(完整版)英汉翻译教程
英汉互动翻译教程(电子版)
第七章增词翻译法(1)Chairman Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an originator and master of strategy achieved by alternating surprise, tension and easement.毛泽东是一位活动家，是原动力，是创造和运用出其不意、紧张和松驰而取得成就的战略大师。
(2) The daily newspaper guides,educates and encourages the masses.这份报纸可指导群众、教育群众、鼓舞群众。
（3）For the international community the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown to be the world’s eleventh largest economy, and is set to grow further.对于国际社会来说，这些变化所带来的最为引人注目的结果是，中国已跃居世界第十一位经济大国，而且今后定会更强。
*In the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communique.晚上在参观宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。
*My work,my family,my friends were more than enough to fill my time.我要干活，要做家务，还要招待朋友，这些足够占去我全部时间。
*The first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of ours is that he shall be able and willing to pull his weight.要在我们这个共和国里当一个好公民，第一必备条件就是他要能够而且愿意尽自己的本分。
英汉翻译教程第一讲完整版.ppt
11. Constant dripping wears away a stone. 11.水滴石穿.
12. Creep before you walk.
12. 循序渐进。
13. Don't put the cart before the horse.
13. 不要本末倒置。
14. Don't trouble troubles until trouble troubles you.
11. Constant dripping wears away a stone. 12. Creep before you walk. 13. Don't put the cart before the horse. 14. Don't trouble trouble until trouble
境和风俗习惯的影响而具有不同的特点。 Drug : 药; 大麻（美俚）
1.2.5 社会政治
一些词语的意义，有时与社会政治密切相关。就 是说，社会制度相同，有关文化之间的差异就比 较少；社会制度不同， 差异就相对地多一些。如：
working class; peasant propaganda; Exploit （开发利用、获取利润） 汉语中是：“剥削”
1.2.6 文学艺术
文学艺术反映一个民族的感情色彩。 对待同一事物， 不同民族的文化感情色彩可能完全不同
Dragon, dog, ox
不同文化艺术中，人们还常常用不同的事物表达相 同的思想。
Work like a horse 像老黄牛一样干活。
As strong as a horse As stupid as a goose
Scope of translation
4.英汉翻译教程 (1)
第一章翻译的定义和翻译的原则一、翻译的定义1.Translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor.( Columbia Encyclopedia )2. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Eugene A. Nida )3.翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
（孙致礼2003：6 ）二、翻译的原则1. Yan Fu (1854-1921)In translation, there are three aspects difficult to bring about: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. It is no easy work to realize ―faithfulness‖! If there is only faithfulness without expressiveness , the translation doesn’t amount to translation. From here we can see expressiveness is of great importance.(译事三难，信，达，雅。
求其信已大难矣！顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉）①Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war.----那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千无辜的平民②Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction.――作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反．③We shall all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement.――我们都会想念他的，我们祝愿他退休后快乐、长寿．④For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.古往今来多少离合悲欢, 谁曾见这样的哀怨辛酸！⑤Crafty men contempt studies, simple men admire them, and wise use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them , won by observation.――有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者慕读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之．2. Fu Lei (1908-1966)①From there I could see the whole valley below, the field, the river , and the village. It was all beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.――从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流、村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往．②He carried on a business , but brought his pigs to the wrong market.――他经营生意，可是几乎血本无归．3.Qian Zhongshu①Capri is a gaunt rock of austere outline, bathed in a deep blue sea; but its vineyards, green and smiling, give ita soft and easy grace. It is friendly, remote, and debonair.卡普里岛是一块外形突兀的荒凉的岩石，沐浴在深蓝色的海洋里，但是它的葱绿的葡萄园仿佛在向人微笑，使这个海岛增添了几分令人舒爽的温柔宁静的姿色，卡普里岛远离尘嚣，但景色宣人，生机盎然。
英译汉教程(第一章)
2
Classification of Translation
1） 从译出语和译入语的角度来分类: 本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语；
许渊冲贺杨振宁新婚 双语诗句
• 振宁不老松，扬帆为小翁，岁寒情更热， 花好驻春风。 • The ageless won’t grow old. You sail with your young bride. Love will warm winter cold. Spring will ever abide.
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不懂外文的翻译家---林纾
• 林纾，字琴南，号畏庐、冷红生。生于1852年，福建闽县人。中国近代 翻译家、文学家。先后翻译英、美、法、俄、德、瑞士、比利时、西班 牙、挪威、希腊和日本小说183种，出版了160余部，其中不少是世界名 著，如《巴黎茶花女遗事》（La Dame aux Camelias）、《黑奴吁天录 》（Uncle Tom’s Cabin）《快肉余生述》（David Copperfield）、 《贼史》（Oliver Twist）、《王子复仇记》（Hamlet）等，在早期翻 译家中影响很大，是大量介绍西方文学的第一人。
第一章 绪论
A General Introduction About Translation
1
Definition of Translation
• “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).” (J.C. Catford ) • Cross-linguistic transformation of meaning
英汉翻译教程张培基【完整版】
《英汉翻译教程》第一章总论翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
（张培基等1983）我国早期典籍《周礼·秋官司寇》篇里就有“象胥”（谓通言语之官）这一名目，唐朝贾公彦所作的《义疏》里提到“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。
”这条注疏，关于翻译的定义，足以给人不少启发。
用现代文艺理论和语言理论，也许可以诠释为：翻译是把一种语言文字换易成另一种语言文字，而并不变更所蕴含的意义，——或用近年流行的术语说，并不变更所传递的信息，——以达到彼此沟通，互相了解的目的。
（罗新璋1984）一、关于翻译何谓翻译？关于翻译的定义很多。
根据《现代汉语词典》，翻译是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”。
根据《剑桥语言百科全书》，“翻译”这个中性术语是指将一种语言（“原语”）里的词句的意思转变为另一种语言（“目的语”）的意思所做的一切，不论其手段是说话、写字还是做手势。
美国著名翻译理论家奈达认为，所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
（《奈达论翻译》，1984）有人把翻译看作是一门科学（science），因为它有自身的规律可循；有人看作是一门艺术（art），因为它是译者对原文再创造的过程；也有人看作是一门手艺（craft），因为原语的信息需要用地道恰当的目的语再现。
在自动化数据处理中，翻译又被定义为：“将计算机信息从一种语言转换成另一种语言，或将字符从一种表示转换成另一种表示。
”（《现代科学技术词典》上海科学技术出版社1980）凡此种种，不一而足。
但是，在经济和文化日益全球化的今天，翻译的重要性是有目共睹的。
翻译是国际间理解的钥匙，据说西欧的文明归功于翻译者（据L·G·凯里1979）。
季羡林教授也说，翻译是永葆中华文明青春的万应灵药。
前中国驻联合国代表凌青先生说，从中国来讲，没有翻译工作，就没有中国***和中国近代的革命运动，就没有中国成功的对外开放和四个现代化；从世界范围来讲，没有翻译，就没有世界和平，就没有各种国际交往，就没有一个共同繁荣的美好世界的未来。
英汉翻译教程
英汉翻译教程——上海外语教育出版社1、John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。
2、He who would eat the nut must first crack the shell.(前置)要吃核果，必先敲壳。
（要享受果实，必先劳动。
）3、They fought so bravely that the invasion was crushed inseventy-two hours.（后置）他们打得勇敢，七十二小时内就粉碎了敌人的入侵。
（后置）We worked fast and well, so that we overfulfilled our production plan. (后置)我们工作得又快又好，超额完成了生产计划。
（后置）4、He is the last man to come.他是最后来的。
He is the last man to do it.他是绝不会干那件事。
He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。
He should be the last (man) to blame.怎么也不该怪他。
He is the last man to consult.根本不宜找他商量。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。
5、He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certainreputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。
我相信他这个坏名声是不该有的。
6、He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺骗了我，使我成了进行罪恶勾当的工具。
英译汉教程
Worry:担忧，担心 The state of readiness:准备就绪，战备 状况；愿意
14.Another major worry for the navy is the state of readiness.
①海军非常担心的另一件事是战备 状况。 ②海军的另一个主要担忧是战备状 况。
15.Alarm began to take entire possession of him.
24.This now exhauts my list of speakers. exhaut:耗尽，用完，花光 list of speakers:名单上的发言人
24.This now exhauts my list of speakers. 现在我的名单上的发言人都已发过 言了。
25.Our steps have brought us here from the West, but our spirit proceeds from the East.
•Thank you for your listening!
grab：骗取
17.The shock registered on Earl’s face as the seawater grabbed him.
①海水把厄尔卷了进去，他大惊失 色。 ②当海水吞噬他的时候，厄尔惊恐 万分。
18.My hurts are many and deep, even now, triggered again by the sound of new rainfall. triggered:扣扳机，激发起，引起，触 发
英汉翻译
Drills 4.3.1
10.From the moment we stepped into the Peoples' Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. From the moment:从……那刻起 （与the moment 一……就…… 不同） step into：踏入 care:关心，照顾 kindness:体贴
(完整版)大学英语翻译全教程(完美版)练习与作业
To make a long story short. It is another story now. He storied about his academic career and his professional career. I don ’ t buyuyrostory. Once the story got abroad, I would never hear the last of it. Of Studies 选段： Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and
Once in a blue moon
as cool as a cucumber
Black sheep
as timid as a rabbit
4.音译法
1
karaoke Guitar Model Coffee Sofa 气功 太极 功夫 狗不理 好利来 5.音译意译结合法 KFC
三、词法翻译
1.对等译法 直接找到同原文对等的表达。
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retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.
作业二：句子的翻译
一、普通句子的翻译
1.换序译法 更换原文的词序，使得译文通顺。 even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures. 2.断句译法 长而复杂的句子，适当断开翻译。 the shark swung over and the old man saw his eye was not alive and then he swung over once again, wrapping himself in two loops of the rope. 3.转句译法 原文词语具有丰富含义，需要译文转译成一个句子。 a crashing thunderstorm, with thick rain hissing down from skies black as night, stopped Victor Henry from leaving the White House. 4.合句译法 英语句子一般较长，汉语句子较短，所以汉译英时常把几个句子合起来译成一个英语句子。 贾琏见他去了，只得回来瞧凤姐。／谁知凤姐已醒了，听他和鸳鸯借当。 5.缩句译法 将原文的一个句子转换为译文句子的一个部分。 her father became the mayor of the city. He was a murderer in the Second World War. 6.转态译法 原译文的主被动语态进行转换。 she hadn’t been told Bette’s other name, or sh’ed forgotten it. 7.正反译法 原文中的否定词译文翻译为肯定词， 肯定词翻译为否定词， 相反也可以这样。 we must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. He seemed to be at a loss for the precise words to elaborate his opinion.
新编英汉翻译教程
“我知道，爸，”她说，“我是个自私鬼。我会考虑这个问题的……”
二.归化法（domesticating method）
一.归化的目的是力求译文通顺易懂，能为译语读者所接受。 EXAMPLE:
1.She could not desert Tara;she belonged to the red acres far more than they could ever belong to her.(M.Mitchell:Gone with the wind,p.20)
二.采取异化译法，不仅可以充分地传达原作的“异国风味”，而且可以引用 一些原语的S “瓶颈”（bottleneck） 2.“猫哭老鼠”VS “洒鳄鱼泪”(shed crocodile tears) 3.“全副武装”VS “武装到牙齿”（be armed to the teeth） 4.Say no (to) “否定，拒绝，反对” EXAMPLE: They said a sharp no to our propsals.他们断然拒绝我们的建议。 They dare say no to the superpower!他们敢于反对那个超级大国。VS 他们敢对那个超级大国说不！
异化法的限度：一是译语语言文化的限度，二是译语读者接受能力的限度。
三.伪异化
1.Consequently Mr.Micawber was soon so overcome,that he mingled his tears with hers and mine.(C.Dickens: David Copperfield,Ch.12) 结果米考博先生不久就伤感的把他的眼泪同她的和我的混合起来了。 （P） Mingle their tears “一起哭” 结果是，一会儿米考博先生也受不住了，和她和我，眼泪对流了起来。 2.“I know,Dad,”she said,“I’m a selfish Pig.I’ll think about it…”(J.Galsworthy:A Modern Comedy,p.47) “我知道，爹，”她说，“我是头自私自利的猪。我会考虑这个问题 的……”(P)
英汉翻译教程PPT资料63页
Genesis 11:1-9
《 创arliest translation in Egypt
3000 BC
1.3 the history of translation In China
The translation of Buddhist scripture from East Han Dynasty to Song Dynasty.
2. the nature of translation
Translation is an intentional, interpersonal, partly verbal intercultural interaction based on a source text. （Nord：2019）
Discuss with your partners: How do you perceive translation? As a language activity? As an art? As a kind of cross-cultural communication? As a job? As a subject?
“transfer of a text from a source language into a text in target language, the objective being a perfect equivalence of meaning between the two texts.”(Tanke ,1976)
2. the nature of translation
Translation means translating meanings(Nida).
……
3 the rules of translation
英汉翻译教程课件
Principles & Criteria
• 1/ Two basic principles: • a) The translation must convey the original message correctly; • b) The translation must be well and easily understood by the reader of the translation. • 2/ Criteria(traditional): faithfulness, expressiveness & elegance • 3/ New criteria (16 characters) for C-E translation only：设身处地，整 合意义，内外有别，晓畅道地。 • 1)设身处地 • (a)设身处地让自己多“看”（to read English a lot） • ---存包(Public Lock)使用说明： • 存：(1)请先按“存”键；(2)取密码纸，自动开箱；(3)存入物品，关好 箱门。 • 取：(1)密码纸靠近读码口，自动开箱；(2)取物后，请关好箱门。 • 有人译成：
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
---房奴mortgage slave ---蜗居snail dwelling; snail house ---蚁族 city ants; antizen ---胶囊公寓capsule apartment ---火车票实名制 real name ticket booking system ---给力gelivable; thrilling, cool ---恶搞parody joke ---浮云 fleeting cloud ---潜规则unspoken rule ---秒杀seckill ---返工忧郁症 back-to-work blues 6/ To be politically conscious(政治觉悟要高) ---台湾问题：Taiwan question(*Taiwan issue issue: a matter that is in dispute between two or more parties.试看：The Taiwan question is made an issue by those who want to interfere in China‘s internal affairs. • ---祖国统一：China‘s reunification • ---中国台湾；中国大陆 • Taiwan, China ；China‘s mainland / the mainland of China (*mainland China:会生歧义，除mainland China外，还有另外什么China?)
英汉翻译完整教程
1. 翻译的定义、分类
2. 翻译的标准 3. 翻译的过程：理解——表达——校对 4. 中、西译史 练习
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第二章：英汉语言现象对比
Teaching aims: to learn about the similarities and differences of Chinese and English in word forming and vocabulary so as to translate them accurately. Main Language points: 1. Comparative studies of language family 2. Comparative studies of word building in English and Chinese 3. Comparative studies of syllable Exercise
Students should do their own work in order to maximize learning. Collaborating on assignments is permitted, but copying another student’s work is prohibited. Similarly, students who are caught copying or plagiarizing will fail the assignment.
1. 增译法
2. 省译法
3. 词类转换
4. 正说反译、反说正译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
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第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。 二、教学过程：
最全的英汉翻译教程
6. the statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing that chief oilfields of the world；very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today.石油原于大海的这种观点是被人们所认可的，你要看一眼世界主要油井的分布图就一目了然了，几乎没有远离现在海洋的油井。
7. the rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too.石油存在处的岩石也都有海洋的渊源。
8. A very common sedimentary rock is called shale，which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the sea bed. And where there is shale there is likely to be oil.一块极普通的沉积岩叫页岩，这种页岩质地松软，很明显是通过海底沉积作用形成的。
有页岩的地方，极有可能有石油。
9. the drill may just miss the oil although it is near；on the other hand，it may strike oil at a fairly high level.有时石油虽就在附近，但因为没钻准地儿，结果还是一无所获。
有时呢，就这么一钻，石油就喷出好高好高。
10. when the crude oil is obtained from the field，it is taken to the refineries. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed.从油田获得的原油要被送到炼油厂进行处理。
英汉翻译教程(1-2章)
翻译的类型
• 就所涉及的语言而言，分为语内翻译(intralingual translation) 和语际翻译(interlingual translation)。 • 就工作方式而言，分为口译( interpretation)和笔译 (translation)。
口译包括交替传译（简称“交传”，consecutive interpretation）和同 声传译（简称“同传”，simultaneous interpretation 或conference interpretation）两种。
对翻译者的要求
• 深厚的语言功底 —对英汉两种语言正确的理解和纯熟的运 用能力 —汉语及英语语感和表达能力（语法意识、 惯用法意识、连贯意识） • 广博的文化知识及相关专业知识 • 高度的责任感
Process of translation
• Understanding, expression, checking
Text Paragraph Sentence Clause Phrase word
logic among clauses and sentence
(operational ranks)
decode and encode the information and reconstruct sentences collocation
Standards of translation(2) (How to realize a good translation?)
• Consider the style of the text • Consider the purpose of writing and translation (writer and reader) • Consider the relationship between meaning and structure • Consider the background and culture • Consider the skills used
新编英汉翻译教程第一章 ppt课件
languages. For example, translation from English to Chinese.
• Section 2 Types of translation
• First of all, a translation should let people know the meaning (or get the information) of the source language.
• However, translation is not a pure linguistic activity. It also involves other non-linguistic elements, especially cultural element. Therefore, some researchers define translation as in line 2, page 3.
• 奈达有关翻译的定义指明，翻译不仅是词 汇意义上的对等，还包括语义、风格和文 体的对等，翻译传达的信息既有表层词汇 信息，也有深层的文化信息。
• Source language to target language
• 源语言（译出语） 目标语（译入语）
• What is the aim of translation?
们是烹鸡专家！
• Questions: what are the criteria of translation? Or, what is a good translation?
• Section 3 criteria of translation • Basic requirements: Faithfulness
英汉翻译教程张培基【完整版】1
《英汉翻译教程》第一章 总论 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言翻译应当把原文的本意，完全正确的介绍给中国读者，使中国读者得到的概念等于英俄日德法等国的读奈达认为更准确地反映出好的翻译的实际过程是：（１）分析：从语法和语义两方面对原文的信息进行词层不对等的情况 词层不对等采取的策略 对等译法的实例 第二章 词语翻译 相关链接 family的------------------------2009年11月30日阅读 三、修辞引申 “言之无文，行之不远。
”为使译文增色，除了真实地再现原作中包含的内容外We should simplify procedures and take prompt action to import urgently needed technology （ Georges 是他的大臣Cardinal Georges ）。
本例背景是美国前国务卿黑格辞职，而由 George Schu Despite their differences , their love will conquer. 尽管他们之间存在着分歧，他们的恋爱1．运用语境 这种手段主要用于语篇上找不到明显的衔接标记，但从意义上来讲是连贯统一的。
接表达出来的语言活动。
（张培基等 1983） 我国早期典籍《周礼·秋官司寇》篇里就有“象胥于英俄日德法等国的读者从原文得来的概念。
（瞿秋白：1931） “动态对等”（Dynamic Equivalence）是奈方面对原文的信息进行分析；（２）传译：译者在脑子里把经过分析的信息从原语转译成译语；（３）重新组织：把相关链接 family的译法： 原文：Do you have a family? 译文1：你有家庭吗？ 译文2：你成家了吗？ 辨析：现原作中包含的内容外，还得讲究修辞。
这样，在翻译时，往往因修辞需要而增添一些引申意义。
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英汉翻译教程张培基第一讲翻译原则简介一、教学目的:了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题二、教学过程：1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）Translation is an art/ science/craf2.中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）严复：信达雅-—- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance。
The “three character guide" is regarded as a plumb—line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷：神似--—spiritual conformity。
Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original。
强调原作神韵再现。
钱钟书：化境--—sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘重德：信、达、切-——faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.3．中国翻译史上的论争:鲁迅：宁信而不顺-—-rather to be faithful than smooth。
目的：引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深:宁顺而不信--—rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流.4．直译与意译:直译—--literal translation意译：free translation直译的例子：crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿； chain reaction连锁反应；gentlemen's agreement君子协定； one country, two systems 一国两制；The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流；paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last——-断气； go to one’s external rest——-安息； the long sleep——-长眠；see Marx 见马克思; Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂； blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡kick the bucket 蹬腿：直译不等于死译（dead translation）:街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生：Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street" should be replaced by “in the community”.她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹:She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father。
Public father should be father in law.意译的例子:It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adam’s apple句子比较:Little fish does not eat big fish直译：小鱼不吃大鱼意译：胳膊拧不过大腿试译：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福：直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.意译:The weather and human life are both unpredictable有人说，翻译是带着镣铐跳舞(translation is like dancing in fetters）；还有人说，翻译像女人，忠实的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠实。
实际上，忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。
5．归化与异化（domestication/adaptation or foreignization / alienation）归化的翻译在理论上是把语言看作交际工具;在实践上，强调通俗易懂，避免多义或歧义。
习惯认为,当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情况时，“要用译语文化替代原语文化"即把在译语中找不到对等的外语词汇改头换面,或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表达法,把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象.归化派代表人物尤金•奈达（Eugene A。
Nida）：Functional Equivalence 功能对等What is functional equivalence?“The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension and appreciation in essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the original receptors of the message”;“Translation should arouse the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the original"---- NidaFor instance: as white as snow 通常译为白如雪 / 但没有见过雪的人可以将其翻译为“白如白鹭毛”，以达到功能对等的目的。
Spring up like mushrooms—-—雨后春笋Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 三个和尚无水喝Among the blind the one —eyed man is king. 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王然而，翻译负有文化交流的使命，即尽可能把一个民族的语言和文化习惯介绍给另一个民族.鲁迅先生就特别强调译文要“保留原文的丰姿”。
在南京大学姜秋霞教授举办的一次翻译调查中,多数读者认为，读异国文学是为了欣赏异国作品特有的韵味和语言风格，他们在读译文之前就已经对不同文化的差异有了一定的心理准备，有些人读译文的目的之一是想了解外国人与中国人之间的异同究竟在什么地方。
因此,从促进世界文化交流这个角度上讲，我们在处理英译汉或汉译英时,都应着力于全面、完整地向译语读者介绍对方(己方）的全部意蕴，包括文化。
特别要强调的是,在汉译英中，我们尤其要树立这种文化意识，积极创造条件，弘扬中华文化，帮助英语读者扩大加深对中华文化的了解。
异化的翻译无疑在文化交流方面起了巨大的作用。
异化派代表人物韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ):All roads lead to Rome：条条大道通罗马不能译成：殊途同归To teach one’s grandmother to eat eggs：教老祖母吃鸡蛋不能译成：班门弄斧班门弄斧：show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban， the master carpenter.Hence：Make hay while it is sunshine: 不能译成：趁热打铁If I slapped someone， He would see the way to Cracow：要是我给谁一巴掌，准会把他扇到克拉科去。
不能:一巴掌扇到西天去。
武松要吃酒，哪里听他人发说，一转身道：“放屁！放屁！”pass your wind/sheer nonsense6．段落翻译练习:沿着荷塘，是一条曲折的小煤屑路。
这是一条幽僻的路;白天也少人走，夜晚更加寂寞。
荷塘四面,长着许多树，蓊蓊郁郁的。
路的一旁,是些杨柳,和一些不知道名字的树。
没有月光的晚上,这路上阴森森的，有些怕人.今晚却很好，虽然月光也还是淡淡的。
Beside the lotus pond there is a small tortuous cinder path。
This is a secluded road even by day, more isolated still at night。
Around the pond, there are many trees rich in leaves， lush and green. There are some willows along the path， and some trees whose names I do not know。
When there is no moonlight the road and pond have a haunted disconcerting feel to them。
Tonight is not bad， even though the moon looks pale。
第二讲翻译的过程一、教学目的：怎样去理解和表达；学会表达的基本策略。
二、教学过程:1．理解与表达:He found them pushing needles, thread, pots, pans, ribbons， yarns， scissors and buttons to house wives.他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针头线脑,锅碗瓢盆。
（国外没有瓢）改为：他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针线，锅罐，绸带，剪刀和钮扣。
Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗?It is an order from President Bush/ I don't care if it is from bush， tree, or grass.这是布什总统的命令，管他什么布什,布头儿，布片儿，我才不在乎呢。
The old man's heart missed a beat when he saw the pearl.这位老人一看到这颗珍珠高兴得连心都跳不过来。
A good dancer never missed a beat.善于跳舞的人从不漏跳一拍(总能跟上节拍/总能采对步点）If we don’t hang together, they shall hang us separately。