究，使翻译研究从传统的对文本进行孤立的 、静态的对比中解放出来。并尝试在社会文化的大背景下研究翻译的多维性质，使译者的策 略和一些翻译现象得到了合理的解释。
不足
1）图里的翻译规范论束缚了译者的主体性和创造性的发挥 2）图里提出的翻译规范论是描述性的，而翻译标准本身的描述性质也具有一定的局限性
翻译规范的本质分类多样性以及建立图里翻译规范论的贡献与不足gideontourygideontoury是以色列特拉维夫学派的又一代表人物在多元系统论的基础上研究希伯来文学的翻译提出以译语为中心的翻译观强调以实证的方法对大量译本进行描述性翻译研究从而找出译语文化中制约翻译过程中种种决定的规范
1
Gideon Toury简介
翻译规范的本质
规范的定义： 社会公认的普遍的价值观和观念，以区别正确与错误，适当与否。作为适用 于特定情况下的行为规范，可指导具体行为，可建立和保持社会秩序。规范 适用于一切文化活动或构成文化的任何系统。
图里认为翻译是受社会文化规范制约的活动。
制约翻译的因素
源语文本；语言之间的系统差异；文本传统；译者的认知能力
英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译
英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译[Abstract] As carriers of cultures, Chinese and English names are full of cultural connotations, and result in cultural gap between English and Chinese. Personal names are not only symbols that distinguish one person from others, but also soc ial symbols. It is ―a mirror of culture‖. Through comparative study on anation‘s history, religion, concepts of moral and value, we can see different cultural connotations between English and Chinese names. And then suggest some translation principles and methods. There are some similarities between English and Chinese names, such as totemism, consciousness of root-seeking, specializing points. In Chinese names, we can find the culture of religious concepts, Confucian-worship, hierarchy. And the religion, personal-orientation, individualism can also be found in English names. In the translation of Chinese and English names, translators should follow the pronunciation of the owner‘s language and adopt the established popular translated names, use transliteration and paraphrase so as to reflect the real meaning of English and Chinese names.[Key Words] English names and Chinese names; cultural connotation; translation principle; translation method[摘要] 姓名，作为一种文化载体，蕴涵着极其丰富的文化内涵，英汉姓名因而存在着巨大的文化差异。
第一章翻译研究名与实
21内容提要霍姆斯的这篇文章一直被翻译研究界视为具有划时代的重要意义。
两千多年以来，人们对翻译的方方面面进行了不懈的探讨，但对翻译研究作为一门学科的研究对象、研究范围以及研究方法却不甚明了，或莫衷一是。
首先，霍姆斯提出将翻译研究（Translation Studies ）作为学科的称谓，并强调翻译研究是一门经验学科，研究对象是翻译活动（过程）和翻译作品；翻译研究的功能是不仅要探讨如何翻译，同时还要描述翻译现象和行为，解释、甚至预测未来的翻译。
更重要的是，霍姆斯第一次详尽地描绘出翻译研究的结构图（见下页）。
对照这个图可以发现，翻译研究的领域比我们传统想像的要宽阔得多。
黑体是我国研究较为深入的领域，而下划线表示还有待加强。
此外，还有一些未开垦的处女地。
这个结构图同时表示了翻译研究自下而上的发展路径：首先作者简介詹姆斯·霍姆斯（James Holmes )，著名的翻译理论家。
生于美国艾奥瓦中部，曾就读于威廉·潘学院和布朗大学；1949年作为富布赖特交换教师到荷兰国际学院任教，1950年移居阿姆斯特丹，以自由编辑和诗歌翻译为业。
1956年以非本族语使用者身份荣获翻译大奖，1964年任阿姆斯特丹大学翻译研究高级讲师。
发表多篇有关翻译的论文，《翻译研究名与实》（The Name and Nature of Translation Studies, 1972)第一次比较完整系统地界定了翻译研究作为一个跨学科的研究领域，成为当代翻译研究划时代的重要文献，得到国际译界的普遍认可。
本篇选自James Holmes 的Translated! Papers on Literary and Translation Studies ，由Rodopi 出版社于1994年出版。
第一章翻译研究名与实The Name and Nature of Translation Studies 1 James S. Holmes当代西方翻译研究原典选读22翻译史与翻译研究方法论是翻译实践和翻译活动本身，然后是对翻译现象的客观描述，然后是概括出规律，形成翻译原则，抽象成为翻译理论。
the name and nature of translation holmesPPT课件
James S. Holmes 王敏 张潇潇 季慧莉
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詹姆斯•霍尔姆斯
• 詹姆斯•霍尔姆斯(James Stratton Holmes，1924— 1986)出生在美国依阿华州，后在宾夕法尼亚州的 哈弗福德(Haverford)学院学习英语文学，1949年受 富布赖特项目(Fulbright Project)资助来到荷兰，他 从五十年代初即开始将荷语文学介绍到英语世界， 此间也没有间断自己的诗歌创作。他的翻译理论研 究工作则始于60年代末期。
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2. 翻译学学科建设的阻碍因素：
1) One of these impediments is the lack of appropriate channels of communication. 缺少恰当的交流渠道。
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2）the seemingly trivial matter of a name for this field of research.
(2) to establish general principles by means of which these phenomena can be explaining to and predicted.（建立翻译总 原则）
• 霍尔姆斯在诗歌创作、诗歌翻译和翻译理论研究等 方面都有突出成就 。
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霍尔姆斯的翻译理论
• the name and nature of translation studies
西方最流行的翻译标准
西方最流行的翻译标准1. 语言学派（Linguistics-based School）奥古斯丁发展了亚里士多德的“符号”理论，提出了语言符号的“能指”、“所指”和译者“判断”的三角关系，开创了西方翻译的语言学传统。
直到20世纪初索绪尔的普通语言学的问世，标志着现代语言学的诞生，也为当代翻译研究的各种语言学方法奠定了基础。
西方翻译理论的语言学路线从传统语言学或语文学派人物开始，一直延伸到21世纪。
沿这一路线虽然出现了各种不同流派的代表人物和理论方法，却存在着一个共同特征，就是以语言为核心，从语言的结构特征出发研究翻译标准的对等问题。
一般认为，西方语言学派开始对翻译进行“科学”研究的标志是美国著名学家尤金·奈达（Engene Nida）于1947年发表的《论〈圣经〉翻译的原则和程序》（Bible Translation:An Analysis of Principles and Procedures with Special Reference to Aboriginal Languages）。
语言学派分布的地域较广，主要集中于英美，代表人物有奈达，卡特福德（J. C. Catford）、纽马克（Peter Newmark）、哈蒂姆（Hatim）等。
除此之外，捷克布拉格学派的雅克布逊（Roman Jakobson），前苏联的费奥多罗夫，法国的乔治·穆南（Georges Mounin），以及德国的斯奈尔-霍恩比（Snell-Hornby），也都是当代国外语言学派的突出代表人物。
雅克布逊在1959年发表的论文《论翻译的语言学问题》（On Linguistic Aspects ofTranslation），从语言学的角度分析和论述了语言和翻译的关系、翻译的重要性以及翻译中存在的一般问题，为当代语言学派翻译研究的理论方法作出了开创性的贡献，被奉为翻译研究经典之作。
这此篇论文中，他首次将翻译分为三类：语内翻译（intralingual translation）、语际翻译（interlingual translation）和符际翻译（intersemiotic translation），这一分类准确概括了翻译的本质，在译学界影响深远。
从关联理论看_围城_中隐喻的英译
On Metaphor Translation in Fortress Besieged from the View ofRelevance Theory ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFirst of all, I want to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Chen Hongwei, for all her help, support and love. For me, she has been more than a supervisor. If I failed to the schedule, even the thought of her smiling face brought me a powerful sense of awe and motivation. Her sparkling ideas, kind words and careful revision make this present thesis possible.My sincere thanks also go to all the professors in the Faculty of English Language and Literature, Central China Normal University, who have greatly benefited my intellectual growth through their inspiring lectures. And their individual characteristics impress me so much that this experience of my postgraduate study is a lifelong treasure.I especially want to thank all of my friends and classmates, who have always been there when I need them.Finally, a very special gratitude goes to my parents who have been my source of strength and happiness in life. With their love, I believe I can always pursue my dreams.内容摘要本文运用关联理论来讨论小说《围城》中隐喻的翻译问题。
the-name-and-nature-of-translation-studies《翻译学的名与实》
I. 霍姆斯其人：1924-1986生平：霍姆斯出生在美国Iowa爱荷华州，后在宾夕法尼亚州的哈弗福德Haverford学院学习英语文学，1949年受富布莱特项目Fulbright Project资助来到荷兰，从此荷兰成为他的第二故乡。
他虽然一直保留美国国籍，但绝大部分时间是在荷兰度过的。
霍姆斯师从阿姆斯特丹大学荷兰文学系主任，接触了大量荷语文学作品。
他从五十年代处就开始将荷语文学介绍到英语世界，此间也没有间断自己的诗歌创作，他的翻译理论研究工作则始于60年代末期。
在他的老师改任阿姆斯特丹大学综合文学系主任后，霍姆斯被聘为该系教师，除教授文学翻译实践外，他还率先开设了翻译理论课程。
霍姆斯同时还在以培养翻译人才为目标的阿姆斯特丹翻译学院任教。
他极力促成将该学院并入阿姆斯特丹大学人文学院，但1982年二者正式合并并且成立翻译系以后，作为翻译领域最重要的学者，霍姆斯没有顺理成章地成为该系教授，原因之一是他没有博士学位，另一方面则是因为它的同性恋行为、反传统的着装及他在翻译方面的见解为该系一些教员所不容，而霍姆斯也无意为他人而改变自己的生活方式。
他于1985年辞去在阿姆斯特丹大学的教职，次年因艾滋病去世，时年62岁。
成就：霍姆斯在诗歌创作、诗歌翻译和翻译理论研究等方面都有突出成就。
首先，他是一个诗歌翻译家。
霍姆斯最大的贡献在于充当荷兰在英语世界中的文学大使，使世界认识到荷兰文学的存在。
他的第一部译作是1955年出版的《当代荷兰诗选》，在此后30多年的翻译生涯中，他介绍过荷语地区几乎所有重要诗人的作品。
早在1956年，霍姆斯获得象征荷兰文学翻译界最高荣誉的马丁内斯·那霍夫奖（Martinus Nijhoff Prize），成为第一位获此殊荣的外国人。
他还在晚年1984年获得弗兰芒地区首届荷兰语文学奖，是迄今为止唯一获得两个翻译奖项的人。
其次，霍姆斯是一个同性恋诗人。
霍姆斯的诗作既有韵律诗又有自由体诗，绝大多数都是同性恋题材。
the-name-and-nature-of-translation-studies翻译的名与实
2.3 “translation studies” term
❖ Indeed, for disciplines that within the old distinction of the universities tend to fall under the humanities or arts, the word would be active.
1lexicographicalandterminological词典编纂和术语2grammars语法323translationpolicy翻译政策?itisdeterminedbywhatkindofsocialandeconomicpositionthetranslatorshouldbein?orwhatparttranslatingshouldplayintheteachingandlearningofforeignlanguages主要解释译者及译本的角色和地位研究某社会应引进和翻译哪些作品研究翻译在外语教学中的作用translationcriticism翻译批评?translationcriticism翻译批评theevaluationofthetargettexts即对译文进行评价331conclusion?therelationsamongdescriptivetheoreticalandappliedtranslationstudiesaredialecticalattentiontoallthreebranchesisrequiredifthedisciplineistogrowandflourish?三者的关系是辩证统一的缺少其中任何一个分支这一学科都不能发展和繁荣
电影字幕的英汉翻译研究
th e s a m e tim e in o rd e r to m a k e su r e o f a su c c e s s f u l tra n sla tio n o f film
su btitles. M ean w h ile, th ese p rin cip les can also serv e as th e ev alu ation criteria for th e su b title tran slatio n . T h e p rin cip le o f th e au d ien ce 's resp on se sh ou ld b e reg ard ed as the sup rem e ov errid ing p rin cip le. W h at's m ore, som e sp ecial requ irem ents for E n g lish -C h in ese su btitlers h av e also been p resented to regu late th e su btitle tran slation p ractice.
Chapter 1 The Nature of Translation
幻灯片1Chapter 1The Nature of TranslationWhat is Translation?Translation means “to give the meaning of something said or written in another language. (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation)幻灯片2Key words:source language (SL) /receptor language / target language (TL);reproduce;message / information;equivalence / correspondence幻灯片31. The Definition of TranslationTranslation is an art/operation/ interlingual communication or a science/craft/skill.幻灯片4五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同。
达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄，北方曰译。
《礼记·王制》译即易，亦即换易语言使相解也。
幻灯片5翻译就是把已说出的或写出的话的意思用另一种语言表达出来的活动。
《中国大百科全书·语言文字》幻灯片6What is translation?Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.Peter NewmarkWDeDeHOME幻灯片7Translating consists in reproducing the closest natural equivalent of the source language message in the target language, firstly in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.Eugene A. Nida幻灯片8The Schools of Translation Studiesthe school of science :Eugene Nidathe school of art: Lin Yutang幻灯片91) My holiday afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country. (Washington Irving)每逢假日的下午, 我总要漫游周围的乡村。
The theory and practice of translation 奈达的翻译理论与实践
T h e t h e o r y a n dp r a c t i c e o ft r a n s l a t i o n奈达的翻译理论与实践-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1The theory and practice of translationEugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber 1974Contents1.A new concept of translation2.The nature of translating3.Grammatical analysis4.Referential meaning5.Connotative meaning6.Transfer7.Restructuring8.Testing the translationChapter One The old focus and the new focusThe older focus in translating was the form of the message, and the translator too particular delight in being able to reproduce stylistic specialties, ., rhythms, rhymes, plays on words, chiasmus, parallelism, and usual grammatical structures. The new focus, however, has shifted from teh form of the message to the response of the receptor. Therefore, what one must determine is the response of the receptor to te translated message, this response must be compared with the way in which the original receptors presumably reacted to the message when it was given in its original setting.Chapter Two Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. But this relatively simple statement requires careful evaluation of several seemingly contradictory elements.Reproducing the messageTranslating must aim primarily at “reproducing the message.” To do anything else is essentially false to one’s task as a translator. But to reproduce the message one must make a good many grammatical and lexical adjustments.Equivalence rather than identityThe translator must strive for the equivalence rather than identity. In a sense, this is just another way of emphasizing the reproduction of the message rather than the conversation of the form of the utterance, but it reinforces the need for radical alteration of a phrase, which may be quiet meaningless.A natural equivalentThe best translation does not sound like a translation. In other words, a good translation of the Bible must not be “cultural translation”. Rather, it is a “linguistic translation”. That is to say, it should studiously avoid “translationese”--formal fidelity, with resulting unfaithfulness to the content and the impact of the message.The priority of meaningAs has already been indicted in the definition of translating, meaning must be given priority, for it os the content of the message which is of prime importance for Bible translating.The significance of styleThough style is secondary to content, it is nevertheless important, one should not translate poetry as though it were prose, nor expository material as though it were straight narrative.In trying to reproduce the style of the original one must beware, however, of producing something which is not functionally equivalent.A system of prioritiesAs a a basis for judging what should be done in specific instances of translating, it is essential to establish certain fundamental sets of priorities: (1) contextual consistency has priority over verbal consistency ( or word-for-word concordance), (2) dynamic equivalence has priority over formal correspondence, (3) the aural form of language has priority over the written form, (4) forms that are used by and acceptable to the audience for which a translation is intended have priority over forms that may be traditionally more perspectives.The priority of dynamic equivalence over formal correspondenceIf we look at the translations in terms of the receptors, rather than in terms of their respective forms, then we introduce another point of view; the intelligibility of the translation. Such intelligibility is not, however, to be measured merely in terms of whether the words are understandable, and the sentences grammatically constructed, but in terms of the total impact, the message has on the one who receives it.Dynamic equivalence is therefore to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptor in the source language. This response can never be identical, fro the culture and historical settings are too different, but there should be a high degree of equivalence of response, or the translation will have failed to accomplish its purpose.It would be wrong to think, however, that the response of the receptors in the second language is merely in terms of comprehension of the information, for communication is not merely informative. It must also be expressive and imperative if it is to serve the principal purposes of communications.Of course, persons may insist that by its very nature a dynamic equivalent translation is a less “accurate” translation, for it departs further from the forms of the original. To argue in this manner, however, is to use “accurate” in a formal sense, whereas accuracy can only be rightly determined by judging the extent to which the response of the receptor is substantially equivalent to the respond of the original receptors. In other words, does the dynamic equivalent translation succeed more completely in evoking in the receptors responses which are substantially equivalent to those experienced by the original receptors If “accuracy” is to be judged in this light, then certainly the dynamic equivalent translation is not only moe meaningful to the receptors but also more accurate. This assumes, of course, that both the formal correspondence translation and the dynamic equivalent translation do not contain any overt errors of exegesis.Grammatical analysisThere are three major steps in analysis: (1) determining the mining the meaningful relationships between the words and combinations of words, (2) the referential meaning of the words and special combinations of words, idioms, (3) the connotative meaning.Kernel sentencesWe soon discover that we have simply recast the expressions so that events are expressed as verbs, objects as nouns, abstracts (quantities and qualities) as adjectives or adverbs. The only other terms are relationals, ., the prepositions and conjunctions.These restructures expressions are basically what many linguistics call “kernels”; that is to say, they are the basic structural elements out of which the language builds its elaborate surface structures. In fact, one of the most important insights coming from “transformational grammar” is the fact that in all languages there are half a dozen to a dozen basic structures out of which all the more elaborate formations are constructed by means of so called “transformations”. In contrast, back transformation, then, is the analytic process of reducing the surface structure to its underlying kernels.Semantic adjustments made in transferIn transferring the message from one language to another, it is the content which must be preserved at any cost; the form, except in special cases, such as poetry, is largely secondary, since within each language, the rules for relating content to form are highly complex, arbitrary, and variable.Of course, if by coincidence it is possible to convey the same content in the receptor language in a form which closely resembles that of the source, so much the better; we preserve the form when we can, but more than the form has to be transformedprecisely in order to preserve the content. An expressive effort to preserve the form inevitably results in a serious loss or distortion of the message.Obviously in any translation there will be a type of “loss” of semantic content, but the process should be so designed as to keep this to a minimum. The commonest problems of the content transfer arise in the following areas: (1) idioms, (2) figurative meanings, (3) shifts in central components of meaning, (4) generic and specific meanings, (5) pleonastic expressions, (6) special formulas, (7) redistribution of semantic components, (8) provision for contextual conditioning.(8)In other instances one may find it important to employ a descriptive phrase so as to provide some basis for comprehending the significance of the original.It must be further emphasized that one is not free to make in the text any and all kinds of explanatory additions and/or expansions.Testing the translationOnce the process of restructuring has been completed, the next essential step is th e testing of the translation. This should cover the entire range of possible problems: accuracy of rendering, intelligibility, stylistic equivalence, etc. But to do this, one must focus attention not upon the extent of verbal correspondence but upon the amount of dynamic equivalence. This does not mean, of course, that the translation is judged merely on the extent to which people like the contents. Some people may object strongly to the themes and the concepts which are communicated, but there should not be anything in the translation itself which is stylistically awkward, structurally burdensome, linguistically unnatural, and semantically misleading or incomprehensible, unless, of course, the message in the source language has these characteristics ( the task of the translator is to produce the closest natural equivalent, not to edit or to rewrite). But to judge these qualities one must look to the potential users.The problem of overall lengthIt only means that in the process of transfer from one linguistic and cultural structure to another, it is almost inevitable that the resulting translation will turn out to be longer.This tendency to greater length is due essentially to the fact that one wishes to state everything that is in the original communication but is also obliged to amke explicitin the receptor language what could very well remain implicit in the source language text, since te original receivers of this communication presumably had all the necessary background to understand the contents of the message.He analyzes its components builds in proper redundancy by making explicit what is implicit in the original, and then produces something the readers in the receptor language will be able to understand.Types of expansionsThe expansions may perhaps be most conveniently divided between syntactic (or formal) expansions and lexical (or semantic) ones.Lexical expansions in marginal helpsIn making explicit what is fully implicit in the original translation, one can ofter insert material in the text itself without imposing undue strains upon the process of translation.Such information may only be part of the general cultural background shared by the participants in the source language. This type of information cannot be legitimately introduced into the text of a translation, but should be placed in marginal helps, either in the form of glossaries, where information about recurring terms is gathered together in summary fashion, or in marginal notes on the page where the difficulty in understanding occurs.Practical textsTherefore, if a translator really wants to obtain satisfactory replies to direct questions on specific problems, the only way to do so is by supplying people with alternatives. This means that one must read a sentence in two or more ways, ofter repeating such alternatives slowly (and , of course, in context). And then ask such questions as: “which way sounds the sweetest”“which is planner”...Explaining the contentsA secondary very important way of testing a translation is to have someone read a passage to someone else and then to get this individual to explain the contents to other persons, who did not hear the reading.Reading the text aloudPublication of sample materialThe ultimate basis for judging a translation。
thenameandnatureoftranslationstudies《翻译学的名与实》
thenameandnatureoftranslationstudies《翻译学的名与实》I. 霍姆斯其人：1924-1986生平：霍姆斯出生在美国Iowa爱荷华州，后在宾夕法尼亚州的哈弗福德Haverford学院学习英语文学，1949年受富布莱特项目Fulbright Project资助来到荷兰，从此荷兰成为他的第二故乡。
他虽然一直保留美国国籍，但绝大部分时间是在荷兰度过的。
霍姆斯师从阿姆斯特丹大学荷兰文学系主任，接触了大量荷语文学作品。
他从五十年代处就开始将荷语文学介绍到英语世界，此间也没有间断自己的诗歌创作，他的翻译理论研究工作则始于60年代末期。
在他的老师改任阿姆斯特丹大学综合文学系主任后，霍姆斯被聘为该系教师，除教授文学翻译实践外，他还率先开设了翻译理论课程。
霍姆斯同时还在以培养翻译人才为目标的阿姆斯特丹翻译学院任教。
他极力促成将该学院并入阿姆斯特丹大学人文学院，但1982年二者正式合并并且成立翻译系以后，作为翻译领域最重要的学者，霍姆斯没有顺理成章地成为该系教授，原因之一是他没有博士学位，另一方面则是因为它的同性恋行为、反传统的着装及他在翻译方面的见解为该系一些教员所不容，而霍姆斯也无意为他人而改变自己的生活方式。
他于1985年辞去在阿姆斯特丹大学的教职，次年因艾滋病去世，时年62岁。
成就：霍姆斯在诗歌创作、诗歌翻译和翻译理论研究等方面都有突出成就。
首先，他是一个诗歌翻译家。
霍姆斯最大的贡献在于充当荷兰在英语世界中的文学大使，使世界认识到荷兰文学的存在。
他的第一部译作是1955年出版的《当代荷兰诗选》，在此后30多年的翻译生涯中，他介绍过荷语地区几乎所有重要诗人的作品。
早在1956年，霍姆斯获得象征荷兰文学翻译界最高荣誉的马丁内斯·那霍夫奖（Martinus Nijhoff Prize），成为第一位获此殊荣的外国人。
他还在晚年1984年获得弗兰芒地区首届荷兰语文学奖，是迄今为止唯一获得两个翻译奖项的人。
The turns of translation studies--Mary Hornby
Hermans Kade Reiss Steiner Leisi
Names of great scholars of translation studies
Chapter 1:
The emergence of the discipline
• Lefevere divides the representatives of great traditions into four groups: the precursors, the pioneers, the masters and the disciples.
The need for mastery of both source and target language, for understanding the author's sense and meaning, and for translating in an appropriate and idiomatic style with all the ease of the original composition.
State of the discipline • Chapter 6: Translation Studies-future
perspectives
The honours list of translation studies
Schleiermacher Novalis Humboldt Chestman Gothe Benjamin Dryden Dolet Tytler Hermans Jacobson Manttari Vermeer Levy
• (7) Franze Rosenzweig describes all speech as translation, and stresses that "literary translation is absolutely essential as an antidote against the aggressive, imperialist nationalism". • (8) Etienne Dolet and Alexander Fraser Tytler, they formulate some basic rules and principles for a good translator:
3-西方当代翻译思想与流派--文化学派
第5页，共43页。
文化学派的发展过程大致有以下几个阶段：
第一阶段自20世纪60年代开始； 霍尔姆斯于1972年在《翻译学的名与实》（The Name and Nature of
Translation Studies)一文中划分了翻译研究的范畴，其中纯理论范畴下的描述研 究和理论研究分支成为该学派研究遵循的方向。
第3页，共43页。
从规定性到描写性是翻译研究思路发生的从“怎么译”到“为什么 译”的重大转折，翻译学因此逐渐发展成为一门独立的学科。描 写性翻译研究与规定性翻译研究的区别表现在四个方面：
1)从假设或理论模式出发还是从客观的翻译现象出发； 2)以指导实践为目的还是以纯理论建设为目的；
3)以源语为中心还是以目的语为中心； 4)理想化地、静止地还是历史地看待研究对象和理论本身。
2. 功能导向的描述翻译研究（function-oriented DTS）指的是“在接受语的社 会文化背景之下描述翻译的功能：这是对背景而不是对文本的一个研究”。 可以探讨的问题包括哪些书籍在何时何地被翻译，产生了何种影响。这一 领域，霍尔姆斯称之为“社会翻译研究”，今天更多地 称之为“文化导向 的翻译研究”（cultural studies-oriented DTS）。
这篇论文有两点特别值得注意：首先是它的清晰的翻译学 的学科意识,其次是它对未来翻译学学科内容以图示的形式所作 的详细的描述与展望。
第8页，共43页。
霍尔姆斯讨论了“translatology”(翻译学)、“the theory of translating” 或“the theory of translation”(翻译理论)、“science of translation” 或“translation science”(翻译科学)等术语，并指出其各自的局限。 最后他认为“translation studies”(翻译学)是所有术语中最适合作 为学科名称的。
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I. 霍姆斯其人：1924-1986生平：霍姆斯出生在美国Iowa爱荷华州，后在宾夕法尼亚州的哈弗福德Haverford学院学习英语文学，1949年受富布莱特项目Fulbright Project资助来到荷兰，从此荷兰成为他的第二故乡。
他虽然一直保留美国国籍，但绝大部分时间是在荷兰度过的。
霍姆斯师从阿姆斯特丹大学荷兰文学系主任，接触了大量荷语文学作品。
他从五十年代处就开始将荷语文学介绍到英语世界，此间也没有间断自己的诗歌创作，他的翻译理论研究工作则始于60年代末期。
在他的老师改任阿姆斯特丹大学综合文学系主任后，霍姆斯被聘为该系教师，除教授文学翻译实践外，他还率先开设了翻译理论课程。
霍姆斯同时还在以培养翻译人才为目标的阿姆斯特丹翻译学院任教。
他极力促成将该学院并入阿姆斯特丹大学人文学院，但1982年二者正式合并并且成立翻译系以后，作为翻译领域最重要的学者，霍姆斯没有顺理成章地成为该系教授，原因之一是他没有博士学位，另一方面则是因为它的同性恋行为、反传统的着装及他在翻译方面的见解为该系一些教员所不容，而霍姆斯也无意为他人而改变自己的生活方式。
他于1985年辞去在阿姆斯特丹大学的教职，次年因艾滋病去世，时年62岁。
成就：霍姆斯在诗歌创作、诗歌翻译和翻译理论研究等方面都有突出成就。
首先，他是一个诗歌翻译家。
霍姆斯最大的贡献在于充当荷兰在英语世界中的文学大使，使世界认识到荷兰文学的存在。
他的第一部译作是1955年出版的《当代荷兰诗选》，在此后30多年的翻译生涯中，他介绍过荷语地区几乎所有重要诗人的作品。
早在1956年，霍姆斯获得象征荷兰文学翻译界最高荣誉的马丁内斯·那霍夫奖（Martinus Nijhoff Prize），成为第一位获此殊荣的外国人。
他还在晚年1984年获得弗兰芒地区首届荷兰语文学奖，是迄今为止唯一获得两个翻译奖项的人。
其次，霍姆斯是一个同性恋诗人。
霍姆斯的诗作既有韵律诗又有自由体诗，绝大多数都是同性恋题材。
之前他也翻译过一些有同性恋倾向的诗歌。
顾忌到作品中过于直露的描写会给自己带来麻烦，霍姆斯在多数作品中都采用笔名，晚年出版的内容相对含蓄才署了真名。
第三，霍姆斯是一个编辑。
作为“翻译研究系列丛书”的总主编，霍姆斯推出了一系列翻译理论著作，来扶植翻译界的同仁和后辈。
此外他还与人合办文学刊物。
最后，霍姆斯是个翻译理论家。
低地国家，特指荷兰、比利时和卢森堡。
因其海拔低而得名。
霍姆斯是上世纪七八十年代低地国家翻译理论界最有影响的人物，他在这方面著述不多，但在世界翻译理论史上却有深远影响。
在翻译理论方面霍姆斯没有长篇巨制，其观点散见于一系列论文中，大都曾在国际性学术会议上交流过。
the name and nature of translation studies《翻译学的名与实》（就是reader这本书上的这篇文章）是霍姆斯最重要的翻译理论文章。
在1972年哥本哈根召开的第三届国际应用语言学会议上首次发表。
这篇文章对翻译学的学科命名、性质、研究范围以及学科内的划分提出了详细的构想，是翻译研究领域具有里程碑意义的作品，是翻译学学科建设的奠基之作，被西方译学界认为是“翻译学学科的创建宣言”。
霍姆斯也因此被公认为翻译学的奠基人及最早对该学科作全景式描述的人。
下面我们着重介绍一下这篇文章。
II. 霍姆斯的翻译理论（这篇文章中霍姆斯提出了他的翻译学学科构想。
）1.建立翻译学学科的条件，学科发展现状翻译学之所以是一门独立的学科，是因为它有自己的研究对象和目标。
霍姆斯认为翻译作为一门独立的学科已经具备了建立的条件和必要性。
在过去几个世纪中，翻译研究处于随意、无序的状态，以第二次世界大战为转折点，许多原先从事相近学科研究的人由语言学、语言哲学和文学转向翻译领域，还有一些人来自表面上并不相近的学科如信息理论、逻辑学和数学等领域，这些研究者把原学科的模型及方法带入翻译研究。
霍姆斯认为，从表面上看翻译研究的局面是一片混乱，但实际上关于翻译研究的独立学科正在成型。
2.关于这一学科的命名霍姆斯十分重视术语在学术研究中的重要性，认为不适当的学科命名是学科建设的一大障碍。
他认为-ology这个后缀太过学究气，而且过于生僻，不能任意组合。
the theory of translating 或the theory of translation, translation theory 最大的缺点在于对研究范围的限制，翻译研究远远不止于理论建设的范围。
至于the science of translation, translation science之所以不可取是因为翻译研究远没到精确、定性的程度，尚未形成一个范式，不易被称为科学。
霍姆斯提出了在英语中常常用来命名新学科的另一个词—studies，这样可以消除许多混乱和误解。
3.关于翻译学的学科框架（翻译研究的范畴）：1995年，Toury 在Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond《描写翻译学及其他》一书中，把霍姆斯的译学构想描绘成图形，让人一目了然。
霍姆斯译学构想中最大的优点是对翻译学科中各分支的合理划分，这种合理划分可以显示不同的研究活动在整个学科机构中的位置及其之间的关系。
（Toury, 1995: 9-10）霍姆斯把翻译学分为纯翻译学和应用翻译学两大类。
其中纯翻译学又有两个分支：描写性翻译学descriptive translation studies DTS，也叫翻译描写translation description TD，和理论翻译学theoretical translation TTS，也叫翻译理论translation theory TTh描写性翻译学又包括三个方面：第一，产品导向研究product-oriented ，是对翻译成品进行研究，其出发点是译作文本，包括对同一原作的不同译本进行比较研究，译本比较可以是历时的diachronic（即不同时期的译本比较），也可以是共时的synchronic（即相同时期的译本比较）。
霍姆斯认为，产品导向研究的结果最终有可能成为一部大型的翻译通史。
第二，过程导向研究process-oriented，其关注对象是翻译过程或翻译行为本身，译者在翻译过程中，如何创造一个全新的，但又多多少少与原文吻合的译文。
在翻译过程中，译者头脑中的“小黑匣子”（little black box, 指认知能力）里都发生了什么，霍姆斯认为，对这一方面多加重视，有希望产生心理翻译学psycho-translation studies或翻译心理学translation psychology。
第三，功能导向研究function-oriented，该研究的兴趣并非在于对翻译作品本身的描写，而是对它们在目的语社会文化中的功能描写，其研究的重点是语境context而不是文本text。
其侧重点在于译作在目的语文化中所起的作用。
霍姆斯认为，该范围的研究与社会学有紧密联系，因此有可能促成社会翻译学socio-translation studies的产生。
理论翻译学或翻译理论的任务是利用描写性翻译学的研究成果，结合相关领域或学科的信息，制定出对翻译过程和翻译作品进行解释和预测的原则、理论和模式，包括翻译总论general translation theories和局部翻译理论partial theories。
局部翻译理论只涉及翻译理论的某一个或几个方面，霍姆斯将其分成六类。
1.翻译手段medium-restricted translation theories. 翻译手段可以进一步划分为人工翻译、机器翻译和机器辅助翻译，人工翻译又包括笔译和口译。
2.翻译范围area-restricted theories.翻译范围局限于特定的语言和文化，指任何两种或多种语言和文化之间的翻译。
3.翻译等级rank-restricted theories. 翻译等级实际上是我们通常所说的翻译单位。
传统上，词和词组被认为是翻译的基本单位，以描写语言学为基础的研究则以句子为单位。
4.文本类型text-type restricted theories.文本类型研究的是不同文本翻译中的特殊问题。
5.不同时期的翻译time-restricted theories.不同时期的翻译研究分为两种，一是研究当代的翻译，二是研究过去的翻译。
6.特殊问题problem-restricted theories.特殊问题研究是专门研究翻译理论总体框架内的一个或几个具体问题，可以是带有广泛意义的问题，如翻译对等的实质，也可以是非常具体的问题，如隐喻或专有名词的翻译。
应用翻译学包括四个部分：1.翻译教学teaching of translation2.翻译辅助手段translation aids3.翻译政策translation policy主要解释译者以及译本的角色和地位，研究某社会应该引进和翻译哪些作品，研究翻译在外语教学中的作用等。
4.翻译批评translation criticismToury 在他的译学图中删略了第3点，有学者认为他并非出于粗心而漏掉了这一点，而是他不认同霍姆斯把翻译政策方面的研究放在应用研究。
Toury 认为，译者和译作的地位是由某一社会的政治和文化状况决定的，而不是由研究者决定的。
三大分支之间的关系描写、理论和应用是翻译研究的三大分支，它们之间是辨证关系，任何一方都在为另两方提供资料，也都吸取和利用另两方的研究成果。
例如，翻译理论离不开描写翻译研究和应用翻译研究两大分支中所获得的全面而具体的数据资料，反过来，如果没有任何理论做前提，描写翻译研究和应用翻译研究也就无从开始。
因此，描写、理论和应用三大分支的关系是辨证的，平等的。
为了整个学科的发展和繁荣，任何一个方面都不可偏废。
霍姆斯理论的不足之处：霍姆斯的译学构想是开放性并有待完善的，正如他自己在文章后面所说，有一些重要的方面在他的译学构想中还没有适当的位置，例如翻译理论史研究和方法论（或叫元理论）研究。
他对应用翻译分支似乎也不够重视，只是列出了几个范围，没有提出进一步的论述。
霍姆斯虽然致力于建立综合型的普通翻译理论，但自己的研究却局限于文学翻译尤其是诗歌翻译。
他的译学框架完全排斥科技翻译和社科翻译。
III. 总结霍姆斯译学理论的影响及贡献霍姆斯译学构想对后来翻译研究学者的影响Gideon Toury沿着霍姆斯开创的翻译研究学派的基本路线，大大发展了描写翻译研究。
Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond这本书集中体现了他在这方面的研究成果。
Susan Bassnett 在霍姆斯思想影响下，将翻译置于与之相关的社会文化环境中来考察，逐步成为当代英国乃至整个西方翻译研究学派和翻译文化学派的重要代表之一。