Conceptual Metaphor概念隐喻
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of the source and the target domain.
The unidirectionality of metaphor
• An important observation made by conceptual metaphor theorists is that conceptual metaphors are unidirectional. This means that metaphors map structure from a source domain to a target domain but not vice versa. For example:
the source domain, in a way consistent with the inherent structure of the target domain.( Lakoff, 1993:215)
• What the invariance principle does is guarantee that image-schematic organization is invariant across metaphoric mappings. This means that the structure of the source domain must be preserved by the mapping in a way consistent with the target domain.
• Idealized Cognitive Model, or ICM, is the phenomenon in which knowledge represented in a
semantic frame is often a conceptualization of experience that is not congruent with reality. • From a cognitive point of view, the crucial aspects of a metaphor are their role in the structure
1. PEOPLE ARE MACHINES
John is so efficient; he’s just a machine.
2. MACHINES ARE PEOPLE
I don’t think my car wants to start this morning.
• Although these two metaphors appear to be the mirror image of one another, close inspection reveals that each metaphor involves distinct mappings: in the first one, the mechanical and functional attributes
Conceptual metaphor theory
— Metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally
metaphorical in nature. What makes it a metaphor is the conventional association of one domain with another. What makes it conceptual (rather than purely linguistic) is the idea that the motivation for the
• In this metaphor, PARTICIPANTS in the argument correspond to TRAVELERS, the ARGUMENT itself corresponds to a JOURNEY and the PROGRESS of the argument corresponds to the ROUTE taken. However, in the source domain JOURNEY, travelers can get lost, they can stray from the path, they can fail to reach their destination, and so on. The association between source and target gives rise to the entailment that these events can also occur in the target domain ARGUMENT.
Metaphorical entailment
• In addition to the individual mappings that conceptual metaphors bring with them, they also provide additional, sometimes
detailed knowledge. This is because aspects of the source domain that are not explicitly stated in the mappings can be inferred. In this way, metaphoric mappings carry entailments. For example: • AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY a. b. We will proceed in a step-by-step fashion. We have covered a lot of ground.
metaphor resides at the level of conceptual domains.(Lakoff& Johnson)
Metaphors and cognitive model
• Cognitive model is the knowledge experienced and stored for a certain field by individuals.
• metaphorical entailments paly an essential role in linking all of the instances of a single metaphorical structuring of a concept
Metaphors and image schemas
Metaphor
What is metaphor?
Comparison theory
— Metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is the
other.(Kovecses,2002:vii)
of an entire cognitive model. What is transferred by metaphor is the structure, the internal
relations or the logic of a cognitive model. In other words, from a cognitive perspective a metaphor is a mapping of the structure of a source model onto a target model.
Mapping
LOVE IS A JOURNEY
传统：（tenor /primary term ） （vehicle/ secondary term ）
当代： ( target domain ) (source domain)
• A mapping is the systematic set of correspondences that exist between constituent elements
Hiding and highlighting
• An important idea in Conceptual Metaphor Theory relates to hiding and highlighting: when a target is structured in terms of a particular source, this highlights certain aspects of the target while simultaneously hiding other aspects. For example:
• Subsequent to the development of image schema theory, the idea that certain concepts were image-schematic in nature was exploited by Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Lakoff and Johnson both argued that image schemas could serve as source domains for metaphoric mapping. • Image schemas appear to be knowledge structures that emerge directly from pre-conceptual embodied experience. These structures are meaningful at the conceptual level precisely because they derive from the level of bodily experience, which is directly meaningful. • The importance of image schemas is that they can provide the concrete basis for metaphoric mappings.
Invariance
• Lakoff and Turner observed that there appear to be certain restrictions in terms of which source domains can serve particular targFra Baidu bibliotekt domains.
• In order to account for these restrictions, Lakoff posited the Invariance Principle:
— Metaphorical mappings preserve the cognitive topology ( that is , the image schema structure) of
Substitution theory
—A metaphorical expression is used in place of an equivalent literal expression and is, therefore,
completely replaceable by its literal counterpart .(Way,1991:23)
associated with computer are mapped onto people, such as their speed and efficiency. In the second metaphor, it is the notion of desire and volition that is mapped onto machine.
The unidirectionality of metaphor
• An important observation made by conceptual metaphor theorists is that conceptual metaphors are unidirectional. This means that metaphors map structure from a source domain to a target domain but not vice versa. For example:
the source domain, in a way consistent with the inherent structure of the target domain.( Lakoff, 1993:215)
• What the invariance principle does is guarantee that image-schematic organization is invariant across metaphoric mappings. This means that the structure of the source domain must be preserved by the mapping in a way consistent with the target domain.
• Idealized Cognitive Model, or ICM, is the phenomenon in which knowledge represented in a
semantic frame is often a conceptualization of experience that is not congruent with reality. • From a cognitive point of view, the crucial aspects of a metaphor are their role in the structure
1. PEOPLE ARE MACHINES
John is so efficient; he’s just a machine.
2. MACHINES ARE PEOPLE
I don’t think my car wants to start this morning.
• Although these two metaphors appear to be the mirror image of one another, close inspection reveals that each metaphor involves distinct mappings: in the first one, the mechanical and functional attributes
Conceptual metaphor theory
— Metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally
metaphorical in nature. What makes it a metaphor is the conventional association of one domain with another. What makes it conceptual (rather than purely linguistic) is the idea that the motivation for the
• In this metaphor, PARTICIPANTS in the argument correspond to TRAVELERS, the ARGUMENT itself corresponds to a JOURNEY and the PROGRESS of the argument corresponds to the ROUTE taken. However, in the source domain JOURNEY, travelers can get lost, they can stray from the path, they can fail to reach their destination, and so on. The association between source and target gives rise to the entailment that these events can also occur in the target domain ARGUMENT.
Metaphorical entailment
• In addition to the individual mappings that conceptual metaphors bring with them, they also provide additional, sometimes
detailed knowledge. This is because aspects of the source domain that are not explicitly stated in the mappings can be inferred. In this way, metaphoric mappings carry entailments. For example: • AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY a. b. We will proceed in a step-by-step fashion. We have covered a lot of ground.
metaphor resides at the level of conceptual domains.(Lakoff& Johnson)
Metaphors and cognitive model
• Cognitive model is the knowledge experienced and stored for a certain field by individuals.
• metaphorical entailments paly an essential role in linking all of the instances of a single metaphorical structuring of a concept
Metaphors and image schemas
Metaphor
What is metaphor?
Comparison theory
— Metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is the
other.(Kovecses,2002:vii)
of an entire cognitive model. What is transferred by metaphor is the structure, the internal
relations or the logic of a cognitive model. In other words, from a cognitive perspective a metaphor is a mapping of the structure of a source model onto a target model.
Mapping
LOVE IS A JOURNEY
传统：（tenor /primary term ） （vehicle/ secondary term ）
当代： ( target domain ) (source domain)
• A mapping is the systematic set of correspondences that exist between constituent elements
Hiding and highlighting
• An important idea in Conceptual Metaphor Theory relates to hiding and highlighting: when a target is structured in terms of a particular source, this highlights certain aspects of the target while simultaneously hiding other aspects. For example:
• Subsequent to the development of image schema theory, the idea that certain concepts were image-schematic in nature was exploited by Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Lakoff and Johnson both argued that image schemas could serve as source domains for metaphoric mapping. • Image schemas appear to be knowledge structures that emerge directly from pre-conceptual embodied experience. These structures are meaningful at the conceptual level precisely because they derive from the level of bodily experience, which is directly meaningful. • The importance of image schemas is that they can provide the concrete basis for metaphoric mappings.
Invariance
• Lakoff and Turner observed that there appear to be certain restrictions in terms of which source domains can serve particular targFra Baidu bibliotekt domains.
• In order to account for these restrictions, Lakoff posited the Invariance Principle:
— Metaphorical mappings preserve the cognitive topology ( that is , the image schema structure) of
Substitution theory
—A metaphorical expression is used in place of an equivalent literal expression and is, therefore,
completely replaceable by its literal counterpart .(Way,1991:23)
associated with computer are mapped onto people, such as their speed and efficiency. In the second metaphor, it is the notion of desire and volition that is mapped onto machine.