Lesson 3 汉英篇章对比
Lesson+3课文分析
•What •not to •do
•You don’t have to contribute a lot of money •You can’t drink alcohol at the reception.
2. go through 通过 翻查 经历 读完
Shall I go through customs now? It was evident that someone had gone through my possessions. He was going through a very difficult time. We have to go through with the book first. When you are interviewed for a job, ___ your shyness and voice your opinion to the interviewer. A. look through B. go through C. break through D. pass through There is no beer left and the pubs are shut so you’ll have to ____. A. go out B. go off C. go without D. go through ---- The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned. ---- Oh, dear! She _______ a lot of difficulties! A. may go through B. might go through C. ought to have gone through D. must have gone through
新概念第三册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson3
新概念第三册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson3【课文】 Listen to the tape then answer the question below. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。
How did the archaeologists know that the statue was a goddess? Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. Houses -- often three storeys high -- were built of stone. They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls. The city was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets. The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C. This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips. She was wearing a full-length skirt which sweptthe ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity. 【课文翻译】 不久之前，在爱琴海的基亚岛上，考古工作者有一项有趣的发现。
新概念3册第三课
Classical [‘klæsikəl] adj. 古典的，典雅的，经典的
-- classical music
古典音乐
classical education 人文科学教育
Classic adj. 第一流的, 标准的, 著名的, 典型的
-- This is the classic example of love at the first sight.
end: 多指“自然的结束”。
hip[hip]
n. 臀部，髋，屋脊 int. 表示满意或赞同的欢呼声
adj. <非正式>紧随时尚的，熟悉内情的
egHe stood there with his hands on his hips. 他两手叉腰站在那里。
-eg - Mary is a real hip. 玛丽是个爱赶时髦的人。
eg We decorated the house for Christmas. 我们装饰房屋过圣诞节。
clay[klei]
n. 粘土，泥土
eg Clay soil retains water. 黏土能保持水分。
Roman [rɔmə] adj. 罗马的，n. 罗马人
eg He wrote a storybook about ancient Romans.
eg The drainage system has been aged. 排水系统已经老化了。
worship [‘wə:ʃip] n. 崇拜，爱慕，做礼拜 vi. 做礼拜 崇拜，爱慕 Wa rship n.军舰, 战船
eg The boy worshipped his father. 这小孩崇拜他的父亲。
【词义辨析】 break, rest, pause, interval, recess, cease, stop, end
2019北师大版英语选择性必修第一册单词汉译英练习
2019北师大版英语选择性必修第一册单词UNIT 1 RELATIONSHIPSTopic Talkn.侄女，外甥女n.侄子,外甥n.幽默感adj.热爱的，酷爱的;具有强烈信念的adj.外向的,好交际adj.中等教育;中级的;次要的n. 流行性感冒，流感vt.主办;做主人;主持人adj.难以置信的;极好的adv.偶尔adj.情感上的;情绪上的adv.极度，极其adj.感激的，感谢的n.特性，品质Lesson1n.角n.三角形初次,第一次n.氢n.火箭vt.灌，注，倒投入(倒)于某物n. 燃料vt.缺乏n.报告;陈述，说明一双，一对过去经常，曾经n.行为，举止vt.讨.拖，拉n.酸n.洋葱n.进入;接触的机会adj.值得做的;重要的;有益的n.教育(学)家adj.唯实际的;实践的;切实可行的Lesson2vt.处理(难题);应付(局面) n.偏爱，偏好n.意图，目的;打算vt.使生气，烦恼的，心烦意乱的adj.要求严格的;费力的adj.有效的vt.提出，提起n.标出;突出显示n.时态n.方式，方法adj.敏感的;善解人意的n.反馈意见Lesson3vi.交友;交际;交往n.笔记本电脑，便携式电脑adv持续不断地n 应用程序n.寝室;学生宿舍n.流动;vt流，流动vt与某人交往与某人交往adv.几乎不adj.含蓄的;内敛的adi.联网的;极其兴奋的adj.心神不定的，精神无法集中的n.现实;真实n.百万vt.使迷恋对.. 着迷n朋友，伙伴vi.& vt.主宰，支配，控制n 截止日期，最后期限vi.上下滚动n英寸n刺激vi.& vt.努力赢得;追逐，追adi.拼命的;绝望的赶adj紧张的，激烈的;剧烈adj.沮丧的，忧愁的的vi&vt推迟，延期vi.唠叨，喋喋不休喋喋不休vi. & vt.弯腰;俯身vt&vt.抱怨;不满;发牢骚adj无理的adv.真诚地，由衷地约定; 约会n.酒酗酒者，嗜酒成瘾者adj.(含)酒精的adj.硬件控制的;天生的n. 邀请vt.组织,筹划n.代表代表某人到目前为止，迄今为止n. 话题，题目革新，创新n.选手，参赛者n.清楚，清晰n 流畅，熟练n变化，发展n参与占据社交网络Reading Club 1n.赞许; 同意vi. &vt保护，保卫vt.属于Reading Club 2n.原则;行为准则adj.不积极的，不主动的n.政治，政治活动n.差异,差别vt.形成对比和....对比n.动力，积极性UNIT 2 SUCCESS 词汇表Topic talkadj.坚定的，坚决的adj.乐观的，乐观主义的n.宇航员adj.遵守纪律的adj.坚定的;尽心尽力的adj.热心的，热衷的adj.有抱负的，有雄心的adj.感激的有意义;解释得通n.伤害,损害n.合作，协作n.投入，忠诚，奉献; 承诺n.雇员adj.坚持的;执意的Lesson 1adv舒服地，舒适地n. 象征,标志adj.最后的，最终的n.大笔的钱，巨款n.寝室，学生宿舍n.家具vt.欣赏;赏识n饥饿,饥荒发迹;出人头地adj.内疚的，羞愧的退出，脱离;辍学n.百万富翁Lesson2adj.有影响力的vt.把奉献给;专心致力于致力于生产;产量n.最少量;最小数;最低限n.冠军称号，冠军地位度n.出版商vt.拒绝接受n.合同;契约adj.起激励作用的;激发(人)vt. &n.限制,限定n. 使人分心的事vt.使确信;使信服n.混合体Lesson3vi.努力;奋斗n. 百科全n.条目adj.学术的vt.糟蹋;毁坏vt.不做(本来应做的事);蹦跳着走adj.戒备的，自卫的n.基本部分;要素n.训练，锻炼n.强度;强烈adj.自私的，自私自利的n.牺牲无数的，数不尽vt.租用n.铁人三项运动员vt.(使)沸腾，煮沸归结为;要点是adj. 巨大的，庞大的length n.长度n.(英式)橄榄球努力;专心致志于某事除之外n.舞台;月台adj.受伤的adj. 杰出的，优秀的adj.平庸的，普通的;平均adj. 正常的，平常的的平均水平;平均数n.铁口熨斗n.榔头:锤子adj.公认的;经过检验的v.捐献:促成待在家里n,特点adj.&adv.分开;散开退休;退职从…退休n.领导;领导地位n.奉献;忠心n.极端Reading club 1adv.向前vi.突然倒下;倒塌n.推荐信;谈到，提及n.相信;信任adj.先进的;高级的;晚期的Reading club 2vt.惩罚，处罚vt.创立;创建n.嫌弃;拒绝接受n.时尚n.设计师，设计者adv. 痛苦地;愤恨地n.提升，晋升adj.婚礼的;新娘的n.便签，标记vt.贴标签于进入许可;入口n.收入;收益UNIT 3 CONSERVATIONTopic Talkvt.破坏;毁掉adj.塑料制的n.采矿业n.一项，一条vi.&v再利用，回收利用adj.不可回收的adj.有教育意义的;知识性强的n.威胁;(灾难等坏事)发生的可能vi.&vt.转换，改变起某种作用尽自己的职责n.犀牛adv.非法地，违法地vi.& vt.猎取，猎杀n.(牛、羊等头上的)角adj.灭绝的，绝种的adv. 非常地，极端地adj. 紧急的，急迫的n.保护Lesson 1消失;绝迹，灭绝n.物种，种vt.擦;拭彻底毁灭adj. 异常的;不平常的adj.大量的n.小行星adj.各种各样的，形形色色的vt.责怪，指责n.减少;减少的量vi.&vt.减少把…归咎于vt.影响处境危险，受到威胁adj. 濒危的adj.太阳光(能)的vi.&vt.(使)孵化vt.(使)恢复Lesson 2开始做某事，着手进行n.包装盒(瓶、袋)，包装材料n.椰子n.消费者adj.浪费的;挥霍的vt.包，裹n.壳;贝壳n.交通运输系统，运输方式n.灰尘，尘土vi.&vt.吞下，咽下adj.现实的，实际的adj.新颖的，创新的，革新的adj.可再填充的adj.意识到的，明白的n.收集;收藏品;专辑n.垃圾箱adj.焦虑的，不安的adj.可再使用的，可重复使用的n.硬纸盒;塑料盒n.餐具n.筷子n.委员会;理事会n.小包，小盒Lesson 3n.破坏，毁坏adj.卡住的，无法移动的n. 拥挤，堵塞;果酱交通堵塞adj.烦恼的，生气的焦虑的n. 道路施工n.愤怒;怒气n.十年，十年期n.气，气体n.癌症vi.相联系，有关联与……有关联adj.定期的，有规律的vt.适合;n.套装n.论说文;散文adj.不使用化肥的，有机vt.包含，需要的，绿色的n.机构;研究院n.家禽肉，家禽n.十亿n.反对者;对手，敌手adj.残忍的n.例子，实例例如vt.声称;断言;主张n.声称;(根据权力而提出的)要求n.化学品;adj.化学的n.药物，药材;毒品vt.概括，总结n.金额，款概括，总结项;总数Reading Club 1n.委员会n.庙宇，寺院孔子n.纪念馆;纪念碑adj.(对逝者)纪念的，追悼的vt.雕，刻n.谷，山谷adj.景色优美的adj.古老的;史上重要的n.雷暴n.台风adj.农业的adj.大西洋的。
新概念第三册Lesson 3-4词汇课文详细讲解
sacred adj. 受崇敬的；不可冒犯的
Eg: In Africa the snake is still sacred with many tribes.
archaeology
n. 考古学
archaeological adj. 考古学的，考古学上的
New Words and Expressions
3. explore v. 考察，勘探（指对地域进行实地勘探、勘察，
常引申为“探索”。） Eg: explore ways and means of solving the question
New Words and Expressions
1. goddess n.女神，绝世佳人，非常善良的女子
Eg: Venes was a goddess worshiped by the Romans.
维纳斯是罗马人所崇拜的女神。 She dreamed of becoming a Hollywood screen goddess. 她梦想成为好莱坞的银幕女神。
modern-looking woman.) 17 What did she look like?
(She was three feet high and her hands rested on her hips.) 18 What was she wearing?
(A full-length skirt.)
(In Classical times.)
15 What did the archaeologists do to the fragments?
Lesson 3 汉英篇章对比
Another example: Kant was fond of talking, but preferred to talk alone, and if interrupted or contradicted was apt to show displeasure; his conversation, however, was so agreeable that none minded if he monopolized it. 康德特别喜欢聊,主要是喜欢别人听自己聊, 康德特别喜欢聊,主要是喜欢别人听自己聊,不 就会满脸不高兴. 喜欢有人插话或诘问, 喜欢有人插话或诘问,否则就会满脸不高兴.不 康德总是聊得大家兴趣盎然, 过,康德总是聊得大家兴趣盎然,所以听他一个 人聊谁都没意见. 人聊谁都没意见.
美国儿童在"一切靠自己" 美国儿童在"一切靠自己"的观念下成长 起来,崇尚个人奋斗,鄙夷依附他人,构 成了美国社会的基本观念之一. American children grow up with the notion of "self-reliance". That's why self-reliance" That' respect for individual effort and contempt for over-relying on others has become a overbasic concept in American society.
Writing makes a special contribution to the way people think. When we write, we compose meanings. We put together facts and ideas and make something new, whether in a letter home, in a college essay, or in a memo to the boss… boss… Writing also contributes uniquely to the way we learn. When we take notes during lectures or as we read, writing enables us to store new Information in memory. Taking notes permits us later to review for tests or to find information for an essay… essay… Writing does still more: it contributes to personal development… development…
高级英语第三课Ships-in-the-Desert
Байду номын сангаас
1. Introduction about the author
the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky
the sun shining at midnight through the ozone depletion
a hole: ozone depletion 臭氧层空洞
To chart the course of CO2 emission and temperature in the Antarctic
NOAA=national oceanic and aeronautic administration 国家 海洋和大气局
China has set up two scientific research stations at Trans-Antarctic Mountains : Zhongshan Station in the East and Great Wall in the West.
❖ Al Gore's profound analysis of where humanity has gone wrong ranges across history, politics, science, economics, psychology, philosophy, and religion.
Why did the writer go to the Aral Sea? What did he see there?
英汉互译② L3 汉英翻译基础知识之二
按照结构分
复句
因果类复句 并列类复句 转折类复句
复合句
11
2.2 总结
请用1分钟思考： 句子类型对翻译有什么指导意义？ 将汉语句子译为英语句子时需要先考虑什
么？ 将汉语句翻译为英语句子时可能用到哪些
技巧？（可回顾英译汉的技巧）
12
2.3 意合与形合: Parataxis VS. Hypotaxis
2.2.2 按照句子结构分类：★
中文可分为：单句和复句。单句只包含一个 主谓短语或谓语;复句是由两个或以上在意义 上有联系的单句组成。复句的各个分句彼此 分离，互不包容。
单句可细分为主谓句和非主谓句；复句按照 关系可以分为三大类：因果类复句、并列类 复句和转折类复句。
6
2.2 句子的类型
单句：主谓句和非主谓句 主谓句：按照谓语的类别，可以分为动词谓语句、பைடு நூலகம்
Parataxis VS. Hypotaxis taxis: arrangement or ordering generally para-: beside; placement side by side,
without being separated by conjunctions hypo-: surbordination of one clause or
Definition: A sentence is a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb. （以 形统意）
2013汉英翻译 第三章 - 词汇翻译
（5） 注意词的政治含义 “农民” peasant 和farmer都可以和汉语的“农民”或“农夫”相对应。但 是这个词的含义却有差别。Farmer本指农场的经营者或所有者。 现在也可指以耕种为目的而租入土地的人。Peasant指住在农村中 的小农和以耕种土地为生的劳动者。英美国家常用farmer指一般 农民，而我们常用peasant指一般农民，并与landlord或worker相 对而言。 “侵略” invasion 和aggression都是汉语“侵略”的对应词。Invasion指军 事入侵，而aggression的含义范围较广，可指政治、军事、经济、 文化各方面。 “自主” autonomy和initiative都可以和汉语的“自主”相对应。Autonomy 指政治上有自治权利；initiative主要指思想上、行动上有主动性或 独立性。“独立自主”中的“自主”是指后一种意思，所以用 initiative. 打得赢就打，打不赢就走。 Fight when you can win, move away when you cannot. 比较： Fight when we can win and run away when we cannot.
1. 我们找个安静点的地方好好聊聊。 2. 箱子里已经没有地方了。 3. 你希望留在部队还是到地方上去？ 1. Let‟s find a quiet place where we can have a good talk. Let‟s find somewhere quiet so we can have a good talk. 2. There is no more space in the chest. There is no room left in the chest. 3. Do you wish to stay in the army or to transfer to a civilian unit? Would you like to stay in the army or leave for a non-military unit?
新概念英语第三册精读笔记 Lesson 3
Lesson3 An unknown goddess无名女神课文Some time ago,an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean is land of Kea.An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on t he promontory of Ayia Irini.The city at one time must have been prosperous,for it en joyed a high level of civilization.Houses -- often three storeys high -- were built of st one.They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls.The city was even equipped with a drainage system,for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C.until Roman times.In the most sacred room of the temple,clay fragments of fifteen statues were found.Each of these represented a godd ess and had,at one time,been painted.The body of one statue was found among rema ins dating from the fifteenth century B.C.Its missing head happened to be among rem ains of the fifth century B.C.This head must have been found in classical times and ca refully preserved.It was very old and precious even then.When the archaeologists rec onstructed the fragments,they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hi ps.She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground.Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed,but,so far,the archaeologists have been unable to disc over her identity.译文不久之前，在爱琴海的基亚岛上，考古工作者有一项有趣的发现。
新概念英语第三册 Lesson 3 文章词汇语法详细解析
•archaeology n. 考古学••词根部分archae-:源⾃自古希腊语，指ancient legends or history, 古代传说或者历史;••后缀-ology: the study of sth. 学科•●∙∙∙Some time 一段时间补充：形近表达sometime adv.在某一时候, 曾经, 有一天sometimes adv.不时, 有时some times 几次•stand(vi.) 此处表示“坐落于”“位于”“（高贵）矗立于” be located in•A great tree stands on the mount. 一棵大树竖立在山上。
There is a temple standing on the top of the mountain. 山顶上有座寺庙。
A row of willows stands on the riverside. 河边长着一排柳树。
补充：同义表达lie (vi.) ; situate(vt.); Locate(vt.) 使...坐落于, 位于which stands in... = which lies in… = which is located in… = which is situated in...补充：stand其他用法Stand 做动词还可以表示“身高”。
She stands 1.75m. 她身高1.75米She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips. 她身高三英尺，双手叉腰。
1-3 这座古城肯定一度很繁荣，因为它曾享有高度的文明，The city at one time must have been prosperous，{for it enjoyed a high level of civilization}．生词学习●∙∙∙prosperous adj. （经济上）繁荣的，昌盛的Our finance is prosperous. 我们的经济非常的繁荣。
新概念英语第三册PPT课件：NCE3_lesson03(共41页)
• Interviewer interviewee
• Fragment 碎片 • Frag-, fract 破裂 • Fragile [‘fræ dʒail] • fraction [‘fræ kʃən]部分 • fractional [‘fræ kʃənəl]很少的 • Fracture['fræ ktʃə]破裂、骨折
、效果为主语，强调对客观事实的陈述。
An American team explored a temple (which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini.)
stand (vi.==)lsiietua(tvei.[)'s位it于jueit] (vt.)使位于,
• Do you know the statue? • Is she a modern-looking woman? • Is she a goddess? • Do you worship the goddess? • What is she wearing? • Can you make sure her identity?
civilize (v)使某人开化 civilized (adj) 文明的 有礼貌 的
worship <n./v.> 祟拜 ,敬仰
respect vt.尊敬, 尊重 admire v.赞美, 钦佩, 羡慕 Who do you worship in the world? a blind worship 盲目的崇拜
第1 章
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱText
Aegean
• Some time ago, an interesting discoverywa s made by archaeologists on the
英汉互译② L4 汉英翻译基础知识之三
型，确定译文的主语和谓语； 当话题=主语时，直接用原文的主语作译
文的主语； 当话题≠主语时，需要用原文的其他成分
作主语或者重新确定主语； 时刻注意主谓一致的问题。
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课内练习：C-E
这本书我看过了，一点意思也没有，你不 要பைடு நூலகம்了。
这个地方只能摆一张床，想再放一个柜子， 根本不可能。
这把刀你别剁肉，太钝了，切菜还可以。 婚姻的事，应该让孩子自己做主，都什么
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3.2 衔接手段
3.2.1 指称衔接 (referential cohesion) 3.2.2 结构衔接 (structural cohesion) 3.2.3 词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)
17
3.2.1 指称衔接
指称衔接按范围划分为外指和内指：外指 的所指对象在篇章外，内指的所指对象在 篇章内。按指称手段划分为用人称代词的 人称照应、用指示代词的指示照应和用比 较级的比较照应。(教材42-45页)
eg. She hit John. eg. Elephants are big. 主语属于句子层面的现象。
大学英语精读第3册 第3课 课文翻译及课后答案
大学英语精读第3册第3课课文翻译及课后答案Unit 3我为什么当老师你为什么要教书呢？当我告诉一位朋友我不想谋求行政职务时，他便向我提出这一问题。
所有美国人受的教育是长大成人后应该追求金钱和权力，而我却偏偏不选择明明是朝这个目标“迈进”的工作，他们对此感到迷惑不解。
当然，我之所以教书并不是因为我觉得教书轻松。
我做过各种各样的工作借以谋生：机修工、木工、作家，教书可是其中最难的一行。
对我来说，教书是个会令人熬红眼睛、掌心出汗、精神沮丧的职业。
说熬红眼睛,这是因为我晚上不管备课到多晚,总觉得准备得还不充分。
说掌心出汗，是因为我跨进教室之前总是非常紧张，自信学生一定会发觉我其实是个傻瓜笨蛋。
说精神沮丧，这是因为我1小时后走出教室时，确信这堂课上得比平常还要平淡无味。
我之所以教书，也不是因为我认为自己能够解答问题，或者因为我有满腹学问，非与别人分享不可。
有时我感到很吃惊，学生竟真的把我课上讲的东西做了笔记！这样说来，我为什么还要教书呢？我教书，是因为我喜爱校历的步调。
6月、7月和8月提供了一个供思考、研究和创作的机会。
我教书，是因为教学是建立在“变化”这一基础上的职业。
教材还是原来的教材，但我自身却变了——更重要的是，我的学生变了。
我教书，是因为我喜欢有让自己犯错误的自由，有自己吸取教训的自由，有激励自己和激励学生的自由。
作为教师，我可以自行做主。
如果我想要求一年级的学生通过自行编写课本的办法来学习写作，谁能说我不可以那样做呢？这样的课程也许会彻底失败，但我们都可以从失败的尝试中获得教益。
我教书，是因为我喜欢学生提出必须绞尽脑汁才能回答的问题。
我们这个世界有无穷无尽的正确答案来对付拙劣的问题。
何况我在教学过程有时也会想到一些出色的问题。
我教书，是因为我喜欢想方设法使自己和我的学生从象牙塔里走出来，进入现实世界。
我曾经开过一门叫做“在工业技术社会里如何自力更生”的课程。
我教的15位学生读了爱默生、梭罗和赫胥黎的作品，记了日记，还写了学期论文。
浅析汉英词汇语义关系
Modern Linguistics 现代语言学, 2023, 11(9), 4095-4099 Published Online September 2023 in Hans. https:///journal/ml https:///10.12677/ml.2023.119550浅析汉英词汇语义关系王仙淋四川外国语大学成都学院国际传媒艺术学院，四川 成都收稿日期：2023年8月3日；录用日期：2023年9月11日；发布日期：2023年9月25日摘要 汉语与英语的词汇系统存在显著差异，这种差异主要体现在形态特征、词汇构成和语义等方面。
本研究通过分析汉英词汇的语义关系，旨在帮助以汉语为第二语言的学习者更有效地理解和掌握汉语词汇。
文章首先概括性地介绍了汉语和英语词汇的特点，接着从语义学的角度探讨了汉英词汇的语义关系。
经过对比分析，本文将汉英词汇之间的语义关系归纳为三类：语义完全对应、语义部分对应和语义完全不对应(词汇空缺)。
本文为汉语作为第二语言的学习者提供了一些理论指导，同时有助于推动教学方法和教材的改进与发展。
关键词词汇，语义，汉英A Preliminary Exploration of the Semantic Relationships in Chinese and English LexiconXianlin WangSchool of International Media and Art, Chengdu Institute Sichuan International Studies University, Chengdu Sichuan Received: Aug. 3rd , 2023; accepted: Sep. 11th , 2023; published: Sep. 25th , 2023AbstractThe vocabulary systems of Chinese and English exhibit significant differences, which are mainly reflected in aspects such as morphological features, vocabulary composition, and semantics. This study aims to help learners of Chinese as a second language better understand and master Chinese vocabulary by analyzing the semantic relationships between Chinese and English vocabulary. The王仙淋article first provides a general introduction to the characteristics of Chinese and English vocabu-lary, followed by an exploration of the semantic relationships between Chinese and English voca-bulary from the perspective of semantics. Through comparative analysis, this paper categorizes the semantic relationships between Chinese and English vocabulary into three types: complete semantic correspondence, partial semantic correspondence, and no semantic correspondence (lexical gaps). This study offers theoretical guidance for learners of Chinese as a second language and contributes to the improvement and development of teaching methods and materials.KeywordsLexicon, Semantics, Chinese and English Array Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0)./licenses/by/4.0/1. 引言学习者学习第二语言时，尤其在初学阶段，很大程度上会依赖教材生词的翻译。
新概念英语第三册课文及详解第3课
Lesson 3 An Unknown GoddessSome time ago，an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea．An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini．The city at one time must have been prosperous，for it enjoyed a high level of civilization．Houses--often three storeys high----were built of stone．They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls．The city was even equipped with a drainage system，for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets．The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C.This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hip. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far,the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.Language points1, Some time ago，an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea．*文中用了被动式，强调discovery，体现发现这个动作被考古学家做出英文表达中常用被动语态。
Unit 3 汉英对比与翻译(二)
七、大量无主句是省略主语。 大量无主句是省略主语。 区长问：“你给你闺女找了个婆 家？”三仙姑答：“找下了！”问： “使了多少钱？”答：“三千五！” 问：“还有些什么？”答：“有些 首饰布匹！”问：“跟你闺女商量 过没有？”答：“没有！”问： “你闺女愿意不愿意？”答：“不 知道！”（《小二黑结婚》）
六、增添具有泛指意义的人称代 词或名词充当主语
弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。 If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。 If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub?
不能不佩服他多年来埋头苦干的精神。 One cannot help but admire the way he has kept his nose to the grindstone for all these years. His large growing family kept his nose to the grindstone. 他的日益增多的家庭人口使他埋头从事辛苦 的工作 不努力便不会成功。 One can never succeed without making great efforts.
没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难， 也无所谓顺利。 Without facility, there would be no difficulty; without difficulty, there would also be no facility.
五、采用it作主语译出 采用 作主语译出
刮风了/下雨了。 It’s blowing / It’s raining. 出太阳了。 The sun is rising. / The sun appears. 天阴了。 It’s cloudy.
英汉对比3 课37页PPT
23、一切节省，归根到底都归结为时间的节省。——马克思 24、意志命运往往背道而驰，决心到最后会全部推倒。——莎士比亚
英汉对比3 课
21、没有人陪你走一辈子，所以你要 适应孤 独，没 有人会 帮你一 辈子， 所以你 要奋斗 一生。 22、当眼泪流尽的时候，留下的应该 是坚强 。 23、要改变命运，首先改变自己。
24、勇气很有理由被当作人类德性之 首，因 为这种 德性保 证了所 有其余 的德性 。--温 斯顿． 丘吉尔 。 25、梯子的梯阶从来不是用来搁脚的 ，它只 是让人 们的脚 放上一 段时间 ，以便 让别一 只脚能 够再往 上登。
25、学习是劳动，是充满思想的劳动。——乌申斯基
谢谢！
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Another example: Kant was fond of talking, but preferred to talk alone, and if interrupted or contradicted was apt to show displeasure; his conversation, however, was so agreeable that none minded if he monopolized it. 康德特别喜欢聊,主要是喜欢别人听自己聊, 康德特别喜欢聊,主要是喜欢别人听自己聊,不 就会满脸不高兴. 喜欢有人插话或诘问, 喜欢有人插话或诘问,否则就会满脸不高兴.不 康德总是聊得大家兴趣盎然, 过,康德总是聊得大家兴趣盎然,所以听他一个 人聊谁都没意见. 人聊谁都没意见.
2. Cohesion in structure
Structural cohesion : Substitution (often seen in English) repetition (often seen in Chinese)
Lesson 3 汉英篇章对比
Comparison of Discourse Between Chinese and English
I. Discourse is the ideal unit of communication A discourse can be as short as one word, or as long as a passage, a chapter, a book, or even a series of books. The features of discourse:
1. Cohesion in vocabulary
1) denotative pronouns Personal: Personal:he, him, his; she, her, hers it, its we, us ours they, them, their Demonstrative: this, that here, there these, those Comparative: the same, likewise other, such
美国儿童在"一切靠自己" 美国儿童在"一切靠自己"的观念下成长 起来,崇尚个人奋斗,鄙夷依附他人,构 成了美国社会的基本观念之一. American children grow up with the notion of "self-reliance". That's why self-reliance" That' respect for individual effort and contempt for over-relying on others has become a overbasic concept in American society.
Chinese text : discuss the same argument from different aspects in索引在我国出现得比较晚.有人认为起源于南北朝的 类书就具备了索引的性质,这种说法是不科学的.类书是 将群书中可供参考的资料辑录出来,分类或依韵编排的一 种工具书.它具有文献摘要的性质,并且所辑录的范围漫 无边际,而索引则只注明文献的出处,使读者" 无边际,而索引则只注明文献的出处,使读者"执其引以 得其文" 得其文",并不司摘录原文之职.并且索引还有严格的范 围,如作《史记人名索引》就决不可将《汉书》 围,如作《史记人名索引》就决不可将《汉书》中的同名 人物一并编入. 为古书作索引大体始于明清之际.明末的著名学者傅 山曾编制了《春秋人名韵》 山曾编制了《春秋人名韵》,《春秋地名韵》.乾隆时汪 春秋地名韵》 辉祖编制了《史姓韵编》 辉祖编制了《史姓韵编》是依韵编排的.嘉庆的毛谟所编 制的《说文检字》 制的《说文检字》,采用了用部首笔划来进行编排的方法. ……
2. Comparison of English and Chinese texts
English text : each paragraph focuses on one topic respectively is laid out in a linear structure rare repetition of the preceding topics
1. Comparison of English and Chinese paragraphs e.g.: Many examples of connection between "right" right" and "straight" can be found. In Mexican Spanish straight" you indicate straight (ahead) by saying "right right" right"; in Black American English, "right on" is an on" expression of approval, often for a sentiment eloquently or deftly phrased. "Straight" meaning Straight" conventional, "correct" or "proper" is a correct" proper" commonplace in colloquial English today. In Russian, right is "prava", a cognate of "Pravda", prava" Pravda" which means "true". And in many languages true" true" straight" "true" has the additional meaning of "straight" or "accurate", as in "his aim was true." accurate" true."
II Structure of Discourse
篇章的结构因文体不同而不同 汉语:实用性文体和文艺性文体. 实用性:书信,便条,广告,科研报 告,法律条文等; 文艺性:诗歌,小说,散文,曲艺,戏 剧等; 英语:新闻报刊,论述文体,公文文体, 描述及叙述文体,科技文体,应用文体.
III Comparison of texts between Chinese and English
e.g.: 秦始皇顺应历史发展的趋势,完成了 统一全国的事业.进而又在政治,经济, 军事等方面采取一系列巩固统一的措施, 打击了封建割据势力和奴隶主贵族残余势 力,加强了封建中央集权制度.… 力,加强了封建中央集权制度.…这些措 施对于国家的统一和封建经济的发展有巨 大的意义.秦始皇不愧为一个杰出的政治 家,但其思想统治政策,对于文化的发展 起了消极破坏作用.
Writing makes a special contribution to the way people think. When we write, we compose meanings. We put together facts and ideas and make something new, whether in a letter home, in a college essay, or in a memo to the boss… boss… Writing also contributes uniquely to the way we learn. When we take notes during lectures or as we read, writing enables us to store new Information in memory. Taking notes permits us later to review for tests or to find information for an essay… essay… Writing does still more: it contributes to personal development… development…
2)conjunctive words
Sequence: Sequence: first, second,…finally; lastly; second,… when, at this point, next, now,…, now,… meanwhile, previously, afterwards, … Cause and effect: consequently, therefore, accordingly, hence,… hence,… Comparison and contrast: instead, rather, differs from, on the other hand, alternatively, whereas, on the contrary, aside from, albeit,… albeit,… Addition: furthermore, as well, while, along with, likewise,… likewise,… Examples and results: for example, as a result, as, these include, by way of illustration, as a guide,… guide,…